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Weather and Climate /
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iV Weather Patterns } > >Ê`i> *VÌÕÀi Several `i> factors drive changes in ,i>`} weather
iV LESSON 4.d, 4.e Climate >Ê`i> }Climate is > *VÌÕÀi often by annual `i> defined temperatures and pre,i>`} cipitation
iVamounts 4.d, 4.e, 7.d, 7.h California Climate >Local } and Weather *VÌÕÀi `i> Patterns LESSON ,i>`} >Ê`i>
iV California’s climate is primarily mediterranean and highland > `i> } *VÌÕÀi ,i>`}
iV 464 David Michaels/TrekLens The Golden State During winter—California’s rainy season—the hills turn green and valleys fill with thick, misty fog Fields of golden poppies—California’s state flower—can be seen each spring throughout the state During summer—California’s dry season—the hills turn golden brown How does California’s weather and climate contribute to its nickname—“the golden state?” -ViViÊÊ+PVSOBM Describe your observations of California’s weather, climate, and seasons Analyze the importance of water in your descriptions Start-Up Activities How does water move in the atmosphere? Water moves from oceans to clouds to lakes and rivers How does this happen? Climate Make the following Foldable to define climate and the factors that influence it STEP Collect three sheets of paper and layer them about cm apart vertically Keep the left edges even Procedure Use colored pencils to draw the following scene on a sheet of paper: The Sun shining on Earth’s surface, which includes ocean water, land, lakes, rivers, and snow-capped mountains with some clouds in the sky Draw arrows on your diagram that show how water moves from Earth’s surface into the atmosphere and back STEP Fold up the bottom edges of the paper to form equal tabs Crease the fold to hold the tabs in place Think About This • Infer Streams flow from melting snow, run down the mountains, join other streams, and become rivers Where the rivers end up? • Explain The ocean does not continue to fill until it spills over the land Where does the ocean water go? Explain 4.a STEP Staple along the fold Label as shown Õ>Ã *ÀiÛ>}Ê7`Ã "Vi>Ê ÕÀÀiÌÃ >`Ê>`ÊÜ>ÌiÀÊ`ÃÌÀLÕÌ >ÌÌÕ`i >Ìi ELA6: R 2.2 Visit ca6.msscience.com to: ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ view explore Virtual Labs access content-related Web links take the Standards Check Recognizing Cause and Effect As you read Lesson 3, use your Foldable to record information about climates and the factors that influence climates 465 Get Ready to Read Compare and Contrast ELA6: R 2.2 Learn It! Good readers compare and contrast information as they read This means they look for similarities and differences to help them to remember important ideas Look for signal words in the text to let you know when the author is comparing or contrasting Compare and Contrast Signal Words Compare Contrast as but like or likewise unlike similarly however at the same time although in a similar way on the other hand Practice It! Read the excerpt below and notice how the author uses contrast signal words to describe the temperature differences between Newport Beach and Big Bear On a sunny winter day, a person can be in Newport Beach, California, and observe the peaks of nearby mountains covered in snow, such as Big Bear Although the latitude of the two locations, Newport Beach and Big Bear, are nearly the same, differences in altitude cause a large difference in temperature Apply It! Compare and contrast mediterranean and highland climates on page 484 466 Target Your Reading Use this to focus on the main ideas as you read the chapter Before you read the chapter, respond to the statements s, her skill t o e s u , ead As you r zing and i r a m m su such as p you g, to hel sons n i t c e n pari and com t s r e d n u trasts and below on your worksheet or on a numbered sheet of paper • Write an A if you agree with the statement • Write a D if you disagree with the statement After you read the chapter, look back to this page to see if you’ve changed your mind about any of the statements • If any of your answers changed, explain why • Change any false statements into true statements • Use your revised statements as a study guide Before You Read A or D Statement After You Read A or D Air temperature is a weather factor Air pressure does not affect weather Clouds are made of water droplets or ice crystals Weather conditions can change quickly Excessive rainfall can lead to flooding There is only one climate region in North America