British Tradition 000i-00vi_Gr12_vocab&spelling-FM.indd 5/26/09 4:27:51 PM Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, British Tradition Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of information presented in this book However, the authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for Web, e-mail, newsgroup, or chat room subject matter or content, or for consequences from application of the information in this book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to its content Trademarks: Some of the product names and company names included in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trade names of their respective manufacturers and sellers The authors, editors, and publisher disclaim any affiliation, association, or connection with, or sponsorship or endorsement by, such owners Cover Image Credits: Scene, © John Kelly/Getty Images; plaque art, Rolin Graphics, Inc ISBN 978-0-82194-373-1 © 2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC 875 Montreal Way St Paul, MN 55102 E-mail: educate@emcp.com Web site: www.emcp.com All rights reserved No part of this publication may be adapted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher Teachers using Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature, British Tradition may photocopy complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 000i-00vi_Gr12_vocab&spelling-FM.indd 2 10 5/26/09 4:27:51 PM Contents Introduction v Unit 1: Word Study Skills and Word Origins Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook Lesson 2: Word Study Skills Lesson 3: PAVE—Predict Associate, Verify, Evaluate Lesson 4: Anglo-Saxon Word Origins Lesson 5: Old English Time Out for Test Practice: Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin 11 Unit 2: Word Origins Lesson 6: Middle English 12 Lesson 7: Greek and Latin Root Words 14 Lesson 8: British English vs American English 16 Time Out for Test Practice: Words of French, Latin, and Greek Origin 18 Unit 3: Word Parts and Spelling Lesson 9: Word Parts 20 Lesson 10: High-Frequency Spelling Rules 21 Lesson 11: Pronunciation and Spelling 24 Time Out for Test Practice: Recognizing Word Parts and Spelling Patterns 26 Unit 4: Context Clues and Syntax Lesson 12: Inferential Context Clues 28 Lesson 13: Using Context Clues in Your Own Writing 30 Lesson 14: Syntax 32 Time Out for Test Practice: Context Clues 34 Unit 5: Evolution of Language Lesson 15: Current Events Words 36 Lesson 16: Compound Words 38 Lesson 17: Allusions and Eponyms 39 Time Out for Test Practice: Compound Words and Eponyms 42 © EMC Publishing, LLC 000i-00vi_Gr12_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition iii 5/26/09 4:27:51 PM Unit 6: Word Usage Lesson 18: Common Acronyms 43 Lesson 19: Clichés 45 Lesson 20: Contractions 47 Time Out for Test Practice: Vocabulary Practice 49 Unit 7: Determining Meaning Lesson 21: Homophones 50 Lesson 22: Synonyms and Antonyms 52 Lesson 23: Connotation and Denotation 54 Lesson 24: Literal versus Figurative Language 55 Time Out for Test Practice: Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Hyperbolic Expressions 57 Unit 8: Classifying Words and Semantic Families Lesson 25: Classifying Words 59 Lesson 26: Civics Connection—Economic Terms 60 Lesson 27: Political and Historical Terms 63 Lesson 28: Civics Connection—Legal Terms 64 Time Out for Test Practice: Economic, Political, and Legal Words 66 Unit 9: Semantic Families and Expanding Word Knowledge Lesson 29: Math and Science Words 68 Lesson 30: Technology Terms 70 Lesson 31: Weird Words 72 Lesson 32: Expanding Word Knowledge 74 Time Out for Test Practice: Math, Science, and Technology Words and Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird Words 75 Answer Key 77 iv Br Tradition 000i-00vi_Gr12_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:27:51 PM Introduction The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrich students’ skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling offers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language arts classroom Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns These lessons are aligned with the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition Each lesson incorporates words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook By using these lessons in conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers, speakers, and spellers Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components: • A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that students may find particularly meaningful or interesting • Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows students to practice what they are learning • Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be fun and interesting • Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and give helpful suggestions • A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized test questions in a multiple-choice format It is essential that vocabulary instructions include a variety of strategies to develop students’ word-study skills Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules Activating students’ prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations between new terms and words they already know The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with words As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words Related Program Resources For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2: Vocabulary & Spelling Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners Teaching Tips Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings Effective instruction in word study gives students tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term The following teaching tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 000i-00vi_Gr12_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition v 5/26/09 4:27:51 PM Teach Word Attack Strategies There are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliar word These strategies include: • using the context as a clue • gleaning hints from pictures, charts, graphs, and other text support • examining word parts: prefixes, suffixes, and roots • combing through memories for associations with the word • consulting dictionaries and other reference materials • asking an authority, such as a teacher or other expert in the field For many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using them To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostly internally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may never witness them in action Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies to become proficient readers and effective writers The lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide such explicit instruction Create a Word-Rich Environment The essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly valued The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom • Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom to provide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize Use it as the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborative storytelling • Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied in class, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for realworld uses of the words • Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustained silent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students’ vocabularies • Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built into word processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses • Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online word games and other technology tools • Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students’ attention to interesting words in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you Foster Curiosity The key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encourage dialogue with your students about how words create meaning Your own curiosity about language is infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive “word detectives” motivated to solve the mystery of word meanings About Spelling “Rules” Some students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others are frustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the term spelling pattern has been used instead of spelling rule in this resource In addition to introducing students to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the same teaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, and fostering curiosity vi Br Tradition 000i-00vi_Gr12_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:27:51 PM Name: Date: LEssON Word study Notebook Understand the Concept With more than a million words—and more added every day—English has the largest vocabulary of any language in the world Most of us know only a small percentage of those words and use even fewer of them in our daily life, so, no matter how literate you are, you are bound to run into unfamiliar words from time to time Keeping track of these words and their definitions can help you enrich your vocabulary and therefore become a better reader, speaker, and writer A good way to collect new words is to keep a word study notebook In it, you can record each new word with its definition, pronunciation, and origins, along with an example sentence or drawing to help you remember it Here is a sample page from a word study notebook Word of the Week imploring (im> pl0r i4) v., begging, pleading While Jason was imploring his mother to let him go to the Mall of America, he could see his friends drive off without him in the direction of the mall Synonyms for implore include beg, beseech, plead, entreat, demand, and press The word implore is derived from the Latin word implorare, which means “to weep.” Note that when adding the suffix -ing to implore, the silent e is dropped Word: penurious Pronunciation: \p@ ny1> r7 @s\ Origins: from penury, meaning poverty or extreme frugality; derived from Latin penuria or paenuria, meaning “want” Definition: 1) marked by or suffering from penury, or severe poverty 2) given to extreme frugality: stingy © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling A word study notebook helps you actively increase the words you use in your daily writing and speech, making your communication more precise and effective Why say something smelled bad when you could say it was rank, stinking, rancid, foul, fetid, reeking, or rotten? Why call a shoe a shoe when you could call it a sneaker, loafer, pump, running shoe, mule, sandal, ballet slipper, or hightop? Tip Br TradiTion, uniT 1 5/26/09 4:28:35 PM Draw a picture or make up a catchy saying to help you remember the meaning of a word Tip The origins of a word are known as its etymology Many words in English come from Latin and Greek In a good dictionary, you will find the etymology of each word along with its meaning and pronunciation Tip Try It Yourself Fill in this sample page of a word study notebook word: vacuous Pronunciation: Origins: Definition: Sentence using the word: To write the pronunciation of a word, you need to use special phonetic symbols such as the following: Tip \5\ (as in star) \7\ (as in me) \8\ (as in my) \0\ (as in paw) \1\ (as in foot) and \@\ (as in extra and civil) You can find these and many other symbols in a dictionary or glossary Books, newspapers, and magazines are an obvious starting point to find new words, but don’t stop there! Look for new words on signs, in directions, and on packaging materials You may hear unfamiliar words in songs, on the radio, in speeches, or on television Wherever you find them, add them to your word study notebook Tip Br TradiTion, uniT 0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Drawing: Skim the newspaper until you find a word you don’t know On your own paper, create a word study notebook entry like the one shown above Use a dictionary