FOCUS ON EARTH SCIENCE (3)

Credits Magnification Key: Magnifications listed are the magnifications at which images were originally photographed LM–Light Microscope SEM–Scanning Electron Microscope TEM–Transmission Electron Microscope Acknowledgments: Glencoe would like to acknowledge the artists and agencies who participated in illustrating this program: Argosy Publishing; Articulate Graphics; Craig Attebery represented by Frank and Jeff Lavaty; Emily Damstra; Gary Hincks; Precision Graphics; Michael Rothman; Zoobotanica Photo Credits Credits List of Abbreviations: AA=Animals Animals; CBS=Carolina Biological Supply; CB=Corbis-Bettmann; CP=Color-Pic; CMSP=Custom Medical Stock Photo; DRK=DRK Photo; ES=Earth Scenes; FPG=FPG International; GH=Grant Heilman Photography; LI=Liaison International; MP=Minden Pictures; OSF=Oxford Scientific Films; PA=Peter Arnold, Inc.; PR=Photo Researchers; PT=Phototake, NYC; SPL=Science Photo Library; SS=Science Source; TSM=The Stock Market; TSA=Tom Stack & Associates; TSI=Tony Stone Images; VU=Visuals Unlimited Cover Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; vii Aqua Image/Alamy Images; viii Digital Instruments/Veeco/Photo Researchers; ix Charles D Winters/Photo Researchers; x European Space Agency/Photo Researchers; xi Marshall Space Flight Center/ NASA; xii Michael Dunning/Photo Researchers; xv Laura Sifferlin; xix CORBIS; (t) Getty Images, (c) Jim Olive/Peter Arnold, Inc., (b) Getty Images; (t) Science VU/USGS/Visuals Unlimited, (c) CORBIS, (b) Lawrence Migdale/SPL/Photo Researchers; (t) Matt Meadows, (b) Amos Morgan/Getty Images; (t) Steve Cole/Getty Images, (b) Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers; Matt Meadows; 10 Horizons Companies; 11 Matt Meadows; 12 Horizons Companies; 13 (t) Comstock Images/Alamy Images, (b) Hemera Technologies/Alamy Images; 18 Matt Meadows; 21 (t) Fabrizio Cacciatore/Index Stock Imagery, (b) Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit; 28 Chuck Savage/CORBIS; 31 32 Matt Meadows; 34 Kevin Schafer/CORBIS; 36 Stephen Street/Alamy Images; 38 (t) Peter Szekely/Alamy Images, (b) Martin Bond/Photo Researchers; 41 Visions of America, LLC/Alamy Images; 42 Joel W Rogers/CORBIS; 42–43 (bkgd) Keith Lawson/Bettmann/ CORBIS; 43 (t) Bettmann/CORBIS, (b) Keith Kent/Photo Researchers; 44 Mike Chew/CORBIS; 45 Matt Meadows; 48 Aerial Photos of New Jersey; 49 Matt Meadows; 50 Stephen R Wagner; 63 Matt Meadows; 65 Gray Hardel/CORBIS; 68 Michael Dunning/Photo Researchers; 70 (t) Robert Holmes/ CORBIS, (b) Adam Pretty/Getty Images; 71 (t) Eyecon Images/ Alamy Images, (b) H Armstrong Roberts; 74 Matt Meadows; 76 (t) George Steinmetz/CORBIS, (b) CORBIS; 77 (t) CORBIS, (b) Zuma/CORBIS; 84 Bobby Modell/National Geographic/Getty Images; 85 Horizons Companies; 88 (l) Altrendo Images/Getty Images, (r) Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 89 (t) Joe McBride/ CORBIS, (bl) Ed Bock/CORBIS, (br) E Braverman/Taxi/Getty Images; 90 91 Bob Daemmrich; 92 (t) David Young-Wolff/ PhotoEdit, (b) Keith Kent/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 93 TRL Ltd./Photo Researchers; 95 Matt