Career Development Interventions 5th Edition Spence G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Publisher to insert cover image here Chapter Providing Culturally Competent Career Development Interventions Developed by: Jennifer Del Corso Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Definition of Multicultural Counseling • A helping process that places the emphasis for counseling theory and practice equally on the cultural impression of both the counselor and the client (Axelson, 1985) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Some Basic Facts • Whites are expected to make up a decreasing share of the labor force, while Blacks, Asians, and other groups will increase • By the year 2060, it is predicted that people of color will represent the numerical majority in the U.S • According to U.S Census (2015), the influx of new immigrants into U.S will continue in large numbers • According to Pew Research Center (2014), the number of U.S born Hispanic children ages to 17 in the U.S doubled between 1997 and 2013 • Women earn 78 cents on a dollar for every dollar a man earns in a year (Arons, 2008) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Some Basic Facts continued • According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2015), 16.1% of African Americans and 11.8% of Latinos were unemployed in April 2011 compared to 8% of Whites being unemployed • Nearly 25% of all teenagers were also unemployed in April 2011 • Only 23% of African American and 15% of Hispanic persons are employed as executives, administrators, salespersons, and managers (compared to 32% for Whites) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Some Basic Facts continued • Employment rate for American Indians reached 24.2% in 20010 • Men are 18.7 times as likely to be in higher prestige occupations in science, math, or technology than women • Americans with disabilities experienced an unemployment rate of 14.5% in 2011 Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved American Assumptions • Individualism and autonomy • Affluence • Opportunity open to all • Centrality of work in people’s lives • Linearity and rationality of the career development process Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Universal or Culture-Specific Models? • Etic perspectives - maintain that career interventions for members of minority groups should be the same as those used for the majority • Emic perspectives - highlight the importance of offering career development interventions that are specific to the client’s culture Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Universal Elements of Healing in All Cultures (Fischer et al.) • The therapeutic relationship • Shared worldview • Client expectations • Ritual or intervention Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Ethnocentrism • When counselors assume that one value system (their own) is superior and preferable to another, they engage in ethnocentric behavior that is insensitive to their clients’ worldviews • Ethnocentrism can easily occur when counselors assume that individualistic and self-sufficient actions are preferable to collectivistic actions reflecting interdependence and group loyalty • Instruments, such as the Career-in-Culture Interview and the Person-in-Culture Interview are examples of useful assessments for exploring worldview constructs Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Acculturation • The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group (Stein,1975) • Language familiarity and usage, cultural heritage, ethnicity, ethnic pride and identity, interethnic interactions, and interethnic distance influence acculturation (Padilla, 1980) • Persons may be marginal (not accepting either culture fully) or bicultural (accepting both fully) • Nguyen and Benet-Martinez (2013) found a strong, significant, and positive relationship between biculturalment and adjustment (both psychological and sociocultural) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Four-Stage Model of Lesbian Identity Development (Sophie) • Stage 1: Awareness of same sex feelings without disclosing these to others • Stage 2: Testing and exploration of emerging lesbian identity with limited disclosure to heterosexual persons • Stage 3: Identity acceptance and preference for gay social interactions • Stage 4: Identify integration with movement from a dichotomous (gay/straight) worldview to integrated Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Counselor Recommendations for Working with Sexual Minorities • Understand discrimination can be formal or informal • Help clients achieve realistic and accurate perceptions regarding discrimination • Explore various options for coping with workplace discrimination • Remain sensitive to the client’s pace of identity development and cultural context Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Definition of Persons with Disabilities • One who is usually considered to be different from a normal person physically, physiologically, neurologically, or psychologically because of accident, disease, birth defect, or developmental problem (Herr & Cramer, 1996) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Another Definition • A person who has physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, or has a record of such impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment (Americans with Disabilities Act, 1990) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Americans with Disabilities Act • Employers can only consider essential job functions when hiring or promoting • Employers must make reasonable accommodations in the workplace Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Development Issues of Persons with Disabilities (Zunker, 2006) • Adjusting to disability • Confronting attitudinal barriers • Overcoming generalizations • Lack of role models and norm groups • Coping with issues associated with age of onset of disability • Developing social skills • Developing a positive self-concept • Developing skills for independent living Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Competencies for Working with Persons with Disabilities • Exposure to employed individuals with similar disabilities can help increase self-efficacy • Interpret and advise about legislation, policy, guidelines, and rights • Use diagnostic and informal assessment • Assess functional limitations and adapt methods of occupational exploration • Apply theory to assist with analysis of self-concept or developmental tasks deficits Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Competencies for Working with Persons with Disabilities continued • Engage in effective individual and group counseling • Team with other specialists for career planning and placement • Work with employers to develop or restructure jobs • Plan and implement skill-building workshops or experiences Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Components of Culturally Sensitive Career Interventions (Herr & Kramer) • Possession of knowledge and skills appropriate in any helping relationship • Recognition of personal attitudes and values • Knowledge of cultural context from which clients come • Ability to identify special needs Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Components of Culturally Sensitive Career Interventions continued • Ability to assist culturally different clients understand that they have choices, some of which include consequences • Skill to assist culturally different individuals to deal effectively with discrimination when it does occur • Skill to discern between client deficits that result from socioeconomic class and those from membership in a racial or ethnic group Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Using Assessments • Must assure that assessment is valid, reliable, and appropriate for the client’s cultural and linguistic context • Must assure that the test does not have cultural bias • Counselors are encouraged to attend to cultural identity, cultural conception of career problems, cultural context, cultural dynamics in the therapeutic relationship and overall cultural assessment (Leong, Hardin, and Gupta, 2007) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career in Culture (CiCl) Interview • This interview can be used to understand the client from various spheres of career development influence: • (1) culture, • (2) family and religion, • (3) community and larger society, • (4) self-view and self-efficacy, • (5) barriers and oppression; and • (6) narrative and relationship Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Recommendations for Culturally Effective Career Counseling • Career counselors should possess multicultural competencies • Career counselors should be aware of their own attitudes and values • Career counselors should be aware of their client’s cultural context Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Recommendations for Culturally Effective Career Counseling • Career counselors should empower clients who experience discrimination • Career counselors must be sure they understand how experiences with racist, sexist, homophobic, classist, ageist, and discriminatory practices towards persons who are disabled influence their clients’ career development Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Recommendations for Culturally Effective Career Counseling (Cont.) • Career counselors should engage in proactive programming to provide experiential opportunities, information resources, mentoring opportunities, and psychoeducational activities that are relevant to persons from diverse groups • Career counselors must engage in social action and advocacy to address systemic discrimination • Career counselors should engage in programmatic research efforts to develop and advance theories of career development that apply to diverse groups Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved ... (5) barriers and oppression; and • (6) narrative and relationship Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris -Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson... workplace Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris -Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Career Development. .. client’s pace of identity development and cultural context Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris -Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education,