Chỉ số cổ phiếu 500 của standard poor)

Ch s c phiu 500 ca Standard & Poor) Mc lc S&P 500 1.1 Lch s 1.2 Tiờu chun la chn 1.3 C phiu thnh phn 1.4 Cỏc phiờn bn 1.5 T l 1.6 Cp nht ch s 1.7 Cụng thc tớnh 1.8 Tn sut cp nht 1.9 u t 1.10 ng kờ th trng 1.10.1 Cỏc du mc 1.10.2 T sut li nhun hng nm 1.11 Xem thờm 1.12 am kho 1.13 Liờn kt ngoi Liờn minh õu u 2.1 a lý 2.2 nh viờn 2.3 Ba tr ct chớnh ca Liờn minh chõu u 2.3.1 Hip c Maastricht - Tr ct th nht 2.3.2 Hip c Amsterdam - Tr ct th hai 2.3.3 Hip c Nice - Tr ct th ba 2.4 Hip c Lisbon - Tỏi cu trỳc Liờn minh chõu u 2.5 C cu t chc 2.5.1 Hi ng chõu u 2.5.2 Hi ng B trng 2.5.3 Ngh vin chõu u 2.5.4 y ban chõu u 2.5.5 Tũa ỏn Cụng lý Liờn minh chõu u 2.6 10 10 H thng phỏp lut 10 2.6.1 11 Cỏc quyn c bn i ii MC LC 2.6.2 Cỏc o lut 12 2.7 T phỏp v Ni v 12 2.8 Ngoi giao 12 2.8.1 õn s 13 Kinh t 13 2.9.1 trng ni a chõu u 13 2.9.2 Liờn minh tin t 14 2.9.3 Lut cnh tranh 15 2.10 Dõn s 15 2.9 2.10.1 ụ th húa 15 2.10.2 Ngụn ng 15 2.10.3 Tụn giỏo 16 2.11 Vn húa 17 2.12 Hỡnh nh v Liờn minh chõu u 17 2.13 Chỳ thớch 17 2.14 am kho 18 2.15 Liờn kt ngoi 22 2.16 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 23 2.16.1 Vn bn 23 2.16.2 Hỡnh nh 23 2.16.3 Giy phộp ni dung 26 Chng S&P 500 S&P 500 t ch s ni nht cao nht (trong vũng hn nm) l 1,552.87 vo ngy 24 thỏng nm 2000 giai on Bong búng Dot-com, sau ú mt khong 50% giỏ tr, xung cũn 768.63 vo mựng 10 thỏng 10 nm 2002 cuc suy thoỏi chng khoỏng nm 2002 Ngy 30 thỏng nm 2007, ch s S&P 500 úng ca Logarithmic graph of the S&P 500 index with simple trend lines mc 1,530.23, t mc k lc vũng hn nm sau ú Mc dự, S&P 500 phỏ k lc mi vi mc 1,576.09 S&P 500 (vit y ting Anh l Standard & ngy 11 thỏng 10 nm 2007, sau cỏn mc 1,565.15 Poors 500 Stock Index - Ch s c phiu 500 ca Standard ngy mựng thỏng 10, S&P 500 kt thỳc nm 2007 & Poor) l mt ch s c phiu da trờn c phiu ph 1,468.36 im, ch thp hn mc úng ca nm 1999 thụng ca 500 cụng ty cú húa th trng ln nht Cha y mt thỏng sau, S&P 500 rt xung cũn 1,400 niờm yt trờn NYSE hoc NASDAQ T l v loi c im, thp nht vũng nm phiu s dng tớnh toỏn ch s S&P 500 c quyt nh bi hóng S&P Dow Jones Indices iu ny khin Gia nm 2007, cuc Khng hong ti chớnh Hoa K ch s S&P 500 khỏc vi cỏc ch s th trng chng 2007-2009 lan rng ton b khu vc ti chớnh M Vo khoỏn khỏc ca M nh ch s cụng nghip Dow Jones thỏng nm 2008, u mt giai on bin ng bt hay ch s Nasdaq Composite Ch s S&P 500 l mt thng, tỡnh hỡnh tr nờn khn cp vi mc tri st k v cng l mc dao ng cao nht nhng ch s khỏch quan v c quan tõm nht, lc lờn ti 100 im [9] k t nm 1929 Ngy 20 thỏng 11 nm 2008, S&P 500 rt nhiu nh u t coi õy l thc o tt nht ca úng ca 752.44, thp nht k t u nm 1997.[10] th trng chng khoỏn M cng nh l mt ch s ch o ca nn kinh t [4] y ban nghiờn cu kinh t quc S hi phc khiờm tn nhng ngy cũn li gia cng xỏc nhn giỏ tr c phiu ph thụng l nhõn khin S&P 500 kt thỳc nm vi mc suy gim 45.5% õy cng l mc suy gim ln nht k t sau nm 1931, t hng u ca mi chu kỡ kinh t [5] th trng mt hn 50% giỏ tr.[11] Cui nm 2008, S&P 500 c phỏt trin v cp nht bi liờn doanh khng hong ti chớnh nm 2008 tip tc kộo th trng S&P Dow Jones Indices, vi ch s hu ln nht i xung n u nm 2009 S&P 500 gn nh ó chm l on McGraw Hill Financial Ngoi S&P 500, mc thp nht vũng 13 nm, úng ca 676.53 McGraw Hill cũn phỏt hnh rt nhiu ch s chng im ngy mựng thỏng nm 2009 khoỏn khỏc nh S&P MidCap 400, S&P SmallCap 600 v S&P Composite 1500 S&P 500 l mt ch s t l giỏ Ngy 23 thỏng nm 2009, S&P 500 hi phc 20% giỏ ch s cụng nghip Dow th trng (capitalization-weighted index hay market- tr v cỏn mc 822.92, kộo theo [12] Jones tng im sau ú Kt thỳc nm 2009, [3] value-weighted index) v cú nhiu mó giao dch nh: S&P 500 t 1,115.10 im, mc cao th hai sut [6] [7] [8] ^GSPC, INX, v $SPX thp k Mc dự tip tc tri qua mt vi bin ng ỏng k khỏc bt n ti chớnh v chớnh tr, S&P 500 tip tc xu hng hi phc, kt thỳc nm 2012 S&P 500 t 1.1 Lch s mc cao th ba lch s, 1,426.22 im 28 thỏng nm 2013 v mựng 10 thỏng 4, S&P 500 ln lt t mc Hóng ỏnh giỏ tớn nhim Standard & Poor gii thiu ch úng ca cao nht[13] v ch s ni nht cao nht[14] k s chng khoỏn u tiờn vo nm 1923 Ch s S&P 500 t nm 2007 Ngy thỏng nm 2013, hn 13 nm sau i vo ngy mựng thỏng nm 1957 Cụng ngh ln u tiờn vt mc 1500 im, S&P 500 ó phỏ v thi ú cho phộp ch s ny c tớnh toỏn v niờm mc 1600 ln u lch s, t 1,614.42 in õy yt cụng khai theo thi gian thc Bao gm c c phiu l ct mc u tiờn ba ct mc 100 im ca ch tng trng v c phiu u t giỏ tr, ch s S&P 500 s ny nm 2013: 1700 vo ngy mựng thỏng 8, c s dng rụng rói nh mt cụng c tớnh toỏn v 1800 vo 22 thỏng 11 giỏ tr chung ca c phiu trờn th trng CHNG S&P 500 Cỏc du mc k lc ca s S&P 500 1.3 C phiu thnh phn 1.2 Tiờu chun la chn Cỏc c phiu thnh phn phc v tớnh toỏn ch s S&P 500 c la chn bi mt hi ng iu ny tng t vi ch s cụng nghip Dow Jones, nhng khỏc vi mt s ch s khỏc c quy nh cht ch theo lut nh Russell 1000 Khi xem xột thờm mt c phiu mi, hi ng ny s ỏnh giỏ giỏ tr ca cụng ty ú theo tỏm tiờu chun c bn: húa th trng, tớnh khon, tr s cụng ty, s lng c phiu cụng chỳng, nhúm ngnh, nng lc ti chớnh, thi gian niờm yt giao dch v c phiu niờm yt.[3] 1.4 Cỏc phiờn bn Ch s S&P 500 thụng thng c trớch dn di dng ch s t l thu hi vn; ngoi ra, cũn cú cỏc phiờn bn t l li nhun v t l li nhun sau thu" Cỏc phiờn bn ny khỏc cỏch ghi nhn c tc Ch s t l thu hi khụng xột n t l c tc; nú ch th hin s thay i v giỏ ca tng c phiu thnh phn Ch s t sut li nhun phn ỏnh hiu qu tỏi u t ca c tc Ch s t l li nhun sau thu" cng phn t ca c tc nhng sau khu Hi ng chn la cỏc cụng ty l i din cho cỏc ngnh ỏnh hiu qu tỏi u [15][16] tr thu thu nhp cụng nghip nn kinh t Hoa K tớnh toỏn ch s S&P 500 vo danh sỏch tớnh toỏn S&P 500, mi cụng ty phi tha cỏc yờu cu v kh nng 1.5 T l khon:[3] húa th trng ln hn hoc bng t ụ la M annual dollar value traded to oat-adjusted market capitalization is greater than 1.0 Trc kia, ch s S&P 500 c xỏc nh theo phng phỏp t l giỏ tr húa; tc l, s bin ng ca mt c phiu cú húa th trng (giỏ c phiu nhõn vi s lng c phiu phỏt hnh cụng chỳng) ln s cú nh hng ln hn n giỏ tr chung ca ch s so vi cỏc c phiu cú giỏ tr húa nh lng c phiu giao dch hng thỏng Hin nay, S&P 500 c tớnh toỏn theo phng phỏp vũng thỏng liờn tip cho n ngy tin hnh t l c phiu cụng chỳng Tc l, Standard & Poors ỏnh giỏ phi t t 250,000 tr lờn s xỏc nh giỏ tr th trng ca mi cụng ty liờn quan n ch s S&P 500 m ch quan tõm n s lng c Chng khoỏn phi c niờm yt cụng khai trờn phiu c phỏt hnh cụng chỳng (cũn gi l "c sn NYSE (NYSE Arca hay NYSE MKT) hoc sn phiu cụng chỳng") õy l kt qu sau hai ln chuyn NASDAQ (NASDAQ Global Select Market, NASDAQ i, ln u vo ngy 18 thỏng nm 2005 v ln th Select Market hay the NASDAQ Capital Market) hai l vo 16 thỏng nm 2005.[17] Nhng chng khoỏn khụng tiờu chun a vo danh sỏch l limited partnerships, master limited partnerships, OTC bulletin board issues, closed- 1.6 Cp nht ch s end funds, ETFs, ETNs, royalty trusts, tracking stocks, preferred stock, unit trusts, equity warrants, m bo luụn theo sỏt tỡnh hỡnh thc t, ch s S&P convertible bonds, investment trusts, ADRs, ADSs and 500 luụn c iu chnh th hin s tỏc ng n MLP IT units.[3] giỏ tr th trng ca cỏc quyt sỏch ca c ụng cụng Cn phõn bit danh sỏch ca S&P 500 vi Fortune 500, ty, nh phỏt hnh thờm c phiu, chia c tc v cỏc Fortune 500 ch l danh sỏch ca 500 cụng ty i chỳng quyt nh c cu li cụng ty nh sỏt nhp hoc chia ln nht nc M, sp xp theo tng thu nhp, m tỏch ờm vo ú, m bo luụn l ch th ca th khụng quan tõm n c phiu ca cụng ty ú cú niờm trng chng khoỏn M, cỏc c phiu thnh phn s yt cụng khai hay khụng (nu khụng niờm yt cụng c cp nht liờn.