English for starter 11 girls AB

Activity Book ‫ﻡ‬٢٠١٥¥٢٠١٤ Vocational Stream Girls’ Grade 11 Activity Book ‫م‬2015 - 2014 ‫المؤسسة العامة للطباعة‬ Contents Unit Title Page Sewing Machines Threads Fabrics Test 12 Textiles 14 Tailor’s Tools 17 Upper and Lower Part Sketches 20 Test 23 Making Clothes (1) 25 Making Clothes (2) 28 Textile Manufacturing 31 Test 34 10 Fibres 36 11 Knitting and Weaving 39 12 Embroidery and Tricot 42 Test 45 Glossary 47 Sewing Machines Exercise Reading Read the text and answer the questions Using a sewing machine to sew your own clothes and soft home furnishings can be an enjoyable experience Not only can you make the styles exactly as you want in your choice of fabric, but you can also create custom fashions and furnishings at a much lower cost since labour for custom sewing can be quite expensive Sewing machines are mechanical devices that can quickly stitch fabric together with thread In recent decades, the sewing machine has been enhanced with a series of electromechanical and electronic features Sewing machines are designed to operate with a loop stitch The simplest loop stitch is the chain stitch, which can be sewn quickly but might come undone easily The chain stitch works well for temporary stitching, but most sewing machines utilise a different loop stitch, called the lockstitch, which is sturdier and more durable The lockstitch is created by means of a shuttle hook and bobbin assembly, wherein the stitching mechanism pulls a loop of thread around another length of thread as it unspools from a bobbin Today, built-in computers and monitor displays are available on high-end sewing machines The computers drive the machines precisely, and computer programs can store different stitches internally Some of these high-end machines also feature quilting and embroidery stitches Questions Give the text a suitable title Complete the following sentence: It is enjoyable to use sewing machines because … How does the text define sewing machines? How many loops are described in the text? What are they? How is technology part of sewing machines nowadays? What is the meaning of the words in bold? Exercise Grammar Write six questions about sewing machines using /does Exercise Writing and Speaking Hand sewing is an art form that is over 20,000 years old The first sewing needles were made of bones or animal horns and the first thread was made of animal sinew Iron needles were invented in the 14th century The first eyed needles appeared in the 15th century Research the history of sewing machines under the following headings and report to your classmates in the form of an oral presentation • • • • • • Birth of Mechanical Sewing Several Inventors Attempt to Improve Sewing Barthelemy Thimonnier Walter Hunt & Elias Howe Isaac Singer Patent Unit Exercise Vocabulary The following is an advertisement for a sewing machine company Put the words in the box in the right place transfer precision powerful dreamed performance selection fastest sewer built-in beauty overlock market Enter the Creative World of Sewing! Without the sewing machine, the world would be a very different place Sewing machines are , and they vary considerably in price like cars: there are hundreds of models on the (1) and (2) We have a great (3) of innovative sewing machines, each with different equipment and performance ranges You’ll definitely find the right one for you Don’t forget machines! It is a must for every hobby (5) the (4) Discover what makes this such a truly amazing sewing and embroidery machine – not just in terms of the (6) , most advanced technology, but with exclusive features that provide you with the utmost (7) and detail At first glance, you may fall in love with this machine for its (8) But look closer and you’ll soon discover an advanced and (9) sewing and embroidery machine It includes virtually every feature you will have ever (10) about No matter where your imagination takes you with your sewing and embroidery projects, this machine delivers You can edit designs on your machine and them back (11) into your computer, download upgrades, and much more Take your embroidery to the next level with this advanced sewing and embroidery machine It includes a (12) design library, an LCD touch screen and a wide array of embroidery editing capabilities Threads Exercise Reading Read the text and answer the questions Uzbek Ikats Ikats are pieces of woven fabric with patterns which result from dyeing the yarn before weaving it According to the way that the patterns are dyed on the warp, the weft or on both, ikats are called warp ikat, weft ikat or warp and weft ikat When weaving warp ikats, the dyed yarns can be slightly shifted and this inaccuracy results in a blurry outline in the pattern between the different colours This is the unique quality of ikat cloths Uzbek people call them “cloudy cloths” Fancy ikats, as used in traditional costumes, can be seen in museums However, simply browsing in the street reveals that this cloth tradition lives on in the present day In the country, most women wear the Uzbek traditional costume which is made up of a dress and a pair of leggings fitted to the ankles The outfit is made of an ikat of common quality, known as Atlas This bright coloured cloth can be purchased at a modest price in most markets Questions What are ikats? What are warp and weft? Find in the text a phrase that means “cloudy”, as used by the Uzbek people to describe their cloths Do people still wear ikats? What is the proof? Are ikats expensive? Why? Unit Exercise Vocabulary Match the following words with their meanings and use five of them in a paragraph discussing threads used in the Navajo weaving tradition spin yarn vertical dye weft weaving pattern fibre horizontal loom motif warp A long, thin thread of material like wool or cotton Flat and parallel to the ground A machine or frame used for weaving cloth A design element or theme in a work of art A design or motif that is regularly repeated To stretch, pull and twist wool into a string of yarn Upright, or straight up and down The vertical threads held in place on a loom that form the foundation of a fabric To make cloth on a loom by passing weft threads over and under warp threads 10 In weaving, the threads that are passed over and under the foundation warp threads 11 Fibres such as wool, cotton or silk that have been twisted into long strands 12 A chemical mixture that