Thể loại độc chất học

loi:c cht hc Mc lc c t hc 1.1 am kho 1.2 Liờn kt ngoi Amoniac 2.1 Tớnh cht vt lý 2.2 Tớnh cht húa hc 2.3 iu ch 2.4 ng dng 2.5 Nguy him 2.6 am kho 2.7 Liờn kt ngoi Asen 3.1 c trng ỏng chỳ ý 3.2 Lch s 3.3 Ph bin 3.4 ng dng 3.5 c tớnh 3.5.1 Phi nhim ngh nghip 3.5.2 Asen nc ung 3.6 Hp cht 3.7 ng v 3.8 am kho 3.9 Xem thờm 3.10 Liờn kt ngoi Bng dn an ton húa t 10 4.1 nh phn 10 4.2 p dng 11 4.3 am kho 11 4.4 Liờn kt ngoi 11 Bari 12 i ii MC LC 5.1 Tớnh cht 12 5.1.1 Tớnh cht vt lý 12 5.1.2 Tớnh cht húa hc 12 5.1.3 Cỏc ng v 12 5.2 ng dng 12 5.3 Lch s 13 5.4 Phõn b 13 5.5 Sn xut 13 5.6 Hp cht 13 5.7 Cnh bỏo 13 5.8 am kho 14 5.9 Liờn kt ngoi 14 Berili 15 6.1 Cỏc c trng ni bt 15 6.2 ng dng 15 6.3 Lch s 16 6.4 S ph bin 16 6.5 ng v 16 6.6 Phũng nga 16 6.7 Cỏc tỏc ng ti sc khe 17 6.8 am kho 17 6.9 Chỳ thớch 17 6.10 Liờn kt ngoi 17 Cacbon monoxit 18 7.1 c tớnh 18 7.2 Lch s 18 7.3 Húa hc 19 7.4 Cacbon monoxit khớ quyn 19 7.5 am kho 19 7.6 Liờn kt ngoi 19 Cadimi 20 8.1 Cỏc c tớnh ni bt 20 8.2 ng dng 20 8.3 Lch s 20 8.4 Ph bin 21 8.5 ng v 21 8.6 Phũng nga 21 8.7 Chỳ thớch 21 8.8 am kho 22 MC LC iii 8.9 22 Liờn kt ngoi Chỡ 23 9.1 Lch s 23 9.2 Tớnh cht vt lý 24 9.3 Tớnh cht húa hc 24 9.3.1 Cỏc phc cht vi clo 24 9.3.2 Cỏc biu pha hũa tan ca chỡ 24 9.4 ng v 24 9.5 Phõn b 25 9.5.1 Ch bin qung 25 9.5.2 Sn xut v tỏi ch 25 9.6 ng dng 26 9.7 nh hng n sc khe 26 9.7.1 c im sinh húa ca ng c chỡ 26 9.7.2 Rũ r chỡ t cỏc b mt kim loi 26 9.8 am kho 27 9.9 c thờm 28 9.10 Liờn kt ngoi 28 10 Kali-40 29 10.1 nh tui bng K/Ar 29 10.2 úng gúp vo phúng x t nhiờn 29 10.3 Xem thme6 29 10.4 am kho 30 10.5 Liờn kt ngoi 30 11 Kim loi nng 31 11.1 am kho 12 Liu gõy t trung bỡnh 31 32 12.1 Vớ d 32 12.2 am kho 32 12.3 Liờn kt ngoi 33 13 Natri oacetat 34 13.1 Lch s v sn xut 34 13.2 Phõn b t nhiờn 34 13.2.1 S phõn b oacetate cỏc loi Gastrolobium 34 13.3 c tớnh 35 13.3.1 C ch tỏc ng 35 13.3.2 Triu chng 35 13.3.3 iu tr 35 iv MC LC 13.4 Dựng lm thuc dit hi 35 13.4.1 c 36 13.4.2 New Zealand 36 13.4.3 Hoa K 36 13.4.4 Cỏc nc khỏc 36 13.5 Tỏc ng n mụi trng 37 13.5.1 Nc 37 37 37 13.5.4 Bũ sỏt v lng c 37 13.5.5 Cỏ 38 13.5.6 ng vt khụng xng sng 38 13.6 Chỳ thớch 38 13.7 c thờm 41 13.8 Liờn kt ngoi 41 13.5.2 t 13.5.3 Chim 14 Nm thu sõm 42 14.1 Cụng dng 42 14.2 am kho 42 15 Phũng hi ngt 43 15.1 Ti M 43 15.2 am kho 44 16 REACH 16.1 am kho 17 Hi ng Reye 45 45 46 17.1 am kho 46 17.2 Liờn kt ngoi 46 18 Sarin 47 18.1 Ngun gc tờn gi 47 18.2 Tớnh cht hoỏ hc 47 18.3 Triu chng nhim c 47 18.4 Lch s s dng 47 18.5 Chỳ thớch 48 18.6 Liờn kt ngoi 48 19 uc dit c 19.1 am kho 20 Toxicofera 20.1 Miờu t theo nhỏnh 49 49 50 50 MC LC v 20.2 Nghiờn cu 50 20.3 Phờ phỏn 51 20.4 am kho 51 20.5 Liờn kt ngoi 52 21 Xyanua 53 21.1 Ngun gc 53 21.2 Tớnh cht húa hc 54 21.3 iu ch 55 21.4 S tn ti v chuyn húa ca cỏc hp cht xyanua mụi trng: 55 21.5 am kho 55 21.6 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 56 21.6.1 Vn bn 56 21.6.2 Hỡnh nh 57 21.6.3 Giy phộp ni dung 59 Chng c cht hc c t hc l mt nhỏnh ca sinh hc, húa hc, v y hc nghiờn cu v nhng cht c v nhng tỏc dng ca cỏc cht c ny i vi cỏc sinh vt sụng.[1][2] Nú nghiờn cu v cỏc triu chng, c ch, iu tr v phỏt hin s ng c, c bit l ng c cho ngi 1.1 Tham kho [1] What is Toxicology -Schrager, TF, ngy thỏng 10 nm 2006 [2] 1.1.1 Cỏc khỏi nim c bn for Hoa bao ve thuc vat Truy cp thỏng nm 2015 1.2 Liờn kt ngoi c cht hc trờn trang Open Directory Project National Library of Medicines Toxicology Tutor provides basic information on the science of toxicology Toxipedia Chng Amoniac ờm na, amoniac tng i kộm bn bi nhit Nú cú th b phõn hy ti nhit cao (600) theo phn ng húa hc: Amoniac l mt hp cht vụ c cú cụng thc phõn t NH3 Trong t nhiờn, amoniac sinh quỏ trỡnh bi tit v thi xỏc sinh vt 2NH3 N2 + 3H2 2.1 Tớnh cht vt lý Tỏc dng vi ion kim loi chuyn tip to ion phc: 2NH3 + Ag+ [Ag(NH3 )2 ]+ iu kin tiờu chun, nú l mt cht khớ c, cú mựi khai, tan nhiu nc ( iu kin thng lớt nc hũa tan c 700 lớt amoniac) hỡnh thnh liờn kt hiro vi phõn t nc Nguyờn t hirụ amoniac cú th b th bi nguyờn t kim loi loi kim hoc nhụm: 2NH3 + 2Na 2NaNH2 + H2 (350) NH3 cú phõn cc ln phõn t NH3 cú cp electron t v liờn kt NH b phõn cc Do ú NH3 l cht d hoỏ lng 2NH3 + 2Al 2AlN + 3H2 (800-900) Tỏc dng vi dung dch mui: AlCl3 + NH3 + H2 O Al(OH)3 + NH4 Cl NH3 l dung mụi ho tan tt: NH3 ho tan cỏc dung mụi hu c d hn nc cú hng s in mụi nh hn nc Kim loi kim v cỏc kim loi Ca, Sr, Ba cú th hũa tan NH3 lng to dung dch xanh thm 2.3 iu ch Trong phũng thớ nghim: 2NH4 Cl + Ca(OH)2 NH3 + CaCl2 + H2 O 2.2 Tớnh cht húa hc Trong cụng nghip: Trờn nguyờn t nit ca amoniac cú cp electron t nờn amoniac cú tớnh baz v tỏc dng vi axit: Phn ln NH3 (90%) c sn xut theo phng thc Haber-Bosch vi N2 t khụng khớ, H2 t khớ Mờtan ( CH4 ) v nc NH3 + H2 O NH4 + + OH- CH4 + H2 O CO + 3H2 (xỳc tỏc Ni, nhit cao) NH3 + HCl NH4 Cl N2 + 3H2 2NH3 (H = 92 kJ/mol) Trong amoniac, nit cú s oxi húa thp nht nờn amoniac cú tớnh kh Vớ d nh phn ng húa hc: Phn ng trờn thun nghch v ta nhit, ú phi cú cỏc iu kin phự hp chuyn dch cõn bng v bờn phi theo nguyờn lý Le Chatelier c t, phn ng ny thng c thc hin 450-500, 200-300 atm, xỳc tỏc l hn hp Fe, Al2 O3 , K2 O nhng hiu sut ch t 20-25% 2NH3 + 3Cl2 N2 + 6HCl 4NH3 + 3O2 2N2 + 6H2 O (500) 4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2 O (xỳc tỏc Pt, 800) Phng thc CaCN2 ca Rothe-Frank-Caro: 2NH3 + 3CuO N2 + 3Cu + 3H2 O (un núng) CaCN2 + 3H2 O CaCO3 + 2NH3 2.7 LIấN KT NGOI Phng thc Persek t nitrua nhụm AlN v nc: 2AlN + 3H2 O Al2 O3 + 2NH3 T NO v H2 : 2NO + 5H2 2NH3 + 2H2 O 2.4 ng dng ng dng ch yu ca amoniac l iu ch phõn m, iu ch axit nitric, l cht sinh hn, sn xut hirazin N2 H4 dựng lm nhiờn liu cho tờn la Ngoi ra, dung dch amoniac cũn c dựng lm cht ty gia dng 2.5 Nguy him Nu hớt nhiu amoniac s b bng ng hụ hp (rỏt c hng) 2.6 Tham kho Húa hc vụ c, hai, Hong Nhõm, Nh xut bn giỏo dc Vit Nam Sỏch giỏo khoa Húa hc 11 nõng cao, Nh xut bn giỏo dc Vit Nam 2.7 Liờn kt ngoi Cụng ngh tng hp Amoniac Chng Asen Asen hoc arsen l mt nguyờn t húa hc cú ký hiu As v s nguyờn t 33 Asen ln u tiờn c Albertus Magnus (c) vit v nú vo nm 1250[8] Khi lng nguyờn t ca nú bng 74,92 V trớ ca nú bng tun hon c cp bng mộ bờn phi Asen l mt ỏ kim gõy ng c v cú nhiu dng thự hỡnh: mu vng (phõn t phi kim) v mt vi dng mu en v xỏm (ỏ kim) ch l s ớt m ngi ta cú th nhỡn thy Ba dng cú tớnh kim loi ca asen vi cu trỳc tinh th khỏc cng c tỡm thy t nhiờn (cỏc khoỏng vt asen sensu stricto v him hn l asenolamprit cựng parasenolamprit), nhng núi chung nú hay tn ti di dng cỏc hp cht asenua v asenat Vi trm loi khoỏng vt nh th ó c bit ti Asen v cỏc hp cht ca nú c s dng nh l thuc tr dch hi, thuc tr c, thuc tr sõu v mt lot cỏc hp kim Trong ting Vit, asen thng b gi nhm l th tớn (ch Hỏn: )- l t ch qung oxit ca nú asen trioxit (As2 O3 ), cng l cht c nh asen Nhng thch tớn l Arsenolit, mt dng khỏc ca asen v cú c, hỡnh thnh th cp nh l sn phm phong húa (oxi húa) ca cỏc khoỏng vt sulfua cha asen cỏc mch nhit dch Trng thỏi ụxi húa ph bin nht ca nú l (asenua: thụng thng cỏc hp cht liờn kim loi tng t nh hp kim), +3 (asenat (III) hay asenit v phn ln cỏc hp cht asen hu c), +5 (asenat (V): phn ln cỏc hp cht vụ c cha ụxy ca asen n nh) Asen cng d t liờn kt vi chớnh nú, chng hn to thnh cỏc cp As-As sulfua hựng hong (-As4 S4 ) Mu Asen ng nghim v cỏc ion As4 3- vuụng khoỏng coban asenua cú tờn skuerudit trng thỏi ụxi húa +3, tớnh cht húa 3.1 c trng ỏng chỳ ý hc lp th ca asen chu nh hng bi s cú mt ca cp electron khụng liờn kt Asen v tớnh cht húa hc rt ging vi nguyờn t Cn phõn bit gia asen vụ c v asen hu c, ng trờn nú l phtpho Tng t nh phtpho, nú arsen vụ c cú c tớnh mnh, arsen hu c cú ngun to thnh cỏc ụxớt kt tinh, khụng mu, khụng mựi nh gc t nhiờn t s phõn hy cỏc loi cỏ, hi sn, khụng As O v As O l nhng cht hỳt m v d dng hũa cú c tớnh v o thi nhanh chúng c th tan nc to thnh cỏc dung dch cú tớnh axớt ngi.[9][10] Axớt asenic (V), tng t nh axớt phtphoric, l mt axớt yu Tng t nh phtpho, asen to thnh hirua dng khớ v khụng n nh, ú l arsin (AsH3 ) S tng t ln n mc asen s thay th phn no cho phtpho cỏc phn ng húa sinh hc v vỡ th nú gõy Chng 16 REACH REACH, vit tt t Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals, l mt quy nh mi EU v húa cht v s dng an ton húa cht, gm cỏc ni dung ng ký (Registration), ỏnh giỏ (Evaluation), Chng nhn (Authorisation) v Hn ch cỏc cht húa hc (Restriction of Chemical substances) y nh ny c ban hnh ngy 01/06/2007 v s c thc hin nhiu giai an vũng 10 nm Mc ớch ca quy nh ny nhm m bo an ton sc khe cho ngi v mụi trng bng cỏch ỏp dng cỏc phng phỏp ỏnh giỏ nguy hi ca cỏc cht m khụng nh hng n lu thụng húa cht th trng EU Trong danh mc bt buc khai bỏo bao gm tt c cỏc sn phm thuc ngnh cụng nghip, liờn quan n hng tiờu dựng nh húa cht, nhum, in, vi si, may mc, giy dộp, chi, in t, vt dng nh, g, m phm, cht liu to hng thm nn, sn REACH l y nh phỏp lut ca EU ỏp dng tt c 27 nc thuc EU Ngoi ra, Iceland, Lichtenstein v Na Uy, nhng nc nm vựng kinh t chõu u ang cú k hoch coi REACH nh l lut ca h Khi ỏp dng lut ny thỡ vic xut khu vo cỏc quc gia ny cng phi tuõn th REACH y nh cỏc nc thuc EU 16.1 Tham kho 45 Chng 17 Hi chng Reye Hi ng Reye l mt cn bnh ch yu gõy thit hi cp tớnh nóo (encephalopathy) v thoỏi húa m gan (Gan nhim m), m thng bt u sau hi phc t mt cn bnh virus cp tớnh, c bit l cỳm v thy u (trỏi r) Nú l mt cn bnh him gp m thng xy tr em t 4-9 tui, nhng cú th xy mi la tui Bnh gõy t vong lờn n 25% cỏc trng hp, khong 30% b ri lon thn kinh, chng hn nh khú khn v ngụn ng v hc Nú c mụ t ln u tiờn vo nm 1963 bi nh bnh lý hc Ralph Douglas Kenneth Reye, ngi c (1912-1977), l mt cn bnh riờng bit.