FOCUS ON EARTH SCIENCE (2)

7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g, 7.h What is science? 7.d, 7.e Tools of the Earth Scientist 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e, 7.f, 7.h Case Study: The Next Big Tsunami 34 7.a, 7.b, 7.d, 7.e, 7.g, 7.h Contents Introduction to Investigation and Experimentation Unit Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics 42 Chapter California Standards Mapping Earth’s Surface 44 Lesson Reading Maps 48 7.f Lesson Topographic and Geologic Maps 54 7.b, 7.c, 7.f, 7.h Standards Assessment 72–73 Chapter Earth’s Structure 74 Lesson Landforms 78 1.e, 1.f, 2.a, 7.c Lesson Minerals and Rocks 86 2.c, 6.b, 6.c, 7.e 1.b, 4.c, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g Lesson Earth’s Interior 102 Standards Assessment 118–119 Chapter Thermal Energy and Heat 120 Lesson Forms of Energy 124 3.a Lesson Energy Transfer 131 3.a, 3.b Lesson Temperature, Thermal Energy, and Heat 139 3.a, 7.c Lesson Conduction, Convection, and Radiation 145 3.c, 3.d, 7.a Standards Assessment 160–161 A view of Earth from space vii NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Chapter California Standards Plate Tectonics 162 Lesson Continental Drift 166 1.a, 7.e Lesson Seafloor Spreading 174 1.a, 7.g Lesson Theory of Plate Tectonics 183 1.b, 1.c, 4.c, 7.a, 7.e Standards Assessment 204–205 Chapter Plate Boundaries and California 206 Lesson Interactions at Plate Boundaries 210 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 7.g Lesson California Geology 223 1.e, 1.f, 7.a, 7.b, 7.e Standards Assessment 236–237 Read on Your Own 238 Unit Test 239 Satellite image colored to show temperatures of land and water viii NASA/SPL/Photo Researchers Unit Shaping Earth’s Surface 240 Chapter California Standards Earthquakes 242 Lesson Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries 246 1.d, 1.e, 1.g Lesson Earthquakes and Seismic Waves 252 1.g, 7.e Lesson Measuring Earthquakes 260 1.g, 7.b, 7.g Lesson Earthquake Hazards and Safety 270 1.g, 2.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d Standards Assessment 288–289 Chapter Volcanoes 290 Lesson Volcanoes and Plate Boundaries 294 1.d, 1.e, 7.b Lesson Volcanic Eruptions and Features 301 1.d, 1.f, 7.g, 7.h Lesson Hazards of Volcanic Eruptions 313 2.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d Standards Assessment 328–329 Chapter Weathering and Erosion 330 Lesson Weathering 334 2.a, 7.e Lesson Erosion and Deposition 342 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 7.g Lesson Reshaping the California Landscape 355 1.f, 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 7.d Standards Assessment 372–373 Read on Your Own 374 Unit Test 375 Lassen Peak is an active volcano Jim Corwin/Index Stock Unit Energy in the Earth System 376 Chapter California Standards Earth’s Atmosphere 378 Lesson Energy from the Sun 382 4.a, 4.b Lesson Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere 393 3.c, 3.d, 4.d Lesson Air Currents 401 3.d, 4.a, 4.b, 4.d, 4.e, 7.c Standards Assessment 418–419 Chapter 10 Oceans 420 Lesson Earth’s Oceans 424 7.c, 7.f Lesson Ocean Currents 430 4.a, 4.d Lesson The Ocean Shore 438 2.c Lesson Living on the California Coast 446 1.e, 4.d, 7.c, 7.f Standards Assessment 462–463 Chapter 11 Weather and Climate 464 Lesson Weather 468 4.a, 4.e Lesson Weather Patterns 475 2.d, 4.e Lesson Climate 483 4.d, 4.e Lesson California Climate and Local Weather Patterns 490 4.d, 4.e, 7.d, 7.h Standards Assessment 506–507 Read on Your Own 508 Unit Test 509 x Jeff Greenberg/Omni-Photo Communications Wind energy farm Palm Springs, California FogStock LLC/Index Stock Imagery Unit Ecology and Resources 510 Chapter 12 California Standards Ecological Roles 512 Lesson Abiotic and Biotic Factors 516 4.a, 5.e, 7.c Lesson Organisms and Ecosystems 532 5.c, 5.d, 5.e, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d Standards Assessment 546–547 Chapter 13 Energy and Matter in Ecosystems 548 Lesson Producers and Consumers 552 5.a, 5.c, 7.a, 7.g Lesson Energy in Ecosystems 560 5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.b, 7.d, 7.e Lesson Matter in Ecosystems 568 5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d, 7.g