FOCUS ON EARTH SCIENCE (17)

Resources /…iÊ Ê`i> Earth’s resources provide materials and energy for everyday living 6.b, 6.c, 7.c Natural Resources ˆ}use a >ˆ˜ People >ˆ˜Ê`i> *ˆVÌÕÀi `i> variety of materials from LESSON different parts of Earth to meet,i>`ˆ˜} a diverse range of needs …iVŽ 6.a, 6.b, 7.b, 7.e ˆ} >ˆ˜ Energy *ˆVÌÕÀi `i> Resources LESSON >ˆ˜Ê`i> Some of ,i>`ˆ˜} Earth’s natural resources …iVŽ can be used for energy, usually through conversion to electricity LESSON ˆ} >ˆ˜ 6.a, 6.b, *ˆVÌÕÀi 6.c, 7.a, 7.d, 7.e `i> Using,i>`ˆ˜} Energy …iVŽ Resources >ˆ˜Ê`i> Conserving resources can help prevent shortages and reduce pollution What can this field of gold be? >ˆ˜ `i> ˆ} *ˆVÌÕÀi ,i>`ˆ˜} …iVŽ This is a field of crops that can eventually be used for energy This energy source—called biodiesel—can be made from vegetable oils or animal fats According to the National Biodiesel Board, as many as 250 school districts nationwide use biodiesel for their buses -Vˆi˜ViÊÊ+PVSOBM Write down three things you already know that can save resources 584 Andrew Linscott/Alamy Images Start-Up Activities Renewable and Nonrenewable Make the following Foldable to show the differences between renewable and nonrenewable resources Where did that come from? Look around your classroom Do you know what materials are used to make objects you use? Where did the materials come from? STEP Fold the bottom of a horizontal sheet of paper up about cm Procedure On a blank sheet of paper, draw a table with three columns—one for objects, one for materials, and one for original source Name five or six items in your classroom each made of a different material STEP Fold in half List the main material you think is used to make each item Guess the original source of the material for each item Think About This: • Determine if it is obvious that some items are made from natural materials, such as wood STEP Unfold once and dot with glue or staple to make two pockets Label as shown • List the items you think might be made from oil or petroleum products 'LUE 6.c ,i˜iÜ>Li œ˜Ài˜iÜ>Li ELA6: R 2.4 Visit ca6.msscience.com to: ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ view explore Virtual Labs access content-related Web links take the Standards Check Analyzing As you read this chapter, use note cards to list natural and material resources Explain why each resource is considered renewable or nonrenewable Collect your note cards in the appropriate pocket 585 Horizons Companies Get Ready to Read Questions and Answers Learn It! Knowing how to find answers to questions will help you on reviews and tests Some answers can be found in the textbook, while other answers require you to go beyond the textbook These answers might be based on knowledge you already have or things you have experienced Practice It! Read the excerpt below Answer the following questions and then discuss them with a partner Most of us use natural energy resources each day without thinking about it For example, you might awaken to an electric alarm clock, turn on the lights, and take a hot shower You might listen to a radio as you eat pancakes cooked on a natural gas stove You arrive at school on a bus and enter a classroom heated by oil or electricity Before the school day even starts, you depended on many energy resources —from page 612 • Can you name six ways you used energy resources today? • What processes you think were used to bring those resources to your home or school? • What effect does using energy resources have on the environment? Apply It! Look at some questions in the text Which questions can be answered directly from the text? Which require you to go beyond the text? 586 Target Your Reading Use this to focus on the main ideas as you read the chapter k of eep trac k , d a e r the As you swer in n a u o y s question is will help you Th ad chapter at you re h w r e b remem Before you read the chapter, respond to the statements below on your worksheet or on a numbered sheet of paper • Write an A if you agree with the statement • Write a D if you disagree with the statement After you read the chapter, look back to this page to see if you’ve changed your mind about any of the statements • If any of your answers changed, explain why • Change any false statements into true statements • Use your revised statements as a study guide Before You Read A or D Statement After You Read A or D Items you use every day, such as clothes, books, and food, come from Earth’s resources Nonrenewable resources are replaced faster than they can be used Water is a renewable resource because it moves through cycles on Earth Fossil fuels formed millions of years ago from decayed plants and animals Oil is the most abundant fossil fuel on Earth Print a worksheet of this page at ca6.msscience.com Most of our energy comes from solar power and wind because the energy can be readily stored for later use Energy sources other than fossil fuels have not been fully developed because they cause pollution Most plastic is made from oil 587 LESSON Science Content Standards 6.b Students know different natural energy and material resources, including air, soil, rocks, minerals, petroleum, fresh water, wildlife, and forests, and know how to classify them as renewable or nonrenewable 6.c Students know the natural origin of the materials used to make common objects 7.c Construct appropriate graphs from data and develop qualitative statements about the relationship between variables Natural Resources >ˆ˜Ê`i> People use a variety of materials from different parts of Earth to meet a diverse range of needs Real-World Reading Connection Almost all objects you use—from jewelry to baseball bats to textbooks—are formed, at least in part, from Earth’s natural materials You are probably holding or looking at something made from Earth’s ˆ} resources right now >ˆ˜ material `i> *ˆVÌÕÀi Organic resources ,i>`ˆ˜} …iVŽ Reading Guide What You’ll Learn ▼ Identify material resources used by people to meet their basic needs and to make their lives more comfortable ▼ Give examples of material resources used to make common objects ▼ Classify Earth’s material resources as renewable or nonrenewable Why It’s Important Understanding Earth’s natural resources will help you use them wisely Vocabulary natural resource renewable natural resource estuary nonrenewable natural resource Review Vocabulary magma: molten rock in the Earth’s crust (p 96) 588 Chapter 14 • Resources Horizons Companies Natural resources are materials and energy sources that are useful or necessary to meet the needs of Earth’s organisms, including people Plants and animals that are living, or were alive at sometime in the past, are organic material resources Think about your food Nearly all of it is either animal or plant material How many items like those in Figure come from plants or animals? Some of your clothes, such as denim jeans, are made from cotton plants Wool, silk, and leather come from animals Many buildings are made of wood and most home furnishings are manufactured from plant materials All of these are made from organic material resources Figure Everything on this shelf is made of natural materials on Earth Identify which products are from plant material Which are from animals? Inorganic resources Not all natural resources are from plants or animals Inorganic material resources, which include metals and minerals, not come from organisms Gold, boron, calcium carbonate, granite, and lanthanides are mined and exported to other countries from California You are probably familiar with how gold is used Boron is used in agriculture, detergents, ceramics, glass, fiberglass, wood treatments, and as a fire retardant Calcium carbonate is used in paper, plastics, industry, agriculture, and food, and it has many other uses Granite is used for making roads and building materials Lanthanide products are used in cellular phones, televisions, computers, and transportation systems Figure Iron ore, sand, and gravel are important inorganic resources used for construction Determine which inorganic resource is used to make the steel structure in the bridge Iron Mining Name two examples of inorganic material resources Mining Costs A large amount of a mineral must be in one place to make it worth the cost of the mining operation If the deposits are too small, it would cost more to separate the metal or minerals from the earth than what the materials are worth The price of natural resources varies and so does the cost of the equipment to find and extract the resources Throughout history, sometimes it was worthwhile to mine a particular resource and other times it was impractical to extract the same resource Building Structures Other inorganic resources include industrial and building materials, like those shown in Figure Steel is made from iron that is extracted from Earth Sand and gravel may not seem very valuable, but they are important resources for construction Sand is used to make concrete that provides strength and stability to buildings, sidewalks, bridges, and other structures Sand and gravel production in California is worth more than $1 billion each year This is much more than the value of gold mined in the state Sand and Gravel Building Bridges Lesson • Natural Resources 589 (t)Jacques Jangoux/Photo Researchers, (c)Martin Bond/Photo Researchers, (b)Picture Quest Renewable Resources How old is that tree? Trees have adaptations that help them stay healthy and allow them to live a very long time Do you think there is a correlation between the age and the height of a tree? Data Read the following facts about California trees and arrange them in a table • Ponderosa pines grow to 50 m and can live 125 years • Sequoias grow to 95 m and can live 3,200 years • Redwoods grow to 112 m and can live 2,000 years • White oaks grow to 21 m and can live 100 years Graph the tree heights Graph how long each tree can live Data Analysis Interpret from your graph which trees live the longest Give examples of uses you think humans might have for these trees Infer which trees might not be considered a renewable resource 6.b, 7.c 590 Chapter 14 • Resources Matt Meadows Earth’s material resources that are capable of being replaced by nature as quickly as it is being used are called renewable natural resources Some renewable resources include trees, food resources and animal resources Using up Renewable Resources You might think that renewable resources will always be available for human use But even renewable resources can be used up if we not manage them carefully For example, Douglas fir trees in California are used for lumber These trees might be over 200 years old when they are cut down It can be difficult to manage such slow-growing renewable resources if they can’t be replaced as fast as they are cut Some trees grow faster and the populations of these trees are easier to manage Explain how trees can be a renewable resource Habitats as a Resource Resources are more than the products that you use For instance, a chicken needs food and water and protection from predators in order to become food for you The whole habitat becomes a resource Forest Habitat Think about other resources that might be affected when cutting trees Roads must be built to allow heavy machines into forested areas to cut trees Road-building, cutting trees, and hauling them out of the forest can destroy forest habitat Although young trees are usually planted to replace those that are lost, the forest habitat might not be completely replaced In this case, the forest habitat is not a renewable resource The trees are a renewable resource, they can replenish themselves The habitat that a mature forest provides—food, shelter, and mates—is not a renewable resource It would take more than a lifetime to replace the interactions Estuary Habitat When the rate of fish caught exceeds the rate of fish reproduction, this important renewable resource is affected But fish populations can also decrease if areas the fish need for growth and reproduction are destroyed An estuary, like the one in Figure 3, is a fertile area where a river meets an ocean Estuaries contain a mixture of freshwater and salt water Many species of fish and other organisms use estuaries to breed and raise their young because the calm waters and abundant food sources are ideal for young But the ocean and its harbors are important resources for humans, too Goods are transported by ships into harbors The beautiful ocean view makes coastal areas ideal for marinas, houses, and hotels Estuary Habitat Loss In Colonial times, wetlands occupied more than 890,312 km2 of the lower 48 states By 1983, just 415,034 km2 remained This represents less than half the original wetlands In California, 90 percent of wetlands have been developed In fact, the San Francisco bay area alone has lost 85 percent of its wetlands For fish species that depend on estuaries, the numbers of young fish that hatch each year and grow into adults decline as their nursery areas are destroyed Many bird species depend on these coastal wetland habitats, too Effects of Habitat Loss Estuaries aren’t the only areas in danger Populations of many organisms in California and the United States are declining in numbers California has nearly 300 threatened and endangered plant and animal species Most of these declining numbers are due in some way to habitat loss Not all of these species are resources used directly by humans You learned in Chapter 13 that plants and animals are interconnected through food webs A decrease in the population of one species whose habitat has been destroyed might have negative effects on species that