[1] Cỏc du hiu v triu chng nh lỳ ln, co git v mt ý thc cn c iu tr khn cp.[2] Hi chng Reye cú liờn quan vi Aspirin, tr em di 12 tui khụng nờn dựng Aspirin nu khụng cú toa bỏc s, nht l mi phc hi t bnh thy u hoc cỏc triu chng ging nh bnh cỳm.[2] 17.1 Tham kho [1] R D K Reye, G Morgan, J Baral: Encephalopathy and fay degeneration of the viscera: a disease entity in childhood In: Lancet 1963;2, S 749752 (englisch) [2] Hi chng Reye, dieutri 17.2 Liờn kt ngoi reyes_syndrome ti Vin Ri lon n kinh v t qu c gia Hoa K (NINDS) FDA Bulletin on Reye-Johnson Syndrome National Reyes Syndrome Foundation Reye Syndrome website at Brigham and Womens Hospital 46 Chng 18 Sarin 18.4 Lch s s dng Sarin, cng c bit n theo tờn gi ca NATO l GB, (O-Isopropyl methylphosphonouoridate) l mt cht c cc mnh, c s dng nh mt cht c thn kinh Trong lnh vc quõn s, nú c dựng lm v khớ húa hc v c Liờn Hp c xp vo loi V khớ hy dit hng lot Vic sn xut v tớch tr sarin b cm bi Hip nh V khớ hoỏ hc nm 1993 Trc nm 1950, NATO cụng nhn sarin nh mt V khớ húa hc tiờu chun, v Hip hi USSR v Hoa K ó sn xut sarin cho mc ớch quõn s 18.1 Ngun gc tờn gi Tờn sarin bt ngun t cỏc ch cỏi u tờn ca cỏc nh húa hc ó tỡnh c khỏm phỏ nú: Schrader, Ambros, Ruediger et Van der Linde Cỏc nh khoa hc ny ó c gng to loi thuc tr sõu mnh hn nhng cụng thc ch to sau ú b quõn i c c xó thõu túm sn xut v khớ húa hc, v c cỏc nh khoa hc c quc xó phỏt trin vo nm 1938 18.2 Tớnh cht hoỏ hc nhit phũng, sarin l mt cht lng khụng mu, khụng mựi 18.3 Triu chng nhim c Cỏc triu chng mt ngi tip xỳc vi sarin l au u, bun nụn, m mt, chy nc dói, co git, ngng hụ hp v bt tnh Vic hớt phi mt liu cao khong 200 miligam sarin cú th gõy cht ngi ch vi phỳt, thm khụng cú thi gian xut hin triu chng, theo T chc Cm V khớ Húa hc Nú cú th gõy cht ngi c nng rt thp, ni m cỏi cht cú th xy vũng mt vi phỳt sau hớt trc tip ca mt liu gõy cht, ngt th t tờ lit c bp v phi Mt s thuc gii c, thng l atropine v mt oxime nh pralidoxime Nhng ngi hp th mt liu khụng gõy cht ngi, nhng khụng nhn c iu tr y t lp tc, cú th b tn thng thn kinh vnh vin 47 Vo nm 1953, Ronald Maddison, k s 20 tui v khụng quõn Hong gia, n t Conse, County Durham, ó cht cuc th nghim sarin trờn c th ngi ti C s th nghim V khớ chin tranh Porton Down, Wiltshire, Anh 10 ngy sau cỏi cht ca ụng, mt cuc iu tra ó nm gi mt, th m ó tip din tr li cựng kt lun tai nn bt ng Vo nm 2004, cuc iu tra c li, v sau 64 ngy, thm phỏn tuyờn b rng Maddison b git cht mt cỏch phm phỏp bi tỏc dng ca cht c thn kinh ny bui th nghim Nm 1957, vic sn xut v khớ chin tranh sarin thng niờn b ngng li ti Hoa K, mc dự c phiu mua bỏn sarin c giu li cho ti nm 1970 Nm 1976, Hip hi Khoa hc Chile, DINA, ch nh nh sinh hc Eugenio Berrớos iu ch khớ sarin mt d ỏn mang tờn Proyecto Andrea, s dng chỳng nh mt v khớ bt chp nhng ý kin trỏi chiu Mt nhng thnh cụng ca DINA ú l chuyn chỳng vo bỡnh xt tin li hn, c khai bi c v DINA Michael Townley ú l mt nhng phng phỏp d nh trin khai vo nm 1976 Sau ny, Berrios ó ng lm chng rng chỳng c s dng mt lot v ỏm sỏt ti thi im ny ỏng nm 1988, vũng ngy thỏng 3, b tc thnh ph Kurd trc thuc Halabja phớa Bc Iraq (dõn s 70.000 ngi) b ỏnh bom hoỏ hc, gm c sarin v tn cụng bng khớ c ny khin 5000 ngi thit mng ỏng nm 1988, sarin c s dng ln vi mc ớch u c binh lớnh, s quan quõn i Iran thi im cui cựng ca cuc chin tranh gia Iraq v Iran, giỳp lc lng Iraq tỏi ch huy t chc Hi giỏo Peninsula trn chin th 48 Nm 1993, Hip nh Cụng c V khớ Hoỏ hc c ký kt bi 162 nc thnh viờn, v cm sn xut v d tr V khớ hoỏ hc, bao gm sarin Nú chớnh thc cú hiu lc vo ngy 29 thỏng nm 1997 Cho n thỏng nm 2007, cỏc kho d tr V khớ hoỏ hc mi trng thỏi ó b phỏ hu hon ton Nm 1994, v khng b Matsumoto, mụn phỏi Nht Aum Shinrikyo ó gii phúng dng sarin vựng Matsumoto, Nagano, khin ngi cht v khong 200 ngi b thng Ngy 20/3 nm 1995, v khng b bng khớ c sarin trờn tu in ngm Nht Bn: Aum gii phúng dng sarin lng trờn nhng tuyn tu in ngm Tokyo, khin 13 ngi cht v hng ngn ngi b thng, ú cú nhng ngi phi mang thng tt tinh thn vnh vin Haruki Murakami, nh c xem l tr ct ca nn hc hin i Nht Bn cng ó cú mt tỏc phm vit v thm kch trờn: Underground (bn dch ting vit: Ngm -Nh xut bn Nhó Nam) Nm 2004, quõn phin lon Iraq lm n mt qu mỡn 155mm cha sarin gn khu bo h ca Hoa K ti Iraq mỡn c thit k trn ln hoỏ cht lỳc nú ang quay nhng cui cựng, qu mỡn ó n nhng ch gii phúng mt lng nh sarin Tuy nhiờn, ngi lớnh Hoa k ó b iu ng sau cỏc triu chng ban u ca vic nhim c sarin biu l Nm 2013, Chin tranh hoỏ hc Ghouta, sarin c s dng cuc tn cụng khu vc Ghouta ca Syria thi kỡ ni chin, khin s ngi cht vụ ti t 322 n 1729 ngi Nm 2017 M cho rng khớ gas sarin ó c dựng cuc tn cụng tnh ni dy Idlib