Latitude affects the climate of an area Print a worksheet of this page at ca6.msscience.com Ocean currents not affect weather and climate The area on the lee side (downwind slope) of a mountain experiences high rainfall 10 During the dry summers in California, the risk of fire increases 467 LESSON Science Content Standards 4.a Students know the sun is the major source of energy for phenomena on Earth’s surface; it powers winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle 4.e Students know differences in pressure, heat, air movement, and humidity result in changes in weather Reading Guide What You’ll Learn ▼ Identify some of the factors used to describe weather ▼ Differentiate between the terms humidity, relative humidity, and dew point ▼ Describe the processes that move water within the water cycle Why It’s Important Weather affects our lives in many ways Vocabulary weather humidity relative humidity dew point precipitation water cycle Weather >Ê`i> Weather describes the atmospheric conditions of a place at a certain time Real-World Reading Connection Weather affects our lives in many ways—from the type of houses we build, to the way we dress, to the plans we make for activities each day How would you describe the weather where you live? > `i> } *VÌÕÀi Weather Factors ,i>`} is the atmospheric conditions, along with short Weather
iV term changes, of a certain place at a certain time If you have ever been caught in a rainstorm on what started out as a sunny day, you know that weather conditions can change quickly—sometimes over just a few short hours On the other hand, your area may have the same sunny weather for three days in a row before the weather changes Perhaps the first things that come to mind when you think about weather are temperature and rainfall As you dress in the morning, knowing what the temperature will be throughout the day helps you decide what to wear How would rain affect your plans? Temperature and rainfall are just two of the factors used to describe weather Barometric pressure, humidity, cloud coverage, visibility, and wind are other factors used to describe weather Examine the weather forecast shown in Figure for Los Angeles, California Figure A weather report gives information about the weather factors for the day Identify the high and low temperatures for the day Review Vocabulary wind: air that is in motion relative to Earth’s surface (p 401) (IGH-&; ,OW+'; EVgian8adjYn 8]VcXZd[gV^c/&% (UMIDITY )' 7IND3PEED%·*be]$XVab "AROMETRIC 0RESSURE '.#.,^c 6ISIBILITY &%#%%b^aZh$\ddY ;dgZXVhi[dg;g^YVnHZeiZbWZg.!'%%*!Adh6c\ZaZh# 468 Chapter 11 • Weather and Climate Air Temperature The temperature of the air is a measure of the average kinetic energy of air molecules When the temperature is high, molecules have a high kinetic energy Therefore, molecules move faster than when temperatures are cold Air temperatures change with time of the day, season, location, and altitude Ided[ Vibdhe]ZgZ Air Pressure Air pressure is the pressure that a column of air exerts on the air below it Atmospheric pressure decreases with height Therefore, air pressure is higher close to Earth’s surface than at higher altitudes Typical barometers, like the one shown in Figure 2, measure air pressure in millibars (mb) This pressure is referred to as barometric pressure in a weather forecast Knowing the barometric pressure of different areas helps meteorologists predict the weather &bZiZg HZVaZkZa &bZiZg What happens to air pressure as altitude increases? Wind Winds can change direction quickly However, many winds—such as the westerlies and the trade winds—typically blow from the same direction Traditionally, wind direction is given as the direction from which the wind is coming For example, the westerlies blow from west to east The polar easterlies blow from east to west Some local winds—called northers—blow from the north Humidity Water in the gas phase is called water vapor The amount of water vapor present in air is used to describe weather Humidity (hyew MIH duh tee) is the amount of water vapor per volume of air and is measured in grams of water per cubic meter of air (g/m3) When the humidity is high, there is more water vapor in the air On a day with high humidity, your skin might feel sticky and sweat might not evaporate from your skin as quickly Figure Air pressure is the pressure that a column of air puts on the air below it A barometer measures air pressure ACADEMIC VOCABULARY traditionally (tra DIH shuh nuh lee) (adv) an