serve as resources for people For example, humans eat fish that are caught off the coast Lost habitat means lost resources Developed Harbor Figure Estuaries are important nesting and breeding grounds They are also attractive places to live and work Describe how development in estuaries can affect populations of adult fish Lesson • Natural Resources 591 (t)Stephen J Krasemann/Photo Researchers, (b)Nik Wheeler/CORBIS Nonrenewable Resources WORD ORIGIN resource from Latin resurgere; means rise again Resources that are used more quickly than they can be replaced by natural processes are called nonrenewable natural resources Some nonrenewable resources are used at rates far faster than their geologically slow formation rates For example, gold, a nonrenewable resource, is deposited when hot water and molten rock, called magma, flows through spaces in underground rock The hot magma heats water and gold travels with mineral solutions in the water When the magma and solution cools, gold collects How is gold deposited in rocks? Gold is extracted from two types of mines in California, shown in Figure Because gold is removed from Earth much faster than it can be deposited, it is a nonrenewable natural resource Gold is worth a lot of money because it can easily can be formed into various shapes, it is pleasing to look at, and there is a limited amount of it on Earth California Gold Rush In 1848, large veins of gold were discovered in California Within months, thousands of people were traveling across the country in hopes of striking it rich The gold seekers were called “49ers” because most left home in 1849 The California gold rush was a world attraction—gold seekers from all over the world flocked to California Although gold was easy to find at first, it quickly became difficult to make money because the mines yielded less and less gold Those who did find gold often spent it on all the basic necessities of life The people who made the most money were those who supplied the gold miners with food and other goods and services Figure Gold can be dislodged from rock through erosion Placer mines are used to separate this gold from the rocks Large veins are also taken from underground mines Placer Mine (l)Claus Meyer/Peter Arnold, Inc., (r)Layne Kennedy/CORBIS Gold in Rock Table Average Water Use Daily Activity Water Used Flushing the toilet once 15 L Taking a short shower 95 L Taking a longer shower 190 L Taking a bath 150 L Washing clothes 190 L Automatic dishwasher 38 L Brushing your teeth while leaving the water running 7.5 L Washing your hands while leaving the water running 30 L/min Watering the lawn or plants with a hose 30 L/min Water Recall from Chapter 13 that water moves through cycles, evaporating from Earth’s surface and condensing into clouds in the atmosphere Water then returns to Earth’s surface through precipitation All the water on Earth is already here Currently, there is no way to create new water Freshwater is an important nonrenewable resource for California Even though most of California is arid and dry, people use large amounts of water for irrigation, industry, and personal use Most of the large soft-drink bottles hold two liters Imagine how many liters of water you use for each activity in Table Table Estimate how much water your family uses every day California gets some of its freshwater from the Colorado River Water from the lower Colorado River is divided between Arizona, California, Nevada, Native Americans, and Mexico Many state and federal laws, as well as treaties with Mexico have been passed to try to regulate the use of this water resource As states in the Colorado basin have increased their use of the river’s water, there is concern about how long the Colorado River can be relied on as a water source One way to solve this problem is to reuse water Water that has been reclaimed from municipal wastewater, called sewage, can be treated and reused ACADEMIC VOCABULARY regulate (REH gyuh layt) (verb) to control or direct according to rule, principle, or law Stoplights help regulate traffic flow Lesson • Natural Resources 593 What have you learned? Earth’s abundant resources supply materials and energy for all of Earth’s organisms People use these resources for everyday living But using resources can cause pollution and lead to shortages Most of the world’s energy is supplied by burning fossil fuels Extracting, transporting, and burning fossil fuels can cause damage to the environment Developing alternative energy sources will reduce demand for fossil fuels— conserving