Handbook of business interest associations firm size and governance

Handbook of Business Interest Associations, Firm Size and Governance Business interest associations have an important role in public policy, industrial relations, and economic governance Despite their relevance they are under-researched both theoretically and empirically Traxler and Huemers innovative Handbook of Business Interest Associations combines unique theoretical approaches with empirical research Part I offers a theory of business associations which centres on firm size as the key explanatory variable Part II consists of an analysis of 15 countries and Part III contains a cross-national comparative study designed to test the hypotheses of Part I Throughout the book a unique set of data on membership, structures, activities and resources is introduced that make this book essential reading for scholars across a range of disciplines, such as organization studies, industrial relations, industrial sociology and political science, as well as for practitioners in related fields Franz Traxler is Professor of Industrial Sociology at the University of Vienna and was recently the President of the Austrian Sociological Association Gerhard Huemer is currently working for the European Crafts and SME Association, UEAPME, where he is responsible for policy co-ordination, public relations and strategic concepts for future developments Handbook of Business Interest Associations, Firm Size and Governance A comparative analytical approach Edited by Franz Traxler and Gerhard Huemer First published 2007 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business â 2007 Editorial matter and selection, Franz Traxler and Gerhard Huemer; individual chapters, the contributors This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2007 To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledges collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN 0-203-96107-2 Master e-book ISBN ISBN10: 0415424666 (hbk) ISBN10: 0203961072 (ebk) ISBN13: 9780415424660 (hbk) ISBN13: 9780203961070 (ebk) Contents List of illustrations List of contributors Acknowledgements List of abbreviations PART I Introduction vii x xiii xiv F RA N Z T RAX L E R The theoretical and methodological framework of analysis 10 F RA N Z T RAX L E R PART II Austria 37 39 F RA N Z T RAX L E R Belgium 64 PAT R I C K K E N IS AND FRANZ TRAXLE R Denmark 85 C A R S T E N J ỉRGE NSE N AND FRANZ TRAXLE R Finland 107 J U HA HI E TA N E N AND FRANZ TRAXLE R France S A B I N E S AU R UGGE R 122 vi Contents Germany 141 J ĩ RG E N R G ROTE , ACH IM LANG AND FRANZ TRAXLER Greece 177 A L I K I M OU R I KI AND FRANZ TRAXLE R 10 Ireland 192 F RA N Z T RAX L E R WITH E DE L WALSH E 11 Italy 204 A L E S S I A VAT TA 12 Luxembourg 230 PAT RI C K K E N IS AND FRANZ TRAXLE R 13 The Netherlands 245 PAT RI C K K E N IS AND FRANZ TRAXLE R 14 Portugal 258 R E I N H A R D N AUM ANN WITH M ARIA DA PAZ CA MPOS LIMA 15 Spain 279 R OS A N ON E L L AND JOAQUIM M M OLINS LểPEZ-RODể 16 Sweden 299 A N N I KA B E R G AND FRANZ TRAXLE R 17 United Kingdom 315 J U S T I N G R E E NWOOD AND FRANZ TRAXLE R PART III 349 18 Business associability, activities and governance: cross-national findings 351 F RA N Z T RAX L E R , B E RND B RANDL AND SUSANNE PERNIC KA Appendix: variable definitions References Index 407 409 428 Illustrations Figures 8.1 8.2 8.3 The structure of BDA The structure of ZDH Cooperation and competition within and among two clusters of associations 15.1 Voluntary business associations in Spain: the links between the national and territorial level 156 158 166 292 Tables 2.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 6.1 7.1 The number of companies and employment by firm size, 2003 13 The cross-sectoral associations in Austria: basic data, 2002 48 The WKệ: member companies and their employees by firm size, 2001 50 IV and WKệ: activities 53 IV and WKệ: human and financial resources, 2002 56 The cross-sectoral associations in Belgium: basic data, 2003/4 73 UNIZO: distribution of direct and indirect member companies by number of employees 77 VBO/FEB, CSPO/CENM, UNIZO and UCM: activities 79 VBO/FEB, CSPO/CENM, UNIZO and UCM: allocation of resources (financial and staff) to interest representation and services 80 VBO/FEB, CSPO/CENM, UNIZO and UCM: human and financial resources 82 The cross-sectoral associations in Denmark: basic data, 2003 91 Affiliates of DA 2004 listed according to share of total wage sum 96 The development of DA membership, 18962004 101 The cross-sectoral associations in Finland: basic data, 2003 112 Cross-sectoral associations in France: basic data, 2002 129 viii List of illustrations 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 9.1 10.1 11.1 11.2 11.3 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 13.1 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 15.1 15.2 15.3 16.1 16.2 17.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 The development of ZDH: lower-level affiliates and company members Number of industrial enterprises by company size Collective bargaining coverage (private sector) The cross-sectoral associations in Germany: basic data, 2001 Cross-sectoral associations in Germany: activities Cross-sectoral associations in Germany: human and financial resources, 2002/3 The cross-sectoral business associations in Greece: basic data, 2003/4 The cross-sectoral associations in Ireland: basic data, 2003 The cross-sectoral business associations in Italy: basic data, 2002 The sectoral composition of Confindustria, 31 December 2002 Activities performed by Confindustria, Confcommercio and Confartigianato UEL and its affiliates: basic data, 2002/3 UEL, FDA and the Chamber of Crafts: affiliates and density, 2002/3 UEL, FDA and the Chamber of Crafts: activities UEL, FDA and the Chamber of Crafts: human and financial resources The cross-sectoral associations in the Netherlands: basic data, 2003/4 The cross-sectoral associations in Portugal: basic data, 2004 The activities of CIP, CCP, AIP, and CPPME Number of persons employed by the employer associations, 1996 The financial development of the employer associations The revenues of the employer associations by hierarchical level The cross-sectoral associations at national and territorial level in Spain: basic data, 2002/3 Activities of the associations in Spain Human resources, 2002/3 The cross-sectoral associations in Sweden: basic data, 2003/4 The membership structure of SAF and SN The cross-sectoral associations in the UK: basic data, 2003/4 The systems of cross-sectoral national business associations (EU-15), 2003 The determinants of associability The formal definition of SMEs by the SME associations, 2003 Membership strength and staff: the principal associations and the largest SME association, 2002/3 142 144 150 155 163 169 184 197 212 218 222 237 238 240 242 250 265 270 273 274 274 285 287 296 304 307 329 353 356 358 361 List of illustrations 18.5 Associational properties: a statistical comparison of the principal association and the largest SME association 18.6 The principal association and the largest SME association: organizational properties 18.7 The cross-sectoral national business associations by type of interest representation (EU-15), 2003 18.8 The determinants of bargaining and organizational reforms 18.9 Representational activities 18.10 Service activities: the principal associations and the largest SME associations in comparison 18.11 Domain change: enlargement and mergers 18.12 Composition of revenues: the principal associations and the largest SME associations in comparison 18.13 Organizational reforms (OR) ix 364 365 370 375 378 382 392 395 398 428 Index Arenius, P 108 Armstrong, E.G.A 332 artisan production 11, 1436, 159, 175, 179, 1845, 188, 190, 205, 21011, 228, 234, 239, 264 Artus, I 150, 157, 171, 176 Asfaltindustriens og Benzin- og Oliebranchens Arbejdsgiverforening (AI-BOA) 96 ASSEDIC (Association pour lEmploi dans lIndustrie et le Commerce) 127 Assemblộe des Chambres Franỗaises de Commerce et dIndustrie (ACFCI) 12836, 353, 370 Assemblộe Permanente des Chambres des Mộtiers (APCM) 12933, 353, 370 associability 7, 15, 22, 41, 61, 76, 173, 256, 320, 3512; determinants 356; see also firm size Associaỗóo Comercial de Lisboa (ACL) 259 Associaỗóo Empresarial de Portugal (AEP) 259, 26477, 353, 371 Associaỗóo Industrial Portuense (AIPortuense) 259 Associaỗóo Industrial Portuguesa (AIP) 25976, 353, 371 Associaỗóo Portuguesa das Empresas Quớmicas (APEQ) 277 Associaỗóo Portuguesa de Empresas de Distribuiỗóo (APED) 268, 277 association: encompassing 47, 26, 29, 173; general (definition) 19; mixed (definition) 23; narrow 4, 1920, 354, 359; primary (definition) 32; principal (definition) 33, 354; representative 26, 67, 72, 78, 80, 125, 133, 180, 208, 235, 281, 288, 293, 319 Association for the Progress in Management (APM) 133 Association Franỗaise de Normalisation (AFNOR) 135 Association pour lEmploi dans lIndustrie et le Commerce (ASSEDIC) 127 associational services 27, 80, 165: crossnational comparison: 3806; see also firm size associational structures 69, 104, 206, 276, 296 associational system: Austria 469; Belgium 715; cross-national comparison 353; Denmark 914; Finland 11113; France 12834; Germany 1525; Greece 1836; Ireland 1979; Italy 21316; Luxembourg 2348; Netherlands 2502; Portugal 2647; Spain 2836, 2914; Sweden 3036; UK 32832 Associazione Bancaria Italiana (ABI) 213 Associazione Generale delle Cooperative Italiane (AGCI) 21116, 353, 358, 370 ASU (Arbeitsgemeinschaft Selbstọndiger Unternehmer) 15569, 353, 357, 370 Austria 14, 3963, 85, 124, 174, 230, 259 AWM (Aktionsgemeinschaft Wirtschaftlicher Mittelstand) 15569, 175, 353, 358, 370 AWVN (Algemene Werkgevers Vereniging Nederland) 253 BAK (Bundesarbeitskammer) 45 bank 1011, 401, 468, 514, 5960, 141, 151, 191, 205, 215, 231, 245, 254, 258, 324 banking 469, 51, 57, 127, 141, 153, 201, 21213, 2312, 244, 305, 390 Barreto, J 258, 266 Baumann, K 58 BCC (British Chambers of Commerce) 32147, 353, 371, 398 BCCI (Belgian Chambers of Commerce and Industry) 71 BDA (Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Arbeitgeberverbọnde) 15275, 353, 3602, 365, 36970, 378, 380, 382, 395, 398, 4035 BDI (Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie) 14375, 353, 370, 391, 398 BDS-DGV (Bundesverband der Selbstọndigen Deutscher Gewerbeverband) 15570, 353, 358 Beer, E 40 Behrens, M 15675, 249, 261, 340 Belgian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (BCCI) 71 Belgische Kamers van Koophandel/ Chambres Belges de Commerce et dIndustrie (KHN/CCI) 71 Belgium 14, 35, 6484, 232 Bellardi, L 209 Bennett, R.J 328, 334, 343, 347 Bentabet, E 133 Beyers, J 69 BFH (Bundesvereinigung der Fachverbọnde des Deutschen Handwerks) 15866, 172 Biach, A 58 Bijzondere Raadgevende Commissies/ Commissions Consultative Spộciale (BRC/CCS) 68 Index Bispinck, R 14950 BIV (Bundesinnungsverband) 158 Blanpain, R 66, 84 BMKB (Borgstellingstregeling voor het Midden- en Kleinbedrijf) 247 Boleat, M 31819, 328, 33043 Bordogna, L 209, 221 Borgstellingstregeling voor het Midden- en Kleinbedrijf (BMKB) 247 Bowman, J.R 34 Brantley, P 316 Bratton, W 338 BRC/CCS (Bijzondere Raadgevende Commissies/Commissions Consultative Spộciale) 68 Brenke, K 157 Brites, J.A 270 British Chambers of Commerce (BCC) 32147, 353, 371, 398 British Trade International (BTI) 343 Broughton, A 227 Brown, R 326 BTI (British Trade International) 343 Bundesarbeitskammer (BAK) 45 Bundesinnungsverband (BIV) 158 Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie (BDI) 14375, 353, 370, 391, 398 Bundesverband der Selbstọndigen Deutscher Gewerbeverband (BDS-DGV) 15570, 353, 358 Bundesverband Mittelstọndische Wirtschaft (BVMW) 15575, 353, 358, 370 Bundesvereinigung der deutschen Arbeitgeberverbọnde (BDA) 15275, 353, 3602, 365, 36970, 378, 380, 382, 395, 398, 4035 Bundesvereinigung der Fachverbọnde des Deutschen Handwerks (BFH) 15866, 172 Bunel J 133, 138 business association see business interest association business interest association 3132, 48, 71, 74, 125, 141, 152, 183, 189, 195, 231, 246, 253, 256, 260, 276, 319, 321, 328, 346, 400 BVMW (Bundesverband Mittelstọndische Wirtschaft) 15575, 353, 358, 370 CA (Chambres de lAgriculture) 124 Campos Lima, M.P 277 CAP (Confederaỗóo dos Agricultores de Portugal) 26276 429 CAPEB (Confederation of Craft Enterprises of the Construction Sector) 130 CAR (Confederazione Generale Italiana dellArtigianato) 20629, 353, 358, 361, 365, 370, 378, 382, 395 Carraro, M 223 Casartigiani/CASA (Confederazione Autonoma dei Sindacati Artigiani) 21114, 227, 353, 358, 370 Casademunt, A 289 Cawson, A 122 CBENM-BCSP (Confộderation Bruxelloise des Entreprises Non Marchandes/ Brusselse Confederatie van Social Profi t Ondernemingen) 76 CBI (Confederation of British Industry) 106, 32147, 353, 3627, 37683, 3968 CCI (Chambers of Commerce of Ireland) 195203, 353, 370; (Chambres de lIndustrie et du Commerce) 12430 CCP (Confederaỗóo Comộrcio e Serviỗos de Portugal) 26276, 353, 371 CCT (Contrato Colectivo de Trabalho) 2315; (Comitộ de Coordination Tripartite) 261 CCTE (Chamber of Commerce, Training and Enterprise) 326 CECOT (Confederaciún Empresarial de Terrassa) 28596 Centraal Sociaal Werkgevers Verbond (CSWV) 255 Central Statistics Office (CSO) 192 Centrale Raad voor het Bedrijfsleven/ Conseil Centrale de lEconomie (CRB/ CCE) 6680 Centre des Jeunes Dirigants (CJD) 133 CEOE (Confederaciún Espaủola de Organizaciones Empresariales) 28397, 353, 35971, 378, 383, 38796 CEP (Conselho Empresarial de Portugal) 267 CEPTA (Confederaciún de Empresarios de Tarragona) 2923 CEPYME (Confederacion Espaủola de Pequeủas y Medianas Empresas) 28497, 359, 362, 393 CES (Consejo Econúmico y Social) 282, 283, 288 CES (Conselho Econúmico e Social) 263, 266, 272 CES (Conseil ẫconomique et Social) 233, 236 430 Index CESRW (Conseil ẫconomique et Social de la Region Wallone) 68, 80 CGAD (Confộdộration Gộnộrale de lAlimentation en dộtail Section Artisanale) 130 CGPME (Confộdộration Gộnộrale du Patronat des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises) 12540, 353, 35870, 378, 382, 387, 391, 395 CGTP (Confederaỗóo Geral dos Trabalhadores Portugueses) 262, 2778 Chamber: definition 21 Chamber of Commerce, Training and Enterprise (CCTE) 326 Chambers of Commerce of Ireland (CCI) 195203, 353, 370 Chambres de lIndustrie et du Commerce (CCI) 12430 Chambres de lAgriculture (CA) 124 Chambres de Mộtiers (CM) 124 CI (Confindustria) 207, 21029, 3534, 361, 363, 365, 369, 378, 381, 394, 398 CIF (Construction Industry Federation) 1959 CIP (Confederaỗóo da Indỳstria Portuguesa) 26277, 353, 36271, 378, 383, 391, 396 CIU (Convergencia i Uniú) 293 CJD (Centre des Jeunes Dirigants) 133 CLAAI (Confederazione delle Libere Associazioni Artigiane Italiane) 21114, 353 CLP (Comitộ de Liasion Patronal) 2345 CM (Chambres de Mộtiers) 124 CNA (Confederazione Nazionale dellArtigianato e della Piccola e Media Impresa) 20614, 2289, 353, 358, 370; (Confederaỗóo Nacional de Agricultura) 2634 CNAMS (Confộdộration Nationale de lArtisanat, des Mộtiers et des Services) 130 CNEL (Consiglio Nazionale dellEconomia e del Lavoro) 211, 2278 CNPF (Conseil National du Patronat Franỗais) 12838 COELL (Confederaciún de Empresarios de Lleida) 292 Coletto, D 213 collective action: the problem 4; the problems of business 1418, 202; see also firm size collective bargaining: and business interests 6, 258, 34, 43, 88, 98, 104, 113, 116, 118, 121, 125, 1714, 186, 258, 302, 306, 330, 369, 3736 collective good 1516, 23 Comissóo Permanente de Concertaỗóo Social (CPCS) 25876 Comitộ de Coordination Tripartite (CCT) 261 Comitộ de Liasion Patronal (CLP) 2345 company size see firm size complexity: see organized complexity Confapi; CAP (Confederazione Italiana della Piccola e Media Industria) 21116, 228, 353, 358, 370 Confartigianato; CAR (Confederazione Generale Italiana dellArtigianato) 20629, 353, 358, 361, 365, 370, 378, 382, 395 Confederaỗóo da Indỳstria Portuguesa (CIP) 26277, 353, 36271, 378, 383, 391, 396 Confederaỗóo Comộrcio e Serviỗos de Portugal (CCP) 26276, 353, 371 Confederaỗóo Turismo Portuguờs (CTP) 26276 Confederaỗóo dos Agricultores de Portugal (CAP) 26276 Confederaỗóo Geral dos Trabalhadores Portugueses (CGTP) 262, 2778 Confederaỗóo Nacional de Agricultura (CNA) 2634 Confederaỗóo Portuguesa das Micro, Pequenas e Mộdias Empresas (CPPME) 26576, 353, 35871, 378, 383, 387, 396 Confederaciún de Empresarios de Girona (FOEG) 2923 Confederaciún de Empresarios de Lleida (COELL) 292 Confederaciún de Empresarios de Tarragona (CEPTA) 2923 Confederaciún de Pequeủas y Medianas Empresas (COPYME) 284 Confederaciún Empresarial de Terrassa (CECOT) 2857, 2926 Confederaciún Espaủola de Organizaciones Empresariales (CEOE) 28397, 353, 35971, 378, 383, 38796 Confederacion Espaủola de Pequeủas y Medianas Empresas (CEPYME) 28497, 359, 362, 393 Confederatie van Social Profit Ondernemingen/La Confederation des Entreprises Non Marchandes (CSPO/ CENM) 7182, 353, 370 Index confederation: definition 32 Confộderation Bruxelloise des Entreprises Non Marchandes/Brusselse Confederatie van Social Profi t Ondernemingen (CBENM-BCSP) 76 Confộdộration Gộnộrale de lAlimentation en dộtail Section Artisanale (CGAD) 130 Confộdộration Gộnộrale du Patronat des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (CGPME) 12540, 353, 35870, 378, 382, 387, 391, 395 Confộdộration Nationale de lArtisanat, des Mộtiers et des Services (CNAMS) 130 Confederation of British Industry (CBI) 106, 32147, 353, 3627, 37683, 3968 Confederation of Craft Enterprises of the Construction Sector (CAPEB) 130 Confederazione Autonoma dei Sindacati Artigiani (Casartigiani; CASA) 21114, 227, 353, 358, 370 Confederazione del Trasporto, della Spedizione e della Logistica (Conftrasporto) 219 Confederazione delle Libere Associazioni Artigiane Italiane (CLAAI) 21114, 353 Confederazione Generale Italiana dei Trasporti e della Logistica (Confetra) 213 Confederazione Italiana della Piccola e Media Industria (Confapi, CAP) 21116, 228, 353, 358, 370 Confederazione Italiana Esercenti Attivit Commerciali, Turistiche e dei Servizi (Confesercenti; CE) 206, 21128, 353, 358, 370 Confederazione Nazionale dellArtigianato e della Piccola e Media Impresa(CNA) 20614, 2289, 353, 358, 370 Confesercenti; CE (Confederazione Italiana Esercenti Attivit Commerciali, Turistiche e dei Servizi) 206, 21128, 353, 358, 370 Confetra (Confederazione Generale Italiana dei Trasporti e della Logistica) 213 Confindustria (CI) 207, 21029, 3534, 361, 363, 365, 369, 378, 381, 394, 398 Conftrasporto (Confederazione del Trasporto, della Spedizione e della Logistica) 219 Conseil ẫconomique et Social de la Region Wallone (CESRW) 68, 80 431 Conseil National du Patronat Franỗais (CNPF) 12838 Consejo Econúmico y Social, Conselho Econúmico e Social (CES) 282, 283, 288 Conseil ẫconomique et Social (CES) 233,236 Conselho Econúmico e Social (CES) 263, 266, 272 Consejo Superior de Cỏmaras de Comercio (CSCC) 28396, 353, 371 Conselho Empresarial de Portugal (CEP) 267 Consiglio Nazionale dellEconomia e del Lavoro (CNEL) 211, 2278 Construction Industry Federation (CIF) 1959 Conti, V 204 Contrato Colectivo de Trabalho (CCT) 261 Convergencia i Uniú (CIU) 293 COPYME (Confederaciún de Pequeủas y Medianas Empresas) 284 corporatism 48, 110, 18994, 2459, 31617, 345; see also governance corporatist boards 26, 445, 71, 187, 225, 271 corporatist institutions 18790 Costas, A 290 Coulouarn, T 128, 134, 137 CPCS (Comissóo Permanente de Concertaỗóo Social) 25876 CPPME (Confederaỗóo Portuguesa das Micro, Pequenas e Mộdias Empresas) 26576, 353, 35871, 378, 383, 387, 396 craft associations 213, 214, 317 craft production 40, 4950, 182, 2056, 219 CRB/CCE (Centrale Raad voor het Bedrijfsleven/Conseil Centrale de lEconomie) 6680 CSCC (Consejo Superior de Cỏmaras de Comercio) 28396, 353, 371 CSO (Central Statistics Office) 192 CSPO/CENM (Confederatie van Social Profi t Ondernemingen/La Confederation des Entreprises Non Marchandes) 7182, 353, 370 CSWV (Centraal Sociaal Werkgevers Verbond) 255 CTP (Confederaỗóo Turismo Portuguờs) 26276 DAddio, A 64, 68 432 Index DAmato, A 227 DA (Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening) 86106, 353, 36073, 37882, 395403 Danish Mechanical and Electrical Contractors Association (TEKNIQ) 96106 Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening (DA) 86106, 353, 36073, 37882, 395403 Dansk Byggeri (DB) 96106 Dansk Handel Service (DHS) 88106 Dansk Industri (DI) 92105, 373, 397 Dansk Textil & Beklổdning (DTB) 88103 Danske Malermestre (DM) 946 Danske Mediers Arbejdsgiverforening (DMA) 96 DB (Dansk Byggeri) 96106 DellAringa, C 208, 227 Denmark 14, 85106, 1706 density: firms and employment (crossnational comparison) 3612 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) 31545 deregulation 311, 39, 1416, 2279, 3029 Deutscher Handelskammertag (DHKT) 15762 Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag (DIHK) 14975, 353, 370 DHKT (Deutscher Handelskammertag) 15762 DHS (Dansk Handel Service) 88106 DI (Dansk Industri) 92105, 373, 397 DIHK (Deutscher Industrie- und Handelskammertag) 14975, 353, 370 DIRCE (Directorio Central de Empresas del Instituto Nacional de Estadớstica INE) 285 Directorio Central de Empresas del Instituto Nacional de Estadớstica INE (DIRCE) 285 DM (Danske Malermestre) 946 DMA (Danske Mediers Arbejdsgiverforening) 96 Dobbins, T 194201 Dứlvik, J.E 306 domain: see functional domains and membership domains domain demarcation 4, 203, 30, 94, 135, 21417, 238, 268, 352; see also firm size DTB (Dansk Textil & Beklổdning) 88103 DTI (Department of Trade and Industry) 31545 Dubar C 133 Due, J 87, 8990, 1025 dues 19, 34, 5560, 63, 8082, 95, 97, 99, 103, 106, 135, 139, 148, 1689, 171, 1745; see also fees, resources, and subscriptions Economic and Social Committee (OKE) 17782, 190 Economische en Sociale Raad voor het Brussels Gewest/Conseil Economique et Social de la Rộgion Bruxelloise (ESRBG/ CESRB) 68 Edwards, P 317 EEIG (European Employment and Industrial Relations Glossary) 2336 EGSSE (National General Collective Labour Agreement) 180 EK (Elinkeinoelọmọn Keskusliitto) 11421, 356, 363, 398 EKEP (National Centre for Vocational Orientation) 182 Elinkeinoelọmọn Keskusliitto (EK) 11421, 356, 363, 398 ELINYAE (Hellenic Institute for Health and Safety at Work) 181 Elster, J Elvander, N 300, 302 employer association: definition 23 employer density 157, 170, 173, 176, 269; see also density employer organization: see employer association employer peak association 93, 161, 181, 188, 197, 305 employer peak organization 152 Employment and Vocational Training Fund (LAEK) 18191 Entreprises de Taille Humaine Independente et Croissance (ETHIC) 133 EOMMEX (National Organization of Small and Medium-sized Handicraft Production Firms) 182, 1901 ESBA (European Small Business Association) 328 ESEE (National Confederation of Hellenic Commerce) 18191, 353, 370, 390 ESRBG/CESRB (Economische en Sociale Raad voor het Brussels Gewest/Conseil Economique et Social de la Rộgion Bruxelloise) 68 Index ESSEEKA (National System Associating Vocational Education and Training with Employment) 181 ETHIC (Entreprises de Taille Humaine Independente et Croissance) 133 Ettl, W 157 Etzioni, A 16 European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (UEAPME) 49, 276, 32746 European Committee for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Companies (EUROPMI) 328 European integration 459, 1236, 17894, 227 European Small Business Association (ESBA) 328 EUROPMI (European Committee for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Companies) 328 exposed sector 45, 105 extension of collective agreements 22, 26, 30, 66, 823, 10910, 11314, 116, 121, 134, 13940, 14950, 161, 173, 176, 180, 206, 20910, 232, 249, 255, 2601, 294, 355, 368, 3745, 380, 388 FADVIG (Foreningen af Danske Virksomheder i Grứnland) 96 Fahlbeck, R 300, 307 Fajertag, G 402 Fallon, G 326, 334, 341 FAS (National Training and Employment Authority) 2001 FDA (Fộdộration des Artisans) 23444 Federaciún de Empresarios de la Pequeủa y Mediana Empresa (FEPIME) 28596 Federalimentare (Federazione Italiana dellIndustria Alimentare) 229 Federatie voor Vrije en Intellectuele Beroepen (FVIB) 76 Fộdộration des Artisans (FDA) 23444 Fộdộration des Industriels Luxemburgeois (FEDIL) 2358 Fộdộration franỗaise du bõtiment (FFB) 136 Fộdộration intersyndicale des ộtablissements dhụpitalisation privộe (FIEH) 133 Fộdộration Nationale des Hụteliers Restaurateurs et Cafetiers de Luxembourg (HORESCA) 237 Federation of Greek Industries (SEV) 17791, 35370, 37882, 391, 395 433 Federation of Small Businesses (FSB) 32146, 353, 358, 36271, 378, 383, 387, 3968, 4056 Federazione Italiana dellIndustria Alimentare (Federalimentare) 229 Federazione Nazionale dellIndustria Chimica (Federchimica) 217 Federazione Sindacale dellIndustria Metalmeccanica Italiana (Federmeccanica) 217 Federchimica (Federazione Nazionale dellIndustria Chimica) 217 Federmeccanica (Federazione Sindacale dellIndustria Metalmeccanica Italiana) 217 FEDIL (Fộdộration des Industriels Luxemburgeois) 2358 fee 812, 100, 11521, 125, 1334, 1378, 140, 148, 191, 202, 216, 221; and services 189, 205; see also dues, resources and subscriptions FEPIME (Federaciún de Empresarios de la Pequeủa y Mediana Empresa) 28596 Ferrante, M 21026 Feyereisen, M 2328, 244 FF (FửretagarFửrbundet) 3046, 353, 358, 371 FFB (Fộdộration franỗaise du bõtiment) 136 FIEH (Fộdộration intersyndicale des ộtablissements dhụpitalisation privộe) 133 Field, P 326 financial resources: see resources Finland 14, 10721, 173 firm size: definition 31, 3578; associability 1823, 35272; collective action 1823; domain demarcation 1823, 35272; governance capacity 388400; interest representation 37280; resources 3937; restructuring 397 400, services 3806 Fligstein, N 316 FOEG (Confederaciún de Empresarios de Girona) 2923 FORCEM (Fundaciún para la Formaciún Continua) 2813 Foreningen af Danske Virksomheder i Grứnland (FADVIG) 96 FửretagarFửrbundet (FF) 3046, 353, 358, 371 Fửretagarnas Riksorganisation, briefly Fửretagarna (FR) 30413, 35365, 378, 383, 3968 Forster, N 175 434 Index Fortis, M 204 Forum of Private Business (FPB) 32146, 3538, 371 FPB (Forum of Private Business) 32146, 3538, 371 FR (Fửretagarnas Riksorganisation, briefly Fửretagarna) 30413, 35365, 378, 383, 3968 France 14, 70, 12240, 227, 315 free riding FSB (Federation of Small Businesses) 32146, 353, 358, 36271, 378, 383, 387, 3968, 4056 functional domain 32 Fundaciún para la Formaciún Continua (FORCEM) 2813 Funk, L 14951, 168 FVIB (Federatie voor Vrije en Intellectuele Beroepen) 76 GA (Grafisk Arbejdsgiverforening) 96, 103 Ganghoff, S 11 Garibaldi, P 227 Garonna, P 205 Garrigues, J 128 Gellner, B 143 General Confederation of Greek Small Business and Trades (GSEVEE) 17991, 353, 35870, 378, 382, 390, 395 General Confederation of Greek Workers (GSEE) 1818 Germany 14, 41, 70, 14176, 22330 Giavazzi, F 211 Goldstein, A 204 Gospel, H governance: corporate 4, 41, 141, 316, 339, 357; corporatist 4, 42, 151, 161, 164, 172, 194, 272, 283, 324, 346, 369, 376, 4012; labour market 86, 89, 151, 174; product markets 2212; public 34, 68, 29, 42, 47, 66, 68, 118, 124, 140, 148, 189, 211, 243, 2567 governance capacity 78, 2730, 139, 352, 403; cross-national comparison 388400; see also firm size Grafisk Arbejdsgiverforening (GA) 96, 103 Grainger, H 320 Grant, W 18 Greece 14, 17793, 258, 264, 280, 297 Grimm, D 147 Grote, J.R 26, 143, 172 Grothe, H 144 Groux, G 126 GSEE (General Confederation of Greek Workers) 1818 GSEVEE (General Confederation of Greek Small Business and Trades) 17991, 353, 35870, 378, 382, 390, 395 Guger, A 40 Họhnel, A 306 Hall, M 34, 320, 335 Halpin, D 33341 Hammond, D 341 Hanckộ, B 1223, 140 Handels, Transport og Serviceerhvervene (HTS) 88106 Hồndvổrksrồdet (HVR) 91106, 353, 35867, 378, 382, 395, 403 Handwerk 40, 49, 85, 1427, 1538, 162, 1705, 230 Handwerkskammer (HWK) 158, 175 Handwerksordnung (HwO) 1445, 1725 Hardin, R 16 Hassel, A 150 Haucap, J 404 Heck, H.-J 146 Hege, A 212 Heikenroth, A 157 Hellenic Institute for Health and Safety at Work (ELINYAE) 181 Hemerijck, A.C 2459 Henneberger, F 159 Hietanen, J 11421 Hoge Raad voor de Zelfstandigen en de Kleine en Middelgrote Ondernemingen/ Conseil Supộrieur des Indộpendants et des PME (HRZKMO/CSIPM) 68 Hollingsworth, J.R Holt, H 320 HORESCA (Fộdộration Nationale des Hụteliers Restaurateurs et Cafetiers de Luxembourg) 237 Hornung-Draus, R 167, 170, 173 HRZKMO/CSIPM (Hoge Raad voor de Zelfstandigen en de Kleine en Middelgrote Ondernemingen/Conseil Supộrieur des Indộpendants et des PME) 68 HTS (Handels, Transport og Serviceerhvervene) 88106 human resources: see resources and staff Hỹpers, F 146 Hutton, W 316 HVR (Hồndvổrksrồdet) 91106, 353, 35867, 378, 382, 395, 403 HWK (Handwerkskammer) 158, 175 Index HwO (Handwerksordnung) 1445, 1725 IAPMEI (Instituto de Apoio s Pequenas e Mộdias Empresas) 264 IATP (Imposition Additionnelle la Taxe Professionnelle) 133 IBEC (Irish Business and Employers Confederation) 195203, 353, 36170, 378, 382, 38798, 4046 ICTU (Irish Congress of Trade Unions) 195200 Idea (Arbetsgivarfửrbundet fửr Ideella Organisationer) 3045, 353, 371 IEA (Irish Exporters Association) 1958, 203, 353, 370 IHK (Industrie- und Handelskammer) 164 IKA (Social Security Foundation) 182 Imposition Additionnelle la Taxe Professionnelle (IATP) 133 indigenous companies 52 indigenous firms 192 Industrie- und Handelskammer (IHK) 164 Industriellenvereinigung (IV) 4563, 353, 357, 370, 398 industry: large-scale 74, 92, 145; see also manufacturing INE (Instituto Nacional de Estatớstica) 26984 INPS (Istituto Nazionale per la Previdenza Sociale) 228 Institute of Directors (IoD) 32147, 353, 357, 371 Instituto de Apoio s Pequenas e Mộdias Empresas (IAPMEI) 264 Instituto Nacional de Estadớstica (INE) 26984 insurance: funds and schemes 127, 134, 139, 161, 180, 228, 239, 248, 31012, 333, 336, 338, 394; sector 11, 4951, 57, 62, 65, 138, 153, 191, 204, 232, 237, 244, 258 interest representation: cross-national comparison 37080; see also firm size internationalization 3, 67, 401, 45, 103, 105, 111, 116, 123, 141, 196, 211, 289, 324, 401 Ioannou, C.A 1808 IoD (Institute of Directors) 32147, 353, 357, 371 Ireland 6, 14, 108, 1703, 192203, 324, 340, 35577 Irish Business and Employers Confederation (IBEC) 195203, 353, 36170, 378, 382, 38798, 4046 435 Irish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) 195200 Irish Exporters Association (IEA) 1958, 203, 353, 370 Irish Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Association (ISME) 197202, 353, 35866, 378, 382, 387, 3915, 4035 iron law of oligarchy 31314 ISME (Irish Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Association) 197202, 353, 35866, 378, 382, 387, 3915, 4035 ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica) 21928 Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT) 21928 Istituto Nazionale per la Previdenza Sociale (INPS) 228 Italy 6, 14, 177, 190, 20429, 355, 376, 391 IV (Industriellenvereinigung) 4563, 353, 357, 370, 398 Jackson, G 141 Jacobi, O 167 Jensen, C.S 879, 101 Johansson, J 302 Jordan, G 333, 3367, 3401 Kamer van Koophandel (KvK) 2468 Kauppinen, T 110 KEEE (Union of Hellenic Chambers of Commerce and Industry) 1838, 353, 370 Keller, B 34 Keskuskauppakamari (KKK) 11217 KFO (Kooperationens fửrhandlingsorganisation) 3045, 353, 371 KHN/CCI (Belgische Kamers van Koophandel/Chambres Belges de Commerce et dIndustrie) 71 KHS (Kreishandwerkerschaft) 142, 158, 172 Kiander, J 110 Kirsch, J 175, 403 Kitschelt, H Kjellberg, A 3001 KKK (Keskuskauppakamari) 11217 Kluth, W 148 KNOV (Koninklijke Nederlandse Ondernemers Verbond) 255 Koninklijke Nederlandse Ondernemers Verbond (KNOV) 255 436 Index Kooperationens fửrhandlingsorganisation (KFO) 3045, 353, 371 Kormann, J 146 Krammer, J 48 Kravaritou, Y 180 Kreimer, F 58 Kreishandwerkerschaft (KHS) 142, 158, 172 Krickhahn, T 1423, 153, 160, 170 Kritsantonis, N.D 17891 Kumar, K.B 205 KvK (Kamer van Koophandel) 2468 LUnion des Entreprises Luxembourgeoises (UEL) 23344, 3546, 3628, 371, 378, 382, 38790, 395, 404 LUnion Francophone des Entreprises NonMarchande (UFENM) 76 Labbộ, D 126 labour law 26, 43, 53, 68, 113, 121, 149, 1801, 193, 232, 239, 246, 260; and firm size 44, 366 labour market interests: definition 235 labour union 56, 110, 297, 317, 387 LAEK (Employment and Vocational Training Fund) 4, 181, 188, 191 Lallement, M 126 Land- en Tuinbouw Organisatie Nederland (LTO) 248, 257 Landeshandwerksvertretung (LHV) 158 Landesinnungsverband (LIV) 158, 162, 172 Landsorganisationen (LO) 8898, 3002, 309 Lang, A 26, 153 Lanza, O 18991, 207 Lanzalaco, L 210, 217, 2234, 2289 large company/firm: see firm size Lash, S 6, 299 Lavdas, K 178, 182, 18991, 207 Lega Nazionale Cooperative e Mutue (Legacoop; LC) 206, 21116, 228, 353, 370 Legacoop; LC (Lega Nazionale Cooperative e Mutue) 206, 21116, 228, 353, 370 legal framework for associational action: Austria 413; Belgium 657; Denmark 878; Finland 109; France 1245; Germany 1479; Greece 17880; Ireland 1934; Italy 2078; Luxembourg 2312; Netherlands 2468; Portugal 25960; Spain 2801; Sweden 300; UK 31822 Lehmbruch, G 45, 152 Levy, J.D 133 LHV (Landeshandwerksvertretung) 158 licence 12, 4950, 193, 206, 216 licensing 28, 50, 144, 193, 206, 214 Lilja, K 10911, 11720 LIV (Landesinnungsverband) 158, 162, 172 LO (Landsorganisationen) 8898, 3002, 309 lobby 18,45, 198, 221, 226, 339, 369 lobbying 16, 248, 45, 52, 72, 78, 99, 116, 118, 136, 153, 161, 164, 198, 221, 277, 289, 309, 324, 326, 335, 341, 377 Loveman, G.W 10 LTO (Land- en Tuinbouw Organisatie Nederland) 248, 257 Luxembourg 14, 174, 23044, 3569, 367, 3903 Maaseudun Tyửnantajaliitto (MTL) 112 Maclean, M 123 macro concertation 152, 20910, 263, 376 Madsen, J.S 87, 104 Manpower Employment Organization (OAED) 181 manufacturing: 112, 34, 40, 469, 61, 64, 75, 94, 100, 107, 11213; large-scale 61, 204; small-scale 856, 95, 99, 106; see also industry Marchington, M 317 Marginson, P 151 Martin, A 306 Martinez Lucio, M 2802, 2867 Marwell, G 1617, 34 Mattina, L 207 MBL (Medbestọmmandelagen) 300 Medbestọmmandelagen (MBL) 300 MEDEF (Mouvement des Entreprises de France) 12539, 3534, 3605, 370, 378, 382, 3918, 4036 Mediation and Arbitration Organization (OMED) 181 medium-sized company/firm: see firm size member organizations 76, 1315, 263, 268 membership: compulsory 148, 15864, 239, 242, 246, 2579, 342; mandatory 4260, 124, 139, 259, 28390, 404; obligatory 21, 28, 65, 1838, 247; voluntary 106, 162, 238, 303, 334 membership domains: Austria 4952; Belgium 757; Denmark 947; Finland 11516; France 12831; Germany 156 60; Greece 1836; Ireland 190200; Italy 212, 21721; Luxembourg: 237 9; Netherlands 2512; Portugal 2679; Spain 2846, 294; Sweden 3078; Index UK 3225; cross-national comparison 35272; definition 31, 35 membership figures: cross-national comparison 3612 membership strength 22, 47, 35960, 4034 merger 74, 88, 93, 978, 100, 102, 1056, 114, 117, 120, 170, 1723, 197, 202, 226, 2556, 277, 2923, 296, 3034, 312, 326, 328, 332, 338, 3434, 356, 389, 3913, 3978, 405 Mộriaux, O 133 Meynaud, J 123 Michels, R 313, 402 micro company/firm: see firm size Midden- en Kleinbedrijf (MKB) 24757, 35365, 371, 378, 383, 387, 396 Miguelez, F 28391 Millward, N 320 Mittelstand 1424, 1514, 157, 159, 160, 162, 1648, 1703, 175 mixed associations: definition 23 MKB (Midden- en Kleinbedrijf) 24757, 35365, 371, 378, 383, 387, 396 Moe, T.M 20, 34 Moerke, A 141 Molins, J 28895 Moreira, V 263 Mormont, M 689 Moudopoulos, S 190 Mouvement des Entreprises de France (MEDEF) 12539, 3534, 3605, 370, 378, 382, 3918, 4036 MTL (Maaseudun Tyửnantajaliitto) 212 Muelenaer, G 72, 813 Mỹller-Jentsch, W 161 multi-employer bargaining: and business interests 26, 121, 150, 167, 180, 320, 376, 401 multinational companies 12, 40, 52, 85, 107, 192, 200, 250 Murphy, T.V 203 Myrdal, H.G 302 NAR/CNT (Nationale Arbeidsraad/ Conference Nationale du Travail) 6684 Nationaal Christelijk Middenstandsverbond/Organisation Belge des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (NCMV/OBPME) 74 National Centre for Partnership and Performance (NCPP) 195, 200 National Centre for Vocational Orientation (EKEP) 182 437 National Confederation of Hellenic Commerce (ESEE) 18191, 353, 370, 390 National Economic and Social Council (NESC) 195, 200 National Economic and Social Development Office (NESDO) 195 National Economic and Social Forum (NESF) 195, 200 National General Collective Labour Agreement (EGSSE) 180 National General Collective Labour Agreement (NGCLA) 188 National Organization of Small and Medium-sized Handicraft Production Firms (EOMMEX) 182, 1901 National System Associating Vocational Education and Training with Employment (ESSEEKA) 181 National Training and Employment Authority (FAS) 2001 Nationale Arbeidsraad/Conference Nationale du Travail (NAR/CNT) 6684 Naumann, R 25878 Nausner, P 58 NCMV/OBPME (Nationaal Christelijk Middenstandsverbond/Organisation Belge des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises) 74 NCOV (Nederlands Christelijk Ondernemers Verbond) 255 NCPP (National Centre for Partnership and Performance) 195, 200 NCW (Nederlands Christelijk Werkgeversverbond) 2556; see also VNO-NCW Nederlands Christelijk Ondernemers Verbond (NCOV) 255 Nederlands Christelijk Werkgeversverbond (NCW) 2556; see also VNO-NCW Nederlands Katholiek Werkgeversverbond (NKWV) 255 NESC (National Economic and Social Council) 195, 200 NESDO (National Economic and Social Development Office) 195 NESF (National Economic and Social Forum) 195, 200 Netherlands 14, 31, 70, 84, 232, 24557, 299, 355, 366, 376, 385404 NGCLA (National General Collective Labour Agreement) 188 Nicaise, I 64, 68 438 Index NKWV (Nederlands Katholiek Werkgeversverbond) 255 Nonell, R 290 NUTEK (Verket fửr nọringslivsutveckling) 303 ODonnell, R 1945, 199 OReardon, C 194, 199 OAED (Manpower Employment Organization) 181 OEEK (Organization for Vocational Education and Training) 181 Offe, C 4, Office of Fair Trading (OFT) 319 OFT (Office of Fair Trading) 319 ệGB (ệsterreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund) 45 ệGV (ệsterreichischer Genossenschaftsverband) 469, 602 OKE (Economic and Social Committee) 1778, 182, 190 Oliver, P 1617, 34 Olson, M 45, 16, 34 OMED (Mediation and Arbitration Organization) 181 Onida, F 2045, 227 Organization for Vocational Education and Training (OEEK) 181 organizational structures 17, 49, 53, 75, 128, 226, 238, 245, 251, 267, 297, 332, 366 organizational autonomy 2830, 389405 organizational development 28, 389 organized complexity 28, 30, 38991, 400 ệRV (ệsterreichischer Raiffeisenverband) 469, 602 Ostellino, P 211 ệsterreichischer Genossenschaftsverband (ệGV) 469, 602 ệsterreichischer Gewerkschaftsbund (ệGB) 45 ệsterreichischer Raiffeisenverband (ệRV) 469, 602 ownership: and craft production 95; and domain demarcation 23, 50, 62, 76, 329, 353, 357, 374 Palvelutyửnantajat (PT) 11121, 3536, 370 Papadopoulos, T 188 Parsons, T 83 peak association: definition 32 peak organization: see peak association Pedersini, R 209 Pellegrini, L 229 Pendleton, A Pequeủa y Mediana Empresa de Cataluủa (PIMEC-SEFES) 2926 Perez, S 283, 288 Pestoff, V.A 34, 30113 Pike, F 204 Pilgrim, M 147 PIMEC-SEFES (Pequeủa y Mediana Empresa de Cataluủa) 2926 Pinto, M 260 Piore, M.J 204 PKLWK (Prọsidentenkonferenz der Landwirtschaftskammern) 457 Plumpe, W 153 Pluralism 326, 345, 390 Pochet, P 6483, 402 Pontusson, J 306, 314 Portugal 6, 14, 179, 25878, 297, 355, 367, 3767, 391, 4015 Prọsidentenkonferenz der Landwirtschaftskammern (PKLWK) 457 Prigge, W.-U 153 principal association: definition 33, 354; cross-national comparison with SME associations 352400 privatization 415, 157, 204, 217, 226, 258, 270, 309 Privattjọnstemannakartellen (PTK) 300 PRMATT (Union for Temporary Work) 132 product market interests: definition 23 Prondzynski, F von 1924 PT (Palvelutyửnantajat) 11121, 3536, 370 PTK (Privattjọnstemannakartellen) 300 public policy: involvement of organized business Austria 445; Belgium 6771; Denmark 8891; Finland 10911; France 1258; Germany 14952; Greece 1803; Ireland 1947; Italy 20812; Luxembourg 2324; Netherlands 24850; Portugal 2604; Spain 2823; Sweden 3003; UK 3228 public sector 107, 178, 187, 1945, 204, 226, 300, 302, 317, 3256, 333, 346 Purcell, J 317, 320 pure employer association: definition 23 pure employer organization: see pure employer association pure trade association: definition 23 pure trade organization: see pure trade association Index Quittkat, C 135 Rappresentanza sindacale aziendale (RSA) 227 Rappresentanza sindacale unitaria (RSU) 209 reform of associations: see restructuring Regalia, I 20711 Regini, M 20710 Rehder, B 150 representativeness: 18, 22, 66, 72, 74, 109, 125, 17980, 199, 2012, 208, 247, 260, 281, 283, 287, 294, 2967, 300, 313, 360, 367, 381, 386, 389, 3923, 401, 405 resource endowment 20, 30, 59, 1334, 168, 179, 188, 2736, 296, 386405 resources: Austria 557; Belgium 812; Denmark 99100; Finland 120; France 137; Germany 16870; Greece 1889; Ireland 2012; Italy 2234; Luxembourg 2423; Netherlands 2545; Portugal 2723; Spain 289, 296; Sweden 311; UK 3402; crossnational comparison 3612, 3956; see also firm size restructuring of associations: Austria 5760; Denmark 1004; Finland 11718; France 1378; Germany 1702; Greece 189; Ireland 202; Italy 2245; Luxembourg 243; Netherlands 2556; Spain 296; Sweden 31112; UK 34244; cross-national comparison 388, 3956; see also firm size Reutter, W 147, 1513 revenues: see resources Richards, W 194 Rizzo, S 223 Roche, W.K 203 RSA (Rappresentanza sindacale aziendale) 227 RSU (Rappresentanza sindacale unitaria) 209 Runggaldier, U 208 Sabel, C.F 204 SAF (Svenska Arbetsgivarefửreningen) 34, 30014, 380, 398 SAK (Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjọrjestử) 108, 114 SAMA (Sammenslutningen af Mindre Arbejdsgiverforeninger i Danmark) 948 439 Sammenslutningen af Mindre Arbejdsgiverforeninger i Danmark (SAMA) 948 Sarfatti, R 227 Saurugger, S 124 SBS (Small Business Service) 3205 SCDI (Scottish Council for Development and Industry) 324 Scheuer, S 86, 89 Schmidt, V 123 Schmitter, P.C 45, 23, 2730, 178, 313, 389, 393 Schnabel, C 157, 161, 167, 1746 Schneider, V 153, 172 Schroeder, W 153, 157 Schwanecke, H 146 Scottish Council for Development and Industry (SCDI) 324 selective incentive 1617, 20, 22, 29, 34, 46, 61, 83, 87, 1201, 161, 243, 290, 381 Sengenberger, W 10 SER (Sociaal Economische Raad) 2489, 2523, 257, 390 SERV (Sociaal-Economische Raad van Vlaanderen) 68, 80 service sector: and domain demarcation 96, 102, 115, 130, 160, 165, 183, 212, 21718, 226, 266, 2678, 275, 357; and firm size 12, 88, 105, 113, 291 services see associational services and firm size SEV (Federation of Greek Industries) 17791, 35370, 37882, 391, 395 SFA (Small Firms Association) 195203 SI (Sveriges Industrifửrbund) 3034, 312 Siaroff, A 42, 151 Sigeman, T 300, 307 Silvia, S.J 153 Simon, W 153 Sinf (Svensk Industrifửrening) 3045 Small Business Service (SBS) 3205 small company/firm: see firm size Small Firms Association (SFA) 195203 SME see firm size SME associations 74, 1789, 276, 352, 35561, 36372, 374, 379, 3812, 3849, 395, 399, 4002, 4046 SN (Svenskt Nọringsliv) 30114, 353, 36271, 378, 383, 3948 Sociaal Economische Raad (SER) 2489, 2523, 257, 390 Sociaal-Economische Raad van Vlaanderen (SERV) 68,80 440 Index social dialogue, involvement of organized business: Austria 445; Belgium 6771; Denmark 8891; Finland 10911; France 1258; Germany 14952; Greece 1803; Ireland 1947; Italy: 20812; Luxembourg 2324; Netherlands 24850; Portugal 2604; Spain 2823; Sweden 3003; UK 3228 Social Security Foundation (IKA) 182 Spain 14, 35, 178, 258, 27998, 3559, 368, 376, 3904, 4014 staff: see resources Stanworth, J 331, 333 state sponsorship: and organizational privileges 256, 399; and revenues 22, 29, 139, 281, 394, 399 Stigler, G.J 27 STK (Suomen Tyửnantajain Keskusliitto) 108, 117 Stokman, F 41 Streeck, W 35, 238, 1426, 15862, 313, 389, 393 subscription see fee, dues, and resources subsidiaries 41, 47, 52, 151, 181, 192, 231 Suleiman, E 123 Suomen Ammattiliittojen Keskusjọrjestử (SAK) 108, 114 Suomen Tyửnantajain Keskusliitto (STK) 108, 117 Suomen Yrittọjọt (SY) 11121, 35365, 378, 382, 388, 395 Surviranta, A.J 109 Svensk Industrifửrening (Sinf) 3045 Svenska Arbetsgivarefửreningen (SAF) 34, 30014, 380, 398 Svenskt Nọringsliv (SN) 30114, 353, 36271, 378, 383, 3948 Sveriges Industrifửrbund (SI) 3034, 312 Sweden 14, 31, 1703, 299314, 355, 3667, 390, 4046 Swenson, P 301, 306, 314 SY (Suomen Yrittọjọt) 11121, 35365, 378, 382, 388, 395 TAF (Trade Association Forum) 343 TCO (Tjọnstemọnnens Centralorganisation) 301 TECs (Training and Enterprise Councils) 3216, 338 TEKNIQ (Danish Mechanical and Electrical Contractors Association) 96, 102, 106 Teollisuuden ja Tyửnantajain Keskusliitto (TT) 11121, 35370, 378, 382, 3878, 3958 Teollisuuden Keskusliitto (TKL) 117 Teufelsbauer, W 321, 341 Thelen, K 167 Tichy, G 10 Tjọnstemọnnens Centralorganisation (TCO) 301 TKL (Teollisuuden Keskusliitto) 117 trade association: definition 23 Trade Association Forum (TAF) 343 trade organization: see trade association trade peak organization 117, 152, 154, 162, 197, 312 trade union: and business interests 5, 978, 100, 132, 134, 210, 323, 326 Trade Union Congress (TUC) 323, 327, 3357, 345 Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs) 3216, 338 Traxler, F 3, 6, 8, 9, 17, 18, 22, 24, 29, 30, 41, 44, 48, 66, 100, 106, 110, 111, 134, 151, 152, 157, 208, 249, 261, 301, 309, 320, 323, 340, 351, 360, 373, 376, 386, 402, 407 Trentini, M 209 tripartism 194, 258, 3234, 345 TT (Teollisuuden ja Tyửnantajain Keskusliitto) 117, 35370, 378, 382, 3878, 3958 TUC (Trade Union Congress) 323, 327, 3357, 345 Tunsch, G 2323 UCM (Union des Classes Moyennes) 6782, 353, 359, 370 UEAPME (European Association of Craft, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises) 49, 276, 3278, 332, 3378, 346 UEL (LUnion des Entreprises Luxembourgeoises) 23344, 3546, 3628, 371, 378, 382, 38790, 395, 404 UFENM (LUnion Francophone des Entreprises Non-Marchande) 76 Ufi (University for Industry) 338 UGT (Unióo Geral de Trabalhadores) 262, 271, 277 UIMM (Union des Industries et Mộtiers de la Mộtallurgie) 136 Ullmann, H.-P 153 UNCASS (Union Nationale des Caisses de Sộcuritộ Sociale) 127 Index UNCI (Unione Nazionale delle Cooperative Italiane) 21114, 353, 370 UNEDIC (Union Nationale pour lEmploi dans lIndustrie et le Commerce) 127 UNET (Union Nationale des Entreprises de Travail Temporaire) 132 Unióo Geral de Trabalhadores (UGT) 262, 271, 277 UNICE (Union of Industrial and Employers Confederations of Europe) 49, 61, 98, 327, 335 Unie van Zelfstandige Ondernemers (UNIZO) 6882, 353, 35965, 370, 378, 382, 404 union density 25, 368, 408 Union des Classes Moyennes (UCM) 6782, 353, 359, 370 Union des Hụpitaux Privộs (UPH) 133 Union des Industries et Mộtiers de la Mộtallurgie (UIMM) 136 Union for Temporary Work (PRMATT) 132 Union Nationale de la Petite et Moyenne Industrie (UNPMI) 130 Union Nationale des Caisses de Sộcuritộ Sociale (UNCASS) 127 Union Nationale des Entreprises de Travail Temporaire (UNET) 132 Union Nationale des PME du Commerce (UNPMC) 130 Union Nationale des Prestataires des Services (UNPS) 130 Union Nationale pour lEmploi dans lIndustrie et le Commerce (UNEDIC) 127 Union of Hellenic Chambers of Commerce and Industry (KEEE) 1838, 353, 370 Union of Industrial and Employers Confederations of Europe (UNICE) 49, 61, 98, 327, 335 Union Professionnelle Artisanale (UPA) 12939, 353, 358, 370, 403 Union Territoriale de la Petite et Moyenne Industrie (UTPMI) 130 Union Territoriale des PME du Commerce (UTPMC) 130 Union Territoriale des Prestataires de Services (UTPS) 130 Union Wallonne des Entreprises (UWE) 75 Unioncamere (Unione Italiana delle Camere di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura) 213, 21820 441 Unione Italiana delle Camere di Commercio, Industria, Artigianato e Agricoltura (Unioncamere) 213, 21820 Unione Nazionale delle Cooperative Italiane (UNCI) 21114, 353, 370 unionization 84, 108, 127, 157, 302, 366, 3745 United Kingdom 14, 18, 193, 31548, 355, 3667, 385, 391, 399404 University for Industry (Ufi) 338 UNIZO (Unie van Zelfstandige Ondernemers) 6882, 353, 35965, 370, 378, 382, 404 UNPMC (Union Nationale des PME du Commerce) 130 UNPMI (Union Nationale de la Petite et Moyenne Industrie) 130 UNPS (Union Nationale des Prestataires des Services) 130 UPA (Union Professionnelle Artisanale) 12939, 353, 358, 370, 403 UPH (Union des Hụpitaux Privộs) 133 Urry, J 6, 299 UTPMC (Union Territoriale des PME du Commerce) 130 UTPMI (Union Territoriale de la Petite et Moyenne Industrie) 130 UTPS (Union Territoriale des Prestataires de Services) 130 Utvecklingsavtalet (UVA) 300 UVA (Utvecklingsavtalet) 300 UWE (Union Wallonne des Entreprises) 75 Van den Toren, J.-P 250, 253 Van het Kaar, R 247 Van Leemput, G 68, 701 Van Waarden, F 247, 251 Varetto, F 204 Vassiliou, S 179, 190 VBN/FIB (Verbond van de Belgische Nijverheid/Union de lIndustrie Belge) 74 VBO/FEB (Verbond van Belgische Ondernemingen/Fộdộration des Entreprises de Belgique) 7082, 353, 35970, 378, 382, 395 VCSPO (Vlaamse Confederatie van Social Profi t Ondernemingen) 76 VDMA (Verband Deutscher Maschinenbauund Anlagenhersteller) 167, 175 Verband Deutscher Maschinenbau- und Anlagenhersteller (VDMA) 167, 175 Verbond van Belgische Ondernemingen/ Fộdộration des Entreprises de Belgique 442 Index (VBO/FEB) 7082, 353, 35970, 378, 382, 395 Verbond van de Belgische Nijverheid/Union de lIndustrie Belge (VBN/FIB) 74 Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen (VNO) 2556; see also VNO-NCW Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen-Nederlands Christelijk Werkgeversverbond (VNO-NCW) 24757, 365, 383, 390, 396 Verbond van Nederlandse Werkgevers (VNW) 255 Verbond van Protestants-Christelijke Werkgevers (VPCW) 255 Verbond voor Ondernemingen te Brussel/ Union des Entreprises de Bruxelles (VOB/UEB) 75 Verket fửr nọringslivsutveckling (NUTEK) 303 VESOC (Vlaams Economisch en Sociaal Overlegcomitộ) 68 VEV (Vlaams-economisch Verbond) 72 Vilrokx, J 6871 Visser, J 25, 24757, 362, 366, 402 Vlaams Economisch en Sociaal Overlegcomitộ (VESOC) 68 Vlaams Network voor Ondernemingen (Voka) 72, 75 Vlaamse Confederatie van Social Profi t Ondernemingen (VCSPO) 76 Vlaams-economisch Verbond (VEV) 72 VNO (Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen) 2556; see also VNONCW VNO-NCW (Verbond van Nederlandse Ondernemingen-Nederlands Christelijk Werkgeversverbond) 24757, 365, 383, 390, 396 VNW (Verbond van Nederlandse Werkgevers) 255 VOB/UEB (Verbond voor Ondernemingen te Brussel/Union des Entreprises de Bruxelles) 75 Voka (Vlaams Network voor Ondernemingen) 72, 75 Vửlkl, M 171 voting rights: business associations: Austria 48; Belgium 73; Denmark 91; France 129; Germany 155; Greece 184; Italy 212; Netherlands 250; Portugal 265; Spain 285; Sweden 304; UK 329; crossnational comparison 365 VPCW (Verbond van ProtestantsChristelijke Werkgevers) 255 Wagner, J 157 Wasseur, F 41 Weber, H 137 Weber, J 148, 151 Wiesenthal, H Wilson, F 123 Wilts, A 24757 Wirtschaftskammer ệsterreich (WKệ) 4563, 3534, 361, 36570, 378, 382, 387, 3958, 404 WKệ (Wirtschaftskammer ệsterreich) 4563, 3534, 361, 36570, 378, 382, 387, 3958, 404 Wolf-Philips, L 323 Woll, C 137 Zagelmeyer, S 157 Zanetti, A.M 209 ZDH (Zentralverband des Deutschen Handwerks) 14275, 353, 35870, 378, 382, 387, 395, 404 Zentralverband des Deutschen Handwerks (ZDH) 14275, 353, 35870, 378, 382, 387, 395, 404 Zink, M 152 Zohlnhửfer, R 152 .. .Handbook of Business Interest Associations, Firm Size and Governance Business interest associations have an important role in public policy, industrial relations, and economic governance. .. theoretically and empirically Traxler and Huemers innovative Handbook of Business Interest Associations combines unique theoretical approaches with empirical research Part I offers a theory of business associations. .. politics and activities of business associations cannot be understood without directing special attention to the differences of their potential members in firm size The importance of firm size to