established or customary pattern or way of doing something Traditionally, final exams are held during the last week of school Lesson • Weather 469 Van Bucher/Science Source/Photo Researchers Relative Humidity When will dew form? Use Figure to determine whether dew will form as the temperature changes Data Collection The relative humidity on a summer day is 80 percent The temperature is 35°C You want to find out if the dew point will be reached if the temperature falls to 25°C later that evening Use Figure to find the amount of water vapor needed for saturation at each temperature Calculate the amount of water vapor in air that is 35°C at 80 percent relative humidity (Hint: Multiply the amount of water vapor air can hold at 35°C by the percent of relative humidity.) At 25°C, air can hold 22 g/m3 of water vapor If your answer from step is less than 22 g/m3, the dew point is not reached and dew will not form If the number is greater, then dew will form Data Analysis Draw Conclusions Will dew form when the temperature drops from 35°C to 25°C at 80 percent humidity? Predict During the day, the relative humidity is 75 percent and the air temperature is 5°C At night, the temperature falls to 0°C What will happen? 4.e MA6: MR 2.4 LViZgkVedgXdciZci^cV^g \$b( BVm^bjbLViZgKVedg8dciZci^c6^g When air is saturated, it cannot hold any more water vapor Think about how a sponge holds water At some point, the sponge becomes full with the maximum amount of water it can hold After that maximum amount is reached, water starts to drip from the sponge The amount of water vapor present in the air relative to, or compared to, the maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold at that temperature before becoming saturated is the relative humidity Relative humidity is given in percent For example, a relative humidity of 50 percent means that the amount of water vapor in the air is one-half of the maximum the air can hold at that temperature When weather forecasters give information about the humidity levels, they are usually referring to relative humidity Dew Point Think about what happens when you leave a glass containing cold water on a table on a hot summer day Soon, water droplets begin to form on the outside of the glass The temperature at which air becomes fully saturated with water vapor and condensation forms is the dew point When the air temperature drops, the air can hold less water vapor The water vapor in air will condense to a liquid—dew, if the temperature is above freezing—or form ice crystals—frost, if the temperature is below 0°C The graph in Figure shows the total amount of water vapor that can be held by air at different temperatures When the dew point is reached, the relative humidity is 100 percent Figure 0 The graph shows that as air temperature increases, more water vapor can 01 52 02 53 03 54 04 be present in the air IZbeZgVijgZ 8 Stratus Cumulus Cirrus detimilnU slausiV/nosbiG kraM)b( ,srehcraeseR otohP/reizarF R divaD)rt( ,detimilnU slausiV/redienhcS A kraM)ct( ,detimilnU slausiV/nedlhoS nhoJ)lt( Clouds and Fog When air reaches its dew point, water vapor condenses to form droplets These small droplets can come together to form larger droplets that form clouds Clouds are water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the atmosphere Clouds can have different shapes and be present at different altitudes within the atmosphere Pictures of different types of clouds are shown in Figure Since clouds move, they can transport water and heat from one location to another Recall that clouds are also important in reflecting some of the Sun’s incoming radiation When clouds form close to Earth’s surface, it is called fog Fog is a suspension of water droplets or ice crystals close to Earth’s surface Dense fog surrounding the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is shown in Figure Fog reduces visibility, which is the distance a person can see into the atmosphere Figure Stratus clouds are flat, wide, “layered” clouds and can be found at all altitudes Cumulus clouds are fluffy, “heaped,” or piled-up clouds and can be found at all altitudes Cirrus clouds are “wispy,” high-altitude clouds How does fog form? When you exhale air that is warmer than surrounding outside air on a cold winter day, the warm air cools down If the dew point is reached, you can see the condensed water vapor in a foggy cloud in front of your face Figure Fog is a surface cloud When you are in fog, you’re inside a cloud Lesson • Weather 471 Precipitation Figure Rain, snow, sleet, and hail are forms of precipitation 8adjY YgdeaZih LVgb GV^cYgdeh LVgb Rain When water, in liquid or solid form, falls from the atmosphere it is called precipitation (prih sih puh TAY shun) Examples of precipitation—rain, snow, sleet, and hail—are shown in Figure Rain is precipitation that reaches Earth’s surface as droplets of water Snow is precipitation that reaches Earth’s surface as solid, frozen crystals of water Sleet reaches Earth’s surface as small ice particles that began as rain in clouds, then froze as they passed through a layer of belowfreezing air Hail reaches Earth’s surface as large pellets of ice Hail is formed when layers of ice are formed around a small piece of ice that is repeatedly caught in an updraft within a cloud What is the difference between snow and sleet? 8adjY YgdeaZih LVgb >XZ 8daY Snow The Water Cycle Water is essential for all living organisms Approximately 96 percent of Earth’s water is stored in the oceans Fresh water, present in glaciers, polar ice, lakes, rivers, and under the ground, represents only percent of the water on Earth The hydrosphere is the term used to describe all the water at Earth’s surface Water constantly moves between the hydrosphere and the atmosphere through the water cycle, which is shown in Figure >XZ XgnhiVah 8adjY YgdeaZih 8daY Figure What happens to water that reaches Earth’s surface as rain? The Sun’s Energy Hcdl[aV`Zh 8daY Sleet >XZ XgnhiVa 8adjY YgdeaZi EVgi^Va bZai^c\ =V^a Ultimately, it is the Sun’s energy that drives the water cycle Solar radiation that reaches Earth’s surface causes water in the hydrosphere to change from a liquid to a gas, a process called evaporation Water that evaporates from lakes, streams, and oceans enters Earth’s atmosphere as water vapor As land and water are heated by the Sun, the air masses over them become warm and rise As the air masses rise, the air expands and cools down When the air cools down, the water vapor changes from a gas back into a liquid, a process called condensation As the water vapor condenses, water droplets form These water droplets then form clouds When the droplets become larger and heavier, precipitation falls from the clouds to Earth’s surface, returning water to the hydrosphere LVgb What happens as the Sun’s heat warms Earth’s surface? Hail Visualizing the Water Cycle Figure As the diagram below shows, energy for the water cycle is provided by the Sun Water continuously cycles between oceans, land, and the atmosphere through the processes of evaporation, transpiration, condensation, and precipitation ▲ Droplets inside clouds join to form bigger drops When the droplets become heavy enough, they fall as rain, snow, or some other form of precipitation ▲ As it rises into the air, water vapor cools and condenses into water again Millions of tiny water droplets form a cloud ▲ ▲ Water evaporates from oceans, lakes, and rivers Plants release water vapor through transpiration Contributed by National Geographic Rain runs off the land into streams and rivers Water flows into lakes and oceans Some water is taken up by plants Lesson • Weather 473 (bkgd)Picture Perfect, (tl bl br)CORBIS, (tr)Ellis Herwig/Stock Boston/PictureQuest Fires Santa Ana winds can be hazardous during fire season Since the winds are hot, dry, and moving fast, they can dry out vegetation and increase the danger of fire The potential for wildfires increases during drought years when winter rains are lower than normal Other local winds influence the start and spread of fires during fire season The names and descriptions of these winds are listed in Table and shown in the illustration below Table From which direction the Mono winds blow? Interactive Table organize information about California winds at ca6.msscience.com Table Significant Local California Winds During Fire Season Wind Name Characteristics and Facts Santa Ana wind • Mono wind • California norther • Diablo wind • Sundowner • blows from Mojave Desert into Los Angeles Basin and San Fernando Valley • named for blowing through Santa Ana Canyon blows from the Sierra Nevadas into the Great Central Valley • named for blowing from the direction of Mono Lake blows from the Siskiyou Mountains in northern California into the northern half of the Great Central Valley • brought temperature in Red Bluff to 119°F, August 8, 1978 blows from Mt Diablo into San Francisco and Oakland • The costliest fire on record was in the Oakland hills, in October 1991 blows from Santa Ynez Mountains into Santa Barbara • named for blowing during late afternoon or early evening at about sundown • In the past, Goleta (near Santa Barbara) held the U.S temperature record of 133°F from a Sundowner heat burst event on June 17, 1859 ) ' * Vc iV6 cVL ^cYh EVX^[^XDXZVc V kVY CZ gV H^Zg HVc;gVcX^hXd Many factors affect weather and climate Lesson Weather >Ê`i> Weather describes the atmospheric conditions of a place at a certain time • Weather describes atmospheric conditions and the changes that take place over the short term • Condensation takes place when air reaches its dew point This leads to the formation of clouds and fog } > *VÌÕÀi `i> • > Water moves }through the hydrosphere in a cycle driven by the energy of 4.a, 4.e • • • • • • dew point (p 470) humidity (p 469) precipitation (p 472) relative humidity (p 470) water cycle (p 472) weather (p 468) `i> the Sun *VÌÕÀi ,i>`}
iV Lesson Weather Patterns ,i>`} 2.d, 4.e
iV >Ê`i> Several factors drive changes in weather • • • Several factors drive the changes in weather, such as differences in pressure, heat, air movement, and humidity • Short-term and long-term cycles can affect weather • • Droughts and floods result from severe weather conditions • Lesson } Climate > *VÌÕÀi `i> >Ê`i> Climate is often defined by annual temperatures ,i>`} and precipitation amounts
iV • Climate is the long-term average of the weather patterns of an area • Climate regions are often defined based on the average temperature and annual amounts of precipitation • • air mass (p 475) cold front (p 476) drought (p 480) flash flood (p 481) season (p 478) warm front (p 476) 4.d, 4.e climate (p 483) highland climate (p 484) • mediterranean climate (p 484) • • Lesson California Climate and Local Weather Patterns > `i> } *VÌÕÀi >Ê`i> California’s climate is primarily mediterranean and ,i>`} highland
iV • California’s climate is mostly mediterranean and highland • Seasons in California are described best as rainy and dry • Rain shadows are responsible for low precipitation in some areas of California } > *VÌÕÀi `i> ,i>`}
iV 502 Chapter 11 • Standards Study Guide • • • • • • 4.d, 4.e, 7.d, 7.h land breeze (p 493) mountain breeze (p 493) rain shadow (p 492) Santa Ana wind (p 494) sea breeze (p 493) valley breeze (p 493) Download quizzes, key terms, and flash cards from ca6.msscience.com Interactive Tutor ca6.msscience.com Standards Review CHAPTER Linking Vocabulary and Main Ideas Use vocabulary terms from page 502 to complete this concept map California Climate Weather is influenced by is affected by the movement of consists mostly of is influenced by which is the amount of water vapor in air precipitation which is highland climate which form which form cold fronts rain shadows which blow from sea to land Visit ca6.msscience.com for: ▶ Using Vocabulary ▶ ▶ Vocabulary PuzzleMaker Vocabulary eFlashcards Multilingual Glossary Complete each statement using a word from the vocabulary list Water, in liquid or solid form, that falls from the atmosphere is A(n) is a body of air that has similar features 10 When lighter, warmer air moves over heavier, colder air a(n) formed 11 is is the long-term average of the weather patterns of an area 12 The area of low rainfall on the downwind slope of a mountain is called a(n) 13 A(n) flows from the sea to land 14 A(n) flows from a mountain top downward Chapter 11 • Standards Review 503 Standards Review CHAPTER Understanding Main Ideas Choose the word or phrase that best answers the question Which are winds that blow from the west to the east? 4.e A easterlies B westerlies C north winds D south winds Which process occurs when air reaches its dew point? 4.e A condensation B evaporation C A warm front is formed D A cold front is formed Which best describes the major climate regions in California? 4.e A highland, tropical B mediterranean, highland C mediterranean, tropical D temperate, mediterranean Which statement is true? A In a low-pressure system, air moves 4.e downward B In a high-pressure system, air moves downward C Low-pressure systems are associated with fair weather D High-pressure systems are associated with rainy weather Which does not influence the climate of a region? A latitude B altitude C mountain barriers D oxygen in the atmosphere 4.e Which ocean current has the greatest influence on the climate of California? 