to find the correct pronunciation and definition If there is more than one definition, use context clues to decide which definition makes the most sense in the article where it is used You might also include another definition if there is one and write a contextual sentence using the second meaning Just for Fun Do you know what a flibbertigibbet is? What does it mean to bloviate? What is the weirdest word you know? You can add strange or unusual words to your word study notebook, too In your word study notebook, create an entry for the following words: flibbertigibbet bloviate gurning mudlark pettifogging Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:28:36 PM Name: Date: LEssON Word study skills Understand the Concept Part of the beauty of literature is the wide variety and richness of language writers can use When reading, you will often encounter words that are new to you These unfamiliar words should not stop you from understanding and enjoying what you read Use the following strategies to figure out the meaning of unknown words Use Context Clues Context clues are other words or information in the passage that hint at the meaning of the word Look at the following passage: The criminal adumbrated his plans in a videotaped report and sent it to the police He taunted them to figure out what he was going to in time to stop him The detectives followed up on every clue they could pick up from his hints You may not know the word adumbrated, but, by looking at some of the clues in the passage, you can figure out what the word means The word adumbrated is a verb that describes what the criminal did with his plans Later in the passage, you learn that the criminal wanted the police to figure out what he was going to do, so you know he did not state his plans outright The next sentence refers to the man’s hints From these clues, you can guess that adumbrated means “hinted” or “partially described.” Word of the Week secular (se‘ kye l@r) adj., not bound by religious guidelines or influence Although the lawsuit involved two religious groups, the judge insisted that her decision would involve a secular interpretation of the law Secular describes actions or ideas that are free of the influence of religion For example, in some countries laws must conform to the principles and ideals of the dominant religion In a secular country, however, laws may be passed even if they are not consistent with the beliefs of the dominant religion A secular person is a nonreligious person Try It Yourself Tip ExErCIsE A Look at the following passage Use context clues to figure out the meaning of the word chimerical Mayor Loretti denounced her opponent’s chimerical plans, saying, “The programs Mr Lassiter mentions are lovely daydreams, but my office must deal with the realities of the budget We’ll never see these programs functioning.” • • • • • Try these strategies to attack new words: Context clues Text support Word parts Dictionary Teacher, adult, or friend If one strategy doesn’t work, try a different one What word other than chimerical describes the plans? What else you learn about the plans? © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br TradiTion, uniT 5/26/09 4:28:36 PM Record unfamiliar words from these lessons in your word study notebook Tip What you think chimerical means? Try It Yourself ExErCIsE B Many words appear in the dictionary as main entries more than once Often these entries represent different parts of speech, such as break, the noun, and break, the verb Other times, entries have completely unrelated meanings Use context clues to determine which meaning makes the most sense Tip Use your knowledge of word parts to define each of the following words Record your reasoning on the lines provided indefatigable postlude malodorous presage concordant Ask for Help Try the preceding strategies first Then, if you are still unsure of a word’s meaning, ask someone for help Your teacher, a parent, a librarian, or another knowledgeable person may be able to help you When you discover the meaning of the word, write it in your word study notebook Br TradiTion, uniT 0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:28:36 PM Name: Date: LEssON 32 Word of the Week incredulous (in kre‘ j@ l@s) adj., doubtful; skeptical When John Colter first described the wonders of Yellowstone in 1808, many people remained incredulous that colored rocks, bubbling mud pots, fumaroles, and geysers actually existed Incredulous is an antonym of credulous, which means “believable” (from the Latin credulous) When people tell you things that you find unbelievable, you may consider their story to be incredulous, or you may feel incredulous about it Synonyms of incredulous include disbelieving, dubious, and unconvinced To determine the meaning of a word, first • Use context clues • Use what you know about word parts • Use text support Tip Then • Look up the word in a dictionary • Ask for help Expanding Word Knowledge Understand the Concept You can become a better reader and improve your vocabulary by keeping track of new words you discover and their definitions These words may be found in your reading of literature, the newspaper, instructions, signs, and many other printed pieces New words will also present themselves if you listen actively to reports on the television or radio and to speeches, movies, and songs You have learned several techniques for building your vocabulary Use these as you continue to expand your word knowledge: • Use a word study notebook to track new words • Use PAVE (Predict, Associate, Verify, and Evaluate) to learn and practice using new words • Use context clues to determine word meaning • Use what you know about word parts to determine meaning • Use text support to understand the meaning of new words • Look up words in a dictionary, carefully choosing the meaning that best fits the context • Ask for help when you need it Try It Yourself ExErCIsE A Use one or more of the strategies