[3] khai, c phiu c gi l khụng khon) Fortune Tuy nhiờn ngn chn s thay i ch bt ngun t cng khụng iu chnh danh sỏch nhm mc ớch i cỏc hot ng ti chớnh ca doanh nghip, tt c cỏc din cho ngnh cụng nghip ca M, ng thi cng hot ng tỏc ng n giỏ tr th trng ca S&P 500 khụng tớnh n cỏc cụng ty ng ký thnh lp ngoi u c iu chnh thụng qua mt c s Ngoi ra, lónh th Hoa K mt cụng ty tt hng v b thay th bi mt cụng S&P 500 bao gm c cỏc cụng ty ngoi Hoa K (27 k t ngy 23 thỏng 12 nm 2013), bt k ú l cụng ty ó tng thnh lp ti Hoa K nhng thc hin o ngc cụng ty, hay cụng ty ú khụng thnh lp ti Hoa K ty khỏc vi giỏ tr húa th trng khỏc, c s ny cng c iu chnh giỏ tr ca S&P 500 l khụng i Tuy nhiờn, ngi ta ch iu chnh c s sau kt thỳc phiờn giao dch v sau tớnh toỏn giỏ tr 1.10 THNG Kấ TH TRNG S&P 500 Cỏc hot ng ca mt cụng ty yờu cu phi Ngoi vic u t vo cỏc qu tng h theo du S&P iu chnh c s vụ cựng a dng v c lit kờ 500, nh u t cng cú th mua chng ch qu ca bng di õy:[18] cỏc qu hoỏn i danh mc (ETF) which represents ownership in a portfolio of the equity securities that comprise the Standard & Poors 500 Index Exchange Traded Funds track the S&P 500 index and may be used 1.7 Cụng thc tớnh to trade the index Mt s qu ETF theo du S&P 500 [22] tớnh giỏ tr ca ch s S&P 500, ngi ta ly tng giỏ c lit kờ di õy tr húa th trng ca 500 c phiu chia cho mt tha s, hay cũn c gi l Divisor(c s).[18] Vớ d, nu tng giỏ tr húa th trng ca 500 c phiu thnh phn l 13 nghỡn t ụ la M v c s l 8.933 t, thỡ ch s S&P 500 cú giỏ tr l 1,455.28 Mc dự, tng giỏ tr húa ca ch s S&P 500 c cụng b cụng khai trờn trang web ca Standard & Poors,[1] giỏ tr ca c s li c hóng gi mt Tuy nhiờn, giỏ tr ny luụn xp x mc 8.9 t.[19] Cụng thc tớnh toỏn ch s S&P 500 l: Level Index = (Pi ã Qi ) Divisor Trong ú P l giỏ ca mi c phiu thnh viờn, Q l s lng c phiu cụng chỳng mi loi S&P 500 ETFs are available on the London Stock Exchange e.g iShares S&P 500 (LSE:IUSA) and Vanguard S&P 500 (LSE:VUSA) In the derivatives market, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) oers futures contracts (ticker symbols /SP for the full-sized contract and /ES for the E-mini contract that is one-h the size of /SP) that track the index and trade on the exchange oor in an open outcry auction, or on CMEs Globex platform, and are the exchanges most popular product Additionally, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) oers options on the S&P 500 as well as S&P 500 ETFs, inverse ETFs and leveraged ETFs 1.10 Thng kờ th trng c s s c iu chnh mt s trng hp nh phỏt hnh c phiu, chia tỏch cụng ty hoc cỏc thay i 1.10.1 Cỏc du mc tng ng v c cu cụng ty, m bo rng nhng s kin ny s khụng nh hng trc tip n ch s cui cựng.[18] Ngy 11 thỏng 10 nm 2007, ch s S&P lp k lc v ch s ni nht vi mc 1,576.09.[23] Ngy 28 thỏng nm 2013, S&P phỏ v k lc giỏ tr úng ca vi mc im 1.8 Tn sut cp nht 1,565.15, ly li ton b giỏ tr ó mt nh hng ca [23] Ch s S&P 500 c cp nht 15 giõy mt ln khng hong ti chớnh Tuy nhiờn, lp k lc mi sut phiờn giao dch v c cụng b rng rói bi it would need to close well above the 2,000 level to set hóng Reuters America, Inc., mt chi nhỏnh ca hóng new ination-adjusted highs (khụng xột n c tc) so vi ln u tiờn phỏ mc 1500 im ca nm 2000 omson Reuters Corporation.[20] 1.9 u t Rt nhiu qu ch s v qu hoỏn i danh mc theo du s bin ng (trc phớ) ca ch s S&P 500 bng cỏch nm gi cựng loi c phiu vi cựng t l nh danh sỏch ca S&P 500 Nhiu qu tng h khỏc s dng S&P 500 nh mt mc chun Kt qu l nu c phiu ca mt cụng ty c a vo danh sỏch ca S&P 500 thỡ c phiu ú s tng giỏ, vỡ cỏc qu u t ch s phi mua cỏc loi c phiu ny tip tc theo du S&P 500 Cỏc nh qun lý qu tng h thng cung cp dch v qu u t ch s theo du S&P 500, ú tiờn phong chớnh l qu Vanguard 500 ca on e Vanguard Group nm 1976.[21] Rt nhiu qu lng hu cng cung cp cỏc hỡnh thc u t nh vy Vớ d nh, qu ri Savings Plan's C Fund theo du t sut li nhun ca ch s S&P 500 1.10.2 T sut li nhun hng nm 1.11 Xem thờm Ch s ch th nn kinh t ca Conference Board Ch s bỡnh quõn cụng nghip Dow Jones Danh sỏch 500 cụng ty S&P E-mini S&P hoỏn i danh mc Fortune 500 FTSE 100 u t ch s CHNG S&P 500 S&P 100 [20] S&P Indices (PDF) S&P 400 [21] Investopedia Vanguard Prole S&P 600 [22] S&P 500 ETFs S&P 1500 [23] Park, JeeYeon Record-Smashing arter: S&P 500 Ends Above 2007s Record Close, Dow Posts Best Q1 Since 1998 CNBC.com Writer Truy cp ngy 28 thỏng nm 2013 Standard & Poors 1.12 Tham kho [1] S&P 500 Details Standard & Poors Truy cp ngy 20 thỏng nm 2013 [2] S&P 500 Overview S&P/Dow Jones Indices LLC Truy cp ngy 20 thỏng nm 2013 [3] S&P U.S Indices Methodology (PDF) Standard & Poors Truy cp ngy 30 thỏng nm 2013 [4] Standard & Poors 500 Index - S&P 500 Investopedia Truy cp ngy 11 thỏng nm 2012 [5] Edward Renshaw, e Stock Market, Oil Price Shocks, Economic Recessions and the Business Cycle With An Emphasis on Forecasting, December 2002 [6] Yahoo! Finance: ^GSPC Yahoo! [7] Google Finance:.INX Google [8] MarketWatch: $SPX http://marketwatch.com/quotes/ Dow Jones Inc [9] S&P 500 actual volatility at highest since 1929 [10] Stocks Plunge, Leaving Dow Below 7600 [11] Sommer, Je (ngy 23 thỏng 11 nm 2008) A Friday Rally Can't Save the Week e New York Times [12] Peter Mckay, Georey Rogow and Rob Curran (ngy 26 thỏng nm 2009) Stocks Momentum Keeps Building e Wall Street Journal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2013 [13] S&P 500 Closes At All-Time High [14] Dow and S&P 500 close at new record highs [15] S&P - Indices > Equity Indices - S&P 500 - Index Table standardandpoors.com [16] Description standardandpoors.com [17] Standard & Poors Announces Changes to U.S Investable Weight Factors and Final Float Transition Schedule PRNewswire Ngy thỏng nm 2005 Truy cp ngy 20 thỏng nm 2013 [18] S&P Indices Index Mathematics Methodology (PDF) e McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Truy cp ngy 20 thỏng nm 2013 [19] How is the value of the S&P 500 calculated? Truy cp ngy 20 thỏng nm 2013 1.13 Liờn kt ngoi CNN Money page for SPX Standard & Poors page on S&P 500 index S&P 500 Fact Sheet (PDF) Logarithmic Chart of S&P 500 (1950-present) at Yahoo! Finance s&p 500 Training Bn mu:Cỏc ch s th trng chng khoỏn Chng Liờn minh chõu u Liờn minh õu u hay Liờn hip õu u (ting Anh: European Union), cng c gi l Khi Liờn u, vit tt l EU, l liờn minh kinh t chớnh tr bao gm 28 quc gia thnh viờn[7] thuc chõu u Liờn minh chõu u c thnh lp bi Hip c Maastricht vo ngy thỏng 11 nm 1993 da trờn Cng ng chõu u (EC).[8] Vi hn 500 triu dõn,[9] Liờn minh chõu u chim khong 22% (16,2 nghỡn t ụ la M nm 2015) GDP danh ngha v khong 17% (19,2 nghỡn t ụ la M nm 2015) GDP sc mua tng ng ca th gii (PPP).[10] Liờn minh chõu u ó phỏt trin mt th trng chung thụng qua h thng lut phỏp tiờu chun ỏp dng cho tt c cỏc nc thnh viờn nhm m bo s lu thụng t ca ngi, hng húa, dch v v vn.[11] EU trỡ cỏc chớnh sỏch chung v thng mi,[12] nụng nghip, ng nghip[13] v phỏt trin a phng.[14] 17 nc thnh viờn ó chp nhn ng tin chung, ng Euro, to nờn khu vc ng Euro Liờn minh chõu u ó phỏt trin vai trũ nht nh chớnh sỏch i ngoi, cú i din T chc ng mi gii, G8, G-20 nn kinh t ln v Liờn Hip c Liờn minh chõu u ó thụng qua vic bói b kim tra h chiu bng Hip c Schengen gia 22 quc gia thnh viờn v quc gia khụng phi l thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u.[15] ),[16] Mont Blanc nh nỳi cao nht Liờn minh chõu u Lónh th ca Liờn minh chõu u l hp lónh th ca tt c cỏc quc gia thnh viờn nhng cng cú nhng ngoi l Chng hn nh qun o Faroe thuc an Mch l mt b phn lónh th ca chõu u nhng khụng nm lónh th ca Liờn minh chõu u hay o Sớp, thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u thng c xem l mt phn ca chõu vỡ gn Nh K hn chõu u lc a.[21][22] Mt vi vựng lónh th khỏc nm ngoi chõu u v cng khụng thuc lónh th ca Liờn minh chõu u nh trng hp ca Greenland hay Aruba Liờn minh chõu u ch yu nm Tõy v Trung u, vi din tớch 4.422.773 kilụmột vuụng (1.707.642 dm vuụng) [23] Ngc li, mc dự trờn danh ngha l mt b phn ca Liờn minh chõu u [24] nhiờn lut phỏp ca Liờn minh chõu u khụng c ỏp dng Bc Cyprus vỡ De Facto vựng lónh th ny nm di quyn qun lý ca Cng hũa Bc Cyprus thuc Nh K - mt quc gia t tuyờn b c lp v ch c Nh K tha nhn L t chc quc t, Liờn minh chõu u hot ng thụng qua h thng chớnh tr siờu quc gia v liờn chớnh ph hn hp.[17][18][19] Nhng th ch chớnh tr quan trng ca Liờn minh chõu u bao gm y ban chõu u, Ngh vin chõu u Hi ng Liờn minh chõu u, Hi ng chõu u, Tũa ỏn Cụng lý Liờn minh chõu u v Ngõn hng Trung ng chõu u Liờn minh chõu u cú ngun gc t Cng ng an ộp chõu u[20] t quc gia thnh viờn ban u vo nm 1951 T ú cho n nay, Liờn minh chõu u ó ln Liờn minh chõu u kộo di v phớa ụng bc n Phn mnh hn v s lng cng nh cht lng thụng qua Lan, tõy bc v phớa Ireland, ụng nam v phớa Cng hũa Sớp v tõy nam v phớa bỏn o Iberia, l lónh vic tng cng thm quyn ca Liờn minh chõu u th rng th th gii [25] v cú ng b bin di th th gii sau Canada.