Level IV 000i-00vi_Gr09_vocab&spelling-FM.indd 4/15/09 12:24:45 PM Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, Level IV Care has been taken to verify the accuracy of information presented in this book However, the authors, editors, and publisher cannot accept responsibility for Web, e-mail, newsgroup, or chat room subject matter or content, or for consequences from application of the information in this book, and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to its content Trademarks: Some of the product names and company names included in this book have been used for identification purposes only and may be trademarks or registered trade names of their respective manufacturers and sellers The authors, editors, and publisher disclaim any affiliation, association, or connection with, or sponsorship or endorsement by, such owners Cover Image Credits: Scene, Fotosearch; Celtic art, Rolin Graphics, Inc ISBN 978-0-82194-325-0 © 2009 by EMC Publishing, LLC 875 Montreal Way St Paul, MN 55102 E-mail: educate@emcp.com Web site: www.emcp.com All rights reserved No part of this publication may be adapted, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher Teachers using Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature, Level IV may photocopy complete pages in sufficient quantities for classroom use only and not for resale Printed in the United States of America 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 000i-00vi_Gr09_vocab&spelling-FM.indd 2 10 4/15/09 12:24:45 PM Contents Introduction v Unit 1: Word Study Skills and Context Clues Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook Lesson 2: Word Study Skills Lesson 3: PAVE—Predict, Associate, Verify, Evaluate Lesson 4: Context Clues Lesson 5: More About Context Clues Time Out for Test Practice: Using Context Clues 11 Unit 2: Reference Material and Clarifying Meaning Lesson 6: Reference Materials for Vocabulary Words 13 Lesson 7: Words with Multiple Meanings 15 Lesson 8: Review of Synonyms and Antonyms 17 Lesson 9: Connotation and Denotation 19 Time Out for Test Practice: Connotation, Denotation and Word Meaning 21 Unit 3: Spelling Lesson 10: Spelling Correctly 22 Lesson 11: Spelling Patterns I 24 Lesson 12: Spelling Patterns II 27 Lesson 13: Spell-Check Software and What It Fails to Do 29 Time Out for Test Practice: Spelling 31 Unit 4: Word Parts and Word Origins Lesson 14: Morphemes—The Building Blocks of Words 33 Lesson 15: Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes 35 Lesson 16: More About Prefixes 37 Lesson 17: More About Suffixes 39 Lesson 18: Word Origins 42 Lesson 19: Root Families 44 Lesson 20: Greek and Latin Roots 46 Lesson 21: Using Word Parts to Unlock Meaning 48 Lesson 22: The Evolution of Language 50 Time Out for Test Practice: Prefixes, Suffixes, and Root Families 53 © EMC Publishing, LLC 000i-00vi_Gr09_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling level IV iii 4/15/09 12:24:45 PM Unit 5: Borrowed Words and Informal Language Lesson 23: Spanish Words in English 55 Lesson 24: English Words from French 57 Lesson 25: English Words from German 59 Lesson 26: Register, Slang, and Colloquialisms 61 Lesson 27: Idioms 63 Time Out for Test Practice: Borrowed Words in English; Idioms and Colloquialisms 65 Unit 6: Testing Vocabulary and Choosing Words Lesson 28: Vocabulary Questions on Standardized Tests 67 Lesson 29: Writing and Word Choice 70 Lesson 30: Literal and Figurative Meanings 72 Lesson 31: Figurative Language 74 Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge 76 Time Out for Test Practice: Using Word Attack Skills on Standardized Tests 78 Answer Key 80 iv level IV 000i-00vi_Gr09_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:24:45 PM Introduction The Exceeding the Standards resource books provide in-depth language arts instruction to enrich students’ skills development beyond the level of meeting the standards Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling offers meaningful ways to incorporate word study into the language arts classroom Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns These lessons are aligned with the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition Each lesson incorporates words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook By using these lessons in conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers, speakers, and spellers Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components: • A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that students may find particularly meaningful or interesting • Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows students to practice what they are learning • Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be fun and interesting • Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and give helpful suggestions • A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized test questions in a multiple-choice format It is essential that vocabulary instruction include a variety of strategies to develop students’ word-study skills Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules Activating students’ prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations between new terms and words they already know The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with words As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words Related Program Resources For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2: Vocabulary & Spelling Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners Teaching Tips Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings Effective instruction in word study gives students tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term The following teaching tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 000i-00vi_Gr09_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling level IV v 4/15/09 12:24:45 PM Teach Word Attack Strategies There are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliar word These strategies include: • using the context as a clue • gleaning hints from pictures, charts, graphs, and other text support • examining word parts: prefixes, suffixes, and roots • combing through memories for associations with the word • consulting dictionaries and other reference materials • asking an authority, such as a teacher or other expert in the field For many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using them To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostly internally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may never witness them in action Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies to become proficient readers and effective writers The lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide such explicit instruction Create a Word-Rich Environment The essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly valued The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom • Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom to provide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize Use it as the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborative storytelling • Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied in class, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for realworld uses of the words • Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustained silent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students’ vocabularies • Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built into word processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses • Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online word games and other technology tools • Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students’ attention to interesting words in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you Foster Curiosity The key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encourage dialogue with your students about how words create meaning Your own curiosity about language is infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive “word detectives” motivated to solve the mystery of word meanings About Spelling “Rules” Some students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others are frustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the term spelling pattern has been used instead of spelling rule in this resource In addition to introducing students to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the same teaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, and fostering curiosity vi level IV 000i-00vi_Gr09_vocab&spelling-FM.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:24:45 PM Name: Date: LEssON Word study Notebook Understand the concept How large is your vocabulary? Most people your age know or recognize at least 20,000 words and use approximately 2,000 on a regular basis That is only a small sampling of all the words in the English language, which number between 600,000 and one million It’s no wonder, then, that almost everywhere you look, you can find new and unfamiliar words! A good way to add some of these new words to your vocabulary is to keep a word study notebook Whenever you come across a new word while reading or listening, you can jot it down in the notebook, along with its definition and pronunciation You might also write down the word’s origins—that is, what language or other words it came from (This information can be found in most dictionaries.) Finally, add an example sentence or drawing to help you remember the word Word: acute Definition: characterized by sharpness or severity Pronunciation: \ -kyüt´\ Origins: from Latin acutus, past participle of acuere to sharpen, from acus, meaning needle Sentence: When the soccer player injured his knee, he felt acute pain © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0079_Gr09_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling Word of the Week visceral (vi‘ s@r @l) adj., emotional; instinctive Although her family wanted her to attend Harvard, Heather had a visceral feeling that the University of Minnesota was a better choice for her You probably use facts, logic, and reasoning to guide you through many decisions in your life However, for other decisions, you might depend on a gut feeling, or a visceral sense of what you want Visceral is related to the Latin-derived word viscera¸ which refers to the inner parts of the body (especially the stomach and intestines, or guts) Many words have more than one definition You may choose which definition or definitions to include in the entry In the definition, include what part of speech the word is used as—noun (n.), verb (v.), adjective (adj.), adverb (adv.), or other Some words can be used as more than one part of speech Tip LEvEL Iv, UnIt 1 4/15/09 12:27:41 PM To write the pronunciation of a word, you need to use special phonetic symbols Each symbol stands for a specific sound Tip (the a sound in words like star) (the sound made by the y in my) @ (the schwa, an unclear vowel sound heard in words like extra and civil) (the sound made by n and g together in words like thing) Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A Browse through a book, magazine, or newspaper until you find a word that is unfamiliar Then, use the space below to create a word study notebook entry for the word In the space at the bottom, you may draw a picture to illustrate the word’s meaning Word: Definition: Pronunciation: Origins: To find out what phonetic symbols are used in your dictionary, check the pronunciation key Example sentence: ExErcIsE B Sometimes you will come across a word that you know the meaning of, but have a hard time remembering how to spell Include these words in a separate section of your word study notebook Here are a few tricky vocabulary words from selections in Unit to get you started: Tip compromise, 16 endeavour, 19 conscientious, 100 hysterical, 124 tyranny, 130 LEvEL Iv, UnIt 0001-0079_Gr09_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd There are many new and unfamiliar words out there waiting to be discovered As you read and listen, collect some of them Over the next week, keep track of new words on the lines below You can use these words to begin your word study notebook Just for Fun Slang is extremely informal language made up of invented words and old words that are given new meaning In your word study notebook, start a list of slang terms that are popular today Be sure to give the definition, pronunciation, and an example sentence for each word, just as you would with any other word you enter into your notebook Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:27:42 PM Name: Date: LEssON Word study skills Understand the concept Word of the Week parsimony (p5r< s@ m9‘ n7) n., stinginess, simplicity When reading, you will often encounter words that are new to you It can be tempting to skip over them and keep going, but if that’s your only strategy, you’ll probably end up missing a lot of what you read! You will better understand and enjoy what you read if you follow these simple strategies for decoding unfamiliar words Jenna’s grandmother, who was known for her parsimony, had few modern conveniences in her apartment—no computer, no microwave, and certainly no cable television Use context clues Parsimony generally refers to being very cautious with money Its synonyms include thriftiness, frugality, tight-fistedness, and penny-pinching However, it can also be used in more positive ways For example, if you solve a puzzle in the least number of steps, your efforts can be considered parsimonious Most of the time when you encounter an unfamiliar word, you can figure out what it means by looking at the context, or the words around it Read the following passage: Earthquakes are so common in Southern California that longtime residents hardly notice when the ground begins to rumble Usually, a small tremor is all that occurs However, after the state was hit by a series of major seismic disturbances in the late 1980s, many shaken-up Californians started wondering whether they should move to more solid ground You may not know what seismic means, but from clues in the surrounding text, you can probably guess that “seismic disturbances” are tremors or shocks caused by an earthquake In fact, seismic is an adjective meaning “of, relating to, or caused by an earthquake.” Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A Read the following passage Then, use context clues to estimate the meaning of the underlined word Pregnant women should avoid smoking, drinking alcohol, and taking non-prescription drugs Any one of these activities can have a serious negative effect on fetal development What you think fetal means? What information in the passage helped you guess the meaning of the word? © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0079_Gr09_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling LEvEL Iv, UnIt 4/15/09 12:27:42 PM Just for Fun Look up the following words in a dictionary Then, on your own paper, draw a picture for each one that would help a reader better understand the word’s meaning Look for Familiar Word Parts Examine the unfamiliar word You may find that it contains a familiar prefix, suffix, or word root that provides a clue to its meaning For example, if you know that kilo is Latin for “one thousand,” you can figure out the meanings of such words as kilowatt, kilometer, and kilogram Try It Yourself saber box kite narwhal piccolo coping saw ankh ExErcIsE B Use your knowledge of word parts to define each of the following words in your notebook You may refer to the Word Parts Charts provided by your teacher coexist mobilize maladapted tetrachord phonology Use a Dictionary A prefix is a word part found at the beginning of a word; a suffix is found at the end Prefixes and suffixes add meaning to a base word or root A word root is a word part that is not a prefix or suffix and contains more of the core meaning of the word Tip Sometimes, the fastest way to find out the meaning of an unfamiliar word is to look in the dictionary However, keep in mind that many words have more than one meaning Be ready to combine some of the other strategies with this one in order to figure out which definition is the right one Try It Yourself ExErcIsE c Read the following sentences Look up each underlined word in the dictionary and in your notebook, write down the definition that best fits the way the word is used in the sentence We saved the last parcel of the delicious dessert for my sister, who had been unable to join us for dinner Among the fishing gear for sale was a brand-new trammel The audience burst into applause as the singer’s mellifluous voice filled the auditorium During our play about the Salem witch trials, I was to wear a commode The dog slept through the muzzy afternoon LEvEL Iv, UnIt 0001-0079_Gr09_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:27:42 PM Name: Date: LEssON 32 Word of the Week ingenious (in j7n> y@s) adj., showing or calling for intelligence, aptitude, or discernment; marked by cleverness and originality We always knew Margo was smart, but her creation was ingenious The word ingenious comes from the Latin words ingeniosus and ingenium, which mean “natural capacity.” Synonyms include inventive, creative, and original You can learn new vocabulary by listening to people talk The key is to pay attention to how words are used in context Tip Expanding Your Word Knowledge Understand the concept All of the word study activities you’ve done this year have helped you to expand your word knowledge, unlock the meanings of new words, and apply your word skills to new situations Now you need to take responsibility for applying this knowledge to your daily life Continue to read and listen actively and to keep track of new words you discover Remember the following tips that can help you build your vocabulary: When you encounter an unfamiliar word, use one of these techniques to determine its meaning • Keep a word study notebook • Use PAVE to learn and practice using new words • When you encounter an unfamiliar word, use the following techniques to determine its meaning: – Examine context clues – Break the word into its parts – Check for diagrams, footnotes, and other text support – Look the word up in a dictionary – Ask for help Try It Yourself ExErcIsE A Use one or more of the strategies above to determine the meaning of the underlined word in the sentence below Then, on your own paper, create a word study notebook page for the word Include the word’s definition, pronunciation, and origin, along with an example sentence or drawing to help you remember it Rather than try to talk over her students, Mrs Karasarides stood quietly at the front of the room until the kerfuffle died down Become a collector of exotic, colorful words, and talk about the words you are learning Discussing the meanings of new words will help you remember them Not only will you be able to express more precisely what you mean, but you will be able to entertain your friends with unusual terms You will also be helping to preserve the English language in all its variety 76 LEvEL Iv, UnIt 0001-0079_Gr09_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 76 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:28:11 PM Try It Yourself Once you learn a new word, try to use it several times within the next few days so that you become comfortable with it Tip ExErcIsE B Here are some quirky words to add