adds colour to fibres, yarns and cloth It can be made from plants, insects, minerals and chemicals Exercise Grammar Put the adjectives in the right order to describe the nouns in bold This is a market rewarding / money / small Banking is reasonably secure private / Syrian I need to buy a thread silk / pure / Chinese The department is announcing the results old / finance / first My property is of great value lovely / personal /warm My grandmother is using a ribbon five-metre-long / black Our neighbour is a tailor Brazilian / professional / nice This shirt is made of a(n) thread polyester / 100% / embroidery Most people trust a(n) cheque certified / official 10 You should make stitches short / satin Exercise Writing and Speaking Research types of thread that are used to make patterns such as the ones in the picture below Tell your classmates about them F f abric density expression the number of warp and weft yarns in a unit: The fabric density is calculated by dividing the measured areal density by the measured fabric thickness f abric shrink age expression shrinking a fabric before sewing it: Fabric shrinkage is one of the most important factors when checking the quality of the cloth f acet noun a particular aspect or feature of something: He has travelled extensively in China, recording every facet of life f ade verb lose colour and brightness: The sun had faded the curtains f ashion line noun a company supervised by another that designs and sells garments: You need guidance to start a fashion line f asten verb close or join securely: The hostess asked the passengers to fasten their seat belts fea ture verb to include or show something as a special or important part of something, or to be included as an important part: The exhibition features paintings by Picasso filament noun a very thin thread: This manufacturing company makes textile filaments floss noun a type of thin thread that you use for sewing: Cotton floss is the standard thread for cross-stitch filling noun the yarn woven across the warp yarn in weaving: You can remove defects in a cloth by cutting and pulling out filling flow chart noun a drawing that uses shapes and lines to show how the different stages in a process are connected to each other: Flow charts are used in analysing, designing, documenting or managing a process or programme in various fields fine adjective very good or of a very high standard: Many people regard Beethoven's fifth symphony as his finest work fluffy adjective covered with soft fibres from fabrics such as finishing noun any process wool or cotton that accumulate performed on yarn or fabric in small light clumps: The gloves after weaving to improve the have a fluffy lining look, performance, or feel of the finished textile: The finishing of f oundation noun the basis on this dress is awful which something is grounded: fire hose noun a large-diameter The course gives students a solid foundation in the basics of hose used in extinguishing computing fires: In the past, cotton was the most common natural fibre fr amework noun a set of ideas, used in fire hoses, but most rules or beliefs from which modern hoses use a synthetic something is developed, or on fibre like polyester or nylon which decisions are based: This filament paper provides a framework for future research flair noun a special or instinctive aptitude or ability fr ay verb wear away by rubbing: for doing something well: She The friction frayed the sleeve had a flair for languages flatten verb to make something flat or flat ter: Use a rolling pin to flatten the dough festi vities noun things that are done to celebrate a special occasion: The Chinese New Year is celebrated with a multitude of festivities flax noun a blue-flow ered herbaceous plant that is cultivated for its seed (linseed) and for textile fibre made from its stalks: They own a mill for the preparation and spinning of flax fibre mill noun a factory that produces a mass of threads used to make rope, cloth, etc.: His father works at the fibre mill fleece noun the woolly covering of a sheep or goat: As the sheep came on board, we grabbed their long shaggy fleeces 52 Fr ench serge noun a type of twill fabric that has diagonal lines or ridges on both sides, made with a two-up, two-down weave: French serge is softer and finer than silk serge fr illy adjective decorated with a strip of gathered or pleated material sewn by one side onto a garment or larger piece of material as a decorative edging or ornament: She wore a frilly white apron fund verb provide with money for a particular purpose: the W orld B ank refused to fund the proj ect furnish verb be a source of; provide: fish furnish an important source of protein furnishings noun items used to decorate an interior space and make it comfortable, including furniture, tableware, linens, and decorative objects: D ecorative arts, or furnishings, may be fix ed or moveable G garment noun an item of clothing: In ancient Ro me, only senators were permitted to wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple ginning verb the process of separating picked cotton balls into seed and raw cotton girdle noun a tight-fitting item of clothing that women wore especially in the past to make them look thinner: A girdle is usually made of elasticised fabric give verb alter in shape under pressure rather than resist or break: I pushed against the door with all my might, but it still wouldn’t give goods noun things that are produced in order to be sold: There will be tax increases on a range of goods and services gown noun a long dress that a woman wears on formal occasions: The bride was wearing a white silk wedding gown grain noun roughness in texture of wood, stone, etc.; the arrangement and size of constituent particles : the lighter, finer grain of the wood is attractive graph paper noun paper that has lines to permit drawing graphs: while graph paper is not technically needed to be able to cross- stitch it does come in handy should you wish to design your own charts haggle verb to cut roughly or clumsily: Y ou shouldn’t haggle or else your boss will be angry at you hand-eye coordination exp ression making sure that you are able to control your hands and eye movement: A good tailor should have a good hand-eye coordination hard-wearing adj ective able to stand much wear: She is wearing a casual loafer shoe with hardwearing sole and heel harness noun a kind of stitch that ties cloths together: This is a four harness loom haute couture noun the business of making and selling expensive and fashionable clothes for women: In modern Fr ance, haute couture is a “p rotected name” that can be used only by firms that meet certain well- defined standards heather effect adj ective a type of fabric: This cotton fabric has a heather effect heavy duty adj ective strong and thick and not easily damaged: These are heavy-duty rubber gloves hem noun the edge of a piece of cloth that is turned under and stitched down, especially the lower edge of a skirt, trousers etc hemp noun the fibre of the cannabis plant, extracted from the stem and used to make rope, stout fabrics, fibreboard and paper: Hemp is used for a wide variety of purposes, including the manufacture clothing and nutritional products henrietta noun a type of fine woollen fabric: C lassic henrietta cloth is black, although it can come in a variety of colours herringbone noun an arrangement or design consisting of columns of short parallel lines, with all the lines in one column sloping one way and all the lines in the next column sloping the other way so as to resemble the bones in a fish, used esp in the weave of cloth high-end adj ective relating to products or services that are more expensive and of better quality than other products of the same type: This shop specialises in high-end fashion hold up verb to not become weaker: His physical condition has held up well hospitality noun friendly behaviour towards visitors: Thank s for your hospitality over the past few week s hygienic adj ective tending to promote or preserve health; sanitary: It is important to maintain hygienic conditions in the kitchen 53 I improved upon phrasal verb to raise to a more desirable quality: This vest should be improved upon initiate verb to arrange for something important to start, such as an official process or a new plan: They have decided to initiate legal proceedings against the newspaper impulse noun a sudden strong desire to something without thinking about whether it is a sensible thing to do: Ma rge' s first impulse was to run initiative noun process to achieve a particular aim or to solve a particular problem: A government initiative to help exp orters is starting next month in exchange ex pression as a thing exchanged: A t 8, he was carrying bags of groceries in exchange for a pound innovative adj ective different and better than those that existed before: In many fields, such as the arts, economics and government policy, something new must be substantially different to be innovative inaudible adj ective too quiet to be heard: The noise of the wind made her cries inaudible income noun the amount of money received for labour, for services, from the sale of goods or property or from investments: Fi gures showed an overall increase in income this year incorporate verb contain or include (something) as part of a whole: The model incorporates some advanced features indigo noun a dark purple-blue colour: India is believed to be the oldest center of indigo dyeing in the O ld W orld indulge verb allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of: W e indulged in some hot fudge sundaes infant noun a very young child or baby: A n infant’s ski n is very sensitive 54 interfacing noun a textile used on the unseen or "w rong" side of fabrics to make an area of a garment more rigid: Interfacings come in a variety of weights and stiffnesses to suit different purposes interlace verb bind intricately together; interweave: The trees interlaced their branches so that only tiny patches of sky were visible interlocking adj ective fitting together: She has j ust finished completing a puzzle with 500 interlocking pieces intersect verb meet at a point: Li nes of latitude and longitude intersect at right angles intravenous adj ective existing or taking place within, or administered into, a vein or veins: A n intravenous medication is given by needle into a vein J jute noun rough fibre used for making rope and rough cloth: I lik e this jute ski rt K kenaf noun a tropical plant of the mallow family that yields a jute-like fibre: Kenaf is found in abundance in this area kilt noun a knee-length skirt of pleated tartan cloth, traditionally worn by men as part of Scottish Highland dress and now also worn by women and girls: He will buy a kilt when he goes to Sc otland knit verb to make clothing out of wool, using two knitting needles: My grandmother taught me how to knit know-how noun the (technical) knowledge and skill required to something: No other company had the technical know-how to deal with the disaster L laborious adj ective taking a lot of time and effort: C ollecting the raw materials proved a long and laborious task labour noun work, especially physical work: The garage charges £30 an hour for labour lace noun a fine cloth made with patterns of many very small holes: He gave his mother a handk erchief trimmed with lace on Mo ther' s D ay lambdoidal noun a dense, fibrous connective tissue joint on the posterior aspect of the skull: This fabric has the lambdoidal structure linters noun The short fibres that clings to cottonseed after the first ginning: Cotton linters are sold by the pound for papermaking landlord noun a man who rents a room, building or piece of land to someone: In the past, peasants were bound to the land and dependent on their landlords for protection and justice longevity noun the amount of time that someone or something lives: Worms have a longevity of about two years lapel noun the part of the front of a coat or jacket that is joined to the collar and folded back on each side: Lapels have a buttonhole on the left, which is intended to hold a decorative flower loom noun a frame or machine on which thread is woven into cloth: Using an upright loom, the Navajos wove blankets and then rugs after the 1880s for trade launch verb to start something, usually something big or important: The organisation has launched a campaign to raise $150,000 loop noun a shape like a curve or a circle made by a line curving back towards itself, or a piece of wire, string etc that has this shape: A loop of wire held the gate shut launder verb wash and iron clothes or linen: He wasn't used to laundering his own bed linen loose adjective not firmly fastened in place: This tooth feels very loose linen noun cloth made from the flax plant, used to make high