Activity Book ﻡ٢٠١٥¥٢٠١٤ Vocational Stream Industrial Grade 11 Activity Book م2015 - 2014 المؤسسة العامة للطباعة Contents Unit Title Page Electrical Insulators Magnetism Incomes and Salaries Test 12 Installation of Electronic Circuits 14 Home and Industrial Electrical Installation 17 Work in the Future 20 Test 23 The Internet 25 Telecommunication 28 Receivers 31 Test 34 10 Power Electronics 36 11 Digital Cameras 39 12 Audio and Video Devices 42 Test 45 Glossary 47 Electrical Insulators Exercise Vocabulary Fill in the spaces with words from the list conductors insulators loosely resistance tightly In a conductor, electric current can flow freely whereas in an insulator it cannot Metals are typical examples of (1) , while most non-metallic solids are good (2) , having an extremely high (3) to the flow of charge through them “Conductor” implies that the outer electrons of the atoms are (4) bound and free to move through the material On the other hand the atoms of an insulator hold on (5) to their electrons and thus restrict the flow of an electric current Exercise Word Formation Write the words in brackets in the right word form Most solid materials are (classification) (1) as (insulate) (2) because they offer very large (resist) (3) to the flow of (electricity) (4) current Metals are classified as (conduct) (5) because their (out) (6) electrons are not tightly bound, but in most materials even the outermost electrons are so (tight) (7) bound that there is essentially zero electron flow through them Exercise Grammar Write six questions about electrical insulators using /does Exercise Reading Read the following text and answer the questions Without electrical insulators, most of the household appliances we use could not function or would pose a safety risk Insulators more than just prevent electricity from escaping; different types allow electronic devices to perform more efficiently Insulators are materials that resist the flow of electric currents Conversely, a conductor facilitates the flow of electrons In an insulator, electrons on the outer ring of the atom, called valence electrons, are not free to move about and transfer their energy to other materials Glass was the first widely used electrical insulator Modern electrical insulators use advanced compounds, but when the telegraph and telephone were invented in the 1850s, only glass could efficiently insulate electrical currents These antique glass insulators are now highly collectable items Almost all solid materials are considered electrical insulators to some degree, except for metals Metals such as copper and iron have so little resistance that valence electrons easily move around and transfer energy The difference in the amount of electrical resistance a material offers is measured in ohms Glass is one of the best resistors; copper is one of the worst No material can completely resist the flow of electricity Silicon dioxide comes as close as possible to attain the status as a perfect resistor Other materials that are more common, such as rubber and plastic, have a high enough resistance that they work almost as well as the “ideal” resistor The type of electrical insulator used can dramatically increase the efficiency of the transfer of energy Types of electrical insulators with a high resistance factor, such as porcelain or a composite of porcelain and other high resistors, are used to deliver electrical currents over power lines Insulators can store information in a static state for quick access, and change information when an electrical current is applied This technique is used to produce flash memory Questions Give the text and each paragraph a title Say if the following statements are true or false Correct the false ones a All non-metallic substances are electrical insulators b Glass is an example of a good resistor while copper is an example of a bad resistor c Silicon is one example of a perfect resistor d Some types of insulators deliver electrical currents while others can store information Name two examples of insulators that are not mentioned in the text Unit Exercise Annotations Knowing that most metals are good electrical conductors whereas most non-metals are not, and that metals are good heat conductors while non-metals are not, complete the following figure with words from the box insulating repels interactions mobile electrons Cross-section repulsive electrons An external influence (1) a nearby electron of copper wire Copper’s valence (4) move freely throughout the solid copper metal 4s Ar (Ar)3d104s The electron’s neighbours find it (2) If it moves towards them, they move away, creating a chain of (3) that propagates through the material at the speed of light Atoms of (5) materials hold on tightly to their outer electrons, like good parents watching all their children Copper and other metals tend to be “poor parents” of their outer or “valence” electrons, and they are just out wandering the neighbourhood Exercise Writing To which category are the items in the picture related? Write a paragraph describing this group Magnetism Exercise Vocabulary Fill in the blanks with a word from the box attract magnet magnetic field magnetism opposite poles repel magnetic objects poles is a force that acts at a distance due to a (2) This (1) field is caused by the movement of electrically charged particles or naturally occurs in (3) such as a (4) A magnet is an object that exhibits a strong magnetic field and will (5) materials