Standards Assessment 582–583 Chapter 14 Resources 584 Lesson Natural Resources 588 6.b, 6.c, 7.c Lesson Energy Resources 595 6.a, 6.b, 7.b, 7.e Lesson Using Energy Resources 607 6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 7.a, 7.d, 7.e Standards Assessment 624–625 Read on Your Own 626 Unit Test 627 At-Home Standards Practice 628 Black-tailed prairie dogs xi Student Resources 646 Math Skill Handbook Math Review 655 Science Applications 665 Topographic Map Symbols 673 Rocks 674 Minerals .675 Weather Map Symbols 677 Periodic Table of the Elements 678 Reference Handbook Using a Calculator 670 Understanding Scientific Terms 671 English/Spanish Glossary 680 Index 694 Credits 708 Science Safety Skill Handbook 648 Technology Skill Handbook 651 Laguna Beach, California xii CORBIS To view BrainPOP Movies go to ca6.msscience.com The features listed here correlate to their respective chapter’s science content Brain POP Movies Title Chapter-Lesson Mineral Identification 2-2 Forms of Energy 3-1 Waves 3-2 Glaciers 4-1 Mountain Types 5-1 Weathering 8-1 Water Cycle 9-1 Global Warming 9-2 Ocean Floor 10-1 Ocean Currents 10-2 Clouds 11-1 Humidity 11-2 Air Pollution 12-1 xiii The features listed here correlate to their respective chapter’s science content Chapter/ Page Science & Career Science & Technology Science & History Science & Society You can map Earth’s surface Finding Your Exact Location The Importance of Mapping in Early America GIS as a Tool to Understanding Earth Changes 112–113 Studying the Earth’s Magnetic Field Ways of Measuring the Earth’s Magnetic Field The History of Geomagnetism How the Changing Magnetic Field Affects Us Heating and Cooling Hybrid Cars From the Caloric Theory to Kinetic Theory Steam Engines in the Industrial Revolution Paleontologists Validate Wegener in Dinosaur Cove Defining Plate Boundaries Behind a Revolutionary Theory Hole 504B Studying Earth’s Plate Boundaries Finding Faults Earthquake of 1906 Preparing for the Next Tsunami Designing Safer Structures Measuring Major Earthquakes The Great Earthquake of 1906 Preparing for the Next Tsunami Predicing Volcanic Eruptions From Blast to Blast “The Year Without a Summer” Making the Most of Volcanoes You can build dams! Preventing Beach Erosion Fossils at Lyme Regis Acid Rain Managing Atmospheric Expeditions Wind Machines Sailing in the Jet Stream The Santa Ana Winds Shipboard Instructor OTEC Marie Tharp Overfishing the Oceans Mediterranean Climate Super Scooper Chaparral Fire’s Role You can help save wildlife! Tracking Animals Prairie Dogs—Friend or Foe? Recovering Threatened Species You could be an oceanographer! Tracing Mercury California’s First Oceanographers The California Sea Otter You could dig up coal, gold, or gravel! Burning ice as fuel? Burning Biomass for Fuel Using Geothermal Energy 66–67 154–155 198–199 230–231 282–283 322–323 366–367 412–413 10 456–457 11 500–501 12 540–541 13 576–577 14 618–619 xiv Labs California Standards Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Create a Thermos 152–153 Preparing for an Earthquake 280–281 Stream Sediment 364–365 Experiment: Water and Sand Temperatures 410–411 Mapping the Ocean Floor 454–455 How diverse is the natural landscape of California? 498–499 Chapter 12 Counting Species 538–539 3.c, 7.a 1.g, 2.d, 7.a, 7.d 7.b 3.b, 4.b, 7.c 7.f 4.e, 7.d 5.c, 5.e, 7.a Design Your Own Labs Chapter Chapter Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Mapping a Race Route 64–65 Earth’s Layers 110–111 Is it primary, secondary, or tertiary? 574–575 Become an Energy Expert 616–617 7.b, 7.f 1.b, 7.e, 7.f 5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d 6.a, 7.a, 7.d Use the Internet Labs Chapter Inferring Tectonic Activity 196–197 Chapter Earthquake Depths and Plate Boundaries 228–229 Chapter The Ring of Fire 320–321 1.c, 7.a, 7.e 1.e, 7.a, 7.b, 7.e 1.d, 1.e, 7.a, 7.d California Standards Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter How might you map your neighborhood? 45 How can you model landscapes? 75 How cold is it? 121 Can you put it back together? 163 207 How objects deform? Rocks Stretch 243 How did these rocks form? 291 7.f 1.a, 7.e 3.a 1.a, 7.e 1.d, 7.e 1.d, 7.e 1.d, 7.e xv (continued) Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Set in Stone? 331 Does temperature affect air density? 379 Will hot water sink? 421 How does water move in the atmosphere? 465 How tangled is the life web? 513 Can you eat energy? 549 Where did that come from? 585 California Standards 2.a, 7.a 4.d 4.d 4.a 5.c, 7.h 5.a, 7.g 6.c California Standards Chapter Can you map a classroom? 53 Chapter How can you describe what you cannot see? 103 Chapter How deep is the crater? 127 136 Heating by Friction Is metal a good conductor? 146 Observing a Convection Current 148 Chapter Drifting Continents! 172 How can you observe convection in water? 194 214 Chapter How can you model movement of a fault? Chapter Modeling Earthquakes and Plate Boundaries 250 7.f Modeling P- and S-Waves 256 Chapter How volcanoes form? 300 1.g, 7.e 318 How does lava affect habitats? Will it slump, or will it creep? 362 Why is the sky blue? 391 How clouds form from convection currents? 395 Different Densities? 433 Isn’t all sand the same? 443 How you interpret a satellite image? 477 How does latitude affect the angle of sunlight? 485 How Santa Ana winds move? 497 2.d, 7.b Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 xvi 7.e, 7.g 3.a 3.b 3.c 3.c 1.a, 7.e 4.c, 7.e 1.d, 7.g 1.e, 7.e 1.d, 7.b 2.a, 2.d 4.b 4.d 4.d 2.c 4.e 4.b 4.e (continued) Chapter 12 How many organisms live here? 534 Chapter 13 Can you classify animals by diet? 557 What they eat if they live in that biome? 564 How much energy flows through an 567 ecosystem? Is your soil rich in nitrogen? 569 Chapter 14 How old is that tree? 590 How can you make the Sun work for you? 606 Is it made from plants or plastic? 608 California Standards 5.d, 7.b 5.c, 7.a, 7.g 5.b, 7.b, 7.d 5.a, 7.b, 7.e 5.b, 7.a, 7.b, 7.g 6.b, 7.c 6.a, 7.b, 7.e 6.b, 7.e California Standards Chapter How does a landscape change over time? 62 Chapter How mountains vary in shape? 85 Mineral Identification by Property 93 Chapter How are temperature scales related? 144 Chapter How fast does seafloor spread? 182 Chapter How landforms define Earth’s plate boundaries? 227 Chapter Can you locate an earthquake’s epicenter? 268 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 14 Can you locate areas at risk for earthquakes? 279 Model Structures of Volcanoes 312 Sorting It Out 354 Is it windy here? 408 How you read a bathymetric map? 428 How many whales are in the ocean? 450 When will dew form? 470 Graphing Monthly Abiotic Factors 530 Do all vehicles require fuels from oil? 614 7.c, 7.f, 7.h 7.c 7.e 7.c 1.a, 7.g 1.e, 7.e 1.g, 7.b, 7.g 1.g, 7.b 1.d, 7.g, 7.h 2.c, 7.g 7.c 7.c, 7.f 4.d, 7.c 4.e 5.e, 7.c 6.a, 7.d This lab might be performed at home xvii The California Science, Math and Language Arts correlations for these features can be found on the referenced page Get Ready to Read Applying Math Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Preview 46 Identify the Main Idea 76 New Vocabulary 122 Monitor 164 Visualize 208 Questioning 244 Make Predictions 292 Identify Cause and Effect 332 Make Connections 380 Summarize 422 Compare and Contrast 466 Make Inferences 514 Take Notes 550 Questions and Answers 586 Target Your Reading Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 xviii 47 77 123 165 209 245 293 333 381 423 467 515 551 587 Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Using Ratios 63 Seismic Wave Velocity 109 Thermal Expansion 138 Percentage of Minerals in Rocks in the Lithosphere 195 Speed of Lithospheric Plates 222 Speeds of Seismic Waves 259 Finding Range 319 Erosion Rates 363 Making a Scale Model of Earth’s Atmosphere 392 Sediment Deposition Rates 445 Finding Precipitation Averages 489 Changing Soil pH 531 Percent of Nitrogen in Soil 573 Energy Usage 615 ... Plate Tectonics 162 Lesson Continental Drift 166 1.a, 7.e Lesson Seafloor Spreading 174 1.a, 7.g Lesson Theory of Plate Tectonics ... Boundaries 246 1.d, 1.e, 1.g Lesson Earthquakes and Seismic Waves 252 1.g, 7.e Lesson Measuring Earthquakes 260 1.g, 7.b, 7.g Lesson Earthquake Hazards and Safety ... Weathering and Erosion 330 Lesson Weathering 334 2.a, 7.e Lesson Erosion and Deposition 342 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 7.g Lesson Reshaping the