Lecture AP Biology Chapter 48 and 49 Nervous systems

After studying this chapter you will be able to understand: The anatomy of a neuron; the mechanisms of impulse transmission in a neuron; the process that leads to release of neurotransmitters, and what happens at the synapse; how the vertebrate brain integrates information, which leads to an appropriate response; different regions of the brain have different functions.

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1 Contrast the functions of B cells and T cells.

2 What are memory cells?3 How do vaccines work?

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1 Draw and label the parts of a neuron.

2 Describe saltatory conduction.

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1. What happens at the synapse?

2. Choose 1 neurotransmitter Describe its action.

3. What is the role of the following structures in the human brain?

a) Brainstem

b) Cerebellum

c) Cerebrum

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Chapters 48 & 49

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 The anatomy of a neuron.

 The mechanisms of impulse transmission in a neuron.

 The process that leads to release of neurotransmitters, and what happens at the synapse.

 How the vertebrate brain integrates information, which leads to an

appropriate response.

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 Central nervous system (CNS) = brain + spinal cord

 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) = nerves throughout body

 Sensory receptors: collect info

 Sensory neurons: body  CNS

 Motor neurons: CNS  body (muscles, glands)

 Interneurons: connect sensory & motor neurons

 Nerves = bundles of neurons

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 cell body: contains nucleus & organelles

 dendrites: receive incoming messages

 axons: transmit messages away to other cells

 myelin sheath: fatty insulation covering

axon, speeds up nerve impulses

 synapse: junction between 2 neurons

 neurotransmitter: chemical messengers

sent across synapse

 Glia: cells that support neurons

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 Resting potential: membrane potential at rest; polarized

Na+ outside, K+ inside cell

Voltage-gated Na+ channel = CLOSED

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Chemicals released from vesicles by exocytosis into

synaptic cleft

Diffuse across synapse

Bind to receptors on neurons, muscle cells, or gland cells

Broken down by enzymes or taken back up into surrounding cells

 Types of neurotransmitters:

 Excitatory: speed up impulses by causing depolarization of postsynaptic membrane

 Inhibitory: slow impulses by causing

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 Acetylcholine (ACh): stimulates muscles, memory formation, learning

 Epinephrine: (adrenaline) fight-or-flight

 Norepinephrine: fight-or-flight

 Dopamine: reward, pleasure (“high”)

 Loss of dopamine  Parkinson’s Disease

 Serotonin: well-being, happiness

 Low levels  Depression

 GABA: inhibitory NT

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 Simple, automatic response to a stimulus

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• Forebrain  cerebrum• Midbrain  brainstem

• Hindbrain 

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StructureFunction

Cerebrum

•Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception,

voluntary movement)

•Right & Left cerebral hemispheres•Corpus callosum: connect

hemispheres

Brainstem

*Oldest evolutionary part*

•Basic, autonomic survival behaviors

•Medulla oblongata –breathing, heart

& blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting

•Transfer info between PNS & CNS

Cerebellum

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StructureFunction

Cerebrum

•Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception,

voluntary movement)

•Right & Left cerebral hemispheres

•Corpus callosum: connect

hemispheres

Brainstem

*Oldest evolutionary part*

•Basic, autonomic survival behaviors

•Medulla oblongata –breathing, heart

& blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting

•Transfer info between PNS & CNS

Cerebellum

•Coordinate movement & balance•Motor skill learning

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StructureFunction

Cerebrum

•Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception,

voluntary movement)

•Right & Left cerebral hemispheres

•Corpus callosum: connect

hemispheres

Brainstem

*Oldest evolutionary part*

•Basic, autonomic survival behaviors

•Medulla oblongata –breathing, heart

& blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting

•Transfer info between PNS & CNS

Cerebellum

•Coordinate movement & balance•Motor skill learning

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StructureFunction

Cerebrum

•Information processing (learning, emotion, memory, perception,

voluntary movement)

•Right & Left cerebral hemispheres

•Corpus callosum: connect

hemispheres

Brainstem

*Oldest evolutionary part*

•Basic, autonomic survival behaviors

•Medulla oblongata –breathing, heart

& blood vessel activity, digestion, swallowing, vomiting

•Transfer info between PNS & CNS

Cerebellum

•Coordinate movement & balance•Motor skill learning