Syria, khin khong 150 ngi dõn thit mng, hn 300 ngi b thng, phớa Nga v Syria ph nhn vic trờn.M cng tng cho rng Iraq s dng sarin v ó ỏnh ph u lt chớnh quyn lỳc by gi 18.5 Chỳ thớch [1] Material Safety Data Sheet Lethal Nerve Agent Sarin (GB) 103d Congress, 2d Session United States Senate 25 thỏng nm 1994 Truy cp ngy thỏng 11 nm 2004 18.6 Liờn kt ngoi Phng tin liờn quan ti Sarin ti Wikimedia Commons Material Safety Data Sheet CHNG 18 SARIN estions and Answers for Sarin CIA memo: e Stability of Iraqs Chemical Weapons Stockpile Stockholm International Peace Research Institute entry on sarin Chng 19 Thuc dit c ểc chú, hoc cõy ca tri; hnh ng ú ca thuc dit c t nhiờn, v tng tỏc húa hc khỏc cú liờn quan, c gi l tỏc dng húa cm Do khỏng thuc dit c - mt mi quan tõm ln nụng nghip - mt s sn phm cng kt hp thuc dit c vi cỏc cỏch hot ng khỏc Kim soỏt c di bng thuc dit c uc dit c l cỏc cht húa hc c s dng kim soỏt cỏc loi thc vt khụng mong mun.[1] uc tr c chn lc kim soỏt cỏc loi c c th, khụng gõy hi cho cõy trng, thuc dit c khụng chn lc (ụi c gi l dit ton b c" cỏc sn phm thng mi) cú th c s dng gii phúng mt bng cht thi, cỏc khu cụng nghip v xõy dng, ng st v kố ng st nh h git tt c cỏc nguyờn liu thc vt m chỳng tip xỳc Ngoi vic la chn / khụng chn lc, phõn bit quan trng khỏc bao gm s kiờn trỡ (cũn c gi l hnh ng cũn li: thi gian sn phm nm ti ch v hot ng), cú ngha l s hp thu (cho dự nú c hp th bi cỏc tỏn lỏ trờn mt t ch, qua r, hoc bng phng tin khỏc), v c ch tỏc (lm th no nú hot ng) Trong lch s, cỏc sn phm nh mui thng v mui kim loi khỏc c s dng nh thuc dit c, nhiờn vic s dng chỳng ó dn b loi b v mt s nc mt s s ny ang b cm s tn ti bn b ca chỳng t, v c tớnh v nc ngm lo ngi ụ nhim uc dit c cng ó c s dng chin tranh v xung t Ti Hoa K nm 2007, khong 83% ca tt c cỏc s dng thuc dit c, xỏc nh trng lng ỏp dng, lnh vc nụng nghip.[1]:12 Trong nm 2007, chi phớ thuc tr sõu th gii t khong 39,4 t USD thuc dit c l khong 40% nhng ngi bỏn hng v chim phn ln nht, tip theo l thuc tr sõu, thuc dit nm, v cỏc loi khỏc.[1]:14 vi s lng nh hn c s dng lõm nghip, h thng ng c, v qun lý cỏc khu vc dnh riờng nh mụi trng sng hoang dó 19.1 Tham kho uc dit c hin i thng bt chc tng hp húc mụn thc vt t nhiờn gõy tr ngi cho s phỏt trin ca cỏc loi thc vt mc tiờu uc dit c hu hn mang ý ngha dit c dnh cho chn nuụi hu c; loi thuc ny thng kộm hiu qu hn v tn kộm hn thuc dit c nhõn to v c da trờn cỏc vt liu t nhiờn Mt s nh mỏy cng sn xut thuc dit c ca riờng chỳng mt cỏch t nhiờn, chng hn nh cỏc chi 49 [1] EPA February 2011 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007: Market Estimates Summary in press release here Main page for EPA reports on pesticide use is here Chng 20 Toxicofera H Helodermatidae (quỏi vt Gila v thn ln ht Mexico) Toxicofera (ting Hy Lp ch vt mang c t"), l mt nhỏnh ca Squamata, bao gm Serpentes (rn); Anguimorpha (k , quỏi vt Gila, thn ln cỏ su cựng ng minh) v Iguania (k nhụng, nhụng v tc kố hoa cựng ng minh) H Anniellidae Toxicofera cha khong 4.600 loi (trờn 50%) Squamata cũn sinh tn[1] Nú bao gm tt c cỏc loi bũ sỏt cú nc c, cng nh mt lot cỏc loi khụng nc c nhng cú quan h h hng gn Cú ớt chng c hỡnh thỏi h tr cho iu ny, nhiờn nú c khụi phc tt c cỏc phõn tớch phõn t gn õy[2][3][4] H Anguidae (thn ln rn, bao gm c h Diploglossidae) H Shinisauridae (thn ln cỏ su) H Lanthanotidae H Varanidae (k ) Biu nhỏnh chi tit v theo Hỡnh Vidal v Hedges (2009)[2] , Pyron et al (2013)[3] 20.1 Miờu t theo nhỏnh Toxicofera bao gm cỏc nhúm sau õy ca phõn loi truyn thng[1] : Phõn b Serpentes (rn) Phõn b Iguania (k nhụng, nhụng, tc kố hoa v.v ) H Chamaeleonidae H Agamidae H Tropiduridae H Iguanidae H Leiocephalidae H Crotaphytidae H Phrynosomatidae H Polychrotidae H Hoplocercidae H Opluridae H Leiosauridae H Liolaemidae H Corytophanidae H Dactyloidae 20.2 Nghiờn cu Nc bũ sỏt cú vy theo dũng lch s tng c coi l chuyn him; nú ó tng c bit n rn t thi tin s, t l phn trm thc t ca cỏc loi rn c coi l cú nc c l tng i nh (khong 25%)[5] Trong s khong 2.650 loi rn bc cao (Caenophidia), ch cỏc loi cú rng nc trc (~650 loi) c coi l cú nc c theoi nh ngha ly ngi lm trung tõm eo nh ngha v h Helodermatidae th k 19 thỡ nc ca chỳng c coi l ó phỏt trin c lp[1] cỏc loi rn, tuyn nc nm hm trờn, nhng Helodermatidae thỡ nú li nm hm di[1] Ngun gc ca nc c bũ sỏt cú vy vỡ th ó c coi l tng i gn õy theo thut ng tin húa v l kt qu ca tin húa hi t gia cỏc h rn cú nc c dng nh l a ngnh Nm 2003, mt nghiờn cu ó c cụng b miờu t nc c cỏc phõn h rn m trc õy c cho l khụng cú[6] Nghiờn cu tip theo tuyờn b rng gn nh tt c cỏc loi rn khụng nc c u sn sinh nc c mt mc nht nh, gi ý mt ngun gc xa xa hn ca nc c Serpentes so vi trc õy ngi ta ngh[7][8] Nh mt thc tin, Fry cnh bỏo rng[9] : Mt s loi rn khụng nc c trc õy ó tng c ngh