The challenge of globalization on the traditions of wameru (varwa) society in tanzania

The Challenge of Globalization on the Traditions of Wameru (Varwa) Society in Tanzania Habtamu Alessandro Bais A Thesis Submitted to The Center for African and Oriental Studies Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in African Studies (African Intellectual History and Cultural Studies) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia June, 2017 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES CENTER FOR AFRICAN AND ORIENTAL STUDIES THE CHALLENGE OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE TRADITIONS OF WAMERU (VARWA) SOCIETY IN TANZANIA HABTAMU ALESSANDRO BAIS A Thesis Submitted to the Center for African and Oriental Studies of Addis Ababa University Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of Arts in African Studies (Intellectual History and Cultural Studies) ADVISOR ZERIHUN BERHANE (PHD) JUNE 2017 Globalization and Wameru Society ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to express my immeasurable gratitude to every person that I encountered and shared my idea, because everyone helped and supported me with grateful kindness, humanity and emphatic comprehension I did my research putting on my shoulder all the suggestions and counsels of everyone It is for me a wonderful wage that I am happy to carry on I praise God I thank my family for economic sustain and encouragement I am in credit to all staffs and students of Center for African and Oriental Studies and to my advisor Assistant Professor Zerihun Berhane (PhD) for his valuable directions and corrections I claim the privilege of benefiting from cooperative learning with Tesfaye Eba (Student of the Center) I express gratitude to Dr Samuel Tefera for inspiring me to this research and to Dr Getachew Kassa for priceless corrections and encouragement I thank also Dr Solomon Hassen for his precious assistance in the phase of writing the paper In Arusha, I am in debt for the providential succor and comfort of ECHO I give special attention to all the people of Meru (Wameru); to the Chairman of the Varwa tribe, to my hosting father Ndelekwa Yesaya Kaaya and my assistant Johova Roy Stephen Kaaya This research is approved by Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTECH) I Globalization and Wameru Society TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I TABLE OF CONTENTS II ABSTRACT V ACRONYMS VI CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study 1.2 Statement of the Problem 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.5 Description of the Study Area Map 1.1: Map of Africa and Tanzania Plate 1.1: Mount Meru Fig 1: Map of Arumeru District and Meru Villages 1.6 Significance of the Study CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Operational Definitions 10 2.2 Conceptual Framework 11 2.2.1 The Concept of Globalization 11 2.2.2 Concept of Culture 15 2.2.3 Relation between Cultures 20 2.2.4 Relation amid Cultural Globalization and Indigenous Culture 22 Chart 2.1: Conceptual Scheme of interaction amid globalization and local culture 24 2.3 Theoretical Framework 24 2.3.1 Hyperglobalizers or Globalist and Cultural Homogenization 25 2.3.2 Political Sceptics or Traditionalist and Cultural Heterogenization 26 2.3.3 Transformationalists and Cultural Hybridization 30 2.4 Background of Wameru 31 2.4.1 Historical Background of Wameru 31 2.4.2 Social and Economic Organization 32 2.4.3 Political Organization 32 2.4.4 Patterns of Change in the Culture of Wameru 33 CHAPTER THREE 35 RESEARCH METHODS 35 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Research Design 36 3.2.1 Why Case Study? 36 3.2.2 Description of the Study Area 37 Map 1.1: Map of Africa and Tanzania Plate 1.1: Mount Meru 38 3.2.2.1 Wameru Society as a Case 39 3.2.3 Why Globalization as a Problem? 40 3.3 Qualitative Data Collection 41 3.3.1 Fieldwork 42 3.3.2 Document Analysis 44 II Globalization and Wameru Society 3.3.3 Sampling Techniques 45 3.4 Data Analysis Strategy 45 3.4.1 Thematic Data Analysis 46 3.4.2 Procedure for Interpretation and Discussion of the Data 46 Table 3.2: Data Analysis 47 3.5 Ethical Considerations 48 CHAPTER FOUR 49 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 49 4.1 Introduction 49 4.1- Effect of Globalization on Tangible Practices of Varwa Culture 51 4.1.1 The Tangible Cultural Practices: Food Consumption, Clothing and Houses 51 4.1.2 Historical Pattern of Cultural Change among Varwa 53 Plate 4.1: Traditional Varwa mud house with banana leaves roof 56 4.1.3 Cultural Relation in the Age of Globalization 58 Box 4.1: Case story of a Lecturer on Culture 59 Plate 4.2: Ngararumu (boiled maize and beans) Plate 4.3: Loshoro (maize, banana and milk) 60 Plate 4.4: Tengeru Market (imported shoes) Plate 4.5: Tengeru Market (imported clothes) 62 4.2 Interpretation of the Challenges of the Current Globalization on the Traditions 63 4.2.1 Utu in the History of Cultural Change 64 4.2.2 Relation amid Globalization and Utu 69 4.2.2.1 Globalization and Traditions in the View of Wameru Youths 70 4.2.2.2 Globalization and Traditions in the View of Varwa Elders 71 4.2.2.3 Globalization and Traditions in the View of Mangusha age group 73 4.3- Mechanisms for Cultural Preservation 74 4.3.1 The Nature of Wameru Society 75 Table 4.1: Varwa Leadership (past and present) 75 4.3.2 Mechanisms for Cultural Preservation based on Utu Philosophy 78 Box 4.3: Case Story of a University Professor 78 4.3.2.1 Age Set System (irika) Nature and Role 79 4.3.2.2 Corporal Punishment (sabini) Nature and Role 80 4.3.2.3 Breaking Pot (chungu/ nungu) Nature and Role 81 Photo 4.7: Mrinagringa, House of meetings of the Central Committee 83 CHAPTER FIVE 86 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 86 5.1 Conclusion 86 5.2.2 Traditional Philosophy and Mechanism of Cultural Preservation 89 5.2.3 Recapitulation of the Findings of the Study 90 5.3 Recommendations 91 5.3.1 For the Next Researchers 91 5.3.3 For Tanzanian National and Local Governments 91 5.3.4 Lessons for Others 92 5.3.5 For African Union 92 REFERENCES 93 III Globalization and Wameru Society List of Table and Box Title Page Table 3.2: Data Analysis 45 Table 4.1: Varwa Leadership (past and present) 66 List of Figures Map 1.1: Map of Africa and Tanzania Plate 1.1: Mount Meru Figure 1: Map of Arumeru District and Meru Villages Chart 2.1: Conceptual Scheme of interaction amid globalization and local culture 23 Box 4.1: Case story of a Lecturer in culture 56 Plate 4.2: Ngararumu (boiled maize and beans) 57 Plate 4.3: Loshoro (maize, banana and milk) 57 Plate 4.4: Tengeru Market (imported shoes) 59 Plate 4.5: Tengeru Market (imported clothes) 59 Box 4.2: Case story from a tribe Leader (Chairman) 68 Box 4.3: Case Story of a University Professor 75 Plate 4.6: Mringaringa (cordia abyssinica) Tree under Which all Wameru Assemble….77 Plate 4.7: Mrinagringa, House of meetings of the Central Committee 80 IV Globalization and Wameru Society ABSTRACT The Challenge of Globalization on the Traditions of Wameru (Varwa) in Tanzania Habtamu Alessandro Bais Addis Ababa University, June 2017 This study is an attempt to explore the challenge of globalization on the indigenous philosophy of Wameru (Varwa) society of Tanzania, by investigating the change in the tangible cultural practices in food consumption, clothing and building house Globalization, with its forceful individualism, is a challenging phenomenon to the local traditional societies, which are based on communalism The objectives of the inquiry relay on this issue Firstly, it is to examine the actual effect of globalization on the local practices and customs Secondly, it is to explain that this visible outcome of the globalization process goes farther by replacing the indigenous knowledge, values and norms system Finally, it is to analyze the assumption that if the society has not cultural strategies and instruments to preserve itself then it would cease to be an authentic historical civilization The research is a qualitative exploratory case study This method is chosen because; the topic of the study is empirical, contemporary and active also in the socio-cultural context Within this design, the collected data fulfills and addresses the objectives of the study All findings are tied with the fact that Varwa have endogenous mechanism to safeguard their cultural identity There are some lessons that are important for higher education institutions, local communities, national governments and African continental institutions; therefore, the essence of the study is grounded on the fact that globalization has a cultural dimension rooted on personal identity and it is dangerous to the collective identity of the local culture Key Words: Globalization, Wameru, (Varwa), Ubuntu (Utu), Case Study, Tanzania V Globalization and Wameru Society ACRONYMS AU African Union AMEC African Mission Evangelical Church COSTECH Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology DPMF Development Policy Management Forum ELCT Evangelical Lutheran Church of Tanzania, it is the English form of KKKT IO Instituto Oikos [Oikos Institute] KKKT Kanisa la Kiluteri Kristo Tanzania UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Local Terms Kiswahili Kirwa English Chungu Nungu Breaking pot Irika (light accent) Funeral Irika (strong accent) Rika Age set Loshoro Nswa (Maize, banana, milk) Mangi Chief Miseto/miraiye Cloth Ngararumu (Maize and beans) Numba Sabini House Makumi arindaru Seventy stroke Shoonga Food Unumba Marriage Utandawazi Globalization/development VI Globalization and Wameru Society CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Early in my study on African history and cultures, I was reading a book titled 'Philosophy from Africa' (Coetzee & Roux, 2002) I came in contact, for the first time, with the word Ubuntu It is a Bantu concept and it is expressed in the Zulu's proverb "Umuntu Ngumuntu Ngabantu", which means that a person is a person through other persons It is associated with human dignity, equality, justice and solidarity (Gade, 2011; Van Niekerk, 2013) The latter characteristic of Ubuntu, reminded me the childhood experiences When I was in Wello region, in the Ethiopia's Highlands, my grandfather's house was old, therefore all adult males came together to destroy the old one and rebuilt a new one It was an outcome of communal work and life and expression of mutual aid Keeping this in mind, I decided to research on Ubuntu Reflecting on it, sharing with others and by attending the course 'Anthropology in the African perspective', I finally committed myself for an ethnographic research on a rural society that has the Ubuntu philosophy Another factor that encourage me was the concern that African societies in general and rural communities in particular had only ―two choices: disappearance –‗either through genocide, cultural erasure or assimilation‘–or adaptation, through transformation in the form of hybridization and synthesis‖ (Leonhard & Siphokazi, 2012, p.7) In other words, there is a general protest over the erosion of the communal identity due to the increasing attention to the individual interest, rights and freedom The relation amid globalization idea of individualism and indigenous idea of communalism is a current issue and concern for Africans African relations with the outside world, since Egyptian Empire, were characterized by mutual exchange of cultural elements within the commercial and political connections In fact, as evidenced by Bayart and Ellis (2000) there were ―regular patterns of trade with China, India, the Persian and the Mediterranean‖ (p.218) In the same manner, there were a rich interconnection regarding language, usage and even religious belief between Middle East, Northern and Eastern Africa In the ancient time, Africa was regarded even culturally equal to others and it had respect and fascination Globalization and Wameru Society Notwithstanding, the contemporary Africa is considered poor culturally, economically, politically and inferior to the other continents Historically, there are several tentative of globalization, in a sense of uniforming and governing the world under the same authority and cultural system The Roman Empire and the British Empire are the major historical examples In the same manner, globalization as a process had various stages The current started in 1990s, after the end of Cold War It is founded on the capitalist idea of enrichment and liberalist idea of total freedom or liberty The combination of these two ideas created an aggressive phenomenon that is affecting local society all over the world There is a vivid debate whereas the influence is positive or negative There are globalists, who favor globalization Among them Wang (2007) advocated the fact that globalization brought development and mutual enrichment among cultures On the other hand, the traditionalists protest the destructive effect of globalization They sustain that the local or indigenous culture are losing their means of survival and it is imminent their extinction The cultural alienation is something current and actual, which also brings numerous social, environment and political problems The African current cultural reality is dominated and affected by globalization phenomenon Africa is pervaded by the individualism and Western supremacy As stated by Caracciolo and Mungai (2009) ―the obsessive Western focus on individualism and the continued colonization of African indigenous peoples through the new forms of global capitalism have served to diminish the importance of African collectivist humanism and … communal way of life‖ (p 10) Despite of that, in the case of Tanzania, the Western infiltration is not that radical, because of the considerable transformations brought by Nyerere with his party TANU during the formation of the new State The first President of the Country, changed the whole colonial system and avoided the Western system of development basing the new one, called Ujamaa, on the traditions as well as on self-reliance and self-organization philosophy (Nyerere, 1968; Essack, 1971) Although the Ujamaa ideology failed in its 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What did you experience in your social duties that are new to the community? How you define the cultural changes in your society? What are the traditional ways of clothing, eating and building house among you? What were the factors that brought change on your traditional practices of food consumption, clothing and building house? How you perceive the changes in your traditional ways of dressing, eating and building house? How did Ujamaa revolution affect your traditional practices? What you think about the changes brought by Ujamaa revolution? How you deal with changes that affect your traditions? What is Utu (Ubuntu) philosophy for you? What are the strengths and the weaknesses of the Utu (Ubuntu) philosophy? What is the role of Utu philosophy in the interaction between traditions and change (innovation)? Interview Format Interview N Date: Place: Interviewee: Name: Age(age-set): Clan: Sex: Position and Role in the Society: Expertise (education/ experience): Issues: Means of penetration of globalization Effect of globalization in the tangible (Food consumption, Clothing and Housing) Effect of globalization in the intangible (Morality, Identity [Harmony] and Authority) Mechanism for conservation of the traditions (Age Set System, Disciplinary action, Breaking Pot Practice) APPENDIX B Table of Informants (In-Depth) Interviews (IIs) I n° Name I Chiarman of Clan Irika Sex Role Date Ultalala M 23/03/17 Akeri Mringaringa (KI) II Chief of Place Duration 01:22:42 Varwa Tribe Steve David (KI) Ndosi Ultalala M Coffee 23/03/17 Amboreni 00:54:34 Farmer III Rv Kitomari Ultalala M GoodluckElifasi University 24/03/17 Makumira 00:57:56 Professor (KI) IV Wilson Ndelekwa Kaaya Seuri M Kaaya Clan 28/03/17 Akeri 00:35:39 Leader V VI Nicodemus Kaaya/ Meyasi Nsaiya EfataNnko (KI) Nnko Seuri M NsaiyaNumba 28/03/17 Patandi 00:56:01 Leader Ultalala M Nnko Clan 29/03/17 Mulala 00:49:00 Leader VII Elishiisa William Mbise Ultalala(r) F Mbise VIII AmineliAfitwa Pastor of KKKT Isanja Ultalala M Isanja Clan 29/03/17 Nkoarang 00:19:57 a 29/03/17 Nguruma 01:02:56 00:51:38 Leader IX Lightness Daniel Akyoo Ultalala(r) F Single Mother 30/03/17 Kimundo X ZechariaMalachia Akyoo Ultalala M Pastor of Akyoo XI AMEC TobiaNdelelioAk Akyoo Ultalala M yoo XII Sabina Godfrey Akyoo Clan Leader Kaaya Kilovyo(r) F Unemployed Kaaya XIII WiljohnLemaKaa Kaaya GodielAnaelIsanj Isanja a Kimira 30/03/17 Kimundo/ 01:01:09 Kimira 31/03/17 Akeri/Nk 01:07:29 oamalai Mangusha M ya XIV 30/03/17 Kimundo/ 01:01:09 Youth Chairman Kilovyo M Head of family 03/04/17 Akeri/Ifur 00:30:09 iny 03/04/17 Akeri/Ifur 00:29:09 iny XV XVI Yona Petro Pallangy Ultalala Pallangyo o Elizabeth Sumari Joackim XVII Anna Ezekiel M Pallangyo 03/04/17 Nguruma 00:41:48 Single Mother 04/04/17 Kimundo 00:25:01 Mangusha(r F Married 04/04/17 Kimundo 00:25:03 ) Mother Clan Leader Mangusha(r F ) Kaaya XVIII Hellen Anderson Mbise Ultalala(r) F Widow 04/04/17 Kimundo 00:29:28 XIX Allan Kaaya Kaaya Mangusha M Separated 05/04/17 Akeri 00:32:28 XX Maria Sarakiky Seuri F Women Elder 06/04/17 LoitaNko NkataretoNanyar a 00:25:46 maala o KI- Key Informant r- Reference, because women are not part of an age set but for their marriage they refer to an age set APPENDIX C Case Study Focus Group Discussions (FGD) Guidelines and Format Checklist for Elders of Wameru Society: How you conserve your traditions? What is the historical pattern of change in your traditional practices? What about the Arusha historical influence? How you perceive globalization in relation with your culture? What is the legacy of Ujamaa? How you compare the Ujamaa and the globalization influences on your traditions? Checklist for Youths of Wameru Society: How did you encounter globalization? What you think about your traditions? How you relate your traditions with globalization? What does suggest to you to follow the new trends of dressing, eating and building house? How you perceive the transformation brought by globalization in your traditions? What are the basis and inspiration for the expression of your personal identity? From where you take the inspiring ideas that shape you personal identity? FGDs Format (4/6 persons) Date: Location: FGD Team: Introduction of participant and facilitators (name, clan, sex, age, social position/role) Discussion Summary of Discussion points/themes Closing Remarks Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) Focus Group Discussion I N Name and Clan Team (Irika) Date Place IshiriPallangyo 40 Years Mangusha/ middle 26/03/17 Kimundo Nicholas SinoisiIsanja 50 Years VenenceStatmaglia 45 Years age, which is in In occasion of transitional period their weekly of becoming Meeting on Felix AmanuelMbise 38 Years elders of the Sunday David LazaroMbise (Leader of community For eating meat Duration 00:43:19 and drinking Mangusha) 47 Years alchol (Kognak) Focus Group Discussion II NdesawetoMelitaAkyoo (Father of Age-set Leaders Ultalala) and Elders village (All are part of the Organized Central meeting, some of Committee of the them came from Mringaringa afar Lerai Noel Kitomari (Clan Elder) AkundaelTerenaelMbise (Kilovyo Leader) FitiaelUrio (Clan Elder &Kilovyo Father in Poli) Reuben LesioNawyaro (Ultalala Leader) Peter Kyungay ( Retired Counsellor)hosting person 31/03/17 Tengeru/ Sing'si 01:29:08 List of Age Set Group of Varwa Table (List of age set groups from FGD with Elders and Leaders) N Age set group Year N Age set group Year/Event Kiboron c 1700 14 Dunguri Kiwandai 15 Mangusha Ulukuvai 16 Ultalala Kisavai 17 Ultuwati Nginana 18 Wtareto/Kilovyo Ulumara 19 Kisali Kisetu 20 Sitimu/Max Eletricity in Arusha Kisaruni 21 Seuri/Starling Road build by Starling Aremu 22 Ultalala/Rockey 10 Marishari 23 Mangusha/Kakisha 11 Mirisho 24 Kilovyo 12 Soori 25 Ultuwati 13 Siyoi 1896 APPENDIX D Occasions for Participant Observations N° Occasion Observed cultural elemets Date Place Mourning Division by sex and age: women, elder men, youth men 20/03/17 Akeri Ceremony (researcher was among the elders) Use of the term ―pole‖ showing compassion Conversing Seeting in circle Christian ceremony in singing, reading the Bible and preaching Women wear long clothes, cover their hair and very colourful They greet the men by shaking the hands, saying ―shikamoo‖ and showing respect It is given money for the funeral and in the support to the family Wednesday Almost all are women No buyers but some visiter Divided in: 22/03/17 Tengeru market vegetable and fruit part; modern shoes and clothes, house items and similar and mixed part with the dominance of traditional clothes Mourning Ceremony directed by the SDA church Mixed man and women, Ceremony a form of horse feet and singing and very long sermon Greetings 01/04/17 Nguruma to the family Sunday Men and Women separated, majority women, the sermon very 02/04/17 Akeri Service long, young priest from Dar Es Salaam For donation three times Church (10:00- going in circle and then even from the seat The majority elders (KKKT) 1:00) and very few youths Funeral A lot of people mixed and sat down wherever possible Singing Ceremony hymns and going around the dead (introduced recently) 02/04/17 Nguruma Preaching service Burial in the compound of the house (for claiming the property of the land) A man with wife and two children The mother of the dead was in sorrow There is a very sense of sorrow and grief Traditional Prayer before starting the process The discussed cases were Court Women allowed only presenting their case It is a philosophical (Mringarin discussion The court work with the presentation of the case from 05/04/17 Poli/ Mringarin ga ga- Central the Chairman and then the accuser and the defender later Committee) Visit to a Mud and banana leaves 30 years old Inside very dark and traditional impossible to stay because of the smoke Internal division of the house first place as a store and the second for the bedroom and central fire place 06/04/17 LoitaNko maala ... all Wameru Assemble….77 Plate 4.7: Mrinagringa, House of meetings of the Central Committee 80 IV Globalization and Wameru Society ABSTRACT The Challenge of Globalization on the Traditions of. .. explore, in the qualitative case study manner, the challenge of globalization on the traditions of Wameru society 1.3 Objectives of the Study 1.3.1 The general objective of the study To explore the challenge. .. explore the risk of disappearance of cultural identity of a particular society such as Wameru in interaction with globalization process Globalization and Wameru Society Regarding the literature on the