above to determine the meaning of the underlined word below Then, on a separate sheet of paper, set up a word study notebook page using PAVE for the word Three major networks used to dominate television; now with hundreds of stations available via cable and satellite, the old triumvirate does not have the same sway it once did Try It Yourself ExErCIsE B Just for Fun Many suffixes indicate the function of the word Learn variations of words you know already Choose ten words from your word study notebook Write an article or essay using these words Use a separate sheet of paper When you have finished, practice speaking the words by reading your article or essay aloud to a partner Example: adore (verb), adoration (noun), adoring or adorable (adjectives), adoringly (adverb) 74 Br TradiTion, uniT 0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 74 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:29:05 PM Name: Date: Time Out for Test Practice Math, science, and Technology Words Write the letter of the word that best completes each sentence In , some people assume a new persona, an identity quite different from who they are in real life A chemistry B telemetry C cyberspace D technorealism Another word for someone who spends time on the Internet is A technophobe B cyberpunk C netizen D e-card are quickly replacing videotapes A CDs B PDAs C HDTVs D DVDs The appeared to be a funny, animated greeting, but the program was really destroying the hard drive A e-business B spam C Trojan horse D URL is the study of the interrelationships among living things in an environment A geology B biology C ecology D heliology My dad doesn’t even like to look at the computer, never mind doing anything on it He’s such a A geek B technophobe C cyberphile D hacker We need a thousandth of a liter, so measure out a A centiliter B deciliter C milliliter D kiloliter 10 You can download for nothing A malware B software C freeware D shareware A has four sides A pentagon B polygon C quadrilateral D triangle 11 Using all caps implies screaming and is considered poor A netiquette B e-business C technosavvy D netware The prefix refers to the sun A geo– B helio– C bio– D astro– © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 75 12 focuses on water A Chemistry B Ecology C Heliometry D Hydrology Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br TradiTion, uniT 75 5/26/09 4:29:05 PM Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird Words Use context clues and other word attack skills to help you unlock the meaning of each underlined word Write the letter of the correct answer on the line ���� Sally, a chronic hypochondriac, is suffering from another of her humdudgeons A rambunctious pets B bad moods C fake illnesses D leg injuries ���� Jules is such a cruciverbalist; have you ever known anyone to love puzzles so much? A talkative person B person who collects crucifixes C nighttime walker D lover of crossword puzzles ���� What blatherskite! I’ve never heard such balderdash! A skateboarder B snobbery C foolishness D good sense ���� Chloe has many unusual edacious habits; for example, she won’t allow different kinds of food to touch on her plate, and she will only eat one thing at a time A having to with eating B having to with biking C related to an edifice D annoying or odd ���� Cacography is such a problem among doctors that many of them have to have the receptionist type their prescriptions A exhaustion B poor handwriting C irritability D susceptibility to illness 76 Br Tradition, unit 0001-0076_Gr12_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 76 ���� The katzenjammer in the room made it impossible to hear myself think A animal B excitement C clamor D dismay ���� Cautious by nature, Kent is too much of a mugwump to get involved in debates about religion or politics A outspoken individual B politician C dullard D avoider of controversial issues ���� Although Jared always seems to be happy and optimistic, I’ve heard he used to suffer from occasional bouts of the mulligrubs A giggling fits B undiagnosed illness C depression D the common cold ���� After a huge breakfast of pancakes and sausage, we were hardly hungry for tiffin when noon rolled around A lunch B salad C eggs D supper ���� 10 Charlie’s jactitation resulted in all the blankets landing on the floor by morning A thumb-sucking B high fever C tossing of the body D depression Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:29:06 PM Answer Key Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook, page Lesson 5: Old English, page Try It Yourself Try It Yourself word: vacuous pronunciation: \vak> y2 @s\ definition: stupid, lacking ideas contextual sentence: Reponses will vary Students should set up a sample page for another word from the newspaper Lesson 2: Word Study Skills, page Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A wall fir shield answered your E x e r c ise B 1–2 Responses will vary Time Out for Test Practice, page 11 E x e r c ise A daydreams; they are not realistic existing in the imagination; improbable E x e r c ise B Reasoning will vary; definitions are given untiring closing phase smelling foretell congruent; in accord with Lesson 3: PAVE, page Try It Yourself Students’ predictions and contextual sentences will vary Definitions are provided for each word offense causing one to become sleepy childish false baffled Lesson 4: Anglo-Saxon Word Origins, page Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A one Students might say Anglo-Saxon words are simple and concrete and that they tend to refer to objects that would have been common in an agricultural society Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin A crime C nothing D prod C detestable B children A a dark covering D type or kind D to subdue C a safe place 10 A pagan 11 D to boil or churn 12 C a location 13 B unwavering 14 A anger Lesson 6: Middle English, page 12 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A 1.