4.e A California Current B Gulf Stream C Equatorial Current D Pacific Current The figure below shows the formation of a breeze The map below shows the formation of a weather system LVgbV^g = A A = LVgblViZg 8ddaaVcY 8daYV^g The formation of which is shown above? A a cold front B a warm front C a low-pressure system D a high-pressure system 504 Chapter 11 • Standards Review 4.e Which type of breeze is shown above? 4.e A sea breeze B mountain breeze C land breeze D valley breeze Standards Review ca6.msscience.com Standards Review Applying Science CHAPTER 3CIENCE Predict if the relative humidity of Location A will be higher, lower, or equal to the relative humidity of Location B In both locations, the amount of water vapor in air is the same, but 4.e Location A has a higher temperature 17 Explain Write a paragraph explaining whether you would expect to encounter higher or lower temperatures once you reach the summit of a ELA6: W 1.2 mountain 10 Identify the type of precipitation shown below Explain how a cold front is involved in the 4.e formation of this type of precipitation 18 Explain how the Coriolis effect affects air and 4.d water as it moves around Earth’s surface Cumulative Review 19 Describe how ocean currents can affect the 4.d climate of a region 8adjY YgdeaZih LVgb Applying Math LVgb 11 Construct your own diagram of the water cycle Pick a body of water near you and a specific type of precipitation Include arrows showing the direction of water flow and label the processes that are occurring as water moves through the hydrosphere Describe how the Sun drives the 4.a water cycle 12 Analyze the factors that determine the differences in temperature observed with latitude, 4.e seasons, and altitude 13 Examine the reasons why the distribution of land and water influence the climate of a region 4.d 14 Compare how El Niño and La Niña events affect 4.e the weather 15 Deduce Suppose you are a surfer Using your knowledge of sea breezes and land breezes, deter4.e mine the best time to surf Use the table on page 489 to answer questions 20 and 21 20 Find the average amount of precipitation in Orick, California, November 1–7, 2005 MA6: SP 1.1 21 Find the average amount of precipitation in Orick, California, November 15–21, 2005 MA6: SP 1.1 22 The table below shows the high and low temperatures for five days in April High and Low Temperatures Day Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday High (°C) Low (°C) 22 20 23 22 19 14 12 15 16 11 What was Wednesday’s mean temperature? MA6: SP 1.1 16 Analyze the reasons why Santa Ana winds are 4.e dangerous for southern California Chapter 11 • Standards Review 505 Standards Assessment CHAPTER Use the graph below to answer questions and 6bdjcid[lViZgkVedg^c\$b(d[V^g 9ZlEd^ci % -% ,% +% *% )% (% '% &% % Which instrument is used to measure air pressure? A anemometer B barometer C rain gauge D thermometer 4.e What process occurs when water vapor changes to a liquid? A condensation B conduction % * &% &* '% '* (% (* )% )* *% IZbeZgVijgZ 8 What amount of water vapor is in saturated air at a temperature of 45°C? C evaporation D precipitation 4.e The water cycle is illustrated in the image below A 55 g/m3 B 60 g/m3 C 65 D 70 g/m3 Hjc 8dcYZchVi^dc EgZX^e^iVi^dc g/m3 c[^aigVi^dc A As the temperature decreases, the air can hold a greater amount of water vapor B As the temperature increases, the air can hold a greater amount of water vapor C As the temperature increases, the air holds a lesser amount of water vapor D Temperature has no effect on the amount of 4.e water vapor the air can hold 506 Chapter 11 • Standards Assessment Which process transfers water from the atmosphere to Earth’s surface? A condensation B evaporation C infiltration D precipitation 4.a Standards Assessment ca6.msscience.com Standards Assessment Which causes sea and land breezes in California and other coastal states? A conduction currents CHAPTER Over a period of time, weather conditions were observed and recorded in a student’s science journal Some of the data from the journal is shown in the table below B convection currents Weather Conditions on Monday C high-pressure systems D low-pressure systems 4.d Use the illustration below to answer questions and