l ch cú 'nc bt c' nh Nhng cỏc kt qu ny gi ý rng chỳng thc Phõn th b Anguimorpha, bao gm: H Xenosauridae (thn ln vy bu) 50 20.3 PHấ PHN s s hu nc c tht s m chỳng tụi ó cụ lp c t rn sc da [Coelognathus radiatus (trc õy c bit n nh l Elaphe radiata)[7] ], mt loi rn ph bin cỏc ca hng bỏn vt nuụi, mt kiu c t thn kinh kiu rn h mang in hỡnh, mt c t cng mnh nh cỏc c t so sỏnh tỡm thy cỏc h hng gn ca rn h mang Cỏc loi rn ny thng cú lng nc c nh hn v khụng cú rng nc, nhng chỳng cú th tit nc c ca mỡnh thụng qua mt lot cỏc rng sc nhn Nhng khụng phi tt c cỏc loi rn ny u nguy him Tuy nhiờn, iu ú cú ngha l chỳng ta cn ỏnh giỏ li mc nguy him tng i ca cỏc loi rn khụng nc c iu ny ó thỳc y nghiờn cu tip theo, dn ti s phỏt hin nc c (v cỏc gen nc c) cỏc loi cỏc nhúm m trc õy khụng c bit l cú sn sinh nc c, nh Iguania (c th l Pogona barbata t h Agamidae) v Varanidae (t Varanus varius)[1] Ngi ta cho rng iu ny l kt qu ca vic phỏt sinh hu du t mt t tiờn chung l ng vt bũ sỏt cú vy v sn sinh nc c; gi thuyt ny c miờu t n gin nh l nhỏnh nc c ln u tiờn c xut vi cng ng khoa hc[1] Nhỏnh nc c bao gm c Anguidae vỡ cỏc lý phỏt sinh chng loi v ó chp nhn tờn gi nhỏnh c xut trc ú l Toxicofera[10] Ngi ta c tớnh rng loi t tiờn chung ln u tiờn sn sinh nc c nhỏnh nc c ó sinh sng cỏch ngy khong 200 triu nm[1] Nc c c cho l ó tin húa sau cỏc gen thụng thng hot ng cỏc b phn khỏc ca c th nhõn bn v cỏc bn chộp tỡm thy ng dng mi tuyn nc bt[6] Trong s cỏc h rn m theo truyn thng c phõn loi l rn c thỡ nng lc dng nh ó tin húa ti cỏc mc cc i hn so vi nhng gỡ cú c nh tin húa song song; cỏc dũng dừi rn 'khụng c' hoc l ó mt i kh nng sn sinh nc c (nhng cú th cú cỏc gi gen nc c sút li) hoc thc l sn sinh mt lng nh nc c (nh 'nc bt c'), cú th va h tr vic sn bt cỏc mi nh, nhng thng thỡ khụng gõy thng tớch ngi nu nh b chỳng cn S a dng mi c phỏt hin v cỏc loi bũ sỏt cú vy sn sinh nc c l mt kho bỏu mi c tỡm thy cho nhng tỡm tũi phỏt trin cỏc loi dc phm mi; chng hn nhiu loi nc c cú kh nng h huyt ỏp[1] Cỏc loi bũ sỏt cú vy cú nc c trc õy ó c bit n ó tng l c s cho cỏc loi dc phm, nh Ancrod, Captopril, Eptibatide, Exenatide v Tiroban 51 20.3 Phờ phỏn Mt s nh khoa hc khỏc, nh nh sinh hc ca i hc Washington Kenneth V Kardong v cỏc nh c cht hc Sco A Weinstein v Tamara L Smith, ó tuyờn b rng lun im v cỏc tuyn nc c tỡm thy nhiu loi ng vt ny "ó cú tỏc ng ỏnh giỏ thp s a dng cỏc vai trũ phc ca cỏc cht tit theo ng ming sinh hc v bũ sỏt, to mt quan im rt hn hp v cỏc cht tit theo ng ming v gõy s din gii sai v tin húa bũ sỏt eo cỏc nh khoa hc ny thỡ " cỏc cht tit theo ng ming ca bũ sỏt gúp phn vo nhiu vai trũ sinh hc hn l ch git cht nhanh mi H cng kt lun rng Gi tt c nhỏnh ny l nc c ng ý mt nguy him tim nng tng th m nú khụng tn ti, dn ti lm lc ỏnh giỏ cỏc ri ro y hc, v gõy ln xn ỏnh giỏ sinh hc cỏc h thng húa sinh ca bũ sỏt cú vy[11] 20.4 Tham kho [1] Fry, B v ng nghip (02-2006) Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes (pdf) Nature 439 (7076): 584588 PMID 16292255 doi:10.1038/nature04328 Kim tra giỏ tr ngy thỏng trong: |date= (tr giỳp) [2] Vidal N., Hedges S (thỏng 0203 nm 2009) e molecular evolutionary tree of lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians Comptes Rendus Biologies (pdf) 332 (2-3): 129139 PMID 19281946 doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.07.010 [3] Pyron Robert Alexander, Frank T Burbrink, John J Wiens, 2013 A phylogeny and revised classication of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes BMC Evol Biol 13(1) 93, [4] Wiens John J., Carl R Huer, Daniel G Mulcahy, Brice P Noonan, Ted M Townsend, Jack W Sites, Tod W Reeder, 2012 Resolving the phylogeny of lizards and snakes (Squamata) with extensive sampling of genes and species Biol Le 8(6): 1043-1046, [5] Fry, B v ng nghip (thỏng nm 2009) Evolution and Diversication of the Toxicofera Reptile Venom System Journal of Proteomics 72 (2): 127136 PMID 19457354 doi:10.1016/j.jpot.2009.01.009 [6] Fry B v ng nghip (thỏng nm 2003) Molecular Evolution and Phylogeny of Elapid Snake Venom reeFinger Toxins Journal of Molecular Evolution (pdf) 57 (1): 110129 PMID 12962311 doi:10.1007/s00239-0032461-2 [7] Fry B v ng nghip (thỏng 10 nm 2003) Isolation of a Neurotoxin (-colubritoxin) from a Nonvenomous Colubrid: Evidence for Early Origin of Venom in Snakes Journal of Molecular Evolution (http://www.venomdoc.com/downloads/2003_BGF_ 52 CHNG 20 TOXICOFERA alpha-colubritoxin.pdf pd]) 57 (4): 446452 PMID 14708577 doi:10.1007/s00239-003-2497-3 [8] Fry B v Wỹster W (thỏng nm 2004) Assembling an Arsenal: Origin and Evolution of the Snake Venom Proteome Inferred from Phylogenetic Analysis of Toxin Sequences Mol Biol Evol (pdf) 21 (5): 870883 PMID 15014162 doi:10.1093/molbev/msh091 [9] Venom Hunt