Meadows; 96 Doug Menuez/Getty 708 Credits Images; 98 NASA; 99 Horizons Companies; 100 (t) Horizons Companies, (b) Rhoda Sidney/Stock Boston/PictureQuest; 101 (t) Stockbyte, (b) CORBIS; 102 (l) Matt Meadows, (r) Lili K./ Zefa/CORBIS; 103 Matt Meadows; 105 Horizons Companies; 107 (l) Tim Garcha/CORBIS, (r) Myrleen Cate/PhotoEdit; 111 Matt Meadows; 112 (t) Richard Hutchings, (b) Stephen Simpson/Getty Images; 113 Scott Cunningham; 114 (l) Denis Boulanger/Allsport, (r) Icon SMI/CORBIS, (b) Tony Freeman/ PhotoEdit/PictureQuest; 117 Matt Meadows; 119 (t) James KingHolmes/Photo Researchers, (b) Chris Simon; 120 (t) Bettmann/ CORBIS, (b) Larry Lee Photography/CORBIS; 126 Craig Aurness/ CORBIS; 127 Horizons Companies; 130 (l) Horizons Companies, (r) Matt Meadows; 132 Laura Sifferlin; 134 136 Horizons Companies; 140 Peter Poby/CORBIS; 141 David Young-Wolff/ PhotoEdit; 143 (t) Horizons Companies, (b) Matt Meadows; 144 Stephen Frink/Zefa/CORBIS; 145 (t) Bobby Model/National Geographic Image Collection, (cl) Richard Nowitz/National Geographic Image Collection, (cr) George Grall/National Geographic Image Collection, (bl) Ralph White/CORBIS, (br) CORBIS, (bkgd) Janet Dell Russell Johnson; 146 (t) Richard Bickel/CORBIS, (b) Aqua Image/Alamy Images; 148 Richard Bickel/CORBIS; 149 150 Horizons Companies; 151 Ryan McVay/Getty Images; 153 (t) Matt Meadows, (b) CORBIS; 155 156 157 Horizons Companies; 158 (t) CORBIS, (b) Tom Pantages; 159 (t) Ralph A Clevenger/CORBIS, (b) Mark S Wexler/Getty Images; 162 Horizons Companies; 164 Mark Burnett; 165 Vince Streano/Getty Images; 166 (tl bl) StudiOhio, (tr) Eclipse Studios, (br) Doug Martin; 168 Bettmann/CORBIS; 168–169 (bkgd) Ian M Butterfield/Alamy Images; 169 (t) Susan Ragan/AP/Wide World Photos, (b) CORBIS; 170 ArSciMd/ Photo Researchers; 171 Horizons Companies; 174 Digital Instruments/Veeco/Photo Researchers; 176 Horizons Companies; 177 (l) Tek Image/Photo Researchers, (r) AP Photo/ NASA; 181 186 Horizons Companies; 187 Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers; 189 Douglas Mesney/CORBIS; 193 Laguna Design/SPL/Photo Researchers; 195 (tl) David Lees/ CORBIS, (tr) Charles D Winters/Photo Researchers, (b) Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers; 199 (tl) Lester Lefkowitz/CORBIS, (tr) Look GMBH/eStock Photo, (bl) David Parker/SPL/Photo Researchers, (br) Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 204 205 Horizons Companies; 206 (t) Segre Collection/AIP/ Photo Researchers, (b) Yann Arthus-Bertrand/Photo Researchers; 207 (t) Dale O’Dell/Omni-Photo Communications, (b) CORBIS; 214 Alfred Pasieka/Photo Researchers; 215 Horizons Companies; 218 (tl) Barry Runk/Grant Heilman Photography, (tcl) Fotopic/Omni-Photo Communications, (tcr) Index Stock Imagery, (tr) David Parket/Omni-Photo Communications, (bl) Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, (br) Arnold Fisher/ Photo Researchers; 221 227 Matt Meadows; 230 (tl) Creatas/ Picture Quest, (r) Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit, (bl) David Wrobel/ Visuals Unlimited; 231 Ken Lucas/Visuals Unlimited; 232 (tl) A & F Michler/Peter Arnold, Inc., (bl bc) Paul Silverman/ Fundamental Photographs, (br) Roberto De Gugliemo/ Photo Researchers; 233 Arnold Fisher/Photo Researchers; 234 (tl) Albert J Copley/Visuals Unlimited, (tc tr) Kenneth Libbrecht/Caltech, (bl) Arnold Fisher/Photo Researchers, (br) file photo; 235 Matt Meadows; 240 241 Horizons Companies; 242 (t) Robin Laurance/Photo Researchers, (b) IFA Bilderteam/eStock Photo; 243 (t) Dr Tim Evans/Photo Researchers, (b) Anna Clopet/CORBIS; 250 Fabrik Studios/Index Stock Imagery; 251 Matt Meadows; 254 Cimbal/StockFood Credits Meadows, (b) Barry Runk/Grant Heilman Photography; 390 (t) Joshua D Matz/Grant Heilman Photography, (b) Matt Meadows; 391 Stephen Frisch/Stock Boston; 393 394 Horizons Companies; 395 (t) Charles D Winters/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) Andrew Lambert Photography/SPL/Photo Researchers; 397 (l) Joe Sohm/Chromosohm/Stock Connection/PictureQuest, (c) Andrew Popper/PhotoTake NYC/PictureQuest, (r) Karlene and Lowell Schwartz; 398 Matt Meadows; 399 Alex Fradkin/ Images.com; 401 (l) Paul Springett/Alamy Images, (cl) OmniPhoto Communications, (cr) Andrew Lambert Photography/ SPL/Photo Researchers, (r) Omni-Photo Communications; 402 Stephen R Swinburne/Stock Boston; 403 Michael Newman/PhotoEdit; 404 (t) L S Stepanowicz/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Tony Freeman/PhotoEdit; 408 409 Horizons Companies; 410 (t) Phil Schermeister/Peter Arnold, Inc., (b) Andrew Popper/ PhotoTake NYC/PictureQuest; 411 (t) Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) Aaron Haupt; 416 Stephen W Frisch/Stock Boston; 418 Bob Bennett/Index Stock Imagery; 419 Horizons Companies; 422 Matt Meadows; 425 (t) Antonia Reeve/Photo Researchers, (b) Matt Meadows; 428 William Ervin/SPL/Photo Researchers; 429 (tl) F Schussler/ PhotoLink/Getty Images, (tr) CORBIS, (bl) Photo Library International/SPL/Photo Researchers, (br) Eising FoodPhotography/Stockfood America; 432 (l) David R Frazier/Alamy Images, (r) Felicia Martinez/PhotoEdit; 433 Aaron Haupt; 434 Horizons Companies; 438 (l) Pascal Goetgheluck/ SPL/Photo Researchers, (r) Lawrence M Sawyer/Getty Images; 440 (tl) Getty Images, (tr) CORBIS, (b) Jeff Greenberg/OmniPhoto Communications; 444 445 Matt Meadows; 446 (t) John Beatty/Photo Researchers, (b) Markus Matzel/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 447 (t) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, (b) Maximillion Stock Ltd/SPL/Photo Researchers; 454 (t br) StudiOhio, (bl) Doug Martin; 456 National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration; 456–457 458 Cornell/JPL-Caltech/ NASA; 459 464 Horizons Companies; 473 NASA/CORBIS; 474 Lick Observatory; 475 (t) Dennis di Cicco/CORBIS, (b) Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 475 Goddard Space Flight Center/NASA; 477 Horizons Companies; 479 (t) JPL/TSADO/ NASA/Tom Stack & Associates, (b) NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers; 480 (tl) Goddard Space Flight Center/NASA, (tr) JPL/NASA, (b) MSSS/JPL/NASA; 481 Cornell/JPL/NASA; 482 (t) NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, (c) CORBIS, (bl) JPL/NASA, (bcl) CORBIS, (bcr) University