'+ Afternoon Evening Temperature 35 40 50 Humidity low high high Cloud cover some a lot little Rainfall none light rain no rain A a cold front B a high-pressure system S S S IdaZYd Morning Which might have passed through the area while the student was recording data? 8daY[gdci LVgb[gdci >hdWVg &!%&+ BVY^hdc &!%%&!%%% Condition C a low-pressure system What is the atmospheric pressure in the city of Madison, Wisconsin? 4.e 10 When building construction decreases vegetation that absorbs water runoff, it increases the effects of which event? A 1,024 mb B 1,016 mb A earthquakes C 1,008 mb D 1,000 mb D a warm front 4.e B flash floods C hurricanes What type of front is near Toledo, Ohio? D tornados 2.d A cold front 11 Why is air temperature the warmest at tropical latitudes? B occluded front C stationary front D warm front 4.e A Tropical latitudes receive the most solar radiation because there are no clouds B Tropical latitudes receive the most solar radiation because the Sun’s angle is high C Tropical latitudes receive the least solar radiation because the Sun’s angle is low D Tropical latitudes receive the least solar radiation because of heavy cloud cover Chapter 11 • Standards Assessment 4.a 507 Are you interested in learning more about the energy in Earth’s atmosphere and oceans? If so, check out these great books Narrative Nonfiction Nature’s Fury: Eyewitness Reports of Natural Disasters, by Carole Vogel, uses eyewitness descriptions and newspaper excerpts to summarize 13 natural disasters that took place between 1871 and 1980 Included are the San Francisco earthquake, the Mount St Helen’s volcano eruption, and extreme weather The content of this book is related to Science Standard 6.2 Nonfiction Global Warming: The Threat of Earth’s Changing Climate, by Laurence Pringle, provides details on global warming, climatic changes, and the greenhouse effect This book explains the potential future damage and offers solutions The text is illustrated with numerous color photographs, diagrams, and charts The content of this book is related to Science Standard 6.3 Nonfiction Storms, by Seymour Simon, describes the atmospheric conditions that create thunderstorms, hailstorms, lightning, tornadoes, and hurricanes This book tells how violent weather affects the environment and people The content of this book is related to Science Standard 6.4 Fiction A Blizzard Year: Timmy’s Almanac of the Seasons, by Gretel Ehrlich, features a year in Timmy’s life while she works on her family’s cattle ranch She makes notes of the changes in the weather and how the family copes with the blizzards that could ruin their ranch The content of this book is related to Science Standard 6.4 508 Unit • Reading on Your Own (tl tr br)StudiOhio, (bl)Doug Martin UNIT Unit Test Choose the word or phrase that best answers the question Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere? A argon B carbon dioxide C oxygen D nitrogen Write your responses on a sheet of paper Analyze why it is cooler at higher altitudes in the 4.e desert Design an experiment to find out how different surfaces, such as asphalt, soil, sand, and grass, 4.b absorb and reflect solar radiation 4.b Which are formed along subduction zones? A continental shelves B density currents C mid-ocean ridges 1.a D trenches Which is the flattest feature of the ocean floor? A abyssal plain B continental rise C continental slope 1.a D mid-ocean ridge The figure below shows the boundary between two air masses Discuss why the inside of a parked car is hotter than the outdoor temperature on a sunny sum4.b mer day Analyze At point A, a sound wave took s to bounce off the ocean floor and reach the ship At point B, it took 2.4 s Which point is deeper? Support your answer with a labeled sketch 7.f Predict what would happen to global climates if 4.a the Sun emitted more energy 10 Explain why air pressure decreases as altitude 4.e increases 11 Summarize why sea breezes occur during the 4.e day but not at night 12 Design and complete a comparison chart similar to the one below for the causes and effects of 4.d El Niño and La Niña El Niño Both La Niña LVgbV^g 8daYV^g What forms when cold air moves toward warm air? A cold front B warm front C high-pressure system 4.e D low-pressure system Unit • Test 509 ... evaporation and 4.e condensation 474 Chapter 11 • Weather and Climate Science nline For more practice, visit Standards Check at ca6.msscience.com Clouds ca6.msscience.com LESSON Science Content... precipitation for this month? Science nline For more math practice, visit Math Practice at ca6.msscience.com Lesson • Climate 489 LESSON Science Content Standards 4.d Students know convection currents distribute... weather conditions were observed and recorded in a student’s science journal Some of the data from the journal is shown in the table below B convection currents Weather Conditions on Monday C
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