New York, New York Columbus, Ohio Chicago, Illinois Peoria, Illinois Woodland Hills, California Science nline ca6.msscience.com Check out the following features on your Online Learning Center: Study Tools • Focus On Earth Science Yosemite National Park contains lakes, ponds, granite domes, valleys, and polished granites These features are evidence of the processes that formed the Sierra Nevada • • • • • • • • Virtual Labs Microscopy Links Periodic Table Links Career Links Prescreened Web Links WebQuest Project Science Fair Ideas Internet Labs Interactive Tables • Interactive Time Line • Animated Illustrations Lesson Self-Check Quizzes Chapter Test Practice Standardized Test Practice Vocabulary PuzzleMaker Interactive Tutor For Teachers Multilingual Science Glossary • Teacher Bulletin Board Study to Go • Teaching Today, and much Online Student Edition more! BrainPop Movies • • • • • • • • • • Extensions Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher The National Geographic features were designed and developed by National Geographic’s Children’s Books and Education Division Copyright © National Geographic The name “National Geographic” and the Yellow Border Rectangle are trademarks of National Geographic, and their use, without prior written permission, is strictly prohibited Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240-4027 ISBN-13: 978-0-07-879428-5 ISBN-10: 0-07-879428-5 Printed in the United States of America 10 079/043 11 10 09 08 07 Introduction to Investigation and Experimentation 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g, 7.h Unit Earth’s Structure and Plate Tectonics 42 Chapter Mapping Earth’s Surface 44 7.b, 7.c, 7.f, 7.h Chapter Earth’s Structure 74 1.b, 1.e, 1.f, 2.a, 2.c, 4.c, 6.b, 6.c, 7.c, 7.e, 7.f, 7.g Chapter Thermal Energy and Heat 120 3.a, 3.b, 3.c, 3.d, 7.a, 7.c Chapter Plate Tectonics 162 1.a, 1.b, 1.c, 4.c, 7.a, 7.e, 7.g Chapter Plate Boundaries and California 206 1.c, 1.d, 1.e, 1.f, 7.a, 7.b, 7.e, 7.g Unit Shaping Earth’s Surface 240 Chapter Earthquakes 242 1.d, 1.e, 1.g, 2.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d, 7.e, 7.g Chapter Volcanoes 290 1.d, 1.e, 1.f, 2.d, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d, 7.g, 7.h Chapter Weathering and Erosion 330 1.f, 2.a, 2.b, 2.c, 2.d, 7.d, 7.e, 7.g Unit Energy in the Earth System 376 Chapter Earth’s Atmosphere 378 3.c, 3.d, 4.a, 4.b, 4.d, 4.e, 7.c Chapter 10 Oceans 420 1.e, 2.c, 4.a, 4.d, 7.c, 7.f Chapter 11 Weather and Climate 464 2.d, 4.a, 4.d, 4.e Unit Ecology and Resources 510 Chapter 12 Ecological Roles 512 4.a, 5.c, 5.d, 5.e, 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d Chapter 13 Energy and Matter in Ecosystems 548 5.a, 5.b, 5.c, 7.a, 7.b, 7.d, 7.e, 7.g Chapter 14 Resources 584 6.a, 6.b, 6.c, 7.a, 7.b, 7.c, 7.d, 7.e iii The California Science Teacher Advisory Board provided valuable input in the development of the 2007 edition of Focus On Earth Science They helped create the scope and sequence of the Student Edition, provided content and pedagogical comments, and provided feedback for the Teacher Wraparound Edition iv Charles Beecroft 8th Grade Science Teacher Columbia School District Redding, CA Douglas Fisher Director of Professional Development City Heights Educational Collaborative San Diego, CA Patricia Juárez Coordinator III Sacramento City Unified School District Sacramento, CA Tom Castro Science Teacher Martinez JHS/ Martinez USD Martinez, CA Mindi Fisher Leadership Team Administrator Peninsula Union School District Samoa, CA Kathy Molnar Professional Development Mentor Etiwanda School District Etiwanda, CA Lisa L Cordes Science Department Chair Rivera Middle School/ El Rancho USD Pico Rivera, CA Frederick W Freking Faculty Advisor University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA Carol Orton Teacher Bernardo Heights Middle School San Diego, CA Justin Cunningham EdD Coordinator, Small School District Services San Diego, County Office of Education San Diego, CA Nancy Frey Associate Professor of Literacy San Diego State University San Diego, CA Joycalyn Peoples Science Specialist Riverside Unified School District Riverside, CA Richard Filson Science Department Chair Edison High School, Stockton Unified School District Stockton, CA Maria C Grant Teacher Hoover High School/ San Diego City School and San Diego State University San Diego, CA Wendi L Rodriguez Teacher Heritage/Snowline JUSD Phelan, CA Bruce Fisher Distinguished Teacher in Residence Humboldt State University Arcata, CA Patrick Horton Science Teacher Day Creek Intermediate School Etiwanda, CA Gladys Sorensen Science Department Chair Patrick Henry Middle School Grenada Hills, CA Patty Horton Professional Development Provider Etiwanda School District Etiwanda, CA Granger B Ward California State Director AVID Center San Diego, CA Authors Juli Berwald, PhD Science Writer Austin, TX Sergio A Guazzotti, PhD Teaching Faculty Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UC, San Diego La Jolla, CA Douglas Fisher, PhD