[18][26][27] im cao nht trờn lónh th Liờn minh chõu u ú l nh Mont Blanc, cao 2.1 a lý 4810,45 m trờn mc nc bin [28] v im thp nht l Zuidplaspolder H Lan, thp hn mc nc bin 7m Dõn c ca Liờn minh chõu u cú t l ụ th húa cao CHNG LIấN MINH CHU U 75% ngi dõn Liờn minh chõu u sng cỏc thnh ph (con s ny d kin s l 90% quc gia thnh viờn vo nm 2020) Gii thớch cho iu ny cú hai nguyờn nhõn chớnh: mt l mt dõn c ụ th hn ch nhng khu vc t nhiờn, hai l mt s trng hp ngun ca Liờn minh chõu u c dn vo mt khu vc no ú, chng hn nh Benelux.[29] 2.2 Thnh viờn Quỏ trỡnh gia nhp ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u 1981: Hy Lp 1986: B o Nha, Tõy Ban Nha 1995: o, Phn Lan, y in Ngy 1/5/2004: Ba Lan, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Litva, Malta, Sộc, Sớp, Slovakia, Slovenia Cỏc thnh viờn (mu tớm) v ng viờn (mu ) ca Liờn minh chõu u giai on 2004-2007 (ISO 3166) Lch s ca Liờn Minh chõu u bt u t sau Chin tranh th gii ln th Cú th núi rng nguyn vng ngn nga chin tranh tn phỏ tỏi din ó y mnh s hi nhp chõu u B trng Ngoi giao Phỏp Robert Schuman l ngi ó nờu ý tng v xut ln u tiờn mt bi phỏt biu ni ting ngy thỏng nm 1950 Cng chớnh ngy ny l ngy m hin c coi l ngy sinh nht ca Liờn minh chõu u v c k nim hng nm l Ngy chõu u Ban u, Liờn minh chõu u bao gm quc gia thnh viờn: B, c, í, Luxembourg, Phỏp, H Lan Nm 1973, tng lờn thnh gm quc gia thnh viờn Nm 1981, tng lờn thnh 10 Nm 1986, tng lờn thnh 12 Nm 1995, tng lờn thnh 15 Nm 2004, tng lờn thnh 25 Nm 2007 tng lờn thnh 27 T 01.07.2013 EU cú 28 thnh viờn Ngy 1/1/2007: Bulgaria, Romania 1/7/2013: Croatia Hin nay, Liờn minh chõu u cú din tớch l 4.422.773 km vi dõn s l 492,9 triu ngi (2006) [30] ; vi tng GDP l 11.6 nghỡn t euro (xp x 15.7 nghỡn t USD) nm 2007 Hu ht cỏc quc gia chõu u u ang l thnh viờn ca Liờn minh chõu u Tớnh n cui nm 2010, cú quc gia c ỏnh giỏ l ng viờn chớnh thc kt np thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u ú l: Iceland, Macedonia,[nb 1][31] Montenegro v Nh K Albania, Bosnia v Herzegovina v Serbia l nhng ng viờn tim nng.[32] Kosovo cng c xp vo danh sỏch nhng ng viờn tim nng gia nhp vo Liờn minh chõu u vỡ y ban chõu u v hu nh tt c cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u khỏc ó tha nhn Kosovo nh mt quc gia c lp, tỏch bit Serbia.[33] Sau õy l danh sỏch 28 quc gia thnh viờn ca Liờn quc gia Tõy u khụng phi l thnh viờn Liờn minh minh chõu u xp theo nm gia nhp v theo bng ch chõu u nhng ó cú nhng tha thun hp tỏc nht nh kinh t v phỏp lut ca Liờn minh chõu u ú cỏi ting Vit l: Iceland (ng viờn gia nhp Liờn minh chõu u), Liechtenstein v Na Uy, thnh viờn th trng nht 1957: B, c, H Lan, Luxembourg, Phỏp, í thụng qua Khu vc kinh t chõu u, v y S, tng 1973: Anh (chun b i sau trng cu dõn ý ngy t nh trng hp ca Na Uy nhng thụng qua hip 24/6/2016), an Mch (chun b t chc trng cu nh song phng gia nc ny v Liờn minh chõu dõn ý v vic ri EU), Ireland u.[34][35] Ngoi ra, ng tin chung EURO v cỏc lnh 2.3 BA TR CT CHNH CA LIấN MINH CHU U vc hp tỏc khỏc cng c ỏp dng i vi cỏc quc Hip c ny ỏnh du mt bc ngot tin trỡnh gia thnh viờn nh nh Andorra, Monaco, San Marino nht th húa chõu u v dn n vic thnh lp Cng v Vatican.[36] ng chõu u ỏng nm 2016, Vng quc Liờn hip Anh v Bc Ireland ri Liờn minh chõu u sau cuc trng cu dõn Liờn minh chớnh tr ý ngy 23/6/2016 v nc Anh cú mt v th tng mi 2.3 Ba tr ct chớnh ca Liờn minh chõu u Cỏc Hip c, c cu v l s ca Liờn minh õu u 2.3.1 Hip c Maastricht - Tr ct th nht Tt c cỏc cụng dõn ca cỏc nc thnh viờn c quyn t i li v c trỳ lónh th ca cỏc nc thnh viờn c quyn bu c v ng c chớnh quyn a phng v Ngh vin chõu u ti bt k nc thnh viờn no m h ang c trỳ c hin mt chớnh sỏch i ngoi v an ninh chung trờn c s hp tỏc liờn chớnh ph vi nguyờn tc nht trớ bo m ch quyn quc gia trờn lnh vc ny Tng cng quyn hn ca Ngh vin chõu u M rng quyn ca Cng ng mt s lnh vc nh mụi trng, xó hi, nghiờn cu Phi hp cỏc hot ng t phỏp, thc hin chớnh sỏch chung v nhp c, quyn c trỳ v th thc Liờn minh kinh t v tin t c chia lm giai on, t thỏng nm 1990 ti thỏng nm 1999, v kt thỳc bng vic gii tỏn Vin tin t chõu u, thnh lp Ngõn hng Trung ng chõu u (ECB) iu kin tham gia vo liờn minh kinh t v tin t (cũn gi l nhng tiờu ch hi nhp) l: Lm phỏt thp, khụng vt quỏ 1,5% so vi mc trung bỡnh ca nc cú mc lm phỏt thp nht; õm ht ngõn sỏch khụng vt quỏ 3% GDP; Cỏc nc phờ chun Hip c Maastricht Hip c Maastrit hay cũn gi l Hip c Liờn minh õu u (ting Anh, Treaty of European Union), ký ngy thỏng nm 1992 ti Maastricht H Lan [37] , nhm mc ớch: nh lp liờn minh kinh t v tin t vo cui thp niờn 1990, vi mt n v tin t chung v mt ngõn hng trung ng c lp, nh lp mt liờn minh chớnh tr bao gm vic thc hin mt chớnh sỏch i ngoi v an ninh chung tin ti cú chớnh sỏch phũng th chung, tng cng hp tỏc v cnh sỏt v lut phỏp N cụng di 60% GDP v biờn dao ng t giỏ gia cỏc ng tin n nh hai nm theo c ch chuyn i (ERM); Lói sut (tớnh theo lói sut cụng trỏi thi hn t 10 nm tr lờn) khụng quỏ 2% so vi mc trung bỡnh ca nc cú lói sut thp nht K t ngy thỏng nm 2002 ng Euro ó chớnh thc c lu hnh 12 quc gia thnh viờn (cũn gi l khu vc ng Euro) gm Phỏp, c, o, B, Phn Lan, Ireland, í, Luxembourg, H Lan, Tõy Ban Nha v B o Nha; cỏc nc ng ngoi l Anh, an Mch v u in Hin nay, ng Euro ang cú t giỏ hi oỏi cao hn ng ụ la M 12 2.6.2 CHNG LIấN MINH CHU U Cỏc o lut Cỏc o lut chớnh ca Liờn minh chõu u c thụng qua di dng cú tớnh cht phỏp lý v phm vi nh hng khỏc nhau: quy ch (ting Anh, regulation), sc lnh (ting Anh, directive) v phỏn quyt (ting Anh, decision) y ch ca Liờn minh chõu u t ng b sung vo lut phỏp hin hnh ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u vo thi im cỏc quy ch ny bt u cú hiu lc m khụng cn bt kỡ mt bin phỏp can thip phỏp lý hay trin khai no t cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u,[nb 8] v cú giỏ tr phỏp lý cao hn ni lut ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn ú nu phỏt sinh xung t phỏp lut.[nb 2] Sc lnh ũi hi cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u hon tt mt yờu cu nht nh a bi Liờn minh chõu u nhng cho cỏc quc gia thnh viờn ú quyn t quyt v cỏch thc thc hin hoc trin khai sc lnh.[nb 9] n ht thi hn trin khai sc lnh, nu nhng sc lnh ú khụng c thc thi, thỡ chỳng cú th, mt s iu kin nht nh, s cú hiu lc trc tip (ting Anh, direct eect) vt trờn ni lut ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u v ni v t cp liờn chớnh ph n ch ngha siờu quc gia Hng lot cỏc c quan c thnh lp phi hp hnh ng: Europol gia lc lng cnh sỏt cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u,[58] Eurojust i vi cỏc cụng t viờn,[59] v Frontex i vi cỏc c quan ph trỏch biờn gii v ca khu.[60] Liờn minh chõu u cng trin khai H thng thụng tin Schegen (ting Anh, Schengen Information System)[15] cú kh nng cung cp c s d liu chung cho lc lng cnh sỏt v c quan nhp cnh ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Cụng tỏc phi hp hot ng c quan tõm c bit k t Hip c Schengen c ký kt to iu kin cho vic m ca biờn gii cng nh s gia tng ỏng k ca ti phm xuyờn quc gia Bờn cnh ú, Liờn minh chõu u cng ó cú nhng o lut gii quyt gõy nhiu tranh cói nh dn ,[61] hụn nhõn gia ỡnh,[62] t nn,[63] v xột x ti phm.[64] Ngoi ra, cỏc hip c c ký kt gia cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u cng cao vic ngn cm s phõn bit i x liờn quan n gii tớnh v quc tch.[nb 10] Trong nhng nm gn õy, h thng phỏp lut ca Liờn minh chõu u cũn c b sung thờm chng phõn bit sc tc, tụn giỏo, Phỏn quyt l mt la chn hon ton khỏc vi hai cỏch khuyt tt, tui tỏc v khuynh hng tỡnh dc[nb 11] , (vớ thc lp phỏp nờu trờn Phỏn quyt c hiu l nhng d) ni lm vic.[nb 12] o lut c ỏp dng trc tip cho mt cỏ nhõn c th, mt cụng ty hay mt quc gia thnh viờn nht nh Phỏn quyt thng c s dng lnh vc lut 2.8 Ngoi giao cnh tranh hoc nhng liờn quan n tr giỏ ca chớnh ph (ting Anh, State Aid) nhng mc ớch ch yu nht l x lý cỏc th tc hnh chớnh ni b cỏc th ch Liờn minh chõu u y ch, sc lnh v phỏn quyt ca Liờn minh chõu u tng ng vi v giỏ tr phỏp lý v khụng phõn th bc.