–5 Responses will vary Students should write definitions and contextual sentences using five of the words in the list on the worksheet Encourage students to add additional words they don’t know to their word study notebooks E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Students should write a dialogue using words appropriate to each speaker E x e r c ise B 1.–2 Responses will vary © EMC Publishing, LLC 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 77 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition 77 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM Lesson 7: Greek and Latin Root Words, page 14 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Possible answers include: bio autobiography, bionic, biosphere geo geography, geode, geometry hemo hemostat, hematite, hemorrhage hydro hydrostatic, hydrothermal, hydroponic hyper hyperbolic, hyperlink, hyperglycemia meter millimeter, symmetry, geometry oct octagon, octave, octane tel telescope, telekinesis, telegram therm thermal, thermostat, thermonuclear tri triangle, triple, tricycle E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Possible answers include: aqu aqualung, aqueous, aquarium aud audiotape, audacious, audience bene benefactor, benediction, beneficent brev brief jur/just jurisprudence, justify mult/multi multimedia, multinational scrib/script scribe, scribble, scriptwriter struct destructive, instruct uni/un universe, universal, unity vac vacancy, vacuole, vacuous Lesson 8: British English vs American English, page 16 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A traveler, paralyzing, airplane defense, connection, maneuvers appall, check drafty, gray, mold pretense, jailer Time Out for Test Practice, page 18 Words of French, Latin, and Greek Origin French-derived words D annoyance B permeable D slang B intermediary 78 Br Tradition 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 78 A tablet C type of speech D feathers C renter Latin-derived words C passionate 10 D masculine 11 A to become accustomed 12 C place to rest 13 A talkative 14 B inclined surface 15 D evil scheme or plot 16 C spacious Greek-derived words 17 D provoke 18 C long period of time 19 B independence 20 A energetic 21 B religious belief 22 C predicament 23 A massive 24 C uniform; well-mixed Lesson 9: Word Parts, page 20 Try It Yourself contemplation prefix: con-, “with or together” root: templat, “to think or observe” (from Latin templum) suffix: -tion, “action or process of” covetousness root: covet, “to desire” (from Latin cupere) suffix: -ous, “full of” suffix: -ness, “state or condition” excommunication prefix: ex-, “out or beyond” root: communicate (from Latin communicare) suffix: -tion, “action or process of” immortalize prefix: im-, “not” root: mort, “death” suffix: -ize, “make into” reprove prefix: re-, “again; anew” root: prove, “to test” (from Latin probare) transgress prefix: trans-, “across or beyond” root: gress, “to step” (from Latin gradi) Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM tribulation root: tribula, “to oppress” (from Latin tribulare) suffix: -tion, “action or process of” undiscerning prefix: un-, “not” prefix: dis-, “apart” root: cern, “to sift” (from Latin cernere) suffix: -ing, “having the quality of” Lesson 10: High-Frequency Spelling Rules, page 21 E x e r c ise A morosely unnoticed sincerely heavily summarily E x e r c ise B Spelling Patterns B withhold D mediocre A noticeable B recede D beginning C committee B hypocrite C unnatural B privileges 10 C embarrassed 11 C receive 12 A irrelevant 13 A occasionally 14 C misspell Try It Yourself B ambidextrous D septuplets B misnomer C postlude B accreditation A inoperable C subfloor 10 A depopulated 11 A atypical 12 B insurmountable 13 C quadruped recedes exceeded shield precede relief E x e r c ise C Responses will vary Students should create verbal or visual cues to help them remember the correct spelling of ten words Lesson 12: Inferential Context Clues, page 28 Lesson 11: Pronunciation and Spelling, page 24 He has changed from being his own person, with self-respect, to being someone who grovels for attention from the movie crew On the set, he rushes to everything the director asks; off the set, he does only what is necessary and puts little interest into what he is doing The narrator is irritated with Jorgen for changing and for acting in a way that he or she finds foolish Try it Yourself E x e r c ise A Students should write out a phonetic spelling and practice pronouncing each word and five words from their word study notebooks f@r> l9 cath 7> dr@l mel> @n k5 l7 h8 p@r> b9 l7 py2> r@l Time Out for Test Practice, page 26 Recognizing Word Parts C sesquicentennial B introspective © EMC Publishing, LLC 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 79 Try It Yourself Lesson 13: Using Context Clues in Your Own Writing, page 30 Try it Yourself 1.–10 Responses will vary Students should write contextual sentences for the words given in the exercise and five words from their word study notebooks Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition 79 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM Lesson 14: Syntax, page 32 Lesson 16: Compound Words, page 38 Try It Yourself Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A goldfish: students may say the meaning is similar because the word describes a goldencolored fish; or they may say it is different because the word describes a specific breed of fish that may not all be golden in color homework: similar supermarket: similar without: similar backbone: students may say the meaning is similar because the word describes a bone in the back, or they may say it is different because the figurative meaning of the word refers to strength of character popcorn: similar stonewall: different—the word stonewall means to obstruct or be uncooperative, rather than referring to an actual stone wall brainwash: students may say the meaning is similar because the word refers to cleansing the brain, or they may say it is different since it is impossible to literally wash the brain shoemaker: similar 10 tenderfoot: different—the word tenderfoot refers to someone who is inexperienced at or unaccustomed to the difficulty of something Responses will vary E x e r c ise B B He gave food to her cat A She hit the man carrying the umbrella B I think that kids prepare nutritious snacks B After the accident, I was found in a ditch near some stray cows B I said on Tuesday that I would have dinner with you Time Out for Test Practice, page 34 Context Clues B united C haphazard D optimistic C free A inexplicable D practical D timid D glib C difficult 10 C stinginess 11 C naïve 12 B protests 13 B flirtation; trifle 14 A strong 15 C mildness 16 B respects 17 B temporary 18 C increase 19 B shackled 20 A takes away Lesson 17: Allusions and Eponyms, page 39 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Lesson 15: Current Events Words, page 36 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise B E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Students should identify a list of words currently common in the media E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Students should list doublespeak terms they find in news reports, advertisements, and political speeches and identify what each means 80 Br Tradition 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 80 trick disguised as a gift lover holy cup that may or may not ever have existed sufferer of calamities designed to test his faith “You, too, Brutus?” meaning “Are you a traitor, too?” Meanings are given; sentences will vary cruel or severe torment by presenting something desirable but keeping it out of reach line that once crossed commits one irrevocably decisive defeat traitor or collaborator Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM cut objectionable parts extremely loud American in a foreign country whose behavior is offensive to the people of that country badger; intimidate, or harrass 10 source of trouble 11 refusal to deal with person or organization to express disapproval or until certain conditions are met 12 victory achieved at great cost 13 related to or inclined to war or military life 14 self-absorbed 15 of a relationship free of romance or sex Time Out for Test Practice, page 41 Compound Words and Eponyms B an excessive sense of superiority D a failure B a rarely seen area D exceptional A extremely loud C the crest of a breaking wave A swanky B a type of fabric D immense 10 C idealistic Lesson 18: Common Acronyms, page 42 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A TBA Stands for: to be announced Meaning: information will be released at a later time TLC Stands for: tender loving care Meaning: affectionate treatment DOB Stands for: date of birth Meaning: when you were born FEMA Stands for: Federal Emergency Management Agency Meaning: government agency that provides disaster assistance © EMC Publishing, LLC 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 81 NASCAR Stands for: National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing Meaning: auto racing group FAQ Stands for: frequently asked questions Meaning: list of questions and answers DPI Stands for: dots per inch Meaning: indicator for print quality UFO Stands for: unidentified flying object Meaning: alien spacecraft or something believed to be one E x e r c ise B START: Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization EPCOT: Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow radar: radio detection and ranging scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus Lesson 19: Clichés, page 44 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Definitions and sample sentences are given Meaning: original; unique Rewrite: Joe mentioned that the company’s newly designed logo was unlike anything he had seen before Meaning: a big job; a daunting task Rewrite: Accomplishing everything necessary to complete medical school takes a lot of effort Meaning: rebuke; scolding Rewrite: The wrestling coach yelled at the first year starter for surrendering the losing takedown with five seconds remaining in the match Meaning: afterwards; later Rewrite: When people look back on history, Chief Justice Roberts surely hopes they will not remember his bumbling of the presidential oath of office Meaning: deliberately ignored Rewrite: The investigator found that warnings had been disregarded by the firm’s management team Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition 81 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM Meaning: take extra care not to aggravate someone Rewrite: The art instructor had such a bad temper that all her students diligently tried not to annoy her Meaning: being closely watched and evaluated Rewrite: Now that she was famous, the actress complained that she felt a loss of privacy as her every move was discussed in the newspapers Meaning: strange; crazy Rewrite: After watching Morgan several foolish things, the boys all decided that he was not right in the head E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Definitions and sample sentences are given Meaning: terminating event Rewrite: The judge’s ruling will make it very difficult—if not impossible—for environmental groups to be successful in their effort at halting construction of the dam across the Columbia River Meaning: an interesting and competitive contest Rewrite: Now that Ms Hastings has caught Congressman Jones in the polls, this campaign has become very competitive Meaning: a sure thing Rewrite: When asked about the likelihood that Iraq was hiding weapons of mass destruction, the head of the CIA answered that it was very probable Lesson 20: Contractions, page 46 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A I will not have time to visit her and I hope that she will not be too disappointed You will have all of the tools we have had I am sure that they are a