of Arizona/LPL/ JPL/NASA, (br) German Aerospace Center/JPL/NASA; 483 (t) Space Science Institute/JPL/NASA, (b) JPL/NASA; 484 (t) California Association For Research In Astronomy/SPL/ Photo Researchers, (b) JPL/NASA; 485 (l) CORBIS, (r) Horizons Companies; 486 (t) JPL/NASA/TSADO/Tom Stack & Associates, (tc) NASA/Science Source/Photo Researchers, (bc) Goddard Space Flight Center/NASA, (b) MSSS/JPL/NASA; 487 (t) NASA/ Science Source/Photo Researchers, (tc) Space Science Institute/ JPL/NASA, (c) California Association For Research In Astronomy/SPL/Photo Researchers, (bc) JPL/NASA, (b) Alan Stern, Southwest Research Institute/Marc Buie, Lowell Observatory/ESA/NASA; 490 JPL/UMD/NASA; 492 (t) Pekka Parviainen/SPL/Photo Researchers, (c) Matt Meadows, (b) D Parker/Photo Researchers; 494 495 Horizons Companies; 496 (t) CXC/MSFC/NASA, (b) JPL/NASA; 497 (t) Gustavo Tomsich/CORBIS, (b) Erich Schrempp/Photo Researchers; 503 D Parker/Photo Researchers; 504 Roger Ressmeyer/CORBIS; 505 Jim Ballard/Getty Images; 512 Louis Moses/Zefa/CORBIS; Credits 709 Credits Munich/Stockfood America; 255 (l) CORBIS, (r) Horizons Companies; 256 Blend Images/Alamy Images; 257 (l c r) Matt Meadows, (b) FoodCollection/Index Stock Imagery; 258 (t) Andrew Lambert Photography/Photo Researchers, (b) Davies & Starr/Getty Images; 259 (t) Blend Images/Alamy Images, (c) FoodCollection/Index Stock Imagery, (b) Davies & Starr/Getty Images; 261 Comstock Images/Jupiter Images; 262 Sybil Sassoon/Robert Harding Picture Library; 264 Jan Halaska/Photo Researchers; 266 Horizons Companies; 267 Martin Dohrn/SPL/Photo Researchers; 268 (t) LLC FogStock/Index Stock Imagery, (b) Horizons Companies; 269 (t) CORBIS, (bl) ImageState, (br) Tom Mareschal/Getty Images; 270 Dave King/DK Images; 272 (t) Charles D Winters/Photo Researchers, (b) Robert W Ginn/PhotoEdit; 276 277 Horizons Companies; 278 (t) Geoffrey Wheeler/ Submission from National Institute of Standards and Technology, (b) JPL/NASA; 279 (t) SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) CORBIS; 286 Joseph Sohm/CORBIS; 287 Horizons Companies; 295 (t) Mark Harmel/Photo Researchers, (b) David Parket/ Omni-Photo Communications; 296 Bruna Stude/Omni-Photo Communications; 297 (l) SPL/Photo Researchers, (r) Bernard Photo Productions/Animals Animals; 298 Lawrence Migdale/ Photo Researchers; 300 Laura Sifferlin; 303 Vince Michaels/ Getty Images; 305 AP/Wide World Photos; 306 Navy NewsStand/General Dynamics Electric Boat; 307 (l) SPL/ Photo Researchers, (r) Hank Morgan/Science Source/Photo Researchers; 308 (l) David Parker/Photo Researchers, (r) Ted Streshinsky/CORBIS; 309 Susan Ragan/AP/Wide World Photos; 312 Laura Sifferlin; 313 Horizons Companies; 317 (t) Horizons Companies, (b) Yoav Levy/PhotoTake NYC; 319 320 321 Horizons Companies; 322 (t) Dennis Marsico/ CORBIS, (b) Koichi Kamoshida/Getty Images; 323 (t) Arthur S Aubry/Getty Images, (b) Kul Bhatia/Zefa/CORBIS; 330 StudiOhio; 332 (l) Documentary Educational Resources, (r) Mansell Collection/TimePix; 332–333 (bkgd) Michael W Davidson/Photo Researchers; 333 Tom Hollyman/Photo Researchers; 