[57] 2.7 T phỏp v Ni v Khu vc Schengen bao gm hu ht cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u K t thnh lp vo nm 1993, Liờn minh chõu u i din cao cp ca Liờn minh chõu u v ngoi giao v chớnh bc u ó cú nhng phỏt trin lnh vc t phỏp sỏch an ninh, b Catherine Ashton 2.9 KINH T Vic hp tỏc cỏc i ngoi gia cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u c bt u vo nm 1957 vi s hỡnh thnh Cng ng chõu u Vo thi im ú, cỏc quc gia thnh viờn hp li nh mt thng nht vic thng lng cỏc thng mi quc t theo Chớnh sỏch thng mi chung (ting Anh, Common Commercial Policy).[65] an h i ngoi ca Liờn minh chõu u chuyn sang mt giai on mi vo nm 1970 vi nhiu phỏt trin ỏng lu ý, ú cú th k ti s i ca T chc hp tỏc chớnh tr chõu u (ting Anh, European Political Cooperation) cú vai trũ nh ni cỏc quc gia thnh viờn tham mt cỏch khụng chớnh thc hng ti mt chớnh sỏch i ngoi chung Nhng phi n tn nm 1987 Lut chõu u nht (ting Anh, Single European Act) c ban hnh, T chc hp tỏc chớnh tr chõu u mi cú c mt c s phỏp lý hon chnh Sau ú, t chc ny c i thnh Chớnh sỏch an ninh v i ngoi chung (ting Anh, Common Foreign and Security Policy hay CFSP) Hip c Maastricht bt u cú hiu lc.[66] Mc tiờu ca Chớnh sỏch an ninh v i ngoi chung (CFSP) l thỳc y li ớch ca chớnh Liờn minh chõu u cng nh ca cng ng th gii vic xỳc tin hp tỏc quc t, tụn trng nhõn quyn, dõn ch v phỏp tr.[67] CFSP ũi hi s thng nht gia cỏc quc gia thnh viờn ca Liờn minh chõu u quyt nh chớnh sỏch phự hp cho bt kỡ mt quan trng no Mc dự khụng hay xy ra, nhng CFSP ụi lỳc cng gõy nhng bt ng gia cỏc quc gia thnh viờn nh trng hp ca Chin tranh Iraq.[68] 2.8.1 Quõn s 13 chõu u ang l thnh viờn ca NATO.[70] cỏc nc thnh viờn cũn li theo ui chớnh sỏch ca trung lp.[71] Tuy nhiờn, i vi quy ch thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u thỡ tỡnh trng trung lp ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn ny ang b t mt du hi ln bi tng Phn Lan [72] cng nh tng h trng hp thiờn tai, tn cụng khng b hay xõm lc v trang c quy nh iu 42 (7) TEU v iu 222 TFEU Mt khỏc, Liờn minh Tõy u (ting Anh, Western European Union), liờn minh quõn s vi cỏc iu khon quc phũng chung, ó gii th vo nm 2010 vỡ vai trũ ca liờn minh ny hin ti ó c chuyn giao cho Liờn minh chõu u.[73] Nm 2009, theo thng kờ ca Vin nghiờn cu hũa bỡnh quc t Stockholm (ting Anh, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute hay SIPRI), Vng quc Anh ó dnh hn 48 t EUR (tng ng 69 t USD) cho quc phũng, ng th trờn th gii sau M v Trung c, Phỏp ng v trớ th vi 47 t EUR (khong 67,31 t USD) cho quõn i Anh v Phỏp úng gúp 45% ngõn sỏch quc phũng, 50% kh nng quõn s v 70% tt c cỏc chi phớ nghiờn cu v phỏt trin quõn s ca c Liờn minh chõu u Trong nm 2000, Anh, Phỏp, Tõy Ban Nha, v c chim n 97% tng ngõn sỏch nghiờn cu quõn s ca Liờn minh chõu u so vi tt c 15 quc gia thnh viờn cũn li.[74] 2.9 Kinh t Ngy t lỳc mi thnh lp, Liờn minh chõu u ó t mc tiờu trng tõm l thit lp mt th trng kinh t nht chõu u bao gm lónh th ca tt c cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Hin ti, h thng tin t chung ang c s dng 16 nc thuc Liờn minh chõu u, thng bit n vi tờn gi khu vc ng euro (ting Anh, eurozone).[76][77] Vo nm 2009, sn lng kinh t ca Liờn minh chõu u chim khong 21% tng sn lng kinh t ton cu, c tớnh vo khong 14,8 nghỡn t USD,[78] , tr thnh nn kinh t ln nht th gii Liờn minh chõu u cng t c sn lng xut khu v nhp khu ln nht th gii,[79][80] v hng húa v dch v, ng thi cng l i tỏc thng mi ln nht i vi cỏc th trng ln trờn th gii nh n v Trung c.[81][82][83] 2.9.1 Th trng ni a chõu u Chin u c Euroghter c ch to bi mt on hp tỏc gia bn quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u Liờn minh chõu u khụng cú mt quõn i chung Cỏc t chc tin thõn ca Liờn minh chõu u khụng hng n mc ớch hỡnh thnh mt liờn minh quõn s hựng mnh bi vỡ NATO ó c thit lp vi vai trũ ny.[69] 21 tng s 27 quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh Hai s nhng mc tiờu c bn ca Cng ng Kinh t chõu u l vic phỏt trin ca mt th trng chung (ting Anh, common market), hay sau ny thng c bit vi tờn gi th trng nht (ting Anh, single market), v mt liờn minh hi quan gia 14 CHNG LIấN MINH CHU U v chim n 60-70% GDP nhng h thng quy phm phỏp lut i vi ny cha tht s c phỏt trin ỳng mc nh cỏc lnh vc khỏc S thiu sút ny va c Liờn minh chõu u iu chnh vi s thụng qua Lut dch v th trng ni a (ting Anh, Directive on services in the internal market).[87] Cn c theo Hip c Lisbon, quy phm phỏp lut v dch v l mt quyn d tha, ch c ỏp dng cỏc quyn t khỏc khụng cú kh nng thc hin Airbus A380 mt nhng sn phm hp tỏc sn xut ca cỏc thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u 2.9.2 Liờn minh tin t cỏc quc gia thnh viờn trng nht ca Liờn minh chõu u liờn quan mt thit n bn t bao gm t lu thụng hng húa, vn, ngi v dch v phm vi ca Liờn minh chõu u.[77] Cũn liờn minh hi quan l vic ỏp dng mt h thng thu khúa chung cho tt c cỏc loi hng húa nhp khu vo th trng nht ny Mt hng húa ó c nhp vo th trng nht, hng húa ú s khụng phi chu thu hi quan, cỏc loi thu v hn ch nhp khu (quota) mang tớnh cht phõn bit i x Khu vc ng tin lu thụng phm vi Liờn minh chõu u Cỏc chung euro (eurozone) (mu xanh m) bao gm 16 quc gia khụng phi l thnh viờn ca Liờn minh chõu quc gia thnh viờn s dng ng euro nh ng tin u nh Iceland, Na Uy, Liechtenstein hay y S u chớnh thc ó gia nhp vo th trng nht nhng cha tham gia vo liờn minh hi quan.[34] Mt na cỏc hot ng thng mi ca Liờn minh chõu u chu s iu chnh ca h thng cõn i phỏp lut ca Liờn minh chõu u (gia cỏc quc gia thnh viờn vi phỏp lut ca Liờn minh).[84] yn t di chuyn nhm mc ớch cho phộp cỏc hot ng u t nh mua bỏn ti sn cng nh c phn doanh nghip gia cỏc quc gia thnh viờn c d dng hn.[85] Trc s dng Liờn minh v kinh t v tin t (ting Anh, Economic and Monetary Union), cỏc quy phm phỏp lut v phỏt trin rt chm chp Sau Hip c Maastricht, ó cú rt nhiu cỏc phỏn quyt ca Tũa ỏn Cụng lý chõu u thỳc y s phỏt trin i vi cỏc quy phm phỏp lut iu chnh ny yn t di chuyn cng c cỏc quc gia khụng phi thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u cụng nhn Ngõn hng Trung ng chõu u Frankfurt chu trỏch nhim qun lý chớnh sỏch tin t Vic to mt n v tin t nht ó tr thnh mc tiờu chớnh thc ca Cng ng Kinh t chõu u t nm 1969 Tuy nhiờn, ch cho n Hip c Maastricht cú nhng ci tin vo nm 1993 thỡ cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u mi thc s b rng buc v mt phỏp lý bi liờn minh tin t k t ngy thỏng nm 1999 K t thi im phỏt hnh ng tin chung euro, t 11 nc ban u hin ó cú 17 quc gia s dng ng tin ny Mi õy nht l Estonia vo nm 2011 yn t di chuyn v ngi c hiu rng nhng ngi mang quc tch ca mt quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u cú th t i li phm v Liờn minh chõu u sinh sng, lm vic hoc ngh ngi yn t di chuyn v ngi ũi hi mt quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u phi gim bt cỏc th tc hnh chớnh cng nh cụng nhn ỏnh giỏ v chuyờn mụn ca mt quc gia thnh viờn khỏc.[86] Tt c cỏc nc thnh viờn ca Liờn minh chõu u, tr yn t di chuyn v dch v v c trỳ cho phộp an Mch v Vng quc Anh, u b rng buc trờn cụng dõn ca quc gia thnh viờn cú kh nng cung c s phỏp lý v vic s dng ng euro nh n v cp cỏc hỡnh thc dch v c t i li kim tin t chớnh thc.[88] ó ỏp ng cỏc tiờu chun thu nhp tm thi hoc c nh Mc dự lnh vc dch kinh t t Tuy nhiờn, ch cú mt vi quc gia thnh 2.10 DN S 15 ca cỏc on xuyờn quc gia cú liờn quan n Liờn minh chõu u.[92] in hỡnh, vo nm 2001, ln u tiờn Hi ng chõu u ó ngn cn mt v sỏp nhp gia hai cụng ty cú tr s ti Hoa K (General Electric v Honeywell), ó c chớnh quyn quc gia ng ý cho tin hnh sỏp nhp.[93] Mt v vic ỏng quan tõm khỏc liờn quan n lut cnh tranh ca Liờn minh chõu u ú l vic Hi ng chõu u tuyờn ỏn pht Microso 777 triu euro sau nm tranh tng.[94] 2.10 Dõn s ng tin chung Euro c s dng t nm 2002 Ngy thỏng nm 2011, tng dõn s ca 27 quc gia thnh viờn thuc Liờn minh chõu u d tớnh t viờn ca Liờn minh chõu u lờn thi gian biu c th 501.259.840 ngi.[4] Tuy Liờn minh chõu u ch chim cho vic gia nhp h thng tin t ny Vớ d nh y 3% din tớch t lin, dõn s liờn minh ny chim n in ó c tỡnh khụng ỏp ng cỏc tiờu chun thnh viờn ca Liờn minh chõu u ln trỏnh vic s dng 7,3% dõn s th gii Mt dõn s lờn n 115,9 ngi/km ó khin cho Liờn minh chõu u tr thnh ng euro.