Career development interventions 5th by spence niles and bowlsbey chapter 03

Career Development Interventions 5th Edition Spence G Niles and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Publisher to insert cover image here Chapter Understanding and Applying Emerging Theories of Career Development Developed by: Jennifer Del Corso Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Characteristics of Emerging Theories • Have evolved to address cognitive and meaningmaking processes that people use to manage their career effectively within a global and mobile society • Attempt to address the career development needs of diverse client populations • Reflect a “postmodern” approach which stresses the client’s subjective experience (stories rather than scores) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Lent, Brown, & Hackett’s Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) • Builds on the assumption that cognitive factors play an important role in career development and decision making • Is closely linked to Krumboltz’s learning theory of career counseling • Incorporates Bandura’s triadic reciprocal model of causality Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Self-Efficacy (Bandura) • Defined as people’s judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Forces Shaping Self-Efficacy Beliefs (Bandura) • Personal performance accomplishments • Vicarious learning • Social persuasion • Physiological states and reactions Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Triadic Reciprocal Model • The relationship among goals, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations is complex • This occurs within the framework of reciprocal causality comprised of: o personal attributes (e.g predisposition, gender, race) o external environmental factors (e.g., culture, geography, family, gender-role socialization) o learning experiences   Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved SCCT Career Development Interventions • Directed toward • self-efficacy beliefs • outcome expectations Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Applying SCCT • Card sort exercise in which clients sort occupations according to: • (a) those they would choose, • (b) those they would not choose, and • (c) those they question • Occupations placed in the first two categories (relating to self-efficacy beliefs and outcome expectations) are then examined for accuracy in skill and outcome perceptions • Clients can be helped to modify their self-efficacy beliefs by exposing them to personally relevant vicarious learning opportunities Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Evaluating SCCT • Overall SCCT has generated substantial research supporting the efficacy of SCCTbased interventions for specific diverse populations • Choi, Park, Yang, Lee, and Lee (2012) found that career decision-making self-efficacy correlated significantly with self-esteem, vocational identity, and outcome expectations Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Four Assumptions of the Cognitive Information Processing Approach (CIP) • Career decision making involves the interaction between cognitive and affective processes • The capacity for career problem solving depends on the availability of cognitive operations and knowledge • Career development is ongoing and knowledge structures continually evolve • Enhancing information processing skills is the goal of career counseling Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Evaluating Career Construction Theory • Research studies reveal that counselors perceive the CCI to be helpful; and participants have a positive experience with the CCI • More treatment outcome data and research studies directed toward theory validation are needed- especially with regard to diverse client populations • Many people overcome painful life experiences by creating meaning to their suffering through work (e.g Mike Walsh- tracks down killers after son Adam was murdered) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Hansen’s Integrative Life Planning (ILP) • ILP is a worldview for addressing career development rather than a theory that can be translated into individual counseling • The integrative aspect of ILP relates to the emphasis on integrating the mind, body, and spirit • The life planning concept acknowledges that multiple aspects of life are interrelated Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Assumptions of ILP • Changes in the nature of knowledge support new ways of knowing related to career development • Career professionals need to help students, clients, and employees develop skills of integrative thinking • Broader kinds of self-knowledge and societal knowledge are critical to an expanded view of career • Career counseling needs to focus on career professionals as change agents Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Six Career Development Tasks Confronting Adults • Finding work that needs doing in changing global contexts • Weaving their lives into a meaningful whole • Connecting family and work • Valuing pluralism and inclusivity • Managing personal transitions and organizational change • Exploring spirituality and life purpose Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Applying ILP • Career counselors can utilizing the Integrative Life Planning Inventory • Career counselors should help their clients  understand these six tasks  see the interrelatedness of the tasks  help clients prioritize the tasks according to their needs Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Evaluating ILP • ILP appears to be a useful framework from which counselors can encourage clients to consider important life issues with respect to their career decisions • More research of ILP is needed in terms of the mode’s concepts as well as the ways in which the model can be applied effectively in career development interventions Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Postmodern Approaches • Emphasize the subjective experience of career development • Embrace multicultural perspectives and emphasize the belief that there is no fixed truth- that reality is socially constructed • Stress personal agency Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Creating Narratives • Career counseling from the narrative approach emphasizes understanding and articulating the main character to be lived out in a specific career plot • This articulation uses the process of composing a narrative as the primary vehicle for defining character and plot • People tell stories that infuse parts of their lives with great meaning and de-emphasize other parts Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Ways in Which Narratives Help Clients (Cochran) • A narrative is a temporal organization with a beginning, middle, and end • A story is a synthetic structure that organizes many pieces into a whole • The plot of a narrative specifies what has been accomplished • The structure of a narrative communicates a problem, attempts at resolving it, and a resolution Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Ways to Use a Narrative Approach in Career Counseling • Elaborate a career problem • Compose a life history • Build a future narrative • Construct reality • Change a life structure • Enact a role • Crystallize a decision Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Contextualizing Career Development • Acts are viewed as purposive and as being directed toward specific goals • Acts are embedded in their context • Change plays a dominant role in career development • Contextualism rejects a theory of truth based on the correspondence between mental representations and objective reality Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Constructivist Career Counseling • How can I form a cooperative alliance with this client? (Relationship factor) • How can I encourage the self-helpfulness of this client? (Agency factor) • How can I help this client to elaborate and evaluate his/her constructions germane to this decision? (Meaning-making factor) • How can I help this client to reconstruct and negotiate personally meaningful and socially supportable realities? (Negotiation factor) Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Constructivist Career Interventions • Techniques include the laddering technique, the vocational reptest, and vocational card sorts • Outcome measures for constructivist interventions are based on “fruitfulness” • Career development interventions are framed as “experiments” that are directed towards helping clients, think, feel, and act more productively in relation to their career concerns Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Chaos Theory of Careers • Seventy percent of research participants reported that their career development was influenced by unplanned events • Chaos theory of careers highlights nonlinearity in career development and suggest it is more important to examine patterns across time Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved Attractors • Chaos theory identifies four types of “attractors” that influence career behavior:  Point: Tendency of a system to move towards one fixed or single point  Pendulum: Systems regular swing between two places, points, or outcomes  Torus: Tendency to engage in repetitive behavior over time  Strange: Tendency for systems to repeats themselves, and yet never exactly repeat Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris-Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved ...   Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris -Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc All Rights Reserved SCCT Career Development Interventions. .. as they face career transitions, work traumas, career decisionsboth anticipated and unanticipated Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris -Bowlsbey Copyright... Incorporates Bandura’s triadic reciprocal model of causality Career Development Interventions, 5th Edition Spencer G Nile and JoAnn E Harris -Bowlsbey Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 by Pearson Education,