334 Chuck Carlton/Index Stock Imagery; 335 Matt Meadows; 338 Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs; 339 Matt Meadows; 340 Laura Sifferlin; 341 (l) Horizons Companies, (r) Charles D Winters/Photo Researchers; 342 (t bl br) Charles D Winters/Photo Researchers, (bc) Element Photo/Stock Food; 343 Tom Pantages; 347 (l) Michael Holford, (r) file photo; 349 Alamy Images; 355 Laura Sifferlin; 358 (l) John Foxx/ImageState, (r) Gene Blevins/Los Angeles Daily News/CORBIS; 359 (l) Tony Freeman/ PhotoEdit, (r) Grant Heilman Photography; 361 (t) Link/Visuals Unlimited, (c) Inga Spence/Visuals Unlimited, (b) Atsushi Tsukada/AP/Wide World Photo; 362 Omni-Photo Communications; 366 367 Horizons Companies; 368 (t) Reuters/CORBIS, (b) Eric Kroll/Omni-Photo Communications; 369 (t) SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) The Flight Collection/Alamy Images; 372 374 Charles D Winters/Photo Researchers; 376 Scott T Smith/CORBIS; 377 Matt Meadows; 380 Esbin/Anderson/Omni-Photo Communications; 381 (tl) Mark Burnett, (tr) Mark Steinmetz, (cl) Don Mason/ CORBIS, (cr) Timothy Fuller, (bl) Element Photo/Stock Food, (br) Kenneth Mengay/Liaison Agency; 382 Robert Folz/Visuals Unlimited; 384 (t) CORBIS, (tc) Runk/Schoenberger/Grant Heilman Photography, (c) Grant Heilman Photography, (bc) Joy Skipper/Stock Food America, (b) Icon Images; 385 Bill Pugliano/Getty Images; 386 Matt Meadows; 388 (t) Matt Credits Credits 513 Horizons Companies; 514 John Chumack/Photo Researchers; 519 FORS Team/NASA; 520 (l) NASA, (r) C.R O’Dell/Rice University/NASA; 521 NASA; 525 Jeff Hester & Paul Scowen/ASU/Photo Researchers; 528 (l) Marshall Space Flight Center/NASA, (r) John Chumack/Photo Researchers; 529 The Hubble Heritage Team/NASA; 530 (l) NOAO/Photo Researchers, (r) ESA/The Hubble Heritage Team/NASA; 531 Jason T Ware/Photo Researchers; 532 (t) Celestial Image Co./Photo Researchers, (b) Roger Ressmeyer/NASA/CORBIS; 536 (t) Matt Meadows, (b) Goddard Space Flight Center/NASA; 710 Credits 537 (t) MPIA-HD/Slawik Birkle/Photo Researchers, (b) ESA/ The Hubble Heritage Team/JPL/ NOAO/NASA; 538 (t) The Scotsman/CORBIS, (b) JPL-Caltech/NASA; 539 (t) NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, (b) European Space Agency/Photo Researchers; 542 The Hubble Heritage Team/NASA; 546 (t) Doug Martin (b) StudiOhio; 570 Ted Horowitz/Corbis; 573 KS Studios; 574 Matt Meadows; 575 (l) Brad Armstrong/ AP/Wide World Photos, (r) file photo; 577 Kimberly James; 594 Comstock Images  ... Esbin/Anderson/Omni-Photo Communications; 381 (tl) Mark Burnett, (tr) Mark Steinmetz, (cl) Don Mason/ CORBIS, (cr) Timothy Fuller, (bl) Element Photo/Stock Food, (br) Kenneth Mengay/Liaison Agency;... Laboratory/SPL/Photo Researchers, (b) Aaron Haupt; 416 Stephen W Frisch/Stock Boston; 418 Bob Bennett/Index Stock Imagery; 419 Horizons Companies; 422 Matt Meadows; 425 (t) Antonia Reeve/Photo Researchers,... Communications; 444 445 Matt Meadows; 446 (t) John Beatty/Photo Researchers, (b) Markus Matzel/Peter Arnold, Inc.; 447 (t) International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, (b) Maximillion Stock