[nb 13] mt nhng khu vc ụng dõn c nht trờn th ng tin chung euro c to nhm mc ớch xõy gii dng mt th trng nht í ngha ca hnh ng ny bao gm vic thỳc y cỏc quyn t di chuyn, xúa b trao i ngoi t, ci thin s minh bch 2.10.1 ụ th húa v giỏ c hng húa v dch v, thit lp mt th trng ti chớnh thng nht, n nh giỏ c v lói sut thp v Liờn minh chõu u l ni cú nhiu thnh ph ton cu nht l hn ch nhng tỏc ng tiờu cc lng hn bt c khu vc no khỏc trờn th gii, cú tt c 16 giao dch thng mi ni i khng l phm vi thnh ph trờn mt triu dõn, ú ln nht l Luõn [96] Liờn minh chõu u ng tin chung euro cng chớnh ụn l biu tng chớnh tr cho s hũa hp v phỏt trin Ngoi cỏc thnh ph ln, Liờn minh chõu u cũn kinh t liờn tc.[76] T mt ng euro n nay, cú nhng vựng vi mt dõn c dy c vi ng euro ó tr thnh ng tin d tr ln th hai trờn khụng ch mt trung tõm n l m m rng kt th gii vi mt phn t ngoi hi d tr l bng ng ni vi nhng thnh ph khỏc, hin u c euro.[89] Ngõn hng Trung ng chõu u, cn c trờn nhng vựng ụ th võy quanh Vựng ụng dõn nht cỏc hip c ca Liờn minh chõu u, chu trỏch qun l Rhine-Ruhr vi khong 11,5 triu dõn (bao gm lý chớnh sỏch tin t ca ng euro núi chung v Liờn Kửln, Dortmund, Dỹsseldorf,), Randstad cú xp x minh chõu u núi riờng.[90] triu dõn (gm Amsterdam, Roerdam, e Hague, Utrecht,), Frankfurt/Rhine-Main cú khong 5,8 triu dõn (gm Frankfurt, Wiesbaden,), Flemish diamond 2.9.3 Lut cnh tranh xp x 5,5 triu dõn (gm vựng ụ th gia Antwerp, Brussel, Leuven v Ghent), vựng ệresund xp x 3,7 Liờn minh chõu u thc hin chớnh sỏch cnh tranh triu dõn (gm Copenhagen, an Mch v Malmử, nhm mc ớch m bo tớnh lnh mnh ca vic cnh y in) v vựng cụng nghip ng Silesia cú tranh kinh t th trng ni a Liờn minh chõu khong 3,5 triu dõn (gm Katowice, Sosnowiec,).[97] [nb 14] Hi ng chõu u vi vai trũ l ngi qun u lý lut cnh tranh chu trỏch nhim x lý nhng liờn quan n lut ny cng nh cho phộp vic sỏp 2.10.2 Ngụn ng nhp v hp nht cỏc cụng ty/tp on ln ca Liờn minh chõu u hay gii th cỏc cartel phỏt trin t thng mi v gim bt tr giỏ t chớnh ph ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn cho cỏc cụng ty/tp on ln ca Trong s rt nhiu ngụn ng v ting a phng c nc mỡnh.[91] s dng Liờn minh chõu u, cú 23 ngụn ng chớnh anh tra Liờn minh chõu u v cnh tranh, hin ti l ngi Joaquớn Almunia, l mt nhng v trớ quyn uy nht trớ quyn uy nht Hi ng chõu u vỡ kh nng chi phi n cỏc li ớch thng mi thc v ting ph thụng: Bungary, Sộc, an Mch, H Lan, Anh, Estonia, Phn Lan, Phỏp, c, Hy Lp, í, Ailen, Latvia, Litva, Malta, Ba Lan, B o Nha, Rumani, Slovak, Slovenia, Tõy Ban Nha v ting y 16 CHNG LIấN MINH CHU U in.[100][101] Cỏc ti liu quan trng, chng hn nh lut phỏp, c dch sang mi ngụn ng chớnh thc Ngh vin chõu u cung cp cỏc bn dch ti liu bn v phiờn ton th tt c cỏc ngụn ng.[102] Mt s t chc s dng ch mt s ớt cỏc ngụn ng ph thụng ni b.[103] Chớnh sỏch ngụn ng cỏc thnh viờn liờn minh qun lý, nhng cỏc t chc Liờn minh chõu u luụn thỳc y vic hc cỏc ngụn ng khỏc.[nb 15][104] Ting c l ting m thụng dng nht (khong 88,7 triu ngi vo nm 2006), tip theo l ting Anh, ting í v ting Phỏp Ting Anh l ngoi ng c núi nhiu nht v c 51% dõn s Liờn minh chõu u s dng (bao gm c ngi bn ng ting Anh),[105] sau ú l ting c v ting Phỏp 56% cụng dõn Liờn minh chõu u cú th tham gia vo cỏc cuc hi thoi bng mt ngụn ng khỏc ngoi ting m .[106] Hu ht cỏc ngụn ng chớnh thc ca Liờn minh chõu u thuc h ngụn ng n-u, ngoi tr ting Estonia, ting Phn Lan, v ting Hungary thuc h ngụn ng Uralic, ting Malta thuc h ngụn ng -Phi Hu ht cỏc ngụn ng chớnh thc ca Liờn minh chõu u c vit bng h ch Latinh tr ting Bungari c vit bng h ch ting Nga v ting Hy Lp c vit bng ch cỏi Hy Lp.[107] T l ngi chõu u mi quc gia thnh viờn nhng ngi tin vo mt Thiờn Chỳa[110] Nhng li m u ca Hip c Liờn minh chõu u (ting Anh, Treaty on European Union) cp n di Bờn cnh 23 ngụn ng chớnh thc, cú khong 150 sn hoỏ, tụn giỏo v nhõn ca chõu u tho [111] trờn cỏc bn d tho Hin phỏp chõu u ngụn ng a phng v dõn tc thiu s, vi s lun [107] lng ngi núi lờn n 50 triu ngi Trong s Sau ú, cỏc xut li m u Hip c Lisbon ny, ch cú nhng ngụn ng vựng Tõy Ban Nha (nh ó cp n Kitụ giỏo hay Chỳa hoc c hai nhng ý Catalan/Valencian, Galician v ting Basque h phi n- tng khụng nhn c s ng h ca phe i lp v [112] u), ting Gaelic Scotland, v ting Wales[107] l cụng ó b bỏc b dõn cú th dựng giao tip vi cỏc c quan chớnh Kitụ hu Liờn minh chõu u c phõn chia gia ca Liờn minh chõu u.[108][109] Mc dự cỏc chng ngi theo o Cụng giỏo Rụma, rt nhiu giỏo phỏi trỡnh ca Liờn minh chõu u cú th h tr cỏc ngụn Tin Lnh (c bit l Bc u), v Chớnh thng giỏo ng a phng v dõn tc thiu s, vic bo v quyn ụng Phng v Cụng giỏo ụng phng ( ụng ngụn ng l mt i vi cỏ nhõn cỏc nc thnh nam chõu u) Cỏc tụn giỏo khỏc, chng hn nh Hi viờn Hin chng chõu u v ngụn ng thiu s v a giỏo v Do ỏi giỏo, cng gúp mt Liờn minh phng (ting Anh: European Charter for Regional or chõu u n nm 2009, c tớnh s lng ngi theo Minority Languages, vit tt ECRML) c phờ chun Hi giỏo ti Liờn minh chõu u l 13 triu ngi,[113] bi hu ht cc quc gia thnh viờn, nờu nhng cũn Do ỏi l hn triu.[114] hng dn chung m cỏc quc gia cú th theo ú bo Eurostat ca Eurobarometer thm dũ d lun cho thy v di sn ngụn ng ca h nm 2005 l 52% ca cụng dõn Liờn minh chõu u tin tng vo thn linh, 27% mt s loi lc lng tinh thn, cuc sng, v 18% khụng cú hỡnh thc 2.10.3 Tụn giỏo ca nim tin.[110] Nhiu quc gia ó cú kinh nghim ri ti nh th v thnh viờn nhng nm gn õy [.[115] Cỏc quc gia ni ngi dõn ớt nht bỏo cỏo mt Tụn giỏo ph bin nht Liờn minh chõu u l Kitụ nim tin tụn giỏo ó c Estonia (16%) v Cng ho giỏo, mc dự nhiu tụn giỏo khỏc cng c thc hnh Sộc (19%) [110] Cỏc quc gia tụn giỏo nht l Malta (95%, Liờn minh chõu u chớnh thc th tc, mc dự mt s ch yu l Cụng giỏo), v Sớp v Romõnia c hai vi quc gia thnh viờn cú giỏo hi c nh nc bo khong 90% cụng dõn tin tng vo iờn Chỳa (c hai tr: Malta (Giỏo hi Cụng giỏo Rụma), Hy Lp (Chớnh ch yu l Chớnh thng giỏo ụng) Trờn ton lónh th thng giỏo phng ụng), an Mch (Giỏo hi Luther), Liờn minh chõu u, tớn ngng tụn giỏo ph bin ph v cỏc b phn ca Vng quc Anh (Anh giỏo) v n, tng theo tui tỏc, nhng ngi cú s giỏo dc tụn Scotland (Trng Nhim), ti c v mt s quc gia giỏo, nhng ngi b hc tui 15 vi mt nn giỏo dc Bc u khỏc tụn giỏo chim phn ln dõn s l cỏc c bn, v nhng v c phi quy mụ chớnh tr chim (57 nhúm Khỏng Cỏch %).[110] 2.13 CH THCH 17 2.11 Vn húa Berlin Turku Madrid Roma Paris Bucharest ca Phn Lan (trỏi) v Tallinn ca Estonia (phi) l trung tõm húa chõu u (nm 2011) K t Hip c Maastricht, hp tỏc húa gia cỏc quc gia thnh viờn l mt nhng mi quan tõm hng u ca Liờn minh chõu u.[116] Nhng hnh ng thit thc ca Liờn minh chõu u lnh vc ny bao gm chng trỡnh Vn húa 2000 kộo di nm,[116] cỏc s kin ỏng húa chõu u,[117] hay chng trỡnh hũa nhc Media Plus,[118][119] v c bit l chng trỡnh ụ húa chõu u din u n hng nm nhm mc ớch tụn vinh mt th ụ ó c la chn s cỏc quc gia thnh viờn Liờn minh chõu u.[120] thao cng rt c chỳ ý Liờn minh chõu u Chớnh sỏch ca Liờn minh chõu u v t di chuyn v lao ng ó tỏc ng khụng nh n nn th thao ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn, in hỡnh nh lut Bosman, o lut ngn cm vic ỏp dng hn ngch i vi cỏc cu th mang quc tch thuc Liờn minh chõu u thi u cỏc gii búng ỏ ca cỏc quc gia thnh viờn khỏc.[121] Hip c Lisbon cũn ũi hi cỏc quy nh v kinh t nu c ỏp dng phi tớnh n tớnh cht c bit ca th thao v phi c xõy dng trờn tinh thn t nguyn.[122] õy l kt qu ca cỏc cuc ng hnh lang ti y ban Olympic quc t v FIFA trc s ngi v vic gia tng khong cỏch giu-nghốo gia cỏc cõu lc b Liờn minh chõu u nu cỏc nguyờn tc v th trng t c ỏp dng rng rói.