to your vocabulary Write a sample sentence for each word finagle: get by indirect means or by trickery glabrous: smooth, even bursiform: purse-shaped puce: brownish-purple Just for Fun Create a word study website Sites such as geocities.yahoo com and www.cybersoup.com offer free webspace for personal and educational pages You can include lists of unusual words, words that have interesting sounds, word games, slang dictionaries, and many other word wonders carp: nitpick or complain about trivial things sully: soil, stain, or defile majuscular: a large letter, such as a capital purfle: decorate the edge or border © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0079_Gr09_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 77 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling LEvEL Iv, UnIt 77 4/15/09 12:28:11 PM Name: Date: Time Out for Test Practice Using Word Attack skills on standardized Tests Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow from Silent Spring by Rachel Carson The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings To a large extent, the physical form and the habits of the earth’s vegetation and its animal life have been molded by the environment Considering the whole span of earthly time, the opposite effect, in which life actually modifies its surroundings, has been relatively slight Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species—man—acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world During the past quarter century this power has not only increased to one of disturbing magnitude but it has changed in character The most alarming of all man’s assaults upon the environment is the contamination of air, earth, rivers, and sea with dangerous and even lethal materials This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable; the chain of evil it initiates not only in the world that must support life but in living tissues is for the most part irreversible In this now universal contamination of the environment, chemicals are the sinister and little-recognized partners of radiation in changing the very nature of the world—the very nature of its life Strontium 90, released through nuclear explosions into the air, comes to earth in rain or drifts down as fallout, lodges in soil, enters into the grass or corn or wheat grown there, and in time, takes up its abode in the bones of a human being, there to remain until his death Similarly, chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and, through the alchemy of air and sunlight, combine into new forms that kill vegetation, sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once pure wells As Albert Schweitzer has said, “Man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation.” _ Interaction most likely means A back and forth action or effect B exchange of goods C avoidance D conversation among two or more parties _ A synonym for magnitude is A depth B size C government D building 78 LEvEL Iv, UnIt 0001-0079_Gr09_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 78 _ A synonym for lethal is A loyal B damaging C deadly D significant _ The word that comes closest to the meaning of irrecoverable is A pollution B universal C irreversible D sinister Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:28:12 PM _ Alchemy most likely means A supernatural power B reference to literature or history C incredible danger D method of transformation Analogies _ GOOD : ANGELIC :: A bad : poor B glad : joyous C mean : human D sweet: musty _ CONQUER : SUBJUGATE :: A esteem : respect B slander : vilify C discern : observe D ponder : deliberate _ GRIEF : DOLEFUL :: A melancholy : hopeful B greed : successful C anger : wrathful D reaction : involuntary _ MUFFLE : SILENCE :: A cover : report B sound : alarm C cry : hear D stymie : defeat _ POLYGLOT : LANGUAGE :: A teacher : students B handyman : odd jobs C polygamist : children D mentor : drills sentence completions _ Unruly people will often become _ if they are treated with _ by those around them A angry…kindness B calm…respect C peaceful…abuse D dangerous…love _ British _ in India resulted in widespread nonviolent _ throughout the country A investment…revolt B oppression…cooperation C racism…reform D colonialism…uprisings _ Although reviewers considered his work _ when it first appeared, the writer is now _ for his literary accomplishment A insignificant…revered B derivative…dismissed C brilliant…lauded D lucid…vilified _ As a staunch _ of our right to leisure time, Jed had few _ A proponent…friends B advocate…defenders C opponent…duties D defender…equals _ _ believe that war is _ A Hawks…futile B Protesters…urgent C Pacifists…unnecessary D Generals…archaic © EMC Publishing, LLC 0001-0079_Gr09_vocab&spelling-L1-32.indd 79 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling LEvEL Iv, UnIt 79 4/15/09 12:28:12 PM Answer Key Lesson 1: Keeping a Word Study Notebook, page Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Students should include the pronunciation, origins, definition, and a sentence illustrating the meaning of the word they have chosen They may also include a drawing E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Lesson 2: Word Study Skills in Reading, page Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A The word fetal probably refers to the unborn baby The words pregnant and development gave clues to the word’s meaning E x e r c ise B exist together relatively peacefully set in motion badly adapted or poorly suited to an environment a chord consisting of four notes (with an interval of a perfect fourth between first and last note) the study of speech sounds E x e r c ise C fragment, portion a net for catching fish having a smooth, rich flow a woman’s ornate cap popular in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries deficient in brightness; dull, gloomy Lesson 3: PAVE—Predict, Associate, Verify, Evaluate, page Try It Yourself Responses will vary Definitions for each word are given to disqualify oneself to avoid conflict of interest 80 level IV 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 80 a vigorous or rapid projection of many things at once lying down modest, free from ostentation or elegance animal life Lesson 4: Using Context Clues, page Try It Yourself The author uses examples to indicate that archetypal means “an idea shared among members of a culture or other group.” The author uses restatement to define cairns as “monuments consisting of piled stones.” The second clause clarifies that escalated means “became greater.” A cause and effect clue indicates that if anthropologists can’t make sense of something, that thing is extremely puzzling Enigmatic must mean “very puzzling.” The examples indicate that amphibians are animals that are born in water but live on land Lesson 5: Using Context Clues, page Try It Yourself angered natural; innate depressed moving clumsily avoiding the point studied chaos; frenzy hesitant completely unaware 10 highly regarded Time Out for Test Practice, page 11 Using Context Clues C declare again as valid B having confidence in and exercising one’s own powers D call to remembrance A marked by danger or insecurity D growing rapidly B quality of enduring A legacy; tradition C pursuit of or search for something Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:29:17 PM B shine coming from within 10 D custom-made 11 D vague 12 A calm 13 A fastener 14 B fashionable 15 B easy 16 C pretended sickness 17 A extreme poverty 18 D apologetic 19 B instinctive 20 C theory Lesson 6: Reference Materials for Vocabulary Words, page 13 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A wallow: to roll about in mud or filth; to be stuck or mired in a situation or state of mind that is difficult to get out of mortify: to destroy the strength or vitality of; to severly embarrass chasm: a deep, steep-sided valley; a large difference of opinion advocate: (v) to promote an idea, to speak or argue in favor of something; (n) a person who promotes an idea or cause cliché: a tired or trite phrase or expression; something that has become commonplace E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Possible answers are given detrimental definition: something that causes damage or harm synonyms: harmful, damaging, injurious, hurtful, risky lament definition: to express regret synonyms: mourn, grieve, bemoan, rue, deplore synthetic definition: something that is not natural or real synonyms: artificial, fake, mock, imitation, unnatural mentor definition: a teacher or advisor who takes a particular interest in the training and/or success of a student or young person © EMC Publishing, LLC 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 81 synonyms: counselor, tutor, guide, teacher, advisor eloquent definition: well-spoken; expressive synonyms: articulate, ardent, fluent, poignant, passionate fiasco definition: a total mess of a situation synonyms: debacle, disaster, mess, shambles, calamity profound definition: having intellectual depth and insight synonyms: philosophical, thoughtful, weighty, deep, serious exhilaration definition: a state of excitement and happiness synonyms: delight, elation, joy, exultation, euphoria Lesson 7: Words with Multiple Meanings, page 15 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Sentences will vary Definitions are given n., an aromatic spice derived from nutmeg n., a heavy, often spiked staff or club used in the Middle Ages v., to erect and fix firmly in place n., slope adj., marked by considerable departure from the original; extreme n., root E x e r c ise B (k5m> paund) adj., composed of the union of two or more things (k@m paund>) v., make larger or of greater intensity (en> tr@ns) n., opening through which one enters (in trans>) v., to carry away with delight, wonder, or rapture (mi> n@t) n., unit of time comprised of onesixtieth of an hour (m8 n2t>) adj., extremely small Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling level IV 81 4/15/09 12:29:17 PM Lesson 8: Review of Synonyms and Antonyms, page 17 B dismantle D want Try It Yourself Word Meanings E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Sample responses are given synonyms: annoyed, miffed; antonyms: soothed, calmed synonyms: youthful, juvenile; antonyms: elderly, old synonyms: grin, leer; antonyms: frown, grimace synonyms: little, tiny; antonyms: large, gargantuan synonyms: alter, modify; antonyms: reinstate, preserve E x e r c ise B ordeals irresponsible cheap deeply seriousness Lesson 9: Connotation and Denotation, page 19 Try It Yourself Strong-willed is more positive than stubborn, which has a negative connotation Flighty has a negative connotation similar to unreliable, whereas unpredictable is more neutral and can even be positive, as in someone who is not boring Solitude has a negative or positive connotation, while loneliness is almost always negative Selective has a positive connotation—as in someone who is careful about what he or she eats, reads, and so on—while picky has a negative connotation Arrogant has a very negative connotation, whereas self-confident has a positive connotation Time Out for Test Practice, page 21 Connotation and Denotation D talkative B eager A travel 82 level IV 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 82 B purse D analyze C scarce D bizarre C conservative C hefty A irate A overindulgent Lesson 10: Spelling Correctly, page 22 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A balmy letters that form long e sound: y definition: mild; soothing decipher letters that form long e sound: e definition: to figure out what something means keen letters that form long e sound: ee definition: eager; sharp tedious letters that form long e sounds: e and i definition: boring; dull; tiresome leaping letters that form long e sound: ea definition: springing free E x e r c ise B vain letters that form long a sound: definition: useless; excessively interested in one’s own appearance gale letters that form long a sound: a definition: strong wind array letters that form long a sound: ay definition: a display or range of something convey letters that form long a sound: ey definition: to communicate information heinous letters that form long a sound: ei definition: shockingly evil Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:29:17 PM E x e r c ise C f sound forest, cliff, laugh sh sound shining, chute, vacation, cushion, schnauzer j sound jam, gerbil Lesson 11: Spelling Patterns I, page 24 E x e r c ise A irresponsible gradually cooperate actually unnecessary skiing the y is preceded by a consonant; the y is preceded by a vowel A shabbier B boyish C airily D flying E employer F coyly E x e r c ise C the suffix begins with a vowel; the suffix begins with a consonant A infringing B irately C remoteness D distributed E recuperation F arrangement because the e makes the c or g sound soft rather than hard because otherwise they would be confused with dying and singing Lesson 12: Spelling Patterns II, page 27 Try It Yourself sopranos crutches apartment complexes Tuesdays bullies videos © EMC Publishing, LLC 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 83 crises tomatoes, peppers, chives analyses sheep, children alumni, c’s, s’s E x e r c ise C weird, shrieked, neighbor, disbelief chief, siege, believed, beige conceited, succeeded, receding proceed, conceded, exceed field, intercede Lesson 13: Spell-Check Software and What It Fails to Do, page 29 E x e r c ise B E x e r c ise A E x e r c ise B Try It Yourself trenches personalities Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary E x e r c ise B When researching an author, keep in mind that it takes time to find a quality, informative site among the clutter and gigantic mass of the Internet Web browsers are a great place to start; most of the sites you will find there will be well organized and in-depth The best sites are often those that the authors put together themselves When a writer creates a home page, you can often find personal messages and anecdotes that allow you to get a real sense of who he or she is Good secondary sites include those authorized by the author or his or her agent, literary societies, publishers, and fans of the author Time Out for Test Practice, page 31 Spelling A calendar B competitive A embarrasses B extraordinary B attach A heroes A mischievous B temperature A humorous 10 B repetition 11 A weird Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling level IV 83 4/15/09 12:29:17 PM 12 B recommends 13 A indispensable 14 A surprised 15 B harass 16 A eligible 17 A cemetery 18 A feminine 19 B conscience 20 A amateur 21 A parallel 22 B vengeance 23 A sponsor 24 A privilege 25 B committee interfaith: several faiths or religions joined or considered together midtown: middle of a town or city unknown: not known E x e r c ise B fatherhood: the condition of being a father southerner: one who is from the South relationship: the state of relations preparedness: the quality of being prepared scholarly: characteristic of a scholar hopeful: full of hope E x e r c ise C Responses will vary Lesson 14: Morphemes—The Building Blocks of Words, page 33 Try It Yourself Lesson 16: More about Prefixes, page 37 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Sample responses are given proceed, progress, provision, prologue prospect, introspection, spectacle, spectator project, reject, interject, conjecture, eject specify, dignify, vilify, magnify, glorify Sentences will vary Definitions are given area before the room glow or good feeling that lasts after something is over something written after one is dead an indicator before (in this case before the disease culminates in death) E x e r c ise B E x e r c ise B E x e r c ise A stup, root, stun –ify, suffix, make or cause to be cause to be stunned pro, prefix, before or forward tract–, root, draw or drag draw forward serv, root, serve –itude, suffix, quality or state of state of having to serve sheep, base word, animal that tends to follow –ish, suffix, like –ly, suffix, in such a manner acting in the manner of a sheep Lesson 15: Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes, page 35 Sentences will vary Definitions are given to turn away or apart from something to work together to turn or move in separate directions Lesson 17: More about Suffixes, page 39 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A pollution adoptee frigidity bachelorhood correspondence defendant amateur E x e r c ise B Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A semiannual: half-year or occurring twice per year disassemble: to take apart or the opposite of assemble bimonthly: every two months 84 level IV 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 84 perishable vigilant contemptible asteroid cosmic crossly: resembling someone who is irritable Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:29:17 PM recklessly: resembling someone who is acting in a heedless manner toward: in the direction of E x e r c ise C Sentences will vary Words are given glorify standardize motivate hasten familiarize Lesson 18: Word Origins, page 42 Try It Yourself Word definitions and origins will vary slightly; sentences will vary sequester: to set apart; segregate origin: [Middle English sequestren, from Anglo-French sequestrer, from Latin sequestrare, meaning “to hand over to a trustee,” from sequester meaning “third party to whom disputed property is entrusted, agent,” from secus meaning “beside, otherwise;” akin to Latin sequi meaning “to follow”] banal: lacking originality, freshness, or novelty origin: [French, from Middle French “of compulsory feudal service, possessed in common, commonplace,” from ban] bestow: to put to use, to put in a particular or appropriate place origin [Middle English from be- + stowe meaning “place”] clammy: being damp, soft, sticky, and usually cool; lacking normal human warmth origin: [Middle English, probably from clammen “to smear, stick” from Old English clæman; akin to Old English clæg or “clay”] ecology: a branch of science concerned with the interrelationship of organisms and their environments origin: [Greek Ökologie, from öko-/eco- + -logie/-logy] harmony: tuneful sound; the combination of simultaneous musical notes in a chord origin: [Middle English armony, from Anglo-French armonie, from Latin harmonia, from Greek, “joint harmony,” from harmos “joint”] © EMC Publishing, LLC 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 85 hence: from this place; away origins: [Middle English hennes, henne, from Old English heonan; akin to Old High German hinnan “away,” and Old English hēr “here”] jeopardy: exposure to or imminence of death, loss, or injury; danger origin: [Middle English jeopardie, from Anglo-French juparti, jeuparti alternative, literally “divided game”] legacy: a gift by will, especially of money or other personal property; something transmitted by or received from an ancestor or predecessor or from the past origin: [Middle English legacie “office of a legate, bequest” from Anglo-French or Medieval Latin; Anglo-French office of a legate, from Medieval Latin legatia, from Latin legatus] 10 zeal: eagerness and ardent interest in pursuit of something origin: [Middle English zele, from Late Latin zelus, from Greek zēlos] Lesson 19: Root Families, page 44 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Sentences will vary Definitions and explanations are given take back; recall cause to react; cause to call out marked by or given