like iron to it Magnets have two (6) , called the north (N) and south (S) poles Two magnets will be attached by their (7) poles, and each will (8) the like pole of the other magnet Exercise Word formation Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the word in brackets The connections between (magnet) (1) and electricity were discovered in the early part of the 19t h century In 1820, H C Oersted found that a wire carrying an (electricity) (2) current deflects the needle of a (magnet) (3) compass because a (magnet) (4) field is created by the moving (electricity) (5) charges which constitute the current It was found that the lines of induction of the magnetic field surrounding the wire are (circle) (6) If the wire is bent into a coil, the magnetic fields of the individual loops combine to produce a strong field through the core of the coil Unit Exercise Taxonomic skills Put the following steps of an experiment in the correct order Carefully turn the jar right side up so that the paper clip is being pulled by the magnet Cut the string about the length of the jar from top to bottom For this experiment you will need a string, a magnet, a pair of scissors, a paper clip, some scotch tape or glue and a clean glass jar with a metal lid It appears that the paper clip is suspended in the air This is due to the fact that the string is preventing the paper clip from being pulled flat to the magnet Now show your audience the jar with the paper clip lying at the bottom of the jar Place the lid on the jar and turn it upside down so that the paper clip hangs from the string Tape or glue the magnet to the inside of the lid Tape the other end of the string to the bottom (inside) of the jar Tie the paper clip to one end of the string Exercise Grammar Put the adjectives in the right order to describe the nouns in bold These are magnets for products and messages Tomorrow, he will buy magnets She has a lot of magnets These magnets are for advertising They ordered magnets Do you have magnets? My property has a large value His account allows him instant access custom / colour / printed metal / strong / rectangular fridge / collectable / cute high quality / gift / funny mini / permanent / u-shaped 0.5 cm thick / large lovely / personal / warm Swiss / big Exercise Reading Read the text and answer the questions Any object that has magnetic properties is called a magnet Ev ery magnet has two points, or poles, where most of its strength is concentrated Since a magnet has two poles, it is sometimes called a magnetic dipole, being similar to an electric dipole, which is composed of two opposite charges One remarkable property of magnets is that whenever a magnet is broken, a north pole will appear at one of the broken faces and a south pole at the other, so that each piece has its own north and south poles Fr om his study of magnetism, C A Coulomb in the 18th century found that the force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is directly proportional to the product of the strengths of the poles and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them Questions What the words in bold refer to? Name two other properties of magnets that are not mentioned in the text Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false statements a A magnet is an object that has magnetic properties b The strength of a magnet is concentrated in the middle c When a magnet is broken it loses its magnetic property d The force of attraction or repulsion between two magnetic poles is inversely proportional to double the distance between them Give the text a suitable title Exercise Writing There is a science fair in your school and you are asked to prepare a project to present at the fair Write a paragraph in which you describe the project you are going to present Remember to include the materials that you will need and the steps that you will follow F facilitate verb make an action or process easy or easier: Computers can be used to facilitate language learning fascimile noun an exact copy, esp of written or printed material: In the mid-1970s, facsimile machines worked by optically scanning documents ferrite adjective a ceramic compound consisting of a mixed oxide of iron and one or more other metals: In pure iron, ferrite is stable below 910°C festivity noun activities or events celebrating a special occasion: The Chinese New Year is celebrated with a multitude of festivities filter verb if light or sound fi lters into a place, it can be seen or heard only slightly: Moonlight filtered in through the frosted window fine adjective very thin or narrow: Fi ne needles are inserted in the arm fit verb if something fi ts in a place, it is the right siz e or shape to go there: I couldn’t find a key which fitted the lock 52 fl oat noun a device floating on the surface of a liquid that forms part of a valve apparatus controlling flow in and out of the enclosing container, such as in a toilet tank: The plumber fixed the toilet’s fl oat fl oat arm noun A wire-like device in some types of toilets that attaches a float ball to the valve that controls the level of water in the tank: The fl oat arm and ball may be connected by an L-shaped collar which lets you raise or lower the float ball more easily fl ow verb when a liquid, gas, or electricity flows, it moves in a steady continuous stream: These gates regulate the amount of water fl ow ing into the canal focal length noun the distance between the centre of a lens or curved mirror and its focus: The focal length is positive for a concave mirror, and negative for a convex mirror functional noun in good working order, or working at the moment: The elevator will not be functional for several hours fuse noun a safety device consisting of a strip of wire that melts and breaks an electric circuit if the current exceeds a safe level: The fuse element is made of zinc, copper, silver, aluminum or alloys to provide stable and predictable characteristics G gadget noun a small mechanical device or tool, esp an ingenious or novel one: G adgets are invariably considered to be more unusually or cleverly designed than normal technological objects gauge noun an instrument or device for measuring the magnitude, amount or contents of something: He used a gauge to measure the barrels geosynchronous adjective having a period of rotation synchronous with that of the earth’s rotation: Any orbit with a period equal to the Earth’s rotational period is technically geosy nchronous glob al adjective of or relating to the whole world; worldwide: This is a glob al monetary policy GP R S abbreviation general packet radio services: technology that allows mobile phones to be used for sending and receiving data over an Internet Protocol (IP)-based network: The upload and download speeds that can be achieved in G P R S depend on a number of factors H hammer verb hit or beat (something) with a hammer or similar object: They are made by heating and hammering pieces of iron hyperlink noun a link from a hypertext file or document to another location or file, typically activated by clicking on a highlighted word or image on the screen: We should encourage hyperlinks to each other’s webpages induction motor noun a type of AC motor where power is supplied to the rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction: The first induction motor was realised by Galileo Ferraris inductor noun a component in an electric or electronic handset noun a device the circuit that possesses user holds to the ear to hear inductance: Inductors are audio: Until the advent of one of the basic electronic the cordless telephone, the immerse verb to put someone components used in handset was usually wired or something deep into electronics to the base unit, typically by a liquid so that they are highly flexible tinsel wire completely covered: Immerse your foot in cold water to reduce the swelling inflation noun a general increase in prices and fall hand-tight noun as tight as in the purchasing value of can be made by the strength money: To combat inflation, of one’s hand: You should impurity noun a thing or the government raised interest take the silver seal off the new constituent that impairs rates hand-tight seal kit the purity of something: Aluminum and lead are impurities frequently found in tap water inherent adjective existing hassle noun something in something as a permanent, that is annoying, because it essential or characteristic causes problems or is difficult attribute: Every business has to do: I don’t feel like cooking incandescent adjective its own inherent risks tonight, it’s too much hassle shining or glowing brightly: The incandescent lamp is widely used in household and commercial lighting initiate verb to arrange for hazard noun something something important to start, that may be dangerous, or such as an official process or cause accidents or problems: a new plan: They have decided Polluted water sources are a income noun the amount of hazard to wildlife money received over a period to initiate legal proceedings of time either as payment for against the newspaper work, goods or services, or as profit on capital: He has a host noun a computer initiative noun process to connected to the Internet, or nice home and an adequate income achieve a particular aim or sometimes other computer to solve a particular problem: networks: Modems are usually A government initiative to not considered to be hosts help exporters is starting next induction noun the month production of an electric current in a conductor hub noun the central and by varying the magnetic most important part of an field applied to the area, system or activity conductor: Faraday’s law of with all the other parts are connected to it : Birmingham induction is a basic law of electromagnetism is at the hub of Britain’s motorway network I 53 install verb to put a piece of equipment somewhere and connect it so that it is ready to be used: Security cameras have been installed in the city centre intravenous adjective existing or taking place within, or administered into, a vein or veins: Intravenous medication is given by needle into a vein insulated adjective protected from heat, cold, noise etc, by being surrounded with an insulating material: You will need a conducting copper wire insulated by an outer layer of polyethylene to complete this project inversely proportional phrase a relationship in which one variable goes up as the other goes down: The time needed to dig a hole is inversely proportional to the number of people digging insulating tape noun a water-resistant adhesive tape used to insulate exposed electrical conductors: An insulating tape can be made of many plastics, but vinyl is most popular insulator noun a material or device that prevents or reduces the passage of heat, electricity or sound: Cotton is a poor insulator integrated circuit noun an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components: Integrated circuits are used in almost all electronic equipment in use today intersection noun a point at which two or more things intersect, esp roads: There are red and green lights at every intersection 54 kinetic energy noun the energy that a body or system has because of its motion: The cars of a roller coaster reach their maximum kinetic energy when at the bottom of their path L laser beam noun a beam of light generated by a laser: Laser beams are famously employed as weapon systems in science fiction films inverter noun a device which converts direct current (D C) to alternating current (AC): laser transmitter noun a The inverter performs the device that transmits a laser opposite function of a rectifier beam: In this project, we will build a laser transmitter J jack noun a socket with two or more pairs of terminals designed to receive a jack plug: A jack is a connector that is designed to be fixed on the surface of a bulkhead or enclosure K keypad noun a miniature keyboard or set of buttons for operating a portable electronic device, telephone or other equipment: Keypads may be illuminated from inside, especially on equipment for mobile use latency noun the amount of time it takes for a data packet (unit of data) to move across a network connection: Latency is one of the factors that determines the speed of your network connection launch verb to start something, usually something big or important: The organisation has launched a campaign to raise $150,000 layoff noun the temporary suspension or permanent termination of employment of an employee or a group of employees for business reasons: Layoffs this year affected the social life in this city LCD abbreviation liquid crystal display is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such as text, images and moving pictures: The earliest discovery that led to the development of LCD technology dates to 1888 LED TV abbreviation a light-emitting diode (L E D ) television (TV) is a liquid crystal display (L CD) television that is backlit by L EDs rather than standard fluorescent tubing: There are two varieties of LED TV on the market: Edge LED and Dynamic RGB LED leisure time noun time when you are not working or studying and can relax and things you enjoy: Most people now enjoy shorter working hours and more leisure time lever noun a projecting arm or handle that is moved to operate a mechanism: She pulled a lever at the base of the cage line verb cover the inside surface of (a container or garment) with a layer of different material: He bought a basket lined with polyethylene living standard noun the necessities, comforts and luxuries enjoyed or aspired to by an individual or group: Living standards have increased over the last 50 years log on phrasal verb to establish a connection with an online system: If you forget your password or if your password expires, you must reset it before you can log on to your computer longevity noun the amount of time that someone or something lives: The worms have a longevity of about two years loosely adverb in a relaxed manner; not rigid: The parcel had only been loosely wrapped and the paper had come off M mains noun the generalpurpose electric power supply: The UK mains electricity supply is about 230 V maintenance noun the repairs, painting, etc that are necessary to keep something in good condition: The caretaker is responsible for the maintenance of the school buildings manned adjective performed by a human being China’s first manned spacecraft was Shahzhon 50 market regulation noun a system that fosters efficient capital markets by permitting investors to make well-informed decisions and providing issuers with lower capital costs: Market regulations are designed and enforced to maintain and enhance market credibility, openness and investor confidence mechanical energy noun the energy of motion used to perform work: Today’s lesson is about mechanical energy melt verb if something solid melts because of heat, it becomes liquid: It was warmer now, and the snow was beginning to melt memory card noun a piece of electronic equipment for storing data used in computers, digital cameras and mobile phones: There are a number of memory cards on the market mend verb to restore something that is damaged or faulty to its original condition or a satisfactory condition: When are you going to mend that light in the hall? mercury-arc rectifier noun a type of electrical rectifier which converts alternating current into direct current: The mercury arc rectifier was invented in 1902 55 microelectronics noun a subfi eld of electronics related to the study and manufacture of small electronic components: Ma ny large universities conduct research into microelectronics NGO abbreviation nongovernmental organisation: an organisation that is not part of the local or state or federal government: In general, NGOs have as their agendas social, political and environmental concerns microprocessor noun the central chip in a computer, which controls most of its operations: The basic functionality of a microprocessor is based on the inherent ability to respond to and generate mathematical and logical operations non-sinusoidal adjective non-sinusoidal waveforms are waveforms that are not pure sine waves: Non-sinusoidal waveforms are important in mathematics, music and electronics, for example mortgage noun a loan obtained through the conveyance of property as security : I put down a hundred thousand in cash and took out a mortgage for the rest mount verb to attach something securely to something else: Fluorescent lights are mounted on the ceiling N nanotechnology noun the branch of technology that deals with dimensions and tolerances of less than 10 nanometers: Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications 56 O omnidirectional adjective receiving signals from or transmitting in all directions: A n omnidirectional antenna can transmit or receive signals in all directions open circuit noun an incomplete closed path through which an electric current is not able to flow: Open circuits usually prevent network communications operate verb to use and control a machine or equipment: The L ewis family operated a number of boats on the canal optical zooms noun a z oom lens that uses movement of lens elements to achieve various fi elds of view: The optical zoom changes focal length and magnification of a lens out of date expression no longer valid or relevant: Y our passport is out of date outermost adjective farthest from the centre: He lived on the outermost edge of the city outlet noun A n opening for the discharge of water that supplies a plumbing fi xture, boiler or heating system: This invention relates in general to the waste water outlet of sanitary plants P parallel circuit noun a closed circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit: In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same path noun a line or route along which something travels or moves: The hurricane demolished houses in its path pay rate noun amount of money received per unit of time: I chose the second job because of the higher pay rate pension noun a fixed amount of money paid regularly to somebody during retirement by the government, a former employer or an insurance company: At what age can you start drawing your pension? piston noun a solid disk or cylinder that fits inside a hollow cylinder and moves under pressure (as in an engine) or displaces fluid (as in a pump): In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder wall pixel noun a minute area of illumination on a display screen, one of many from which an image is composed: The number of pixels in an image is sometimes called the resolution plug noun a device for making an electrical connection, esp between an appliance and a power supply: A plug consists of an insulated casing with metal pins that fit into holes in an outlet plug verb to connect a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity: Your phone can be plugged into the cigarette lighter socket in your car plumbing system noun arrangements of pipes, fixtures, fittings, valves, and traps, in a building which supply water and remove liquid-borne wastes: This old house needs a new plumbing system polarise verb restrict the vibrations of a transverse wave wholly or partially to one direction: This device polarises light power generation noun the process of creating electricity from other forms of energy: Centralised power generation became possible when it was recognised that AC power lines can transport electricity at very low costs across great distances prevent verb hinder; delay: His disability prevents him from driving printed circuit board noun a flat board that holds chips and other electronic components in layers that interconnect via copper pathways: Printed circuit boards are used for memory, motherboards, graphics cards and many other components prism noun a solid geometric figure whose two end faces are similar, equal and parallel rectilinear figures, and whose sides are parallelograms: Prisms are useful for analysing and refracting light private sector noun the part of the national economy that is not under direct government control: The private sector focuses on the needs of the shareholders proposal noun a formal plan put forward for consideration or discussion by others: They presented to us a set of proposals for a major new high-speed rail link prohibit verb to say that an action is illegal or not allowed: Smoking is strictly prohibited inside the factory prominent adjective clear or apparent; noticeable: Our organisation plays a prominent role in promoting human rights prosperous adjective successful in material terms: They have started a prosperous new business prototype adjective (1) a basic filter network with specified cutoff frequencies, from which other networks may be derived: Prototype filters are used to make the process less difficult (2) a typical example of something: He is the prototype of good breeding public sector noun the part of an economy that is controlled by the government: In spite of their name, public companies are not part of the public sector 57 R raffl e noun a means of raising money by selling numbered tickets, one or some of which are subsequently drawn at random: A raffl e is a popular game in numerous countries and is often held to raise funds for a specific event, charity or occasion rate of pay noun amount of money received per unit of time: Women’s rate of pay is often lower than men’s receipt on account noun a receipt for payment which does not fully pay off a debt but is rather a payment on account: This receipt on account was received yesterday receiver noun a piece of radio or television apparatus that detects broadcast signals and converts them into visible or audible form: We need a new receiver rectification noun the conversion of alternating current to direct current: The rectification process is temperature sensitive and for best efficiency should not operate above 30°C rectifier noun an electrical device that converts an alternating current into a direct one by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only: The primary application of rectifiers is to derive D C power from an A C supply regulation noun an offi cial rule or order: A ll companies must comply with the regulations reliab le adjective someone or something that is reliable can be trusted or depended on: M iller was a quiet and reliab le man relief valve noun a safety valve that relieves pressure when it becomes high, before it becomes dangerous: M ost industries are legally required to protect pressure vessels and other equipment by using relief valves reluctance motor noun A reluctance motor is a type of synchronous electric motor that induces nonpermanent magnetic poles on the ferromagnetic rotor: R eluctance motors can have very high power density at low- cost repel verb to exert a force that tends to push something away: P articles of like charge repel each other repulsion noun a force under the influence of which objects tend to move away from each other: In order to minimise the repulsion forces between electrons, electron pairs which are around the molecule’s central atom tend to stay as far away from each other as possible repulsive adjective repulsive forces push objects away from each other: A djust the poles so that repulsive forces are acting resistance noun the degree to which a substance or device opposes the passage of an electric current, causing energy dissipation: A ccording to Ohm’s law, resistance is equal to the voltage divided by the current resistor noun a piece of wire or other material used for increasing electrical resistance: R esistors must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating their power resolution noun how clear or unclear the picture is: This software increases image size and resolution with minimal loss of quality ridiculous adjective funny: She looked ridiculous in her dad’s oversized shorts and striped socks run out of phrasal verb use up one’s supply of something: We’ve run out of bread 58 S safeguard verb protect against something undesirable: The industry has a duty to safeguard consumers SD memory card noun a nonvolatile memory card format developed for use in portable devices: SD memory cards are widely used in digital cameras seek verb to try to achieve or get something: They came here to seek shelter self-sustaining adjective able to continue in a healthy state without outside assistance: This project is good because it is self-sustaining self-timer noun a device on a camera that allows it to take a picture unattended: A self timer is most commonly used to allow photographers to take photos of themselves semiconductor noun a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects: Devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits seniority noun if you have seniority in a company or organization, you have worked there a long time and have some official advantages: I had fifteen years seniority, and they couldn’t fire me sensor noun a device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it: A sensor differs from a transducer in the way that a transducer converts one form of energy into another form whereas a sensor converts the received signal into electrical form only sensor loop noun copper wires that are installed in the pavement that trigger a light change when metal is near them: Traffic signals have sensor loops series circuit noun a circuit composed solely of components connected in series: In a series circuit, the current through each of the components is the same shooting verb the process of taking photographs or making a film: We had two weeks of rehearsals before shooting began short circuit noun a circuit that allows a current to travel along a different path from the one originally intended: An easy way to create a short circuit is to connect the positive and negative terminals of a battery together shutter noun the part of a camera that opens for a very short time to let light onto the film: Shutters in front of the lens were used in the early days of photography shutter button noun a button found on many cameras, used to take a picture: The shutter button is one of the most basic features of a camera shutter speed noun a measurement of how long its shutter remains open as the picture is taken: When the shutter speed is set to 125, this means that the shutter will be open for exactly 1/125th of a second silicon-controlled rectifier noun a four-layer solid state device that controls current: The silicon-controlled rectifier was developed by a team of power engineers led by Gordon Hall sinusoidal adjective a signal which varies over time in proportion to the sine of an angle: Ordinary alternating current is sinusoidal socket noun a place in a wall where you can connect electrical equipment to the supply of electricity: Design features and aspects of plugs and sockets have evolved to reduce the risk of electric shock 59 solar panel noun a large panel containing solar cells or heat-absorbing plates that convert the sun’s radiation into energy for use: Solar panels use light energy from the sun to generate electricity spark noun a quick bright discharge of electricity between two conductors: A small electrical spark may ignite explosive mixtures spark plug noun electrical device that fits into the cylinder head of an internalcombustion engine and ignites the gas by means of an electric spark: Your car engine needs new spark plugs spectacular adjective strikingly large or obvious: The news caused a spectacular fall in the stock market speed gun noun a small radar unit used to detect the speed of objects, especially trucks and automobiles for the purpose of regulating traffic: Speed guns are, in their most simple form, radio transmitters and receivers speed limit noun the maximum speed at which a vehicle may legally travel on a particular stretch of road: The speed limit within all park areas is 24 km per hour sprouting adjective blossoming: Move the pots outside when sprouting leaves start to appear 60 stack up phrasal verb measure up; compare: Our rural schools stack up well against their urban counterparts state of the art expression the most recent stage in the development of a product, incorporating the newest ideas and the most up-todate features: Forty or fifty years ago the state of the art in radio was represented by crackling noises static electricity noun electricity produced by friction: Static electricity is notable as a physical phenomenon that can be demonstrated using simple experiments steady adjective unchanging: Paul is making steady progress steam locomotive noun a steam powered rail vehicle used for pulling trains: The firebox is a furnace on a steam locomotive in which fuel is burned stock market noun a market in which securities are bought and sold: Participants in the stock market range from small individual stock investors to large hedge fund traders stop valve noun a valve for turning on or shutting off completely a supply of liquid: Economical globe valves or stop valves with a similar mechanism are often used in plumbing supply contract noun the agreement a dealer makes with a supplier to secure fuel: Supply contracts cover the purchase, leasing, rental or hire purchase of products surf verb to look quickly through information on the Internet for anything that interests you: Jean Armour Polly coined the phrase surfing the Internet suspended verb hang something from somewhere: The light was suspended from the ceiling switch mode power supply noun an electronic P ower Supply U nit (PS U ) that incorporates a switching regulator in order to provide the required output voltage: In a switch mode power supply, the output current flow depends on the input power signal switch noun a device for making and breaking the connection in an electric circuit: The guard hit a switch and the gate swung open synchronous motor noun an A C motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting magnetic fi eld which drives it: Synchronous motors find applications in all industrial applications where constant speed is necessary T tactile adjective designed to be perceived by touch: Tactile exhibitions help blind people enjoy the magic of sculpture telepresence noun the virtual presence of somebody whose actions are transmitted by electronic signals to a physically remote site: The first commercially successful telepresence company was founded in 193 timely adverb done or happening at exactly the right time: The fight ended only with the timely arrival of the police toil noun hard work: He has lived a life of toil telescopic sight noun a small telescope used for trade union noun an sighting: The field of view of a organisation that represents telescopic sight is determined workers: Over the last three by its optical design hundred years, trade unions have developed into a number of forms temporarily adverb for a limited time only: He will work here temporarily tape verb fasten or attach (something) with adhesive terminal noun a point of tape: There were two pictures taped to the side of the fridge connection for closing an electric circuit: A terminal may simply be the end of a wire or it may be fitted with a tarmac noun a runway or connector or fastener other area surfaced with material consisting of crushed rock mixed with tar: Tarmac therapeutic adjective used is a type of road surface in the treatment of diseases or disorders: Some claim that this herb has therapeutic telegraphic adjective of or by value for treating pain telegraphs or telegrams: The telegraphic transfer of funds is a very common payment thermostat noun a device method that automatically regulates temperature, or that activates a device when the telephony noun transmitting temperature reaches a certain speech at a distance: point: Thermostats are C omputer telephony is on the sometimes used to regulate increase in the world today gas ovens tightly adverb securely fi xed or fastened: The window was tightly sealed transducer noun a device that transforms one type of energy into another: A ny device which converts energy can be considered a transducer transient noun a relatively loud, non-repeating signal in an audio waveform which occurs very quickly: The existence of transients helps eliminate information loss transistor noun a small piece of electronic equipment in radios, televisions etc that controls the flow of electricity: A transistor is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit transmitter noun a set of equipment used to generate and transmit electromagnetic waves carrying messages or signals, esp those of radio or television: Some countries use low powered transmitters 61 trigger noun a small device that releases a spring or catch and so sets off a mechanism: The gun’s trigger is not functioning properly upside noun the positive part of a situation that is generally bad: The upside of the robbery we experienced last week is that we got a free trip to Jamaica U V undergo verb experience or be subjected to something unpleasant: She is undergoing an operation unemployment benefit noun payments made by the state or other authorised bodies to unemployed people: In some countries, a significant proportion of unemployment benefits are distributed by trade or labour unions uniform adjective being the same in all its parts or among all its members: Grade A eggs must be of uniform size up-to-date expression incorporating the latest developments and trends: They have access to up-todate information through a computer database up to the minute expression incorporating the very latest information or developments: This radio station reports an up to the minute news broadcast upload verb transfer (data) to another computer system; transmit (data): It might take a while for this to upload 62 vacuum tube noun a device used to amplify, switch, otherwise modify, or create an electrical signal by controlling the movement of electrons in a low-pressure space: A vacuum tube consists of electrodes in a vacuum in an insulating heatresistant envelope which is usually tubular valve noun a device for controlling the passage of fluid through a pipe: Valves may be operated manually videoconferencing noun the holding of meetings in which the participants are in different places but are connected by audio and video links: Videoconferencing uses audio and video telecommunications to bring people at different sites together for a meeting videophone noun a telephone device transmitting and receiving a visual image as well as sound: Videophones are used by those who are deaf, hard-ofhearing or speech-impaired to communicate with sign language, both among themselves and also with hearing individuals visual adjective relating to seeing or sight: Artists translate their ideas into visual images vanish verb gradually cease voltaic adjective producing to exist: The days of the extended family are vanishing electric current by chemical action: The word voltaic comes from the name of Alessandro Volta, an Italian velocity noun the speed of physicist who was a pioneer in something that is moving in the field of electricity a particular direction: The speedboat reached a velocity of 120 mph W vent noun a small opening that allows fresh air to enter or stale air, gas, smoke, or steam to escape: A vent is a must in such a factory viable adjective capable of working successfully; feasible: The proposed investment was economically viable wage cut noun wage decrease: Wage cuts may lead to a demonstration next week wall outlet noun female electrical connectors that have slots or holes which accept and deliver current to the prongs of inserted plugs: This item can be installed on any existing wall outlet warrant verb justify or necessitate (a certain course of action): Another area that warrants attention is that of funding for universities waste water noun water that has been used in homes, industries, and businesses that is not suitable for reuse as a drinking source unless it is treated: The composition of waste water varies widely water heater noun device for heating and storing water: Domestically, water is traditionally heated in vessels known as water heaters widespread adjective existing or happening in many places, or affecting many people: The storm caused widespread damage withstand verb to be strong enough to stand up to somebody or remain unchanged by something such as extremes of heat or pressure: The structure had been designed to withstand winds of more than 100 mph wondrous adjective good or impressive in a surprising way: They went on a wondrous trip to France for their holidays 63 ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﳉﻤﻬﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﺗﺪﻗﻴﻖﻭﻣﻮﺍﺀﻣﺔﻛﺘﺐﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔﺍﻹﻧﻜﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺳﺮﻭﺭﺷﻠﺶ ﻧﺒﺎﻝﺣﻨﺎ ﺭﺷﺎﺑﺎﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻟﻴﻨﺎﺍﻟﺬﻳﺎﺏ ﺳﻤﺮﺍﻟﺸﻴﺸﻜﻠﻲ 322 Old Brompton Road, London SW5 9JH, England Maktabat El Nashr El Tarbawi El Souri (Syrian Educational Publishers) Omar El Mukhtar 2nd Str., Bldg El Mazraa, Damascus-Syria Phone: (011) 44676789 Fax: (011) 44676788 e-mail: info@syrianep.com www.syrianep.com Reprinted 2014 © York Press 2010 All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Publishers 64 English for Starters,Vocational Stream – Industrial English for Starters,Vocational Stream – Industrial, is an English language course that was specially written for vocational / industrial secondary schools in Syria The course progresses from an intermediate level of English in Grade 10 to an advanced level of English in Grade 12 The book introduces students to concepts in industry; it assumes no prior knowledge of industrial skills on the part of students and teachers The course aims to review and consolidate the language and skills learnt at previous levels and equip students for their future foreign language needs in the following areas: language skills (reading, listening, speaking and writing), grammar, vocabulary and industrial knowledge It enables students to perform routine tasks at work and to take part in social interaction in an industrial context Components: Students’ Book Activity Book including a glossary Teacher’s Book Audio CD ﻝﺱ١١٥ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺮