Phien am tieng thai

^ HE THONG PHIEN AM CAC TU NGU TIENG THAI LAN B A N G CHU QUOC NGU ^ • NGUYEN TUdNG LAI * TRUdNG THI H A N G ** N h u chiing t a da biet hien cae tai lieu, bao chi va sach vd d Viet Nam viet ve Thai Lan deu cd nhiing each phien am tii ngii tieng Thai Lan khdng thd'ng nha't va thieu chinh xac Tinh t r a n g phien am se l a m chd nhiing ngUdi hgc tieng Thai Lan khd ma cd ket qua tdt trdng viec tap p h a t a m cac tii ngii tieng Thai Lan Ddng thdi nd ciing se gay nhiing sai sdt khdng dang cd viec ghi am va p h a t am nhiing n h a n d a n h va dia danh ciia Thai Lan tren cac phUdng tien thdng tin dai chiing Chang h a n chiing ta van ggi ten mot cau thii bdng da ndi tieng cua Thai Lan la "Ki-a-ti-sac", nhUng thUc r a phai ggi chinh xac la "Kiettj-xac" Sd dl n h u vay vi chiing ta le thugc vao Icl chuyen tU tii chii viet Thai Lan sang chii viet L a - t i n h ma ngUdi Thai Lan dang sit dung va dgc chiing ta lai dgc theo each dgc chii qud'c ngii De t r a n h den miic tdi da nhiing sai sdt chiing tdi tien hanh xay dUng he thd'ng phien am cac tit ngii tieng Thai Lan b a n g chii Qud'c ngii Trudc tien chiing tdi tien h a n h viec so sanh ve m a t ngii am giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet Mot so' n e t tifotag d o n g v a k h a c biet giiifa t i e n g T h a i L a n v a t i e n g Viet Tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet cimg thugc loai hinh ngdn ngii ddn lap nhUng chiing lai gan giii n h a u hdn ea so vdi cac ngdn ngii ddn lap khac TrUdc bet, tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet la cac ngdn ngii ddn am tiet tinh dien hinh, va thii den la ca hai ngdn ngii deu thugc Icai hinh ngdn ngii ed t h a n h dieu Nhd cd hai dac trUng ngii am ma tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet dUdc xep vae cung mdt nhdm ndi bd cac ngdn ngii ddn lap Them nCta, tieng Viet tii xa xUa da cd mdi quan he tiep xiic vdi cac ngdn ngii thugc nhdm Thai che nen tieng Viet va tieng Thai Lan lai cang cd nhieu net tUdng ddng Hien nay, da so' cac nha ngdn ngii hgc deu coi tieng Viet cd quan he ngudn gee vdi cac ngdn ngii Mdn-Khmer va sau tieng Viet da tiep xiic vdi tieng Thai d Viet Nam, de dd tieng ndi cua ngUdi Thai Lan va ngUdi Viet dUdng nhien cd nhieu net tUdng ddng xua't p h a t tii nguyen nhan cimg loai hinh ngdn ngii va sU tiep xiic ngdn ngii giiia ngudi Viet vdi cac ddng tgc ciia ijgUdi Thai Lan tren da't Viet Nam Vdi dac trUng la ngdn ngii ddn am tiet nen am tiet cua tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet cd met vai trd r a t quan trgng Ciing n h u tieng Viet, am tiet tieng Thai Lan PGS.TS Nguyen Tiidng Lai, TrUdng Dai hoc Khoa hoc Xa hoi va Nhan van Ha Noi * ThS Tnidng Thi HSng, TrUdng Dai hoc Naresuan Thai Lan 22 ciing la mdt ddn vi ngd am cd tinh ddc lap rat cao, dd la: tieng Thai Lan ldi ndi dUdc ndi bang mdt Idat cac am tiet tach biet va rd rang Tuy vay, ve sau tieng Thai Lan chiu anh hUdng nhieu cua tieng Pali Sanskrit, vdn thugc Icai ngdn ngii bien hinh nen da cd met sd'hien tUdng gan vdi hien tUdng ndi am Ciing cd the ndi rang da sd am tiet ciia tieng Thai Lan deu la nhiing am tiet cd nghia Dac diem gid'ng vdi tieng Viet NhUng neu ndi r i n g tat ca cac am tiet cua tieng Thai Lan deu cd nghia (nhu cd ngUdi ndi tieng Viet) thi e r i n g khd cd the chap nhan dUdc Thttc ra, tieng Thai Lan ciing nhu tieng Viet vdn la hai ngdn ngii cd budc chuyen tii da tiet sang ddn tiet Bang chiing ciia ne la cac am tiet thuan Thai hoac thuan Viet khdng cd nghia cac tii da tiet van dang tdn tai d hai ngdn ngii vdi tU each la dau vet edn lai eiia mdt ngdn ngii da tiet Sd' lUdng am tiet kieu d tieng Thai Lan cdn dUde giii lai nhieu hdn tieng Viet Sau nay, tieng Thai Lan dUdc tiep xiic vdi cae ngdn ngii da tiet la tieng Pali-Sanskrit, rdi cac ngdn ngii chau Au k h a c niia lam cho tieng Thai Lan dUdng nhu bi da tiet hoa trd lai Nhu chiing ta da biet, tieng Thai Lan la mdt ngdn ngii giau dieu va dieu cd vai trd khu biet nghia He thd'ng dieu ciia tieng Thai Lan cd tat ca ma ngUdi Thai Lan dat ten cho tiing la: "Xieng Xa-man", "Xieng Eek", "Xieng Thd", "Xieng Tri", "Xieng Chat-ta-va" Neu so vdi tieng Viet thi "Xieng Xa-man" ciia tieng Thai Lan tUdng tu nhu Bang ciia tieng Viet, "Xieng Eek" tUdng tU nhU Huyen, "Xieng Tri" tUdng tU nhU Sic, "Xieng Chat-ta-va" tUdng tU nhu Hdi Duy nha't chi cd "Xieng Thd" (tam ggi la Nghien citu Dong Nam A 12/2010 Len-Xud'ng) la khdng cd treng tieng Viet Ve bang chii cai tieng Thai Lan: Bang chii cai phu am tieng Thai Lan bad gdm 44 Cdn chii va dUdc sap xep thee thd tU sau: niTififi^j-j'ja'iiiiQjEijjiflS'raw i»1 SI tl niiUuiJwrJvivl/iuEj-saTfiB'avi w a a Ngdai ra, tieng Thai Lan cdn cd nguyen am ddn, nguyen am ddi, ma cac chii bieu thi cac nguyen am dUdc sip xep thed tiing cap ngan dai nhu sau: -t Q d rf a -1 - - - - T - - l-t I- il-t Ll- \-t T [- i-ij -a i-aj i-Q i^Ejt I'^E) i-as i-a -st -^ Ben canh dd, cdn met so' chii dac biet dung de ghi ca mot am tiet, dd la: 1- 1- -1 q tji n ,m Bang chii cai cua tieng Viet ddn gian hdn vdi 29 cdn chii, bad gdm: A A A B C D D E E G H I K L M N O O d P Q R S T U U V X Y Tii viec so sanh nhiing net tUdng ddng va khac biet giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet, chiing tdi xin dUdc chi mot sd thuan Idi, ciing nhu khd khan viec phien am cac tii ngii tieng Thai Lan bing chii qud'c ngii Nhufng thuan Itfi va kho khan viec phien am cac tii ngu! tieng Thai Lan bang chuf Qud'c nguf 2.1 Nhiing thuan lgi: Nhu da phan tich cl tren, tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet cd ra't nhieu diem tUdng ddng nhii Ciing thugc mot loai hinh ngdn ngfl, dd la loai hinh ngdn ngii ddn lap cd dieu, ca hai ngdn ngii cdn cd sU tUdng ddng rat Idn v | cau triic am tiet, he Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truang Thi Hdng - He thdng phien dm cdc tit ngif thdng am vi ciia hai thit tieng ve cd ban la nhU n h a u C h i n h sU "gan giii" tad dieu kien cho qua t