Finds 'Harmless Snakes A Potential Danger 16-12-2003 [10] Vidal N v Hedges S (thỏng 10thỏng 11 nm 2005) e phylogeny of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) inferred from nine nuclear protein-coding genes Comptes Rendus Biologies (pdf) 328 (10-11): 10001008 PMID 16286089 doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2005.10.001 [11] Weinstein, Sco A.; Smith, Tamara L.; Kardong, Kenneth V (ngy 14 thỏng nm 2009) Reptile Venom Glands Form, Function, and Future Trong Stephen P Mackessy Handbook of Venoms and Toxins of Reptiles Taylor & Francis tr 7684 ISBN 978-1-4200-0866-1 Truy cp ngy 18 thỏng nm 2013 20.5 Liờn kt ngoi Lizards poisonous secret is revealed 16-11-2005 e Surprising Origin of Venom Revealed 17-112005 Which Came First, the Snake or the Venom? 2111-2005 Genealogy of scaly reptiles rewrien by new research 22-11-2005 Venomdoc Homepage, Downloads e Venom Cure: e Power of Poison Nature Podcast ngy 17 thỏng 11 nm 2005 (segment on the venom clade begins approximately 22 phỳt into the program) Chng 21 Xyanua t nit.[1] 21.1 Ngun gc Xyanua c tỡm thy nhng hp cht (l nhng cht c hỡnh thnh t hai hay nhiu hoỏ cht Xyanua cú th phn ng vi kim loi v nhng hp cht hu c khỏc (hp cht cha Carbon) Sodium Xyanua (Natri xyanua) v potassium Xyanua (Kali xyanua) l nhng hp cht Xyanua n gin Xyanua cú th c sn sinh bi, vi khun, nm v c tỡm thy mt s thc n v thc vt Trong c th ca ngi, Xyanua cú th kt hp vi mt loi húa cht (hydroxocobalamin) hỡnh thnh vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) Trong nhng loi thc n c ch bin t thc vt; bao gm qu hnh, nhng ht chi ca cõy kờ, cõy u, u tng, u nnh, rau bi-na (rau chõn vt), mng tre, r cõy sn, bt sn ht tapioca Phn ln lng Xyanua cú nc v t xut phỏt t nhng quỏ trỡnh cụng nghip Ngun thi chớnh ca Xyanua vo nc l ngun thi t quỏ trỡnh khai thỏc m, cụng nghip hoỏ cht hu c, nhng cụng vic liờn quan n st v thộp; c bit cụng nghip luyn thộp, Xyanua l c cht chớnh gõy ụ nhim; v nhng phng phỏp x lý chng lóng phớ nc ca ngi Nhng ngun Xyanua khỏc t xut phỏt t xe c, t nhng ngnh cụng nghip hoỏ hc, cht t t nhng nh dõn thnh ph v thuc tr sõu cú cha Xyanua Xyanua cú nhng bói chụn lp cú th lm nhim bn ngun nc ngm Ngun gc s tn ng Xyanua gõy ụ nhim mụi trng khai thỏc vng: Ion Xyanua, CN Xyanua hay Cyanide l tờn gi cỏc húa cht cc c cú ion [CN]- , gm mt nguyờn t cacbon v mt nguyờn Vit Nam cú tr lng vng khụng ln, li nm ri rỏc trờn nhiu a phng Vỡ vy vic khai thỏc ang c nhiu cp m nhim Nh nc qun lý cỏc vựng qung trung tr lng ln nh vựng ng Nam, Nng (Bng Miờu), Lõm ng Cp tnh qun lý khai thỏc nhng vựng m nh thuc a phng mỡnh: ỏi Nguyờn, Bc Cn, Cao bng, Ngh An, Nhng cỏch qun lý t chc khai thỏc ca ta cha tt nờn nhiu a phng xy s khai thỏc, x lý qung vng ba bói, trỏi phộp gõy lóng phớ ti nguyờn, hu hoi mụi 53 54 CHNG 21 XYANUA trng, lm mt cõn bng sinh thỏi õy ta c bit 21.2 Tớnh cht húa hc lu ý n vic b bó thi, dch thi cũn cha nhiu Xyanua t, nc gõy ụ nhim mụi trng nghiờm Xyanua l mui ca axit xyanhidric Phn ln cỏc mui trng xyanua khụng tan nc Mui xyanua tan ng vng trc tiờn c nghin p v phõn cp nc b thy phõn thnh mụi trng kim Xyanua l ht qua sng 0,1mm, sau a sang tuyn trng lc bng mui ca mt axit rt yu (yu hn axit cacbonic) nờn nc thu nhng ht vng ln (nu cú) Tinh qung d b cỏc axit mnh hn y cỏc dung dch mui thu c quỏ trỡnh tuyn ni nm trờn mỏng ca nú.ớ d: tuyn c thu li v chuyn vo hn hng vi Hg 2NaCN + H2 SO4 Na2 SO4 + 2HCN ng ti dng bt t sau tuyn trng lc c a vo b ho tỏch Xyanua kim vụi cú thit b Acid cyanhydric v cỏc Xyanua b oxy hoỏ bi oxy cp Oxy cng bc v thờm cỏc ph gia cn thit Sau khụng khớ chuyn thnh cyanate: thi gian ho tan thớch hp, dung dch cha cỏc phc 2CN- + O2 2CNOXyanua Au, Ag c chuyn sang ct hon nguyờn kim loi vng, bc.Hn hp thu c em phõn kim thu dung dch loóng 1/5000 thỏng HCN b phõn hu ht HCN + 2H2 O HCOONH4 (ammonium vng tinh khit v bc tinh khit formic) S cụng ngh tiờu un khai thỏc vng bc khỏi 2HCN + 2H2 S + O2 2HCNS + 2H2 O (acid quỏt: sulfocyanhydric) u hi Hg Cỏc mui Xyanua kim loi kim b carbon dioxide Hn hng tinh qung khụng khớ phõn hu to thnh HCN Chng bc thy ngõn 2NaCN + CO + H O 2HCN + Na CO Hg Hn hng Au 2 Vỡ vy phi bo qun mui kim loi Xyanua thựng kớn, ch mỏt Hũa tỏch bng Xyanua Cỏc mui Xyanua tan nc d to vi cỏc Xyanua khụng tan thnh cỏc ion phc Acid nitrite tỏc dng vi cỏc cht hu c nh acid malic, xitric, ancaloit, tanin cng to nờn HCN a ú ct ngha vic to nờn cỏc glucoside cyanhydric mt s thc vt Hon nguyờn vng bc Cỏc aldehyde, ng cng phỏ hu c HCN: Xỏi dch C6 H12 O6 + HCN C7 H13 O6 N Cỏt thi kh ht CN Trong mt s cỏc cõy ci, thc vt cú cha cỏc dn xut hu c ca acid cyanhydric, vớ d: hnh nhõn ng, nhõn qu mn, lỏ trỳc anh o, r sn, mng tre na, nm, cỏc ht lỏ v cnh loi u phaseolus lunatus Du hnh nhõn ng cú cha amogdalis C20 H27 NO11 tỏc dng ca men emulsin hay synaptase s b thu phõn v gii phúng HCN: Mu qung tinh qung tinh qung mng Nghin, p, phõn cp ht Tuyn trng lc Phõn kim Au, Ag Vng bc tinh khit X lý thu hi Xyanua Mụi trng cỏt thi, nc thi khụng cha Xyanua Nu thc hin nghiờm chnh theo chu trỡnh kớn, cú x lý Xyanua sau thu hi vng thỡ khụng gõy ụ nhim mụi trng Tuy nhiờn, thc t ti cỏc bói o vng nhng ngi lm vng t li khụng thc hin khõu x lý Xyanua d tha sau tỏch vng bựn v nc lc Do thiu ý thc trỏch nhim bo v mụi trng, s tn phớ thờm khõu x lý hoc thiu hiu bit khoa hc nờn sau thu hi c vng, ngi ta ba cht thi mụi trng c t ti cỏc bói o vng ngi ta ho tỏch bng Xyanua ly vng rt cu th Vỡ vy, lng Xyanua thi mụi trng rt ln C20 H27 NO11 + 2H2 O C7 H6 O + 2C6 H12 O6 + HCN Xyanua c xem l mt cht c mnh v phn ng nhanh HCN, NaCN, KCN, hỡnh thnh t Xyanua v cú mt mụi trng l kt qu tt yu ca nhng hot ng cụng nghip + iocyanates (SCN-) l nhúm nhng hp cht c hỡnh thnh sulfur, carbon v nitrogen kt hp vi iocyanates c tỡm thy nhiu thc n v thc vt; nhiờn, chỳng c sinh ch yu t nhng phn ng gia Xyanua t v sulfur Phn Trong du hnh nhõn ng c 1,5g du thỡ cú 0,24g HCN Lng HCN cha nm, sỏu ht hnh nhõn git cht mt em Trong ht u cú cht phaseolumatin C10 H17 NO6 tỏc dng ca men phaseosaponin s thu phõn v gii phúng HCN: C10 H17 NO6 + H2 O C6 H12 O66 + CH3 -CO-CH3 + HCN Ngoi ta cn phi xột n hp cht khỏc ca Xyanua: 21.5 THAM KHO ng ny xy mụi trng (vớ d, nhng dũng cht thi cú cha Xyanua) v c th ngi sau nut hoc hp th Xyanua Ngun thi t quỏ trỡnh khai thỏc than, vng, bc v nhng m cụng nghip lm cho iocyanates cú mt nc l ch yu iocyanates t l kt qu ca vic s dng trc tip hoỏ cht dit c di v s dng ba bói nhng sn phm t quỏ trỡnh cụng nghip Nhng ngun kộm phn quan trng hn c thoỏt t nhng thc vt b h, thi nh cõy mự tc, ci xon v ci bp + Ammonium thiocyanate c s dng ging nh l mt thnh phn iu ch thuc khỏng sinh, thuc dit cụn trựng, nhiờn liu cho tờn la, nhng cht dớnh v l thnh phn nhng que diờm Nú cng c s dng nhng quy trỡnh nhip nh, lm tng bn ca vi la v dit c di 21.3 iu ch Trong cụng nghip, mui xyanua c iu ch bng cỏch cho CO phn ng vi NH3 nhit cao cú cht xỳc tỏc l ori ioxit O2 ri cho tỏc dng vi kim loi tng ng: CO + NH3 HCN + H2 O 2HCN + 2Na 2NaCN + H2 21.4 S tn ti v chuyn húa ca cỏc hp cht xyanua mụi trng: Xyanua i vo nc, khụng khớ v t l kt qu ca nhng quỏ trỡnh t nhiờn v hot ng cụng nghip ca ngi Trong mụi trng khụng khớ, Xyanua xut hin ch yu dng khớ l hydrogen Xyanua Mt lng nh Xyanua khụng khớ xut hin s cú dng nh mt ỏm bi nh Cui cựng lng bi ny s lng xung mt t v mt nc Khi ma v cú tuyt ri s giỳp loi b i lng Xyanua cú khụng khớ Tuy nhiờn, khớ hydrogen Xyanua khụng d dng loi b bng cỏch lng xung, ma hay l tuyt i gian bỏn phõn hy ca khớ hydrogen Xyanua khụng khớ khong t n nm Trong mụi trng nc, hu ht Xyanua trờn b mt nc s hỡnh thnh hydrogen Xyanua v bay hi Xyanua nc s c chuyn thnh nhng cht bt c hi hn nh nhng vi sinh vt hoc s hỡnh thnh mt phc cht vi kim loi, vớ d nh st Ngi ta cha xỏc nh c thi gian bỏn phõn hy ca Xyanua nc Xyanua nc khụng tớch t li c th ca cỏ, ú l iu chỳng ta cm thy an tõm n cỏ Trong mụi trng t, Xyanua cú th hỡnh thnh hydrogen Xyanua v bay hi i Trong t luụn cú nhng vi 55 sinh vt cú kh nng phõn hy, bin i Xyanua thnh nhng hoỏ cht khỏc ụi Xyanua khụng b phõn hu t bi cỏc vi sinh vt nhng nú khụng thng xuyờn thm vo mch nc ngm Tuy nhiờn, Xyanua c tỡm mch nc ngm di mt vi nn ng Vi s trung mt lng ln, Xyanua tr nờn c hi cho nhng vi sinh vt t Vỡ vy nhng vi sinh vt ny khụng cũn kh nng chuyn húa Xyanua thnh nhng dng cht hoỏ hc khỏc na, nh vy Xyanua cú th thm qua t vo mch nc ngm i vi thiocyanates, nhng gỡ s xy chỳng cú mt mụi trng ớt c bit n Trong t v nc, nh nhng vi sinh vt, thiocyanates c chuyn húa thnh nhng dng cht khỏc nhit bỡnh thng (30 ), s bay hi hoc thm hỳt b mt (liờn kt vi t) khụng quan trng i vi thiocyanates t Hỡnh thc chuyn hoỏ, tn lu v tỏc ng ca Xyanua c th sinh vt: Xyanua ngn cn vic ly oxy ca nhng t bo c th lm cho nhng t bo ny cht i, mc cao hn cú th gõy cht ngi nhanh chúng b ngt th Du hiu c trng ca cỏ b nhim Xyanua l mang rc lờn Xyanua tỏc ng lờn oxydaza-men chuyn oxy t mỏu vo mụ Nu cú cỏc phc cht i kốm thỡ Xyanua s bt c hn Xyanua i vo c th ngi chỳng ta th, n, v ung nc cú cha Xyanua Ngoi ra, Xyanua cũn vo c th ngi qua da, hỡnh thc ny ch ph bin ngi lm vic mụi trng cú liờn quan n Xyanua Mt Xyanua ó vo c th ngi, chỳng nhanh chúng i vo mỏu Cú Xyanua c chuyn thnh thiocyanate, ớt c hn, v c o thi c th qua ng phõn Tuy nhiờn, cú nhng trng hp Xyanua c th li kt hp vi hydroxocobalamin hỡnh thnh nờn B12 Vitamin B12 l mt cht hoỏ hc cú cha Xyanua rt cú li cho c th ngi Nú giỳp bn ngn nga bnh thiu mỏu thiu st Xyanua c quy nh mt liu lng cho phộp vitamin B12 nú khụng th tr thnh ngun Xyanua v gõy hi cho c th Mt lng nh Xyanua vo c th b bin i thnh carbon dioxide (CO2), s c o thi c th chỳng ta th Hu ht Xyanua v cỏc sn phm ca nú s c th vũng 24h sau b nhim Nhng hỡnh thc k trờn ging ngi v ng vt 21.5 Tham kho [1] IUPAC Gold Book cyanides 56 CHNG 21 XYANUA 21.6 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 21.6.1 Vn bn c t hc Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_ch%E1%BA%A5t_h%E1%BB%8Dc?oldid=26493166 Ngi úng gúp: Newone, Trn Nam H 2001, Cheers!-bot, Makecat-bot, AlphamaBot v Addbot Amoniac Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniac?oldid=26647318 Ngi úng gúp: Vng Ngõn H, Trung, Newone, DHNbot, Nad 9x, Escarbot, JAnDbot, ijs!bot, Dangtuanlqd, Kimiroo, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, BotMultichill, AlleborgoBot, SieBot, TVT-bot, Loveless, DragonBot, Qbot, MelancholieBot, MystBot, Luckas-bot, Ptbotgourou, ArthurBot, Rubinbot, Xqbot, PNG, Bongdentoiac, TjBot, Tnt1984, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Cheers!-bot, MerlIwBot, AvocatoBot, AlphamaBot, Addbot, OctraBot, itxongkhoiAWB, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, Rimbo, AlbertEinstein05, P.T., Trng Minh Khi v 10 ngi vụ danh Asen Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asen?oldid=26167253 Ngi úng gúp: Newone, JAnDbot, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Langtucodoc, SieBot, Qbot, PixelBot, Sholokhov, Alexbot, 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Nam H 2001, Onfopt, AlphamaBot v TuanminhBot Kim loi nng Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_lo%E1%BA%A1i_n%E1%BA%B7ng?oldid=22106535 Ngi úng gúp: Cheers!, Cheers!-bot, Alphama, AlphamaBot v TuanminhBot Liu gõy t trung bỡnh Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%E1%BB%81u_g%C3%A2y_ch%E1%BA%BFt_trung_b%C3%ACnh? oldid=22188433 Ngi úng gúp: AlleinStein, Trn Nam H 2001, TuHan-Bot, TuanUt, AlphamaBot, Tuankiet65-Bot, itxongkhoiAWB v TuanminhBot Natri oacetat Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natri_floacetat?oldid=26616197 Ngi úng gúp: DHN, Viethavvh, Ledinhphublxm, Hugopako, Tuanminh01 v TuanminhBot Nm thu sõm Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%E1%BA%A5m_thu%E1%BB%B7_s%C3%A2m?oldid=26397256 Ngi úng gúp: Handyhuy, Idioma-bot, Luckas-bot, Xqbot, Truongbaquoc, TuHan-Bot, RedBot, Cheers!, AlphamaBot, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, TuanminhBot v ngi vụ danh Phũng hi ngt Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B2ng_h%C6%A1i_ng%E1%BA%A1t?oldid=25429194 Ngi úng gúp: AlphamaBot, Hoangdat bot, Tuanminh01 v Tran Trong Nhan REACH Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/REACH?oldid=24102768 Ngi úng gúp: ỏi Nhi, TuHan-Bot, AlphamaBot, Nguyenson218, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot v Mt ngi vụ danh Hi ng Reye Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A9ng_Reye?oldid=23564906 Ngi úng gúp: DanGong, AlphamaBot v TuanminhBot 21.6 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 57 Sarin Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarin?oldid=26564962 Ngi úng gúp: Newone, DHN-bot, Doanvanvung, VolkovBot, TXiKiBoT, Synthebot, EDUCA33E, SieBot, Qbot, MelancholieBot, DidiWeidmann, Luckas-bot, ArthurBot, Jỹ, Hungda, TuHan-Bot, EmausBot, ZộroBot, JackieBot, Cheers!-bot, Kasirbot, CocuBot, AvocatoBot, AlphamaBot, Hugopako, Addbot, itxongkhoiAWB, Phathiendenhat, GHA-WDAS, Titụ, Tuanminh01, TuanminhBot, P.T., Hatranium, Mc Khi v ngi vụ danh uc dit c Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_di%E1%BB%87t_c%E1%BB%8F?oldid=26259560 Ngi úng gúp: Hugopako, Tuanminh01, AlphamaBot4, TuanminhBot, P.T. v Mt ngi vụ danh Toxicofera Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicofera?oldid=26203760 Ngi úng gúp: AlphamaBot, itxongkhoiAWB, GHAWDAS, TuanminhBot v ngi vụ danh Xyanua Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xyanua?oldid=26274386 Ngi úng gúp: Cao Xuan Kien, TXiKiBoT, Qbot, Sholokhov, Alexbot, Luckas-bot, Pq, Ptbotgourou, Rubinbot, Xqbot, TjBot, Tnt1984, EmausBot, WikitanvirBot, Cheers!-bot, Dexbot, AlphamaBot, Addbot, Tuyenly1, uanmycuatoi, Chanduongpro, Tuanminh01, AlphamaBot3, TuanminhBot, Holmes942001, Langphanthi v ngi vụ danh 21.6.2 Hỡnh nh Tp_tin:1080PoisonWarning_gobeirne.png Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/1080PoisonWarning_ gobeirne.png Giy phộp: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Ngi úng gúp: L nh phỏi sinh t 1080PoisonWarning gobeirne.jpg: Ngh s u tiờn: 1080PoisonWarning_gobeirne.jpg: Greg O'Beirne Tp_tin:Ambox_wikify.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Ambox_wikify.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm 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