this nonrenewable resource and preventing pollution Conservation and recycling can help conserve resources and reduce pollution LESSON Review Standards Check Summarize Create your own lesson summary as you design a visual aid Write the lesson title, number, and page numbers at the top of your poster Scan the lesson to find the red main headings Organize these headings on your poster, leaving space between each Design an information box beneath each red heading In the box, list 2–3 details, key terms, and definitions from each blue subheading Illustrate your poster with diagrams of important structures or processes next to each information box ELA6: R 2.4 Using Vocabulary Use the term conservation in a 6.a sentence Which describes reprocessing an item or natural resource? A B C D particulate conservation recycling manufacturing Compare Create a chart like the one below and compare the effect on the environment from burning fossil fuels to using alternative sources for 6.a electricity 6.a Fossil Fuels Alternative Energy Understanding Main Ideas Applying Science Explain how people can con6.a serve gasoline Design a plan to conserve resources by recycling and 6.a reusing materials Categorize the resources you have used today as natural material or energy 6.b resources Interview your friends or family to learn which resources they think are used to make 6.c plastic and nylon Distinguish between conserving and recycling What are 6.a the benefits of each? Compare the natural resources in different states using Table Are there any natural resources found in more than one state? Why or 6.c why not? Science nline For more practice, visit Standards Check at ca6.msscience.com Lesson • Using Energy Resources 613 Do all vehicles require fuels from oil? Most vehicles on the road today use either gasoline or diesel fuel only Alternative fuels, either used alone or mixed with gas, can conserve nonrenewable resources and reduce harmful pollution Which alterative fuel you think is most practical? Data Collection Go to ca6.msscience.com to research alternative fuels for transportation Find out the origin of the fuel On the table below, list the advantages and disadvantages of each fuel type An example is listed in the table to help you get started Comparing Alternative Fuels Alternative Fuel Source Does it need to be blended with gas? Advantages Disadvantages Ethanol corn or other crops yes renewable resource, reduces air pollution Engines may need to be converted Data Analysis Identify each alternative fuel as a renewable or a nonrenewable resource Explain how alternative fuels affect air pollution Rank your preferred choice of alternative fuel Explain your ranking to the class Science Content Standards 614 MA6: MR 1.1 6.a Students know the utility of energy sources is determined by factors that are involved in converting these sources to useful forms and the consequences of the conversion process 7.d Communicate the steps and results from an investigation in written reports and oral presentations Energy Usage 6.a, 6.b, 7.c The circle graph below shows national energy product data Example MA6: MR 2.4 Find the measure of the circle graph angle for fossil fuel usage in degrees HdjgXZhd[:cZg\n ( ) D^aegdYjXih - This is what you know: 8dVa In a circle graph, the sum of all the section percentages equals 100% Oil products: 40%, coal: 23%, natural gas: 22% '' CVijgVa\Vh )% CjXaZVg:cZg\n This is what you need to find: =nYgdZaZXig^X • Percentage of non-fossil fuel usage '( Di]Zg • Measure of the angle in degrees for non-fossil fuel usage First, find the percentage of non-fossil fuel usage Add the percentages of the three fossil fuel sections together: 40% ϩ 23% ϩ 22% ϭ 85% 100% Ϫ 85% ϭ 15% Subtract the total from 100%: Answer: The percentage of energy produced from 1999 was 15% Now find the measure of the angle in degrees for this section of the circle graph Write 15% as a fraction: 15 15% ϭ ᎏ 100 15 by the number of degrees in the circle, 360° Multiply ᎏ 100 ϫ 360° ϭ 54° ᎏ 100 15 Answer: The measure of the angle for non-fossil fuel usage is 54° Practice Problems Find the measure of the angle in degrees coal usage Find the measure of the angle in degrees renewable usage Science nline For more math practice, visit Math Practice at ca6.msscience.com Lesson • Using Energy and Material Resources 615 swodaeM ttaM Become an Energy Expert Materials documentaries energy company brochures and materials reference materials Problem Think about all the ways you use energy every day Transportation and manufacturing common items require energy resources So does heating and cooling your home Through research, you can become an expert on energy sources used for home heating Form a Hypothesis Various energy sources can be used to heat a home Some homes have electric furnaces, others use natural gas Electricity can be generated from different resources Decide which energy source you prefer Collect Data and Make Observations Learn about a source of energy available to heat your home Choose from oil, natural gas, solar power, wood, and Science Content Standards 6.a Students know the utility of energy sources is determined by factors that are involved in converting these sources to useful forms and the consequences of the conversion process 7.a Develop a hypothesis 7.d Communicate the steps and results from an investigation in written reports and oral presentations 616 electricity Research the origin of the energy source and the necessary processes to make it usable Determine the resulting pollution and environmental consequences from any stage of energy production and usage Gather your information and organize it into a slideshow presentation or a series of posters to use as a basis for teaching your classmates Energy Source Data Energy Source Processes to Make Usable Pollution Other Environmental Consequences relluF miT Analyze and Conclude Calculate which form of energy explained is the most expensive to acquire Which is the least expensive? Describe which form of energy explained is the most abundant Least abundant? Determine which form of energy is the cleanest for the environment Rank the forms of energy by how much pollution they cause Research ways in which pollution can be cleaned up Evaluate the cost of pollution cleanup from each energy source List three ways the general population can easily conserve energy Communicate 3CIENCE ELA6: W 2.5 Create a poster or computer presentation about the types of energy you researched, and a conclusion of your research Are any energy types better than the others? Why or why not? Give your presentation to the class clearly and completely so they understand the pros and cons of the types of energy 617 You could dig up coal, gold, or gravel! Mining engineers find and remove resources to be used in many different industries They might design mines, like the one shown here They can design ways to move the materials from the mine or develop mining machinery They may also focus on protection of the environment Visit Careers at ca6.msscience.com to find about mining Create a help-wanted ad for an entry-level mining engineer List the education required, the work environment, and what type of material Be sure to use proper punctuation, spelling, grammar, and capitalization Burning Ice as Fuel? Gas hydrates, shown here, are frozen deposits that look like ice but contain natural gas—usually methane They are found in the polar and permafrost regions, on the outer continental shelf regions of the ocean, and in the deep sea because of the low temperatures and high pressures It is believed the potential to use these as an energy resource exceeds the worldwide reserves of conventional oil and gas reservoirs and coal by a wide margin Visit Technology at ca6.msscience.com to find out more about gas hydrates Write a short paper giving three challenges to using gas hydrates as a fuel source Be sure to use proper punctuation, spelling, grammar, and capitalization ELA6: W 1.2 618 (t)Julien Capmeil/Getty Images, (b)National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Burning Biomass for Fuel Throughout history, man has burned biomass for fuel Wood was once our main fuel source Today, our most widely used fuel source is nonrenewable fossilized biomass, such as coal A large amount of usable energy is available in the form of garbage, tree trimmings, sawdust, demolition and land-clearing waste, logs, low-grade waste paper and cardboard products, and all kinds of agricultural waste from corn cobs to rice hulls These resources are locally available in various forms, often free or very cheap Visit History at ca6.msscience.com to find out more about different types of biomass The average American produces more than 725 kg of waste each year The United States burns 15 percent of its solid waste What if more waste was sent to be burned for energy? Using this data, create a table showing the kilograms of waste burned and kept out of landfills at 15 percent, 25 percent, 33 percent, 50 percent, and 70 percent What are some disadvantages? Using Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy could be the energy of the future The steam from a geothermal vent is pictured here The steam is pumped to the surface and used to drive turbines These turbines can produce electricity Currently, California is the leading state for producing and using geothermal energy Its location at the tectonic plate junction makes it ideal for further development Visit Society at ca6.msscience.com to find out more about geothermal energy Divide the class into two groups for a debate Imagine there is a geothermal plant being proposed for your area One group should debate the pros and one, the cons 619 (t)D Falconer/PhotoLink/Getty Images, (b)Dave G Houser/Post-Houserstock/CORBIS Standards Study Guide CHAPTER /…iÊ Ê`i> Earth’s resources provide materials and energy for everyday living Lesson Natural Resources >ˆ˜Ê`i> People use a variety of materials from different parts of Earth to meet a diverse range of needs • Natural resources are materials and energy sources that are useful or necessary to meet the needs of Earth’s organisms 6.b, 6.c, 7.c estuary (p 591) natural resource (p 588) • nonrenewable natural resource (p 592) • renewable natural resource (p 590) • • Plant and animal resources are used for food, clothing, shelter, >ˆ˜ and everyday objects ˆ} *ˆVÌÕÀi `i> • >ˆ˜ Minerals and ˆ}metals are important resources for industry and • *ˆVÌÕÀi `i> construction ,i>`ˆ˜} …iVŽ • Renewable ,i>`ˆ˜} natural resources are constantly being replaced or …iVŽ recycled by nature • Nonrenewable natural resources are used more quickly than they can be replaced Lesson Energy Resources >ˆ˜Ê`i> Some of Earth’s natural resources can be used for energy, usually through conversion to electricity • Fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, are made from decayed plants and animals that have been preserved in Earth’s crust for millions of years 6.a, 6.b, 7.b, 7.e fossil fuel (p 595) geothermal energy (p 600) • nuclear fission (p 601) • nuclear fusion (p 601) • • Fossil fuels are burned, which heats water to make steam Steam ˆ} >ˆ˜ turns a turbine *ˆVÌÕÀito generate electricity `i> • Alternatives to fossil fuels include nuclear energy, geothermal ,i>`ˆ˜} …iVŽ energy, hydroelectric energy, wind, waves, and biomass • Lesson Using Energy Resources >ˆ˜Ê`i> Conserving resources can help prevent shortages and reduce pollution • Resources you use every day come from all over the world • Chemicals, plastics, and other common materials are made from petroleum Using energy resources can harm the environment ˆ}is an effective way to preserve nonrenewable • >ˆ˜ Conservation *ˆVÌÕÀi `i> resources 6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 7.a, 7.d, 7.e conservation (p 612) particulate (p 609) • recycling (p 609) • • • Download quizzes, key terms, and flash cards from ca6.msscience.com ,i>`ˆ˜} …iVŽ 620 Chapter 14 • Standards Study Guide Interactive Tutor ca6.msscience.com Standards Review CHAPTER Linking Vocabulary and Main Ideas Use vocabulary terms from page 620 to complete this concept map include water include forests food used for lumber can last longer by include alternative energy sources metals and minerals include oil such as coal 10 natural gas solar power cause air pollution such as hydroelectric power smog acid rain Visit ca6.msscience.com for: ▶ ▶ Using Vocabulary ▶ Vocabulary PuzzleMaker Vocabulary eFlashcards Multilingual Glossary Match the vocabulary terms with the correct phrase 11 fuels formed in Earth’s crust over hundreds of millions of years 12 splitting atoms to release energy 13 Earth’s resources that are constantly being replaced or recycled by nature 14 a fertile area where a river meets an ocean 15 resources that are used more quickly than they can be replaced by natural processes 16 tiny particles in the air 17 the heat energy in Earth’s crust 18 changing or reprocessing an item or natural resource for reuse 19 materials and energy sources that are useful or necessary to meet the needs of Earth’s organisms 20 the preservation and careful management of the environment, including natural resources Chapter 14 • Standards Review 621 Standards Review CHAPTER Understanding Main Ideas Use the figure below to answer questions and Choose the word or phrase that best answers the question Which is a fossil fuel? A oil B water behind a dam C wood D nuclear fission 6.a Which is not an energy resource? A oil B coal C silver D geothermal energy 6.b The chart below shows the source for energy use in the United States HdjgXZhd[:cZg\n Di]Zg =nYgdZaZXig^X - ) ( CjXaZVg:cZg\n D^aegdYjXih )% CVijgVa\Vh '' 8dVa '( What percentage of energy use is from fossil fuels? A 40 percent 6.a B 16 percent C 85 percent D 45 percent Which is not a renewable resource, even if managed properly? A coal 6.b B fish C cotton D lumber 622 Chapter 14 • Standards Review How can this tower generate electricity? A Solar heat collects, and hot air rises and turns a turbine 6.a B Steam is generated by burning fossil fuels C Atoms are split D Biomass is burned What is one disadvantage of this energy source? A Energy can’t be stored easily 6.a B It causes too much water and air pollution C It uses nonrenewable resources D The earth is damaged from mining In fission, what splits? A turbines B nucleus of an atom C hard coal D water 6.b What is a major environmental problem with nuclear energy? A It causes acid rain 6.a B A lot of uranium is used to generate electricity C The uranium is radioactive D Fish can’t get up the ladder Which resource is used to make most plastics? A forests 6.c B uranium C oil D natural gas Standards Review ca6.msscience.com Standards Review CHAPTER Applying Science Cumulative Review 10 Explain why certain resources are called fossil fuels Why are they considered non-renewable? 16 Analyze why composting is a form of recycling Explain how matter is cycled in the process 5.b 6.a 11 Analyze why all organic material resources aren’t renewable 6.b Use the table below to answer questions 12 and 13 18 Hypothesize how an oil spill would damage a coastal ecosystem What would happen if most of the top predators were killed? 5.c Average Water Use Daily Activity Water Used Flushing the toilet once 15 L Taking a short shower 95 L Taking a longer shower 190 L Taking a bath 150 L Washing clothes 190 L Automatic dishwasher 38 L Brushing your teeth while leaving the water running 7.5 L Washing your hands while leaving the water running 30 L/min Watering the lawn or plants with a hose 30 L/min Applying Math In California in 1999, the industrial use was 33%, the residential use was 17%, and the commercial use was 15% Use these data for problems 19–22 8Va^[dgc^V:cZg\nJhZ >cYjhig^Va jhZ/(( GZh^YZci^Va jhZ/&, 8dbbZgX^Va jhZ/&& IgVchedgiVi^dc jhZ/4 12 Calculate how much water you would save by turning off the water while brushing your teeth three times per day 6.b 13 Estimate how much less water you would use in one month if you turned off the water while brushing your teeth if you brushed three times per day 6.b 14 Diagram how oil is formed 17 Imagine you are teaching younger students about fossil fuels Using words and diagrams, describe the biotic and abiotic factors involved in fossil fuel formation Explain the energy flow from the Sun to using fossil fuels for energy 5.e 6.c 3CIENCE 15 Write a paragraph about alternatives to fossil fuels as energy resources Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each type 19 Find the percentage of the circle graph that is transportation usage MA6: MR 2.4 20 Find the measure of the angle in degrees for California’s transportation usage MA6: MR 2.4 21 Find the measure of the angle in degrees for California’s industrial usage MA6: MR 2.4 22 Find the measure of the angle in degrees for California’s residential usage MA6: MR 2.4 Chapter 14 • Standards Review 623 Standards Assessment CHAPTER Use the illustration below to answer questions 1–3 Use the image of an alternative energy source below to answer questions 5–6 What is produced by the mechanism shown in the illustration? A electricity 6.a B coal C petroleum D plastic In which section are the turbine blades found? B B C C A geothermal D D B hydroelectric 6.a D wind 6.a B B C C What is one drawback to using the alternative energy shown above? A available only when the Sun is shining D D 6.a B available only where geysers or volcanoes are found Which part of a CD player is made from crude oil? A the screws that hold it together 6.a C solar Which section represents the generator? A A The illustration below shows a type of alternative energy What type of alternative energy is being used? A A C available only when the wind is blowing 6.c D available only where there is falling water B the plastic case C the cardboard packaging D the electrical parts that make it work 624 Chapter 14 • Standards Assessment Standards Assessment ca6.msscience.com Standards Assessment D^aegdYjXi^dcW^aa^dchd[WVggZah Use the figure below to answer questions 7–9 CHAPTER Use the circle graph below shows the amounts of different sources of human-caused toxic air pollution for question 10–12