r i n h chuyen tU cac chii Thai Lan b a n g chii Qud'c ngii de phien am cac t d ngii tieng Thai Lan dUdc de dang hdn Chinh nhiing net tUdng ddng ve t h a n h dieu giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet la mot lgi the ldn t r e n g viec dung ehii Qud'c ngii de phien am cac tit ngii tieng Thai Lan Nhu chung ta da biet, mdt nhiing khd k h a n ldn n h a t ma ngUdi Thai gap phai nd lUc chuyen tU he thd'ng chii Thai Lan sang chii L a - t i n h dd la cac ngdn ngii chau Au la cae ngdn ngii khdng cd t h a n h dieu Dieu da phan nao lam giam di tinh chinh xac cua cac tii ngii dUdc chuyen tU va phien am NgUdc lai, tieng Viet lai cd k h a day dii cac t h a n h treng tieng Thai Lan (ngoai trii "Xieng Thd" la t h a n h Len-Xud'ng) Dieu dd cho chiing ta hy vgng r i n g sU phong phii ve dieu tieng Viet du k h a nang phien am chinh xac cac tii ngii ciia tieng Thai Lan Cudi cimg la b a n g chii cai tieng Viet ve cd ban la phien am thee nguyen tac ngii am am vi hgc mdt ddi mdt Cd nghia la mdi mot am vi dUde bieu thi bang mdt chii cai nha't Day ciing la mdt dac trUng rat quan trgng giiip tao dieu kien t h u a n ldi qua t r i n h srt dung chii Qud'c ngii de phien am tieng Thai Lan Ben canh nhiing t h u a n ldi da neu d tren, viec xay dUng he thd'ng phien am cac tii ngii tieng Thai Lan b i n g chii Qud'c ngii gap khdng it khd k h a n 2.2 NhUng khd khan Khd k h a n t h d n h a t phai ke den la, tieng Thai Lan cd mdt so' am vi phu am khdng cd tieng Viet Dd la phu am [c'j ditdc bieu thj bang cac cen chii a -n tw, la phu am [p'] diiric bieu thi bang cac 23 chii u w ji , dd la p h u am [w] dUdc bieu thi bang Cdn chii T, dd la phu am [j] dUdc bieu thi bang chii u Hai la, bang chii cai tieng Thai Lan ve cd ban la khdng phien am theo nguyen t i c ngii am am vi hgc mdt ddi mdt Tdc la kha nhieu trUdng hdp chi mdt am vi nhUng lai dUdc bieu thi bang rat nhieu chet khac nhau, vi du nhU: P h u am dau [k'] dUdc bieu thi b i n g ccn chii la: ii ii fi fi P h u am dau [d] dUdc bieu thi b i n g chii la: Q ?I P h u am dau [n] dUdc bieu thi b i n g chii la: m u P h u am dau [s] dUdc bieu thi b i n g ehii la: «ii fi a a P h u am dau [t] dUde bieu thi b i n g Cdn chii la: Q SI P h u am dau [f] dUdc bieu thi b i n g cen chii la: (J v\ P h u am dau [j] dUde bieu thi bang Cdn chii la: nj tj Phu am dau [f] dUdc bieu thi bang eon chii la: ii cu ti n B P h u am dau [1] dUde bieu tbi bang Cdn chii la: a w P h u am dau [c'] dUde bieu thi bang ehii la: a •» m P h u am dau [p'] dUde bieu thi bang chii la: H w n P h u am d i u [h] dUdc bieu thi b i n g ehii la: vi P h u am cudi [n] dUdc bieu thi bang Cdn chii la: u m tij a w P h u am cudi [p ] dUdc bieu thi bang chii la: u iJ « /i P h u am cudi [t] dUdc bieu thi b i n g 15 chii l a : ? i s i » i T i j | J ] ' v i n j n n t i f i H 24 Phu am cudl [k] dUdc bieu thi bang Cdn ehii la: n u fi w Ba la, phu am cudl ciia tieng Thai Lan cen cd phu am tac hau [?] dUde bieu thi bang chii -z Phu am khdng cd treng tieng Viet nen nhiing am tiet cd phu am se khdng ed chii Qud'c ngii tUdng itng de phien Bdn la, tieng Thai Lan nguyen am ddn va nguyen am ddi deu cd day du cac cap ngan dai NhUng trdng tieng Viet chi cd nguyen am ngin la [a] dUdc bieu thi bang Cdn chii a va nguyen am [d] ngin dUde bieu thi bang eon chii a Vay se khdng cd dii nhiing chii Qud'c ngii de phien cac am tiet cd cac nguyen am ngin ciia tieng Thai Lan Tren cd sd phan tich nhiing thuan ldi va khd khan trdng viec phien am cac tii ngii tieng Thai Lan bing chii Qud'c ngii, chiing tdi xin dUdc dUa ba nguyen tic xay dung he thd'ng phien am cac tii ngii tieng Thai Lan bing chii Qud'c ngii Cac nguyen tac xay dvfng he thong phien am cac tii ngU tieng Thai Lan bang chuf Quoc ngiif Met la: Dd cd nhiing khac biet giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet nen chi tan dung tdi da cac kha nang ciia chii Qud'c ngii de phien am chinh xac phan ldn cac tit ngii tieng Thai Lan, nhiing tii ngii cdn lai chi cd gang dat tdi miic sat nhat Sd vdi am ban ngii Hai la: Chia each phien am hai he thdng: Mdt danh cho viec sit dung rgng rai cac van ban va cac sach bao xua't ban each phien am chi sii dung cac chii bang chii cai tieng Viet (chiing tdi tam ggi la "He thd'ng phien am phd cap") Va mot danh cho viec hudng dan each phat am tit dien (tam ggi Nghien ciiu Ddng Nam A 12/2010 la "He thd'ng phien am tii dien") Trong he thdng phien am thii hai nay, ngoai viec sii dung triet de cae chii bang chii cai tieng Viet, cdn dung them mdt so' ki hieu khac cd tinh chat quy udc de ngUdi sit dung cd the phat am dUdc cae tii met each chinh xac hdn Them met ly dd niia giai thich cho viec chia each phien am hai he thdng dd la: Vdi he thd'ng phien am thii nha't, chiing tdi tuan thu hoan toan nguyen tac set dung he thd'ng chii Qud'c ngii de phien am cae ttf ngii tieng Thai Lan Cach thitc hudng tdi tinh khoa hgc, chinh xac ciia cdng trinh Cdn vdi he thd'ng phien am thii hai, vdi muc dich sii dung cac eudn tit dien, chiing tdi van bam sat he thd'ng chii cai cua tieng Viet, va cac dau dieu de phien am cac tii tieng Thai Lan Tuy nhien, de khic phuc tdi da nhiing han che dd sU khac biet giiia tieng Thai Lan va tieng Viet, chiing tdi cd sit dung mdt so' ki hieu dac biet qua trinh phien am Vdi he thdng phien am nay, chiing tdi hudng tdi muc tieu md rgng hdn niia pham vi sii dung chd eudn tii dien Thai Lan - Viet Ba la: Cac am ciia til ngii tieng Thai Lan dUdc ghi lai bean tdan thed quy tic chinh ta ciia tieng Viet He thong phien am cac tii nguf tieng Thai Lan bang chuf Quoc ngijf De cd dudc he thd'ng phien am chiing ta phai tien hanh budc chuyen tU cac chii phu am, nguyen am va cac ky hieu dieu cua tieng Thai Lan sang chii Qudc ngii, 4.1 Chuyen til cdc chic phu am tieng Thdi Lan sang chii Qudc ngU 4.1.1 Danh cho he thdng phien dm phd cap (Xem Bdng 1) Chii thich: Nguyen Tuong Lai, Truang Thi Hang - He thd'ng phien dm cdc tir ngir 1, Con chii eh phien cho ca p h u am [c] khdng b a t hdi cd tiengViet dUdc ghi bang chii Qud'c ngii la eh va ea phu am b a t hdi [c'] khdng cd trdng tieng Viet, 2, Hai cen chii d va gi phien cho phu am [j] khdng cd tieng Viet, 3, Con chii p h phien cho ca p h u am mdi rang, khdng b a t hdi [f] ed tieng Viet dUdc ghi b i n g chii Qud'c ngii la ph va ea p h u a m b a t hdi [p'] khdng cd treng tieng Viet, 4, Cen chet v phien cho phu am [w] khdng cd tieng Viet, 4.1.2 He thdng phien dien (Xem bang 2.) 4.1.3 Nhdn dm ddnh cho tU xet Nhu vay, tieng Thai Lan cd mdt so chii phu am bieu thi cac am khdng cd tieng Viet, bao gdm cac phu am sau: + Am vi p h u a m p h a t am n h u am ch cua tieng Viet, n h u n g ludng hdi bat manh hdn, chiing tdi d u n g ki hieu ch' , Tieu chi bat hdi la tieu chi phan biet phu am ch vdi phu a m ch' , Am dUde bieu thi bang chut: a (phat am vdi t h a n h Hdi); ch'd •B (phat am vdi t h a n h Bang): ch'd oj (phat am vdi t h a n h Bang): cb'o + Am vi p h u am p h a t a m nhU am p cua tieng Viet, N h u n g day la p h u am t i c , b a t hdi, va dUdc p h a n biet vdi phu am p chu yeu b i n g tieu chi b a t hdi Chiing tdi sit dung ki hieu ph' de phien am phu am nay, ph' dUdc diing de bieu thi chii: w (phat am vdi t h a n h Hei): ph'd H (phat am vdi t h a n h B i n g ) : ph'd n (phat am vdi t h a n h Bing): ph'd + Am vi p h u am p h a t am gan n h u am v cua tieng Viet, nhUng hai mdi cham vao 25 n h a u va sau dd cho ludng hdi lach qua ke hd cua hai mdi ngoai, tieng Thai Lan dUdc ghi bang ehii T , Trong he thd'ng phien am phd cap, chiing tdi da sit dung ehii V cua tieng Viet de phien am cho phu am , bdi bang chii cai tieng Viet, V la chii cai cd each p h a t am gan gidng vdi nhat, + Am vi p h u am phat am gan gid'ng vdi am d cua tieng Viet n h u n g lUdi liii ve phia sau hdn va gdc lUdi cham vao ngac mem Am dudc bieu thi bang bai chii tj va nj , p h a t am vdi t h a n h Bing: jo, Chiing tdi dung chut la d va gi de phien am theo quy tac chinh ta cua tieng Viet, Ddi vdi cac chii phu am khac bang chii cai tieng Thai Lan, deu bieu thj cae phu am ciing cd tieng Viet, chiing tdi phien am bam sat quy tac chinh ta cua tieng Viet 4.2 Chuyen tit cdc chU nguyen dm tieng Thdi Lan sang chU Quoc ngd 4.2.1 Ddnh cho he thdng cap (Kem Bang 3) 4.2.2 He thdng ddnh cho tU dien OCem Bang 4) 4.2.3 Nhgn xet Nhu vay, Tieng Thai Lan edn bad gdm cap nguyen am ddn, cap nguyen am ddi, ben canh dd, cdn mdt sd chii dac biet dung de ghi ea mot am tiet hoac mdt van he thd'ng phien am phd cap, chiing tdi da hoan toan t u a n t h u cac nguyen tac chinh ta cua tieng Viet, cd nghia la chi sit dung cac chut t h u a n Viet de bieu thj cac chii nguyen am tieng Thai Lan Chinh vi vay se ed mdt loat cac cap nguyen am n g i n dai cua tieng Thai Lan chi dUde phien b i n g mdt ccn chii Qud'c ngii ma thdi Nghien citu Dong Nam A 12/2010 26 Cac chu phu am Thai Lan n TJ Chu Quoc ngir Chu Phu Chu Phu am cuoi am dau c;l< f l OJ kh ng •n r\i a f\ d; gi" U [U «M 51 51 "H nj [1 n ng r onu = ngam; «n