Director of Professional Development and Professor, City Heights Educational Collaborative, San Diego State University San Diego, CA Science nline Learn more about the authors at ca6.msscience.com Joseph J Kerski, PhD Geographer University of Denver Denver, CO Julie Meyer Sheets, PhD Science Writer Columbus, OH Elizabeth A NagyShadman, PhD Assistant Professor Department of Geological Sciences California State University, Northridge Northridge, CA Nancy Trautmann, PhD Director of Environmental Inquiry Program Cornell University Ithaca, NY Donna L Ross, PhD Associate Professor of Science Education San Diego State University San Diego, CA Dinah Zike Educational Consultant Dinah-Might Activities, Inc San Antonio, TX National Geographic Education Division Washington, D.C Jan Vermilye, PhD Assistant Professor Whittier College Whittier, CA Series Consultants Content consultants reviewed the chapters in their area of expertise and provided suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction Science Consultants Richard Allen, PhD University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Karamjeet Arya, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA Teaster Baird, PhD San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA Natalie Batalha, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA Robin Bennett University of Washington Seattle, WA William B N Berry, PhD University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Alan Gishlick National Center for Science Education Oakland, CA Diane Clayton, PhD NASA Santa Barbara, CA Juno Hsu, PhD University of California, Irvine Irvine, CA Susan Crawford, PhD California State University Sacramento, CA Martha Jagucki Geologist Columbus, OH Jennifer Anne Dever, Lee Kats, PhD Pepperdine University PhD University of San Francisco Malibu, CA San Francisco, CA Christopher Kim, PhD Alejandro Garcia, PhD Chapman University San Jose State University Orange, CA San Jose, CA Monika Kress, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA Steve Lund, PhD University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA Michael Manga, PhD University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA Kate Schafer Aquamarine Research Mountain View, CA Julio G Soto, PhD San Jose State University San Jose, CA v Dr Edward Walton California Polytechnical Institute Pomona, CA VivianLee Ward National Health Museum Washington, DC Math Consultant Reading Consultant Safety Consultant Grant Fraser, PhD California State University Los Angeles, CA ReLeah Cossett Lent Author/Educational Consultant Alford, FL Jeff Vogt, MEd Federal Hocking Middle School Stewart, OH Series Teacher Reviewers Each Teacher Reviewer reviewed at least two chapters, providing feedback and suggestions for improving the effectiveness of the science instruction Joel Austin Roosevelt Middle School San Francisco, CA Bret Harrison Frank Ledesma Elementary Soledad, CA Lori Poublon-Ramirez Herman Intermediate School San Jose, CA Nicole Belong Coronado Middle School Coronado, CA Rick Hoffman Kastner Intermediate School Fresno, CA Martha Romero E O Green Junior High School Oxnard, CA Patrick Brickey Lakeview Junior High School Santa Maria, CA Kimberly Klein Barstow Intermediate School Barstow, CA Arlene Sackman Earlimart Middle School Earlimart, CA Mary Pilles Bryant Henry J Kaiser High School Fontana, CA David Kulka South Peninsula Hebrew Day School Sunnyvale, CA Rex Scates Herman Intermediate School San Jose, CA Edward Case Washington Academic Middle School Sanger, CA Robert Sherriff Winston Churchill Middle School Carmichael, CA Monaliza Chian E O Green Junior High School Oxnard, CA Kathleen Magnani Center Junior High School Antelope, CA Maria Mendez Simpson School Programs Coordinator/ Birch Aquarium La Jolla, CA Valesca Lopez Dwyer Park View Middle School Yucaipa, CA Tara McGuigan Monroe Clark Middle School San Diego, CA Lorre Stange Laytonville Elementary School Laytonville, CA Kathryn Froman North Davis Elementary School Davis, CA Shelia Patterson K–12 Alliance-California Oceano, CA Louann Talbert Laytonville Middle School Laytonville, CA Brian Gary Margaret Landell Elementary Cypress, CA Sharon Pendola St Albans Country Day School Roseville, CA Gina Marie Turcketta St Joan of Arc School Los Angeles, CA Jeanette George-Becker Roosevelt Elementary School San Gabriel, CA vi Christina Lambie Highland Elementary School Richmond, CA .. .Science nline ca6.msscience.com Check out the following features on your Online Learning Center: Study Tools • Focus On Earth Science Yosemite National Park contains lakes, ponds, granite... Activities, Inc San Antonio, TX National Geographic Education Division Washington, D.C Jan Vermilye, PhD Assistant Professor Whittier College Whittier, CA Series Consultants Content consultants reviewed... California Science Teacher Advisory Board provided valuable input in the development of the 2007 edition of Focus On Earth Science They helped create the scope and sequence of the Student Edition, provided