fine group of accountants We cannot fix the rocket ship unless we are given the right tools This result does not mean that you are going to have to take summer school 82 Br Tradition 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 82 E x e r c ise B your you’re it’s its they’re there their whose who’s 10 It’s Time Out for Test Practice, page 48 Vocabulary Practice D disease C imply B blue A wander casually D tombs C mournful D high point A inaccurate C grove of trees 10 B showy Lesson 21: Homophones, page 49 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A complimented pare piece peace whether cereal airs pair sent 10 feet Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM E x e r c ise B Students should mark and correct the following errors: complimented feat made pare roll flour scent air wait waste ate whole Lesson 22: Synonyms and Antonyms, page 51 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A hot: burning, scorching, sizzling, roasting, sweltering tiny: small, miniscule, minute, miniature, diminutive intelligent: smart, wise, clever, bright, gifted sorrow: grief, mourning, sadness, distress, heartache tune: song, melody, jingle, ditty, number or adjust, alter, change, modify, revise E x e r c ise B smooth: rough, bumpy, awkward, rocky, coarse careful: careless, sloppy, casual, haphazard, dangerous slowness: quickness, speed, rapidity, swiftness, haste talkative: quiet, reserved, restrained, taciturn, reticent weak: strong, sturdy, brawny, vigorous, forceful E x e r c ise C forgettable: unforgettable permeable: impermeable healthy: unhealthy exact: inexact regular: irregular connect: disconnect climactic: anticlimactic literate: illiterate © EMC Publishing, LLC 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 83 equal: unequal 10 agree: disagree Lesson 23: Connotation and Denotation, page 53 Try It Yourself Responses will vary Connotations of each word are given enthusiastic: excited; eager zealous: fanatical; obsessive celebrated: well-known; admired notorious: infamous; disreputable save: set aside; keep hoard: stockpile; take more than one’s fair share cut: broken skin; wound gash: a deep cut confident: secure; assured conceited: arrogant; smug cage: an locked enclosure with bars enclosure: any entity that surrounds juvenile: immature; unsophisticated youthful: young; fresh smile: genuine expression of happiness smirk: a smug or affected smile fib: a minor untruth, often with good intentions lie: a more serious untruth, with less noble intentions 10 plump: robust or ample in a pleasing way fat: overindulgent; obese Lesson 24: Literal versus Figurative Language, page 54 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A F L L L F F E x e r c ise B I I H I H Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition 83 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM I I H Time Out for Test Practice, page 56 Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Hyperbolic Expressions A bring up a touchy subject B converse; gossip D hearty eater; glutton C a small amount of money A explain how things are done B elaborate, showy presentation A bad attitude B start all over again A object held above criticism or question 10 B quick temper 11 D act hastily 12 C in the same predicament 13 A removed from reality 14 B face the consequences 15 C fierce struggle for success 16 D living dangerously 17 A busy, popular person 18 C be wary of things that seem to good to be true Lesson 25: Classifying Words, page 58 Try It Yourself Adjectives Describing People or Behaviors: bumptious, obseqious, pugnacious, supercilious Earth Science and Geology: anticline, fluvial, metamorphism, pyroclastic, subduction Golf: birdie, bogey, bunker, dogleg, mulligan Physiology and Anatomy: extensor, homeostasis, integumentary, olfactory, patella, peristalsis Lesson 26: Civics Connection— Economic Terms, page 59 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Budgeting one’s time means figuring out how much of the available time to spend on particular activities Gross income is greater because taxes and/or expenses have not yet been taken out 84 Br Tradition 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 84 Most people would rather be in the black than in the red because that would mean they are not in debt Responses will vary depending on the current state of the market Responses will vary E x e r c ise B 1.–5 Responses will vary Students should write contextual sentences for five words from the list of economic terms Lesson 27: Political and Historical Terms, page 62 Try it Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Sample responses are provided monarchy origin: from monarch plus y; Greek monarchēs, from monos, “only,” and archos, “leader” meaning: a government with a hereditary head of state with life tenure sentence: In a monarchy, the oldest son usually inherits the throne republic origin: from Latin rēs publica, “the public thing” meaning: a state (nation) where governmental powers reside in the people sentence: After the French Revolution and before the ascension of Napoleon, France was a republic for several turbulent years liberty Origin: Old French liberte and Latin liber, “freedom” meaning: the state or quality of being free sentence: After the dictator was overthrown, the people danced in the streets, enjoying their new freedom senate origin: Latin senātus, “council of elders,” from senex, “old” meaning: an assembly or council that possesses high deliberative and legislative functions sentence: The minority viewpoint is important in the senate because the members like to look at the issues from all possible angles Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM democratic origin: from Greek prefix demo, “people” plus kratia, “rule” meaning: adjective that describes a form of government ruled by citizens sentence: The governor was selected through the democratic process whip origin: Middle English hwippen or whippen, Middle Dutch wippen, “to move quickly” meaning: a rope used to hit a person or animal so as to punish or encourage quick movement; in politics, a whip is a party member responsible for ensuring that others vote in a manner dictated by the party leaders sentence: The position of whip requires the ability to use either friendly encouragement or blustery threats to keep party members in line filibuster origin: Spanish filibustero, “pirate,” or French flibustier, “freebooter” (mercenary soldier) meaning: the use of dilatory tactics to delay the passage of legislation sentence: In the 1960s, southern conservative Democrats used the filibuster to delay passage of civil rights legislation for several years empire origin: Anglo-French empirie, from Latin imperium, “absolute authority,” and imperare, “to command” meaning: an extensive territory ruled by a single sovereign authority sentence: At the height of its power, the British Empire ruled one quarter of the land surface on earth vote origin: Latin votum meaning: v., to cast a ballot; n., a ballot or a formal expression of opinion or choice sentence: I will vote for the candidate with the best plan for the economy 10 mayor origin: derived from major, the military governor of a city during martial law; ultimately from Latin maior, “more; greater” meaning: the leader of a city sentence: Although a mayor is the political © EMC Publishing, LLC 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 85 head of a city, some powerful business leaders consider themselves the ultimate decision-makers E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Lesson 28: Civics Connection—Legal Terms, page 63 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Possible responses are given leg—legislation, legitimize jur or jus—adjure, abjure, just, adjust culp—inculpate, culpability 4.–6 Sentences will vary Time Out for Test Practice, page 65 Economic, Political, and Legal Words A assets C a few B bicameral B arraignment C federal C fiscal year D recession C constituency C pled the fifth 10 B gubernatorial 11 C embezzlement 12 C exculpated 13 D unemployment 14 C suffrage 15 C ex post facto 16 B annual percentage rate 17 C lame duck 18 B lasting 19 C dictatorship 20 C 21 B statute 22 D plaintiff 23 C Net income is what is left after costs or losses are deducted 24 C culp 25 D It refers to a scandal Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition 85 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM Lesson 29: Math and Science Words, page 67 Lesson 31: Weird Words, page 71 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A 1.–5 Responses will vary E x e r c ise A Sentences will vary Definitions are given branch of mathematics that deals with the measurement, properties, and relationships of points, lines, and angles science that deals with chemicals or the composition, structure, and properties of substances and the transformations they undergo multi-sided closed figure bounded by straight lines polygon of four sides one thousandth of a meter study of triangles and functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent tenth of a liter study of space one thousand grams 10 science that deals with history of the earth and its life E x e r c ise B boundary of a closed plane figure; measurement of this boundary of a hundred; one part in a hundred length of a straight line through the center of a circle assumption made in order to test consequences Lesson 30: Technology Terms, page 69 Try It Yourself electronic magazine obtain and hold an Internet domain name that uses a company’s registered trademark name technical talk stress caused by technology Internet company Responses will vary Students should brainstorm a list of technology terms and define five of them 86 Br Tradition 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 86 E x e r c ise B seeming but not definite obvious quickly unable to move to attach to cut apart E x e r c ise C sizzle: the sound of frying meat or other foods shush: the sound a person makes to signal others to be quiet vroom: the roar of a motor when it is accelerating susurrus: the sound of whispering or rustling of leaves Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge, page 73 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Triumvirate means “group of three.” PAVE exercise and word study notebook pages for the word will vary E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Students should write and read aloud an article or essay using ten words from their word study notebooks Time Out for Test Practice, page 74 E x e r c ise A E x e r c ise B Try It Yourself Math, Science, and Technology Words C cyberspace D DVDs C ecology C milliliter C quadrilateral B helio C netizen C Trojan horse B technophobe 10 C freeware 11 A netiquette 12 D Hydrology Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:36:43 PM Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird Words C fake illnesses D lover of crossword puzzles C foolishness A having to with eating B poor handwriting C clamor D avoider of controversial issues C depression A lunch 10 C tossing of the body © EMC Publishing, LLC 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 87 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br Tradition 87 5/26/09 4:36:44 PM 0077-0088_Gr12_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 88 5/26/09 4:36:44 PM ... British and American spelling American Spelling airplane appall check connection defense draft jail gray 16 Br TradiTion, uniT 000 1-0 076_Gr12_vocab &spelling- L 1-3 2.indd 16 British Spelling aeroplane... Br TradiTion, uniT 000 1-0 076_Gr12_vocab &spelling- L 1-3 2.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 5/26/09 4:28:37 PM Name: Date: LEssON Anglo-saxon... irrelevant C uniform; well-mixed D very large; significant © EMC Publishing, LLC 000 1-0 076_Gr12_vocab &spelling- L 1-3 2.indd 19 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Br TradiTion, uniT 19 5/26/09