quality clothes, home decorations etc: Linen is a very cool and absorbent fabric, but it wrinkles very easily lucrative adjective producing a great deal of profit: Mr Johnson owns a very lucrative business liner noun a lining in an appliance, device or container, esp a removable one: A tricot fabric is essential in tailoring liners for clothing storage containers lining noun a piece of material that covers the inside of something, especially a piece of clothing: She bought leather gloves with fur linings mass produce verb produce on a large scale: This shirt is so successful that it should be mass produced mend verb repair something that is broken or damaged: A patch was used to mend the garment mineral noun a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence: The area is very rich in minerals model dress noun a prototype dress: This model dress makes the new collection moisture noun small amounts of water that are present in the air, in a substance or on a surface: Plants use their roots to absorb moisture from the soil monitor display noun a device with a screen used to provide visual output from a computer, cable box, video camera, VCR or other video generating device: Today, the company announced the Middle East launch of its innovative high definition monitor display lustre noun a gentle sheen or soft glow, esp that of a partly reflec tive surface: She couldn't eat, and her hair lost its lustre motherland noun one's native country: They love their motherland luxurious adjective very expensive, beautiful and comfortable: The bedrooms have luxurious marble bathrooms motif noun a small picture or pattern used to decorate something plain: He bought a white T-shirt with a blue fish motif M manned adjective controlled by man: The rocket was manned by astronauts manuf acture verb make something on a large scale, using machinery: They manufacture small toys multi-p urpose adjective designed or intended to fit more than one type of function or application: Multi-purpose furniture can save consumers money because they are purchasing "two for one" 55 olefin noun an unsaturated chemical compound containing at least one carbon-tocarbon double bond: Two major categories of olefin are polypropylene and polyethylene N naled noun a moderately toxic chemical compound: Products containing naled must bear the signal words DANGER - POISON on hand expression readily available: Her trainer was on hand to give advice nap noun the soft surface on some cloth and leather, made by brushing the short fine threads or hairs in one direction: After the nap is trimmed, the fabric is considered finished napping verb a finishing process that raises the surface fibres of a fabric by means of passage over rapidly revolving cylinders covered with metal points: This machine is an excellent napping assistant for all fibre types operate verb to use and control a machine or equipment: Clive was experienced in operating the computers neckl ine noun the line formed by the edge of a garment around the neck: Necklines can be high, modest, low, wide or narrow organic production noun type of farming that uses natural method instead of artificial chemicals to improve the soil and ensure high-quality crops and the growth of fit and healthy animals: Materials used in organic production and foods are tested independently by the Organic Materials Review Institute niche noun a comfortable or suitable position in life or employment: He is now a partner at a leading law firm and feels he has found his niche outfit noun a set of clothes worn together, especially for a special occasion: She bought a cowboy outfit for the Halloween party nylon noun a strong artificial material that is used to make plastics, clothes, rope, etc.: The tent was made of nylon overlock noun an overlock stitch sews over the edge of one or two pieces of cloth for edging, hemming or seaming: Overlock stitches are extremely versatile, as they can be used for decoration, reinforcement or construction O old-f ashioned adjective not considered to be modern or fashionable any more: She wears really old-fashioned clothes! overcast verb stitch over an unfinished edge to prevent fraying: Finish off the raw edge of the hem by overcasting it P pack up phrasal verb to prepare for shipping: Most of the holidaymakers had packed up and gone 56 pains noun careful effort: She took pains to see that everyone ate panama noun strawlike material, originally made from the leaves of a particular tropical palm tree: She gave him a panama hat for his birthday pass through phrasal verb cause to move through: This chemical has to pass through a solution pattern noun a shape used as a guide for making something, especially a thin piece of paper used when cutting material to make clothes: He was busy drawing a dress pattern pattern envelope noun an envelope that contains a model or design of a garment and suggestions for type of fabric and sewing instructions: The pattern envelope tells you what type of fabrics work well with that pattern pattern mak er noun someone whose job is making patterns: We need a new pattern maker for our studio pay in advance expression paying before getting the merchandise: You should pay in advance when working with this company perspiration noun liquid that appears on your skin when you are hot or nervous: Running causes perspiration and a rapid heartbeat pesticide noun a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals: Since before 20 BCE, humans have utilised pesticides to protect their crops petrochemicals noun a chemical obtained from petroleum and natural gas: Etha nol, alcohol and acetone are few ex amples of liq uid solvents that are made from petrochemicals pillow slip noun a removable cloth cover for a pillow: The pillow' s fill is surrounded with a cover or shell made of cloth or silk, kno wn as the pillow case or pillow slip pinch noun an amount of an ingredient that can be held between fingers and thumb: A dd a pinch of salt pink verb cut in a zigzag pattern: Y ou should pink this ski rt to have a new design plain adj ective not decorated or elaborate; simple or ordinary in character: She wore a plain dress to her graduation party plain weave noun a basic style of weave in which the weft and warp threads intertwine alternately to produce a chequerboard effect: So me ex amples of fabric with plain weave are chiffon, organza and taffeta pleat noun a flat narrow fold in a skirt, a pair of trousers, a dress etc: So ft pleats are gentle and wavy, while hard pleats have sharp, defined edges plump adj ective slightly fat in a fairly pleasant way - used especially about women or children, often to avoid saying the word fat: The nurse was a cheerful plump woman ply verb join together as by twisting, weaving, or moulding: This is a fabric that needs to be plied three times polishing noun the work of making something smooth and shiny by rubbing or waxing it: Polishing is usually a multistage process polyester noun an artificial material used to make cloth: He bought a blue polyester shirt polymer noun a chemical compound that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together: The physical properties of a polymer are strongly dependent on the size or length of the polymer chain poor adj ective not as good as it could be or should be: He blames himself for the team' s poor performance portfolio noun a set of pieces of creative work collected by someone to display their skills: I am preparing my portfolio to apply for a j ob potential adj ective possible: He is a potential client power cut noun a period of time when there is no electricity supply: Hospitals should have backup power sources which will automatically start up when there is a power cut precaution noun something you in order to prevent something dangerous or unpleasant from happening: I took the precaution of insuring my camera precision noun the quality of being very exact or correct: The work was carried out with military precision press release noun an official statement issued to newspapers giving information on a particular matter: Whi le there are several types of press release, they very often have several traits of their structure in common presser foot noun The part of a sewing machine which rests on the cloth and presses it down upon the table of the machine: The presser foot of my sewing machine is brok en pressing cloth noun a piece of cotton, linen, or wool cloth used to protect the garment from steam and/or heat when pressing press verb to make clothes smooth using a hot iron: I' ll need to press my suit primitive adj ective belonging to a simple way of life that existed in the past and does not have modern industry and machines: The tools used by primitive men were made of stone private sector noun that part of the economy which is run for private profit and is not controlled by the state: The private sector focuses on the needs of the shareholders proceed verb to continue to something that has already been planned or started: W ork is proceeding according to plan process verb to make food, materials or goods ready to be used or sold, for example by preserving or improving them in some way: Go ats' cheese may be processed in many ways 57 progression noun a gradual process of change or development: Progression is a must in every industry promotional adj ective of or relating to the publicising of a product or organisation to increase sales or public awareness: She was on a promotional tour for her book s proof adj ective able to withstand something damaging; resistant: This suit is waterproof propargite noun a pesticide used to kill mites: Propargite is moderately toxi c when administered orally to rats proportion noun a part, share or number considered in comparative relation to a whole: The proportion of women graduates has increased in recent years the comparative measurements or size of different parts of a whole: The view of what constitutes perfect bodily proportions changes from one generation to the next proposal noun a formal plan put forward for consideration or discussion by others: They presented to us a set of proposals for a maj or new highspeed rail link prototype noun a first or preliminary model of something, esp a machine, from which other forms are developed or copied: The firm is testing a prototype of the shampoo provision noun the action of providing something that someone needs now or in the future: He made no provision for the future 58 public sector noun industries or services provided or funded by the government: Ex amples of public sector activity are delivering social security, administering urban planning and organising national defences pucker verb tightly gather or contract into wrinkles or small folds: Her brows puckered in a frown pulp noun a soft wet mass of fibres derived from rags or wood: W ood pulp is the most common material used to mak e paper R ramie noun cloth woven from the plant of the nettle family that yields a fibre noted for its length and toughness: Ramie was used to produce an open weave fabric called mechera used for shirts and dressing gowns suitable for warm climates raw edge noun the unsewn edge of a piece of fabric or a quilt block: Y ou should repair all raw edges before submitting it raw material noun the basic material from which something is manufactured: The raw materials for photosynthesis are water, carbon dioxi de, sunlight and chlorophyll rayon noun a synthetic silklike fabric used for making clothes: Rayon is a popular raw material in texti les recommend verb to say that something or someone is good, or suggest them for a particular purpose or job: I recommend the butter chick en - it' s delicious recreate verb to make something from the past exist again in a new form or be experienced again: Y ou can never recreate the feeling of winning for the first time resistant adj ective unaffected by: Is this watch waterresistant? retail sales noun selling items by piece: The retail sales report is published every month retail source noun the source that provide items by piece: W e don’t need a retail source to open a business because we have a wholesale source revolutionise verb to completely change the way people something or think about something: Ne w technology is going to revolutionise everything we rewarding adj ective providing satisfaction; gratifying: Ski ing can be hugely rewarding rip verb to tear something or be torn quickly: The sails ripped under the force of the wind roughen verb make or become rough: The wind was roughening the surface of the river rub away phrasal verb to become damaged by being used a lot: Y ou need to throw away this shirt because the logo has rubbed away ruffl e noun a band of thin cloth sewn in folds as a decoration around the edge of something such as a collar: A ruffle without pleats may also be made by cutting a curved strip of fabric and applying the inner or shorter edge to the garment rustic adj ective having a simplicity and charm that is considered typical of the countryside: B are plaster walls and a terracotta flo or give a rustic feel seam noun a line where two pieces of cloth have been stitched together: She was repairing B illy’ s trousers, where the seam had come undone seam j oining noun joining seams together: Fo r seam joining, use a blunt sewing needle seam roll noun a tool that helps pressing long seams, narrow areas and sleeves: I bought my mother a nice seam roll yesterday severe adj ective intense: The negotiations will be a severe test of his abilities shagginess noun roughness of nap produced by long woolly hairs: The shagginess of this texti le mak es it perfect for this costume shank noun a straight narrow part of a tool or object that connects the two ends: Shanks are necessary to provide space for fabric to sit in between the button and the garment when the garment is buttoned S satin noun a type of cloth that is very smooth and shiny: She tied her hair with a red satin ribbon satin weave noun a basic weave, characterised by long float s of yarn on the face of the fabric: The satin weave is characterised by four or more weft yarns flo ating over a warp yarn or vice versa scorch noun a mark made on something where its surface has been burnt: There were scorch mark s on the ki tchen workto p where a hot pan had been placed scorch verb if you scorch something, or if it scorches, its surface burns slightly and changes colour: Intensive ironing scorches clothing scour verb clean something very thoroughly by rubbing it with a rough material: A da was scouring out the pans seagrass noun a grasslike plant that lives in or close to the sea: Li k e land plants, seagrasses produce oxyge n seamstress noun a woman whose job is sewing and making clothes: My grandmother was a seamstress shape-r etentive adj ective doesn't change in shape: This fabric is shape-retentive self-su staining adj ective able to continue in a healthy state without outside assistance: His small farms were years from being self-sustaining share noun a part or portion of a larger amount that is divided among a number of people, or to which a number of people contribute: W e gave them all the chance to have a share in the profits selvedges noun the edge of a piece of cloth, made strong so that the threads will not come apart: Selvedges are created to protect the fabric during weaving shearing noun the process of removing by cutting off or clipping: She ep shearing is the process by which the woollen fle ece is cut off sepia dyes noun a dark brown dye made from the ink of the cuttlefish: W e need two gallons of sepia dyes shears noun a heavy tool for cutting, like a big pair of scissors: Sp ecialty shears allow weavers to access tight areas on a bask et sequ in noun a small shiny flat piece of metal sewn onto clothes for decoration: Sequins are commonly used on clothing, j ewelry, bags and other accessories serrated scissors noun a pair of scissors with a sharp edge made of a row of connected points like teeth: Y ou need a pair of serrated scissors to cut this fabric shed verb discard something undesirable: This diet will help you shed pounds sheer adj ective very thin and fine, so that it is almost transparent: The most common use for sheer fabric is in the maki ng of curtains 59 sheet noun a large rectangular piece of cotton or other fabric, used on a bed to cover the mattress: I'll go and find you some clean sheets and blankets shoulder pads noun a type of fabric-covered padding used in men's and women's clothing to give the wearer the illusion of having broader and less sloping shoulders: In men's styles, shoulder pads are often used in suits, jackets and overcoats showroom noun an area where merchandise can be displayed: A showroom is also called a salesroom shrink verb to become smaller, or to make something smaller, through the effects of heat or water: I'm worried about washing that shirt in case it shrinks simulate verb to make or produce something that is not real but has the appearance or feeling of being real: Interviews can be simulated in the classroom sinew noun a part of your body that connects a muscle to a bone: The sinews on his neck stood out like knotted string sisal noun a M exican plant with large fles hy leaves, cultivated for fibre production: These sisal rugs come directly from the manufacturer ski lled adjective having or showing the knowledge, ability, or training to perform a certain activity or task well: Her husband is a lab technician skilled in electronics 60 sleeve board noun a small, narrow ironing board used for pressing sleeves: If you don’t have a sleeve board, insert a rolled-up towel in sleeves so they can be pressed without leaving creases sleeve cap noun a very short sleeve on a woman’s dress, blouse, etc.: Sleeve cap shirts can be casual or formal, such as those worn under a suit blazer sleeve roll noun check seam roll slit noun a long straight narrow cut or hole: The slit of my shirt needs mending smoothing verb to make something such as cloth or hair flat by moving your hands across it: My mum is very good at smoothing clothes without ironing them soapsuds noun the mass of small bubbles that form on top of water with soap in it: I like watching soapsuds in a tub spandex noun a material that stretches, used especially for making tight-fitting sports clothes: Each fibre of spandex is made up of many smaller individual fibres that adhere to one another due to the natural stickiness of their surface spinning noun an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic fibres are twisted together to form yarn: Yarns are characterized as S-twist or Z-twist according to the direction of spinning sponge verb to wash something with a wet cloth or sponge: Clean the rug by spongeing it gently sport verb wear or display a distinctive or noticeable item: She was sporting her lovely gown at the party yesterday spotting verb staining: Her clothes were spotted with grease squ id noun a sea creature with a long soft body and ten arms around its mouth: Squids are found abundantly in certain areas, and provide large catches for fisheries stabiliser noun a thing used to keep something steady or stable: You need a colour stabiliser now stand out phrasal verb be easily noticeable: He was one of those men who stood out in a crowd staple noun a natural fibre (raw cotton, wool, hemp, flax ) that can be twisted to form yarn: Staple fibres vary widely in length steam iron noun a smoothing iron that includes a system for spraying steam onto the item being ironed: Steam irons are among the latest inventions today that are made practically to create effective ways of taking good care of your clothes stencil noun a piece of plastic, metal, or paper in which designs or letters have been cut out, that you put over a surface and paint over, so that the design is left on the surface: Stencils have been used to colour cloth for a very long time stencil verb to make a design, letters etc using a piece of plastic, metal or paper in which designs or letters have been cut out: The walls had been stenciled with designs sturdy adj ective strong enough to withstand rough work or treatment: The bik e is sturdy enough to cope with bumpy track s stiff adj ective not easily bent or changed in shape; rigid: This table is made of stiff plastic stitch verb to sew two pieces of cloth together, or to sew a decoration onto a piece of cloth: Ma ry is stitching a bedspread stocki ngs noun a women's garment, typically made of translucent nylon or silk, that covers the foot and lower part of the leg: Stockings vary in colour, design and transparency suffici ently adverb to a satisfactory degree: She was sufficiently conversant in Ma ndarin superior adj ective higher in rank, status or quality: Y our computer is far superior to mine surpass verb be better than: He continued to surpass me in all games stoppage noun when something stops moving or happening: Stoppage of the flo w prevented a flo od storage area noun any location, facility or vehicle which is used to store goods: The storage area is too small; we need more space sustainable adj ective able to be maintained at a certain rate or level: Lo ng- lived and healthy wetlands and forests are ex amples of sustainable biological systems swatch noun a sample piece of cloth: He work s at a company that sells microfibre and cloth swatch samples at a deal price stout adj ective fairly fat and heavy, or having a thick body: He is a stout young man with a beard strand noun line consisting of a complex of fibres or filaments that are twisted together to form a thread, rope or cable: C ut the strand from here synthetic adj ective produced by combining different artificial substances, rather than being naturally produced: This is a synthetic leather j ack et strap noun an elongated ribbon, usually of fabric or leather, used to fasten, hang or hold onto something: W e need a longer strap synthetic f abric noun textiles made of chemicals, combined so as to produce fibres: Nylo n and polyester are common ex amples of synthetic fabrics T stretch adj ective substances or materials that are easy to expand and that quickly recover their shape or size: I need a stretch shorts for sports tack thread noun a type of thread that is used to make a long stitch to fasten fabrics together temporarily: D on' t forget to remove the tack thread once you finish your q uilt taffeta noun a shiny stiff cloth made from silk or nylon: Taffeta is suitable for use in ball gowns and wedding dresses tailor ham noun a tightly stuffed pillow used as a curved mold when pressing curved areas of clothing, such as darts, sleeves, cuffs, collars or waistlines: The curved edges of the tailors ham will help prevent seams from showing when pressed tape measure noun measuring instrument consisting of a narrow strip (cloth or metal) marked in inches or centimetres and used for measuring lengths: The self- marki ng tape measure was developed in June 2003 tapestry noun a large piece of heavy cloth on which coloured threads are woven to produce a picture, pattern, etc.: In the past, tapestries were draped on the walls of castles for insulation during winter, as well as for decorative display tear noun a hole or split in something caused by it having been pulled apart forcefully: Y ou need to mend this tear here temporary adj ective intended to be used for only a limited period of time: The bridge was built as a temporary measure tencel noun a fabric made from the cellulose found in wood pulp which is processed into a silk-like, delicate fabric: Tencel is also used for maki ng baby wipes tension noun tightness or stiffness in a wire, rope, muscle, etc.: Tension in the neck muscles can cause headaches 61 tenter noun a framework with hooks used for stretching and drying cloth: The wet cloth was stretched and dried on a tenter rack tex noun weight in grams of 10 metres of thread: Tex is most often used in C anada as a unit of measurement of fibre texture noun the way a surface or material feels when you touch it, especially how smooth or rough it is: The cheese is firm in texture thermal adj ective of or relating to heat: This suit is thermal thermoset adj ective having the property of becoming permanently hard and rigid when heated: The phenol resins and plastics were the original synthetic thermosetting materials thimble noun a small metal cap to protect the finger while sewing: Ea rly thimbles were sometimes made from whale bone, horn or ivory thread count noun the number of yarns per square inch in a woven fabric: The higher the thread count the finer the fabric tight adj ective string, wire, cloth, etc that is tight has been pulled or stretched firmly so that it is straight or cannot move: The bandage must be tight enough to stop the bleeding tights noun a piece of women's clothing made of very thin material that fits tightly over the feet and legs and goes up to the waist: They are going to shop for tights later 62 time-con suming adj ective taking a lot of or too much time: This is an extr emely timeconsuming process toddler noun a young child who is just beginning to walk: The shopping centre has a play area for toddlers trade show noun an exhibition where products are displayed and described to customers: Trade shows create an important first impression translate verb convert or be converted into another form or medium: Fe w of Sha k espeare' s work s have been translated into ballets twill noun strong cloth woven to produce parallel sloping lines across its surface: Twill fabrics technically have a front and a back side, unlik e plain weave, where the two sides are the same twill weave noun a textile weave in which the filling threads pass over one and under two or more warp threads to give an appearance of diagonal lines: A twill weave is the second most basic weave that can be made on a fairly simple loom twist noun a new treatment or outlook; a variation: She tak es conventional subj ects and gives them a twist tremendously adverb enormously; extremely: The pace U of gene discovery has increased unbleached adj ective tremendously not artificially coloured: Unbleached fabric has a light trifle noun a thing of little value or importance: W e needn' t beige or natural off- white color trouble the headmaster over unconventional adj ective very such trifles different from the way people trim noun additional decoration usually behave, think, dress, on a car, piece of clothing, etc.: etc.: He has an unconventional sewing style She bought suede sandals with gold trim unravel verb become or cause to become undone by tug at phrasal verb exert great separating the fibres or threads: effort in pulling: Sto p tugging Unravel the kni tted fabric at the fabric; you’r e going to tear it unspool verb unwind from: Y ou have to unspool the coil turbulence noun irregular and violent movements of air or water that are caused by the up-to-da te exp ression modern wind: The plane shuddered as it or fashionable: The old system entered some turbulence should be brought up-to-date tweed noun thick woollen fabric used for clothing: The robber was wearing a tweed sports j ack et upgrade noun the replacement of a product with a newer version of the same product: A lthough developers produce upgrades in order to improve a product, there are risk s involved upholstery noun soft, padded textile covering that is fixed to furniture such as armchairs and sofas: Upholstery fabric need to be durable and resistant to stains and wear veteran noun a person who has had long experience in a particular field: The organisation provides financial and other forms of assistance to all war veterans and their dependents upright adjective vertical: The posts must be in an upright position viyella noun a fabric made from a twilled mixture of cotton and wool: The first ready-made garments using viyella were shirts and nightgowns utilise verb to use something for a particular purpose: We must consider how best to utilise what resources we have utmost adjective the greatest possible importance: I've got the utmost respect for her accomplishments V vat dyes noun synthetic organic dyes in paste or powder form: Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly velveteen noun a cotton cloth made in imitation of velvet: The velveteen trade varies a great deal with the fashions that control the production of velvet venture out phrasal verb take risk in order to achieve: You have to venture out to become a millionaire versatile adjective able to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities: He was versatile enough to play either position weft noun threads that run crosswise across the weave of a fabric: The weft threads are inserted across the loom at right angles to the warp whisk broom noun a small, stiff, short-handled broom used esp to brush clothing: We need a new whisk broom; this one is damaged wind verb to turn or twist something several times around something else: The hair is divided into sections and wound around heated rods voile noun a very light almost transparent cloth made of cotton, wool or silk: Voiles are available in a range of patterns and colours withstand verb to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something such as great heat, cold, pressure, etc.: This fabric can withstand steam and high temperatures W warp noun the threads used in weaving cloth that go from the top to the bottom of the machine: Warp is spun fibre washcloth noun a small square cloth used for washing your hands and face: The maid changes the bath towel, hand towel and washcloth everyday wondrous adjective good or impressive in a surprising way: They went on a wondrous trip to France for their holidays wear verb to become thinner or weaker after continuous use: The cushions are starting to wear a little wrinkl e verb make or cause lines or folds in something, esp fabric: The problem with this dress is that it wrinkles so easily Y weave noun the way in which a material is woven, and the pattern formed by this: I like this weave weaving noun the textile art in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads, called the warp and the filling or weft (older woof), are interlaced with each other to form a fabric or cloth: Weaving was an art practised in very early times yardstick noun a special stick used for measuring things which are exactly one yard long: Most yardsticks are flat wooden boards with markings at regular intervals yok e noun a part of a skirt or shirt just below the waist or collar, from which the main piece of material hangs in folds: When are you going to sew the yoke? 63 ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖ
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ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺸﻜﻠﻲ‬ 322 Old Brompton Road, London SW5 9JH, England Maktabat El Nashr El Tarbawi El Souri (Syrian Educational Publishers) Omar El Mukhtar 2nd Str., Bldg El Mazraa, Damascus-Syria Phone: (011) 44676789 Fax: (011) 44676788 e-mail: info@syrianep.com website: www.syrianep.com Reprinted 2014 © York Press 2010 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers 64 English for Starters, Vocational Stream – Girls’ English for Starters, Vocational Stream – Girls’, is an English language course that was specially written for vocational / girls’ secondary schools in Syria The course progresses from an intermediate level of English in Grade 10 to an advanced level of English in Grade 12 The book introduces students to concepts in practical girls’ skills; it assumes no prior knowledge of these skills on the part of students and teachers The course aims to review and consolidate the language and skills learnt at previous levels and equip students for their future foreign language needs in the following areas: language skills (reading, listening, speaking and writing), grammar, vocabulary and practical girls’ skills It enables students to perform routine tasks at work and to take part in social interaction Components: Students’ Book Activity Book including a glossary Teacher’s Book Audio CD ‫
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