The challenge of democracy american government in global politics 11th edition janda test bank

CHAPTER 2: MAJORITARIAN OR PLURALIST DEMOCRACY SHORT ANSWER Please define the following term autocracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 34 oligarchy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 34 democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 34 procedural democratic theory ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 36 universal participation ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 36 political equality ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: majority rule ANS: Students’ answers will vary 36 PTS: REF: 37 participatory democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 37 representative democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 39 10 responsiveness ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 39 11 substantive democratic theory ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 39 12 minority rights ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 41 13 majoritarian model of democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 43 14 interest group ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 15 pluralist model of democracy 45 ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 46 16 elite theory ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 48 17 democratization ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 52 MULTIPLE CHOICE When the House Of Representatives voted on President Obama’s stimulus plan, a $787 billion package of targeted tax cuts and government spending on public works projects to fight the recession, the following occurred: a no House Republicans voted for the plan b no House Democrats voted for the plan c the plan was supported by all House members d Rush Limbaugh encouraged the House to approve the plan e all House Democrats voted for the plan ANS: A PTS: REF: 33 NOT: F The ancient Greeks classified governments as autocracies, oligarchies, or democracies based on a the fundamental purposes for which the government was instituted b the extent of government power c the types of elected officeholders d the kinds of decisions the government was responsible for e the number of citizens involved in governing ANS: E PTS: REF: 34 NOT: C REF: 34 NOT: C An autocracy is a political system ruled by a a few b one individual c the military d a majority e a few powerful, wealthy individuals ANS: B PTS: The best contemporary example of an oligarchy would be a(n) a multiparty democracy b personal dictatorship c military dictatorship d hereditary monarchy e elite interest society ANS: C PTS: REF: 34 NOT: C Although many countries openly advocate “rule by the people,” much disagreement remains over a whether such a system could ever exist in the real world b how “the people” is defined, and how those individuals should rule c whether “the people” are actually better decision makers than the elite d whether such systems are outdated and becoming less common e whether non-participatory citizens are included in the definition ANS: B PTS: REF: 34 NOT: C The Greek word demos, which is the root of the term democracy, means a common people b power c participation d foundation or base e order ANS: A PTS: REF: 34 NOT: F The Greek word kratos, one of the roots of the word democracy, means a power b authority c common man d rule e form ANS: A PTS: REF: 34 NOT: F A politician who appeals to and often deceives the masses by manipulating their emotions and prejudices is a(n) a politico b delegate c oligarch d legacy e demagogue ANS: E PTS: REF: 35 NOT: C The names of more than 20 percent of the world's political parties contain some variation of the word a conservative b republican c socialist d democracy e freedom ANS: D PTS: REF: 35 NOT: F 10 In a typical survey, one would expect Americans to support the notion that the United States should promote democracy to other countries as a foreign policy goal a almost all b a very large majority of c a slim majority of d about half of e well less than half of ANS: E PTS: REF: 35 NOT: F 11 Which president(s) promoted democracy abroad as a major foreign policy objective of his/their administration? a Woodrow Wilson b Thomas Jefferson c George W Bush d William Howard Taft e A and C ANS: E PTS: REF: 37 NOT: F 12 The procedural view of democracy is most concerned with a the level of popular participation in decision making b the equality of government decisions c minority protections d the impact of government decisions e how government decisions are made ANS: E PTS: REF: 36 NOT: F 13 The principle of universal participation may still be met even if some adults (such as recent immigrants) are excluded from participation if this exclusion is based on a the principle of political equality b practical or political reasons in a particular country c failure to understand the political system d lack of knowledge of the nation's dominant language e conflicts of law ANS: B PTS: REF: 36 NOT: C 14 The idea that all adults within the boundaries of a political community should be allowed to vote is known as a universal participation b political equality c majority rule d plurality rule e suffrage ANS: A PTS: REF: 36 NOT: C 15 A country abiding by the principle “one man, one vote” is practicing a representative democracy b political equality c equal suffrage d substantive democracy e a “free and fair” election system ANS: B PTS: REF: 36 NOT: C 16 Whereas majority rule is defined as decision making by 50 percent plus one person, is defined as decision making by most participants a rule by the people b c d e assention political equality universal participation plurality rule ANS: E PTS: REF: 37 NOT: C 17 All of the following are principles of procedural democracy except a government responsiveness to public opinion b minority rights c universal participation d majority rule e political equality ANS: B PTS: REF: 41 NOT: C 18 In Athens, were excluded from participation in assemblies a women b slaves c those who were new to the area d males above the age of 40 e A, B and C ANS: E PTS: REF: 37 NOT: F 19 New England town meetings are an example of a substantive democracy b oligarchies c representative democracy d civil democracy e participatory democracy ANS: E PTS: REF: 38 NOT: C 20 The following allows a person to acquire information and documents online, and also provides a medium to register opinions and complaints to government officials a E-government b the Federal Communications Commission c the Telecommunications Act d the Secretary of State e Fox News ANS: A PTS: REF: 38 NOT: F 21 Why most democracies give power to representatives rather than directly to citizens? a Bringing large numbers of citizens together for discussions and votes is difficult b Decisions may require specialized knowledge not possessed by the average citizen c Discussion of political issues takes more time than most people are willing to spend d All of these e None of these ANS: D PTS: REF: 38 NOT: F 22 Which of the following represents a principle of procedural theory? a Social equality b Representative democracy c Guaranteed civil liberties d Discrimination protection e Responsiveness ANS: E PTS: REF: 39 NOT: C 23 The principle of responsiveness requires that legislators a follow the general contours of public opinion b cast their ballots on the basis of what the people think back home c pay especial attention to groups that are highly organized d support public opinion in all matters related to electoral politics e consider the views of their fellow legislators more than the views of constituents ANS: A PTS: REF: 39 NOT: C 24 After following democratic procedures, a majority votes to impose its beliefs on a minority This action a violates the standards of procedural democracy b is consistent with all theories of democracy c violates all theories of democracy d violates the standards of substantive democracy e is unconstitutional ANS: D PTS: REF: 39 NOT: C 25 For the United States, the core substantive principles of democracy are embedded in a the Bill of Rights and other amendments to the Constitution b the traditions and conscience of the people c colonial charters d Article I of the Constitution e legislative resolutions from state legislatures ANS: A PTS: REF: 40 NOT: F 26 The basic standard of substantive democracy is that government must guarantee a economic rights b civil rights and liberties c social equality d All of these e None of these ANS: B PTS: REF: 40 NOT: C 27 Agreement among substantive theorists breaks down when the discussion moves from civil rights to a freedom of expression b social rights c religious rights d economic rights e both B and D ANS: E PTS: REF: 40 NOT: F 28 Americans, in a recent Gallup survey, responded the following way after being asked whether or not it was the federal government’s responsibility to make sure all Americans have health care coverage: a 70% believed it was the federal government’s responsibility b 70% believed it was not the federal government’s responsibility c 48% believed it was not the federal government’s responsibility d 47% believed it was the federal government’s responsibility e both c and d ANS: E PTS: REF: 40 NOT: F 29 One weakness of the substantive model of democracy is that a not everyone participates in decision making b there is no agreement regarding which policies are democratic c the government is less responsive to its people d terrible inequities occur in the wealthiest class e minority groups are easily defeated ANS: B PTS: REF: 41 NOT: C 30 One of the weaknesses of the procedural model of democracy is that a it does not provide clear criteria on which to judge whether a government is democratic b its reliance on rules may lead to rigidity and inefficiency c it neglects the standards of classic Greek democracy d it permits policies that violate standards of substantive democracy e too much attention is paid to protecting minority rights ANS: D PTS: REF: 41 NOT: C 31 The American system allows for the will of the majority to be blocked by a a declaration of martial law b the Constitution as interpreted by the Supreme Court c the lack of institutional mechanisms for gauging public opinion d no means e majority rule ANS: B PTS: REF: 41 NOT: F 32 A popular election is the primary mechanism for democratic government in which model? a Substantive democracy b Procedural democracy c The majoritarian model d The pluralist model e The integrated model ANS: C PTS: REF: 43 NOT: C 33 A referendum is best described as a(n) a statement of legislative goals b do-over of a previous election c ballot without true competition for offices d election on a policy issue e decision that resolves a legal issue ANS: D PTS: REF: 43-44 NOT: F 34 A citizen's group gathers enough signatures on a petition to force a popular vote on a statewide lottery proposal This proposal would represent a(n) a recall election b referendum c initiative d popular law e citizen's proposal ANS: C PTS: REF: 44 NOT: C 35 Which of the following statements concerning recall is incorrect? a Sixteen states allow for recall of officials b A specified percentage of registered voters must sign a petition c A majority vote is required for an officer to be removed d Recalls are not used as often as initiatives or referenda e None of these ANS: E PTS: REF: 44 NOT: F 36 Although they are instruments of majoritarian democracy, initiatives are often sponsored by a government officials b interest groups c members of the judiciary d foreign multi-national corporations e small numbers of average citizens ANS: B PTS: REF: 44 NOT: F 37 Voters in California and Maine approved measures that made marriage: a only legal for heterosexuals b legal for both heterosexuals and homosexuals c legal between an adult and a minor d illegal for anyone under 18 e legal for undocumented residents ANS: A PTS: REF: 44 NOT: F 38 A alleged weakness of the majoritarian democratic model is its a reliance on public opinion polls, which tend to fluctuate over time b reliance on the American public to be knowledgeable and participatory c insistence that political parties represent the true opinion of the public d failure to require elected officials to follow voters' wishes e exclusion of interest groups from issue formation ANS: B PTS: REF: 44 NOT: C 39 Many observers of American politics contend that the majoritarian model is not a good description of our system given that a recent survey that found only the following percent of voters said that they follow news about politics “very closely”: a 10% b 5% c 36% d 18% e 50% ANS: C PTS: REF: 44 NOT: C 40 The concept of pluralism rests on the premise that a modern society consists of many groups that share economic, religious, ethnic, and cultural interests b government should be responsive to the will of the majority as expressed through free elections c government is always responsive to organized interest groups d most people belong to interest groups e responsibilities for participation and representation are best met by elected representatives ANS: A PTS: REF: 45 NOT: C 41 Compared with majoritarian thought, the pluralist model of democracy shifts the focus of democratic decision making from to a organized groups; the mass electorate b representatives; voters c procedures; substance d substance; procedures e the mass electorate; organized groups ANS: E PTS: REF: 46 NOT: C 42 The pluralist model assumes a the existence of interest groups b a decentralized structure of government c ready access to public officials d openness to arguments for or against government policies e All of these ANS: E PTS: REF: 46 NOT: C 43 Pluralism is most likely to be found where the government structure is a hierarchical b rapidly changing c centralized d unorganized and chaotic e decentralized ANS: E PTS: REF: 46 NOT: C 44 The division of authority in the U.S Constitution among competing branches and levels of government has encouraged the development of a elitism b majoritarian democracy c indirect democracy d pluralism e divided government institutions ANS: D PTS: REF: 46 NOT: C 45 According to the text, it is difficult for a country with a market economy to remain in its internal politics a democratic b responsive c decentralized d undemocratic e pluralistic ANS: D PTS: REF: 54 NOT: F 46 Which theorist argues that a fundamental component of pluralist democracies is multiple centers of power without a sovereign? a Robert Putnam b John Locke c John Stuart Mill d C.J Chivers e Robert Dahl ANS: E PTS: REF: 46 NOT: F 47 A sign that pluralist democracy might not be working well in the United States is the a declining participation of citizens in civic groups like the PTA b declining number of interest groups in Washington c increasing number of voters in national elections d government's failure to pass more legislation each year e overinvolvement of elected officials in the protection of rights ANS: A PTS: REF: 47 NOT: C 48 One reason offered that environmentalism has yet to develop as a mass movement in the Czech Republic is the following: a Communism continues in the Czech Republic b the Czechs are more interested in economic prosperity than in preserving the environment c interest groups not exist in the Czech Republic d the Czech Republic government banned environmental groups e none of the above ANS: B PTS: REF: 48-49 NOT: C 49 The idea that the most important government decisions are made by an identifiable and stable minority that shares certain characteristics is called a substantive democracy b elite theory c pluralist theory d the interest group model e aristocracy ANS: B PTS: REF: 48 NOT: F 50 Those who support elite theory claim that the United States is governed by a relatively small class of people whose power is based on a democratic election b interest group membership c control of wealth and corporations d hereditary titles e market share domination ANS: C PTS: REF: 49 51 According to elite theory, the United States is actually a(n) a oligarchy b monarchy c aristocracy d democracy e socialist system NOT: C ANS: A PTS: REF: 49 NOT: F 52 Studies on decision making concerning public policy issues suggest that much of the elite’s power comes from the following: a the ability of elites to win seats in Congress b the ability of elites to become governors of states c the ability of elites to finance candidates for president of the United States d the ability of elites to keep issues off the political agenda e none of the above ANS: D PTS: REF: 50 NOT: C 53 Those who claim that the pluralist model fits the United States better than the elite model point out that a powerful minorities not win major policy contests b no identifiable elite wins consistently over a broad range of issues c in the end, the public at large is the major force in policy making d financial resources are irrelevant in affecting public policy decisions e business interests control a vast majority of congressional legislation passed each year ANS: B PTS: REF: 50 NOT: C 54 Elite theory is discredited as an explanation of American national politics because studies show that a elitism cannot coexist with democratic elections b there are too few power positions in the United States to constitute an elite c government and business leaders generally not cooperate with one another d no one identifiable group regularly prevails on different issues e citizens will rally to defend rights they believe are endangered by government policies ANS: D PTS: REF: 50 NOT: C 55 Studies of the congressional agenda demonstrate that it is characterized by: a an emphasis on legislation concerned with the poor b an emphasis on legislation concerned with immigration c an emphasis on legislation concerned with increasing taxes on the wealthy d an emphasis on business related legislation e none of the above ANS: D PTS: REF: 51 NOT: F 56 In Africa some countries have successfully achieved significant levels of democracy, but many other African countries have been unable to avoid: a pluralism b Communism c anarchism d authoritarianism e None of these ANS: D PTS: REF: 52 NOT: C 57 According to pluralist theory, group struggle is democratic if a the outcomes of the struggle are in the popular interest b certain larger groups are provided with more representation than smaller groups c all citizens are organized into groups d all groups win a fair share of decisions e all groups are allowed to participate ANS: E PTS: REF: 51 NOT: C 58 Democratization is the a process of moving from procedural to substantive democracy b process of institutionalizing the rules of procedural democracy and establishing substantive democratic policies c act of electing leaders in a way that conforms to the criteria of substantive democracy d process of moving from a demand to a market economy e requirement that freedoms and rights be protected by written covenant ANS: B PTS: REF: 52 NOT: C 59 Ethnic and religious rivals are often more interested in achieving a form of government that does the following: a oppresses their opponents b provides a separation of church and state c requires all citizens to attend religious services d requires all schools provide religious instruction e all of the above ANS: A PTS: REF: 52 NOT: F 60 The text observes that the process of democratization is made quite difficult by a economic equality b technology c ethnic conflict d religious conflict e C and D ANS: E PTS: REF: 52 NOT: F 61 The text suggests that there are forces that may be pushing authoritarian governments toward democratization a religious b moral c philosophical d ethical e economic ANS: E PTS: REF: 54 NOT: F 62 The authors suggest that the United States fulfills the model quite well a authoritarian b majoritarian c totalitarian d pluralist e egalitarian ANS: D PTS: REF: 56 NOT: F ESSAY Describe the debate between Republicans and Democrats over the Obama administration’s $787 billion stimulus plan and how various industries viewed the stimulus bill as an opportunity ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 33-34 Explain why the ancient Greeks were afraid of democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 35 Identify the three questions that are addressed by procedural democratic theory ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 36 Explain the difference between majority rule and plurality rule ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 37 Describe some prominent examples of participatory democracy in both ancient and more recent history ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 37-39 Identify some of the major arguments for representative democracy (as opposed to participatory democracy) ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 37-39 Identify and explain the four principles of procedural democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 39 Explain the reasons majoritarian theorists see elections as more than mere mechanisms for selecting candidates? ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 43 Explain the pluralist model of democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 45-46 10 Explain how Robert Putnam's research is related to the pluralist model of democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 47 11 Explain what the pluralist model of democracy demands of citizens? ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 48 12 Summarize the findings of political scientists who have researched the validity of elite theory, and the response of elite theorists to such findings ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 50 13 Explain the key difference between elite and pluralist theory ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 50-51 14 Discuss why democratization can be difficult to achieve in different parts of the world, and why there is a strong relationship between economic prosperity and democracy ANS: Students’ answers will vary PTS: REF: 52-54 ... working well in the United States is the a declining participation of citizens in civic groups like the PTA b declining number of interest groups in Washington c increasing number of voters in national... instituted b the extent of government power c the types of elected officeholders d the kinds of decisions the government was responsible for e the number of citizens involved in governing ANS: E... The procedural view of democracy is most concerned with a the level of popular participation in decision making b the equality of government decisions c minority protections d the impact of government