[123] 2.12 Hỡnh nh v Liờn minh chõu u thnh ph ln ca Liờn minh chõu u Luõn ụn 2.13 Chỳ thớch [1] Known by the EU as the"former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) Tớnh n thỏng 11 nm 2010, further advances on accession are dependent on a resolution of a dispute over the name Macedonia with Greece [2] See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on eurlex.europa.eu [3] According to the principle of Direct Eect rst invoked in the Court of Justices decision in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlanse Administratie Der Belastingen, Eur-Lex See: Craig and de Bỳrca, ch [4] According to the principle of Supremacy as established by the ECJ in Case 6/64, Falminio Costa v ENEL [1964] ECR 585 See Craig and de Bỳrca, ch See also: Factortame litigation: Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport (No 2) [1991] AC 603, Solange II (Re Wuensche Handelsgesellscha, BVerfG decision of 22 Oct 1986 [1987] CMLR 225,265) and Frontini v 18 CHNG LIấN MINH CHU U Ministero delle Finanze [1974] CMLR 372; Raoul George Nicolo [1990] CMLR 173 [3] European Parliament: e Legislative Observatory y ban chõu u Truy cp 20 thỏng nm 2010 [5] It is eectively treated as one of the Copenhagen criteria, Assembly.coe.int It should be noted that this is a political and not a legal requirement for membership [4] Total population as of January Eurostat Truy cp thỏng nm 2010 [6] e European Convention on Human Rights was previously only open to members of the Council of Europe (Article 59.1 of the Convention), and even now only states may become member of the Council of Europe (Article of the Statute of the Council of Europe) [7] Opinion (2/92) of the European Court of Justice on Accession by the Community to the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1996 E.C.R I-1759 (bng ting Phỏp), ruled that the European Community did not have the competence to accede to the ECHR [8] See: Case 34/73, Variola v Amministrazione delle Finanze [1973] ECR 981 [9] To otherwise would require the draing of legislation which would have to cope with the frequently divergent legal systems and administrative systems of all of the now 27 member states See Craig and de Bỳrca, p 115 [10] See Articles 157 (ex Article 141) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on eurlex.europa.eu [11] See Article 2(7) of the Treaty of Amsterdam on eurlex.europa.eu [12] Council Directive 2000/43/EC of ngy 29 thỏng nm 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19.7.2000, p 2226); Council Directive 2000/78/EC of ngy 27 thỏng 11 nm 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation (OJ L 303, 2.12.2000, p 1622) [13] In order to meet the euro convergence criteria it is necessary rst to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, something Sweden has declined to do: ERM II Danish Finance Ministry Ngy 20 thỏng nm 2009 Truy cp ngy 26 thỏng 12 nm 2009 [14] Article 3(1)(g) of the Treaty of Rome [15] See Articles 165 and 166 (ex Articles 149 and 150) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on eur-lex.europa.eu 2.14 Tham kho [1] Barnard, Catherine (thỏng nm 2007) e Substantive Law of the EU: e four freedoms (n bn 2) i hc Oxford tr 447 ISBN 9780199290352 [2] United in diversity Europa y ban chõu u Truy cp 20 thỏng nm 2010 [5] European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, y ban chõu u [6] Khụng bao gm cỏc vựng thuc a cỏc chõu lc khỏc [7] Oxford Dictionary of English: European b spec Designating a developing series of economic and political unions between certain countries of western (and later also eastern) Europe from 1952 onwards, as European Economic Community, European Community, European Union. [8] Craig, Paul; Grainne De Burca, P P Craig (2007) EU Law: Text, Cases and Materials (n bn 4) Oxford: Oxford University Press tr 15 ISBN 978-0-19-927389-8 ; Treaty of Maastricht on European Union Activities of the European Union Europa web portal Truy cp 20 thỏng 10 nm 2007 [9] First demographic estimates for 2009 (PDF) 11 thỏng 12 nm 2009 Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2010 [10] World Economic Outlook Database, thỏng nm 2009 Edition T chc tin t quc t ỏng nm 2009 Truy cp 24 thỏng nm 2009 ó b qua bn IMF (tr giỳp) [11] European Commission e EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities Europa web portal Truy cp 27 thỏng nm 2007 Activities of the European Union: Internal Market Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 29 thỏng nm 2007 [12] Common commercial policy Europa Glossary Europa web portal Truy cp thỏng nm 2008 [13] Agriculture and Fisheries Council e Council of the European Union Truy cp thỏng nm 2008 [14] Overview of the European Union activities: Regional Policy Europa web portal Truy cp thỏng nm 2008 [15] Abolition of internal borders and creation of a single EU external frontier Europa web portal Truy cp 10 thỏng nm 2007 [16] Schengener ĩbereinkommen Auwọrtiges Amt Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2017 Kim tra giỏ tr ngy thỏng trong: |accessdate= (tr giỳp) [17] European Union Encyclopổdia Britannica Truy cp thỏng nm 2009 international organisation comprising 27 European countries and governing common economic, social, and security policies [18] European Union e World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Truy cp 11 thỏng 10 nm 2009 e evolution of the European Union (EU) from a regional economic agreement among six neighbouring states in 1951 to todays supranational organisation of 27 countries across the European continent stands as an unprecedented phenomenon in the annals of history 2.14 THAM KHO [19] Anneli Albi (2005) Implications of the European constitution EU enlargement and the constitutions of Central and Eastern Europe Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008 tr 204 ISBN 9067042854: In practical terms, the EU is perhaps still best characterised as a supranational organisation sui generis: this term has proved relatively uncontroversial in respect of national constitutional sensitivities, being at the same time capable of embracing new facets of integration. [20] e Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation Building from Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq, by Ray Salvatore Jennings May 2003, Peaceworks No 49, United States Institute of Peace pg 15 [21] UN Millenniumindicators.un.org Ngy thỏng nm 2010 Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2010 [22] National Geographic National Geographic Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2010 [23] Con s ny bao gm tnh hi ngoi ca Phỏp (Guyane thuc Phỏp, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Rộunion) l mt phn khụng th tỏch ri ca Liờn minh chõu u, nhng khụng tớnh cỏc hp hi ngoi ca Phỏp (ting Anh, French overseas collectivities) v lónh th hi ngoi Phỏp (ting Anh, French overseas territory), nhng khu vc khụng thuc Liờn minh chõu u [24] Turkish Cypriot Community Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 19 thỏng nm 2009 [25] List of countries and outlying territories by total area [26] European countries Europa web portal 2007 Truy cp ngy 29 thỏng nm 2007 [27] Countries of the Earth home.comcast.net 2006 Bn gc lu tr ngy thỏng nm 2003 Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [28] Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17,72 [[inch|in]]) in two years Smh.com.au Truy cp ngy 26 thỏng 11 nm 2010 Ta URL cha liờn kt wiki (tr giỳp) 19 [36] European Commission Use of the euro in the world e euro outside the euro area Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2008 [37] 1992 e EU at a glance - e History of the European Union Europa Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2010 [38] A decade of further expansion Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 25 thỏng nm 2007 [39] European Parliament announces new President and Foreign Aairs Minister Truy cp ngy thỏng 12 nm 2009 [40] How does the EU work Europa (web portal) Truy cp ngy 12 thỏng nm 2007 [41] With US or against US?: European trends in American perspective Parsons, Jabko European Union Studies Association, p.146: Fourth, the European Council acts a collective head of state for the EU [42] President of the European Council (PDF) General Secretariat of the Council of the EU Ngy 24 thỏng 11 nm 2009 Truy cp ngy 24 thỏng 11 nm 2009 [43] e Latin word consilium is occasionally used when a single identier is required, as on the Council Web site [44] Institutional aairs: Council of the European Union Europa European Commission Ngy thỏng nm 2010 It is commonly called the Council of Ministers [45] Institutions: e Council of the European Union Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 25 thỏng nm 2007 [46] Wellre Interactive MEPs must be elected on the basis of proportional representation, the threshold must not exceed 5%, and the electoral area may be subdivided in constituencies if this will not generally aect the proportional nature of the voting system Fairvote.org Truy cp ngy 26 thỏng 11 nm 2010 [47] Institutions: e European Parliament Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 25 thỏng nm 2007 [29] Urban sprawl in Europe: e ignored challenge European Environmental Agency [48] Treaty on European Union: Article 17:7 [30] Total population Eurostat Truy cp ngy 14 thỏng nm 2007 [49] Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union eurlex.europa.eu Truy cp ngy 31 thỏng 10 nm 2010 [31] Soren Jessen-Petersen; 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Article 6(2) of the Maastrict Treaty (as amended) 20 CHNG LIấN MINH CHU U [54] Respect for fundamental rights in the EU general development European Parliament Fact Sheets e European Parliament Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 per cent of Europes defence budget, 50 per cent of its military capacity and 70 per cent of all spending in military research and development Copyright 2010, APN Holdings NZ Limited [55] European Commission EU Policy on Death Penalty Europa Web Portal Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2009 [71] NATO Member Countries Truy cp ngy 25 thỏng nm 2009 [56] European Commission e death penalty in Europe Europa Web Portal Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2009 [58] European police oce now in full swing Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [72] Laursen, Finn (29 May ngy thỏng nm 1997) e EU 'neutrals,' the CFSP and defence policy Biennial Conference of the European Union Studies Association Seale, WA.: University of Pisburgh tr 27 Truy cp ngy 24 thỏng nm 2009 Kim tra giỏ tr ngy thỏng trong: |date= (tr giỳp) [59] Eurojust coordinating cross-border prosecutions at EU level Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [73] Presentation of the programme of the Finnish presidency (debate) ngy thỏng nm 2006, European Parliament Strasbourg [60] Frontex What is Frontex? Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [61] European arrest warrant replaces extradition between EU Member States Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [74] Statement of the Presidency of the Permanent Council of the WEU on behalf of the High Contracting Parties to the Modied Brussels Treaty - Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and the United Kingdom - Western European Union ngy 31 thỏng nm 2010 [62] Jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial maers and in maers of parental responsibility (Brussels II) Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 [75] International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2010: GDP PPP list of countries Data for the year 2009 Imf.org ỏng nm 2010 Truy cp ngy 12 thỏng 12 nm 2010 [63] Minimum standards on the reception of applicants for asylum in Member States Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 [76] European Commission e Euro Europa web portal ó b qua bn accessdatengy 26 thỏng nm 2010 (tr giỳp) [64] Specic Programme: 'Criminal Justice' Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 [77] e Single Market Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2007 [65] alied-Majority Voting: Common commercial policy Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [78] World Economic Outlook Database, April 2010 Edition International Monetary Fund ỏng nm 2010 [66] e European commission European political cooperation (EPC) Europa Glossary Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [79] Rank Order Exports e World Factbook Central Intelligence Agency Truy cp ngy 21 thỏng nm 2007 [67] Article 21 of the Treaty on European Union (as inserted by the Treaty of Lisbon), on eur-lex.europa.eu [80] World trade report 2009 (PDF) WTO information website Truy cp ngy 12 thỏng 10 nm 2009 [68] Divided EU agrees Iraq statement British Broadcasting Corporation Ngy 27 thỏng nm 2003 Truy cp ngy 13 thỏng nm 2009 [81] China now EUs biggest import market Peoples Daily Online Ngy 31 thỏng nm 2007 Truy cp ngy 22 thỏng nm 2007 [69] Wilkinson, Paul International Relations Oxford University Press tr 100 ISBN 1845425391 e EU states have never felt the need to make the organization into a powerful military alliance ey already have NATO to undertake that task [82] EU now biggest trading partner of China Chinese Embassy Ngy 15 thỏng nm 2006 Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 [57] How EU takes decisions Truy cp thỏng 11 nm 2010 [70] Britain and France to work together - By Catherine Field - ngy thỏng 11 nm 2010 - nzherald.co.nz - According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Britain spent more than US$69 billion ($89.5 billion) on defence last year, placing it third in the world aer the United States and China, while France spent US$67.31 billion, the fourth largest Together, Britain and France account for 45 [83] India and the EU: strategic partners? Centre for European Reform February/March 2006 Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 Kim tra giỏ tr ngy thỏng trong: |date= (tr giỳp) [84] European Commission A Single Market for goods Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2007 [85] European Commission A Single Market for Capital Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2007 2.14 THAM KHO [86] European Commission Living and working in the Single Market Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2007 21 [99] European Commission (2006), Europeans and their Languages (PDF), Special Eurobarometer 243 (Europa): 152154, truy cp ngy 19 thỏng 11 nm 2008 [87] European Commission A Single Market for Services Europa Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2007 [100] EUR-Lex (ngy 12 thỏng 12 nm 2006) Council Regulation (EC) No 1791/2006 of ngy 20 thỏng 11 nm [88] Kuchler, Teresa (ngy 25 thỏng 10 nm 2006) Almunia 2006 Ocial Journal of the European Union Europa says 'undesirable' to act on Swedens euro refusal web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 EUobserver.com Truy cp ngy 26 thỏng 12 nm 2006 [101] Languages in Europe Ocial EU Languages [89] DB Research (ngy thỏng nm 2007) Euro EUROPA web portal Truy cp ngy 12 thỏng 10 nm riding high as an inter- national reserve currency 2009 (PDF) Deutsche Bank AG ó b qua bn accessdatengy thỏng nm 2009 (tr giỳp) [102] europarltv, ocial webtv of the European Parliament, is also available in all UE languages [90] ECB, ESCB and the Eurosystem European Central Bank Truy cp ngy 15 thỏng nm 2007 [103] Languages and Europe FAQ: Is every document generated by the EU translated into all the ocial [91] European Commission Competition: making markets languages? Europa web portal 2004 Truy cp ngy work beer Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 12 thỏng nm 2007 thỏng 11 nm 2007 [92] Lungescu, Oana (ngy 23 thỏng nm 2004) [104] European Parliament (2004) European Parliament Fact Sheets: 4.16.3 Language policy Europa web portal Examining the EU executive BBC News Truy cp Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 ngy 18 thỏng nm 2007 [93] e Commission prohibits GEs acquisition of [105] European Commission (2006) Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Honeywell Europa web portal Ngy thỏng nm Summary) (PDF) Europa web portal tr Truy cp 2001 Truy cp ngy 12 thỏng 11 nm 2007 ngy 11 thỏng nm 2011 English is clearly the most commonly used language in the EU with over a half [94] Gow, David (ngy 22 thỏng 10 nm 2007) Microso of the respondents (51%) speaking it either as their caves in to European Commission Guardian (London) mother tongue or as a foreign language Truy cp ngy 12 thỏng 11 nm 2007 [95] LUZ gures all for 2004 Data that can be accessed Urban Audit European Commission, DirectorateGeneral Regional Policy, Unit D2 Urban Actions Truy cp ngy 31 thỏng nm 2008 Urban areas: all gures for 2005 (est.): Pays, villes d'Europe et du monde InsInstitut National de la Statistiqueet des ẫtudes ẫconomiques Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 City limits gures: London as at ngy thỏng nm 2006: Mid-2006 Population Estimates (CSV) Oce for National Statistics Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 Berlin as at September 2007: Bevửlkerung Berlin Statistische mter des Bundes und der Lọnder (German statistics oce) Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 Paris as at ngy thỏng nm 2005: Rộsultats des enquờtes annuelles de recensement de 2004 2007 pour les grandes villes Institut National de la Statistique et des ẫtudes ẫconomiques (French national institute for statistics) Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 [106] European Commission (2006) Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary) (PDF) Europa web portal tr Truy cp ngy 11 thỏng nm 2011 56% of citizens in the EU Member States are able to hold a conversation in one language apart from their mother tongue [107] European Commission (2004) Many tongues, one family Languages in the European Union (PDF) Europa web portal Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [108] Rory Watson (ngy thỏng nm 2008), Welsh and Gaelic are ocial EU tongues, e Times (London), truy cp ngy 13 thỏng nm 2009 [109] Mercator Newsleer n 29 Mercator Central 2006 Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [110] Eurostat (2005), Social values, Science and Technology (PDF), Special Eurobarometer 225 (Europa, web portal): 9, truy cp ngy 11 thỏng nm 2009 [96] e World According to GaWC Loughborough [111] Castle, Stephen (ngy 21 thỏng nm 2007) EU celebrates 50th birthday-with a row about religion e University Truy cp ngy 29 thỏng nm 2007 Independent (London) Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2008 [97] Eurostat Indicators for larger urban zones 19992003 Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 25 thỏng nm 2007 [112] Consolidated version of the Treaty on European Union [98] European Commission (2006), Europeans and their Languages (PDF), Special Eurobarometer 243 (Europa): [113] Muslim Population (PDF) europa web portal Truy 141143, truy cp ngy 19 thỏng 11 nm 2008 cp thỏng 11 nm 2010 22 [114] Jewish population gures may be unreliable Sergio DellaPergola World Jewish Population (2002) American Jewish Year Book e Jewish Agency for Israel Truy cp ngy thỏng nm 2007 [115] Ford, Peter (ngy 22 thỏng nm 2005) What place for God in Europe USA Today Truy cp ngy 24 thỏng nm 2009 [116] Bozoki, Andras Cultural Policy and Politics in the European Union (PDF) IECOB, Institute for Central Eastern and Balkan Europe Truy cp ngy 13 thỏng nm 2007 [117] European Commission European Culture Month Europa web portal Bn gc lu tr ngy thỏng nm 2008 Truy cp ngy 27 thỏng nm 2008 [118] European Commission (ngy thỏng nm 2007) Media programme Europa web portal Truy cp ngy 13 thỏng nm 2007 [119] An Overture to the European Union Youth Orchestra e European Youth Orchestra Truy cp ngy 12 thỏng nm 2007 [120] European Commission European Capitals of Culture Europa web portal Truy cp thỏng 11 nm 2010 [121] Fordyce, Tom (ngy 11 thỏng nm 2007) 10 years since Bosman BBC News Truy cp ngy 13 thỏng nm 2007 [122] Cases C-403/08 and C-429/08, Opinon of Advocate General Koko, para 207 [123] IOC, FIFA presidents welcomes new EU treaty, call it breakthrough to give sports more power International Herald Tribune Ngy 19 thỏng 10 nm 2007 Bn gc lu tr ngy thỏng 12 nm 2008 Truy cp ngy 21 thỏng 10 nm 2007 2.15 Liờn kt ngoi EUROPA Website chớnh thc ca Liờn minh chõu u Cỏc th ch chớnh tr ca Liờn minh chõu u Hi ng Liờn minh chõu u y ban chõu u Hi ng b trng Ngh vin chõu u Ngõn hng Trung ng chõu u Tũa ỏn Cụng lý Liờn minh chõu u Tũa ỏn kim toỏn chõu u EUR-Lex Lut iu chnh Liờn minh chõu u CHNG LIấN MINH CHU U 2.16 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 23 2.16 Ngun, ngi úng gúp, v giy phộp cho bn v hỡnh nh 2.16.1 Vn bn S&P 500 Ngun: https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_500?oldid=26352406 Ngi 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Tp_tin:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: e ag of Bulgaria e colors are specied at http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001& p=0034&n=000005&g= as: Ngh s u tiờn: SKopp 24 CHNG LIấN MINH CHU U Tp_tin:Flag_of_Croatia.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.sabor.hr/Default.aspx?sec=4317 Ngh s u tiờn: Nightstallion, Elephantus, Neoneo13, Denelson83, Rainman, R-41, Minestrone, Lupo, Zscout370, MaGa (based on Decision of the Parliament) Tp_tin:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: User:Vzb83 Tp_tin:Flag_of_Denmark.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: Madden Tp_tin:Flag_of_Estonia.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=73847 Ngh s u tiờn: Originally drawn by User:SKopp Blue colour changed by User:PeepP to match the image at [1] Tp_tin:Flag_of_Europe.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: File based on the specication given at [1] Ngh s u tiờn: User:Verdy p, User:-x-, User:Paddu, User:Nightstallion, User:Funakoshi, User:Jeltz, User:Dbenbenn, User:Zscout370 Tp_tin:Flag_of_Finland.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Ngh s u tiờn: SVG drawn by Sebastian Koppehel Tp_tin:Flag_of_France.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/de/frankreich_3/frankreich-entdecken_244/ portrat-frankreichs_247/die-symbole-der-franzosischen-republik_260/trikolore-die-nationalfahne_114.html Ngh s u tiờn: is graphic was drawn by SKopp Tp_tin:Flag_of_Germany.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: ? 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Tp_tin:Flag_of_Poland.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Own work, modied color values by text substitution in the existing le Ngh s u tiờn: Mareklug, Wanted Tp_tin:Flag_of_Portugal.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: http://jorgesampaio.arquivo.presidencia.pt/pt/republica/simbolos/bandeiras/index.html#imgs Ngh s u tiờn: Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (1910; generic design); Vớtor Luớs Rodrigues; Antúnio Martins-Tuvỏlkin (2004; this specic vector set: see sources) Tp_tin:Flag_of_Romania.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to Ngh s u tiờn: AdiJapan Tp_tin:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to ra; here, colors Ngh s u tiờn: SKopp Tp_tin:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: Tỏc phm chớnh ngi ti lờn to construction sheet from http://flagspot.net/flags/si%27.html#coa Ngh s u tiờn: User:Achim1999 2.16 NGUN, NGI ểNG GểP, V GIY PHẫP CHO VN BN V HèNH NH 25 Tp_tin:Flag_of_Spain.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg Giy phộp: CC0 Ngi úng gúp: ["Sodipodi.com Clipart Gallery Original link no longer available ] Ngh s u tiờn: Pedro A Gracia Fajardo, escudo de Manual de Imagen Institucional de la Administraciún General del Estado Tp_tin:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Ngun: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg Giy phộp: Public domain Ngi úng gúp: is ag is regulated by Swedish Law, Act 1970:498, which states that in commercial activities, the coats of arms, the ag or other ocial insignia of Sweden may not be used in a trademark or other insignia for products or services without proper authorization is includes any mark or text referring to the Swedish government which thus can give the commercial mark a sign of ocial endorsement is includes municipal coats of arms which are registered. 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Ngh s u tiờn: ? 2.16.3 Giy phộp ni dung Creative Commons Aribution-Share Alike 3.0 ... Poors 500 Stock Index - Ch s c phiu 500 ca Standard ngy mựng thỏng 10, S&P 500 kt thỳc nm 2007 & Poor) l mt ch s c phiu da trờn c phiu ph 1,468.36 im, ch thp hn mc úng ca nm 1999 thụng ca 500. .. S&P 500 úng ca Logarithmic graph of the S&P 500 index with simple trend lines mc 1,530.23, t mc k lc vũng hn nm sau ú Mc dự, S&P 500 phỏ k lc mi vi mc 1,576.09 S&P 500 (vit y ting Anh l Standard. .. [13] S&P 500 Closes At All-Time High [14] Dow and S&P 500 close at new record highs [15] S&P - Indices > Equity Indices - S&P 500 - Index Table standardandpoors.com [16] Description standardandpoors.com