to forceful, persistent outcry; tending to call out forcefully one that pleads the case of another; one that gives voice to someone else’s interests hobby; unpaid “calling” E x e r c ise B bene: good benefactor: one who does good things for someone else benign: not harmful benediction: blessing; something that promotes goodness or well-being mal: bad malpractice: performing one’s job or practice badly malefactor: one who does ill toward another; a criminal malignant: causing harm malnourished: poorly fed Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling level IV 85 4/15/09 12:29:17 PM dyn: force, power dynamic: energetic; forceful dynamo: someone who is energetic and forceful dynamite: a powerful explosive dynasty: a powerful group or family that maintains power over a long period ferv: boil or bubble fervent: exhibiting or marked by great intensity of feeling fervid: marked by extreme intensity of feeling fervor: intensity of feeling effervescent: bubbling, hissing, or foaming; showing liveliness or exhilaration greg: flock or herd congregate: gather together segregate: separate according to certain features gregarious: friendly Lesson 20: Greek and Latin Roots, page 46 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Predicted meanings will vary Actual meanings are given cryptology: the study of secret codes epistemology: the study or theory of the nature and grounds of knowledge etymology: the study of word origins gerontology: the study of aging pathology: the study of disease theology: the study of religious faith, practice, and experience E x e r c ise B Responses will vary E x e r c ise C olig: few archy: ruler, ruling class Oligarchy is rule by a small number of people, usually for selfish purposes leg: law The legislature is the group of people responsible for making laws pop: people A populist is one who advocates for the common people 86 level IV 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 86 cracy: form of government A plutocracy is a government by the wealthy crat: leader, member, or supporter of a certain group or class A technocrat is one who believes in the management of society by technical experts Lesson 21: Using Word Parts to Unlock Meaning, page 48 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Think alouds will vary E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Dictionary definitions provided below prototype—an original model on which something is patterned invalidating—to make invalid, to weaken or destroy the cogency of despicable—deserving to be despised entrenched—to place within or surround with a trench, especially for defense; to establish solidly recriminations—a retaliatory accusation Lesson 22: The Evolution of Language, page 50 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A The man was very much in debt; he couldn’t even afford a new pair of shoes You’d better listen to your mother’s advice; she knows what she’s talking about! Initially, I trusted the peddler to deal honestly with me, but eventually I recognized he was a man Perhaps Jon will stop by on his way home, or perhaps he won’t The peddler asked to speak with the man of the house, but only the wife was available to speak with him E x e r c ise B eponym acronym eponym eponym borrowed word Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:29:17 PM E x e r c ise C leaning toward but not quite wrong event where everyone is trying to impress and court favor with everyone else unlicensed assistant teachers small shop conversation consisting of technical terms Time Out for Test Practice, page 53 Prefixes and Suffixes A half A not B three A too little; lacking B later; after B before; first A –ize A micro– A in– 10 C pre– 11 D retro– 12 B –en Root Families root: dict; C to say root: scrib/scrip; D to write root: port; A to carry root: fin; B end root: aud; D to hear root: viv/vit; B alive D uncertain how to act or proceed D one who assumes complete control D involving two variables 10 A disturbed state 11 C divide into three equal parts 12 B of more than one voice Lesson 23: Spanish Words in English, page 55 Try It Yourself from the Spanish guaba, guayaba, perhaps from Taino from the Spanish hamaca from Taino from the Spanish huracán from the Taino hurakán © EMC Publishing, LLC 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 87 from the Spanish el largato, meaning “the lizard,” from el meaning “the” plus largato meaning “lizard,” assumed to come from vulgar Latin lacartus, from Latin lacertus, lacerta from the Spanish cucaracha, meaning “cockroach,” from cuca, meaning “caterpillar.” 6.–10 Sentences will vary Etymologies and definitions are given from American Spanish pinto, meaning “spotted,” from obsolete Spanish, assumed to be from vulgar Latin pinctus; a horse or pony with splotches of white and another color from the Spanish incomunicado, from the past participle of incomunicar, meaning “to deprive of communication,” from Latin in– plus comunicar, meaning “to communicate,” from Latin communicare; without means of communicaton from Mexican Spanish sarape; a colorful woolen shawl worn over the shoulders, especially by Mexican men from Spanish, from the feminine of junto, meaning “joined,” from the Latin junctus, past participle of jungere, meaning “to join”; a council or committee for political or governmental purposes, especially a group of persons controlling a government after a revolutionary seizure of power 10 from the Spanish guerrilla, from the diminutive of guerra, meaning “war,” of Germanic origins akin to Old High German werra, meaning “strife”; a person who engages in irregular warfare, especially as a member of an independent unit carrying out harassment and sabotage Lesson 24: English Words from French, page 57 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Connections will vary Etymology and definitions are given Etymology: Middle English from Middle French covrefeu, referring to a signal given to bank the hearth fire, from covrir, meaning “to cover” and feu, meaning “fire,” from Latin focus, meaning “hearth.” Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling level IV 87 4/15/09 12:29:18 PM Definition: a regulation meaning that certain people must be off the streets by a certain hour or businesses must close by a certain time Etymology: Middle English sege, from Old French meaning “seat; blockade,” from segier, meaning “to seat, settle,” assumed to be from vulgar Latin sedicare, from Latin sedāre, meaning “to sit.” Definition: a military blockage of a place to force it to surrender; a persistent or serious attack Etymology: from Middle English virtu, from Old French, from Latin virtut, meaning “strength, manliness, virtue,” from vir, meaning “man” Definition: conformity to a standard of right; morality Etymology: from Middle French perjurer, from Latin perjurare, from per, meaning “for the worse” plus jurare, meaning “to swear.” Definition: to swear under oath to something that is untrue from German Schaden, meaning “misfortune,” and Freude, meaning “joy”; enjoyment obtained from the troubles of others from German dumm, meaning “dumb,” and Kopf, meaning “head”; blockhead from German, from Old High German farboten, past participle of farbioten, meaning “to forbid,” from far, meaning “for” plus bioten, meaning “to offer”; not allowed from German from Fliegerabwehrkanonen, from Flieger, meaning “flyer,” Abwehr, meaning “defense,” and Kanonen, meaning “canons”; criticism or opposition E x e r c ise B E x e r c ise B Once we had told our dinner companions that we admired their clothes, we began to eat I looked for the book, only to discover that it had been stolen! Luckily, my friend helped me in discovering the thief The peonies bloomed all around the house, hiding the large French doors that led into the garden Lesson 25: English Words from German, page 59 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Predicted meanings will vary Definitions are given line of extravagant talk; pitch took the goods of by force barren; desolate broken E x e r c ise B Sentences will vary Etymologies and meanings are given from German Blitz, meaning “lightning,” and Krieg, “meaning “war”; war conducted with great speed and force 88 level IV 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 88 Lesson 26: Register, Slang, and Colloquialisms, page 61 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Students should provide advice and offer suggestions that make the letter more formal 1.–6 Responses will vary Lesson 27: Idioms, page 63 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A 1.–5 Responses will vary E x e r c ise B ahead of time pounding the pavement cut to the chase break the news to pick up the pace Time Out for Test Practice, page 65 Borrowed Words in English N kitsch K déjà vu F burro A angst R poncho I conquistador O lasso H cocoa S rendezvous 10 B vogue 11 T wanderlust Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:29:18 PM 12 C bizarre 13 Q patio 14 D blitz 15 P omelet 16 G canyon 17 M gourmet 18 J coyote 19 L flak 20 E buffet Idioms and Colloquialisms A bring up a topic of dispute B gossip; have a casual conversation D hearty eater; glutton C small amount of money A teach me how things are done B elaborate, showy presentation B start all over again B quick temper D get ahead of oneself 10 C in the same predicament 11 B reap the consequences of one’s actions 12 A very active, social person Lesson 28: Vocabulary Questions on Standardized Tests, page 67 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A C briefly A explain A fancy C request E x e r c ise B C muster…malicious A dramatic…imperceptible B garish…censure E x e r c ise C D anger : fury C windmill : electricity B smiley : goodwill Lesson 29: Writing and Word Choice, page 70 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary somewhat Have students compare their responses to those of their classmates © EMC Publishing, LLC 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 89 Resentful generally refers to someone’s feelings toward a particular person or group, whereas bitter and cynical refer to someone’s personality more generally Of these latter two, bitter may have the more negative connotation Inexplicable is the strongest of these terms, followed by bewildering and then confusing Exhausted is the most extreme of the three terms, followed by tired and then fatigued Forlorn is the most extreme of these terms, followed by lonely and then alone Exultant is the strongest of the three terms Victorious refers to a victory over someone, whereas triumphant wouldn’t necessarily imply an opponent E x e r c ise B 1.–5 Responses will vary Lesson 30: Literal and Figurative Meanings, page 72 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Possible sentences provided figurative / The children sat on a mound of grass literal figurative / My lawyers easily made the defendant look guilty literal literal figurative / He was in love with her figurative / His mind evaluated the answers quickly literal figurative / I only write the truth 10 literal E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Lesson 31: Figurative Language, page 74 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Rewritten sentences will vary simile; He was a rat in a maze metaphor; My friend is like a raving lunatic simile; It was a vast forest, populated by mountain-tall evergreens Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling level IV 89 4/15/09 12:29:18 PM simile; I want to prove to my friends that I am Babe Ruth on the field metaphor; She was like a cat, leaping from rooftop to rooftop E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Lesson 32: Expanding Your Word Knowledge, page 76 Try It Yourself E x e r c ise A Responses will vary Kerfuffle means “tumult.” E x e r c ise B Responses will vary Time Out for Test Practice, page 78 Using Word Attack Skills on Standardized Tests A back and forth action or effect B size C deadly C irreversible D method of transformation Analogies B glad : joyous C anger : wrathful B handyman : odd jobs B slander : vilify B stymie : defeat Sentence Completions B calm…respect D colonialism…uprisings C Pacifists…unnecessary A insignificant…revered D defender…equals 90 level IV 0080-0090_Gr09_vocab&spelling-AK.indd 90 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC 4/15/09 12:29:18 PM ... smile small a-, an- atypical dis- disinterested change il- illogical im- impervious in- insecure ir- irrational un- unreal © EMC Publishing, LLC 000 1-0 079_Gr09_vocab &spelling- L 1-3 2.indd 17 Exceeding... infringe + -ing = B irate + -ly = C remote + -ness = D distribute + -ed = © EMC Publishing, LLC 000 1-0 079_Gr09_vocab &spelling- L 1-3 2.indd 25 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling LEvEL Iv, UnIt... have negative connotations, which have positive connotations, and which are neutural 20 LEvEL Iv, UnIt 000 1-0 079_Gr09_vocab &spelling- L 1-3 2.indd 20 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling