Quá trình hình thành cảng thị hải phòng (từ khởi nguồn đến năm 1888)

đại học Quốc gia Hà Nội Tr-ờng Đại học Khoa học xã hội Nhân văn V NG LUN QU TRèNH HèNH THNH CNG TH HIPHềNG (T KHI NGUN N NM 1888) LUN VN THC S KHOA HC LCH S H NI, 2009 I HC QUC GIA H NI TRNG I HC KHOA HC X HI V NHN VN V NG LUN QU TRèNH HèNH THNH CNG TH HI PHềNG (T KHI NGUN N NM 1888) Chuyờn ngnh: Lch s Vit Nam Mó s: 60.22.54 LUN VN THC S KHOA HC LCH S NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: GS.TS NGUYN QUANG NGC H NI, 2009 M U Lý chn ti S phỏt trin ca cỏc cng th c xem nh l mt hin tng khỏ ph bin trờn th gii giai on s k cn i ú l kt qu ca s tng tỏc v hi nhp gia phng ụng v phng Tõy; ca quỏ trỡnh kt hp gia vic tớch lu t bn ch ngha chõu u vi vic khai thỏc cỏc ti nguyờn y tim nng ca cỏc quc gia thuc a Hn th na, cng th t bn thõn nú nh mt tm gng phn ỏnh mt cỏch khỏ ton din nhng bin i v chớnh tr, cu trỳc kinh t xó hi khu vc sut mt thi k lch s di Ngy nay, bi cnh hi nhp kinh t th gii, nhiu cng th chõu v ụng Nam c ó tr thnh nhng trung tõm iu phi mang tớnh cht quc t Do ú, vic nghiờn cu h thng cỏc cng th s lm c s cho vic nhn thc v gii quyt nhiu kinh t xó hi quỏ kh v hin ti Vi ng b bin di, Vit Nam l quc gia cú nhiu iu kin thun li cho vic phỏt trin c cu kinh t - xó hi hng bin Trong nhng nm gn õy, dúi tỏc ng ca quỏ trỡnh cụng nghip hoỏ - hin i hoỏ, vic tỡm hiu cỏc ngun lc phỏt trin kinh t t nc ngy cng c t cp bỏch ú cú ngun lc t vựng bin v i dng Cú th nhn thy nhiu kin quan trng ca chớnh ph Vit Nam sut t u thp niờn 90 ca th k trc cho n nay, quan im phỏt trin kinh t bin, c bit l vic xõy dng v phỏt trin h thng cng th ngy cng tr nờn rừ rng v c th Nm phớa ụng vnh Bc B Hi Phũng l mt vựng t cú lch s phỏt trin lõu di v tng úng vai trũ ca ngừ ca t nc qua nhiu thi k L mt nhng a im u tiờn c ngi Phỏp chn xõy dng cng ụng Dng, Hi Phũng ó chng kin quỏ trỡnh xõm lc v thc dõn hoỏ cng nh nhng chuyn bin kinh t xó hi Vit Nam thi thuc a mt cỏch y v ton din Trong thi k chin tranh cỏch mng (1945 - 1975), Hi Phũng tr thnh cỏnh ca ni lin Bc Vit Nam vi th gii bờn ngoi bng ng bin, gúp phn to nờn thng li ca cuc khỏng chin chng M cu nc T sau i mi cho n nay, Hi Phũng c coi nh mt v trớ then cht tam giỏc tng trng kinh t Bc B v cú nhng úng gúp quan trng quỏ trỡnh cụng nghip hoỏ, hin i hoỏ t nc Thờm na, bn thõn quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh v phỏt trin ca cng th ny ó v ang n cha nhiu tranh lun S i ca thnh ph trc õy thng c nhỡn nhn nh l mt s thnh cụng vic vic khai thỏc, ci to t nhiờn ca ngi Cho n cui th k XIX, ngi Phỏp t ho coi Hi Phũng l mt nhng phỏt hin ln v l biu tng ca quỏ trỡnh khai hoỏ minh ụng Dng Tuy nhiờn, chớnh giai on xõy dng u tiờn, mt s nh khoa hc v qun lý thc dõn cng ó bt u t hoi nghi v nhng ỏnh giỏ quỏ mc ny Trong khong gn hai thp niờn tr li õy, ny li tr thnh mt ch khoa hc mi, ngi ta bt u nhn din mt cỏch y hn nhng khú khn Hi Phũng cú th thc s tr thnh mt hi cng kh nng ỏp ng nhu cu phỏt trin kinh t t nc thi k mi Ca ngừ then cht ca cng Hi Phũng l ca Cm gn nh ri vo tỡnh trng b bi t v dn bin mt nhu cu ti v giao thụng vi quy mụ ln ngy cng gia tng Bờn cnh ú, hi cng ny cng ang phi cnh tranh quyt lit vi nhiu cng mi c xõy dng vựng ụng bc c v hiu qu kinh t ln kh nng ti Vi nhng ý ngha ú, nghiờn cu quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh cng th Hi Phũng khụng ch úng gúp nhng nhn thc v s phỏt trin ca h thng cng th Vit Nam v ụng Nam núi riờng, m cũn cú th a n nhng lun c khoa hc cho vic hoch nh cỏc chớnh sỏch c th ca vựng t ny tng lai Lch s nghiờn cu Mt s xu hng nghiờn cu v h thng cng th chõu Mc dự cỏc lý thuyt nghiờn cu v ụ th v ụ th hoỏ i chõu u t cui th k XIX, song phi n nhng thp niờn 50 - 60 ca th k XX v c bit khong vi thp k tr li õy, nghiờn cu h lch s h thng cng th núi chung v nht l h thng cỏc cng th thuc a phng ụng núi riờng mi thc s c quan tõm Trong cỏc nh s hc phng Tõy c gng tỡm kim v lý gii ci ngun sc mnh ca phong tro gii phúng dõn tc t vic nghiờn cu quỏ trỡnh hin i hoỏ ca cỏc dõn tc tng l thuc a thụng qua trng hp ca cỏc cng th thỡ cỏc nh s hc bn a li mun tỡm hiu nú nh mt truyn thng v c s cho vic xõy dng quc gia c lp mi i Tuy nhiờn cú mt thc t phi tha nhn rng, vic nghiờn cu h thng cng th trc tiờn v ch yu c thc hin bi cỏc nh s hc phng Tõy Mt nhng lý cn bn c a ú l phn ln nhng hiu bit v cỏc cng th cho n hin u da trờn cỏc ghi chộp, ti liu lu tr ca cỏc quc gia phng Tõy gn lin vi cỏc hot ng thng mi, chớnh tr v sau ú l quỏ trỡnh thc dõn hoỏ t th k XVI cho n gia th k XX trờn phm vi ton cu Nhng nghiờn cu u tiờn v c th nht v h thng cng th chõu c bt u t vic so sỏnh cỏc ụ th ln, c bit l h thng cng th Tõy u v Trung Quc ca nh s hc ngi M Rhoad Murphey Lun im ỏng quan tõm nht ca ụng l hu ht cỏc cng th ln phng ụng núi chung u c xõy dng theo mụ hỡnh ca phng Tõy - mụ hỡnh xó hi c k tha t cỏc thnh th Roma c i v c hỡnh thnh t cui thi k trung i Theo ụng, nhng a im ny l trung tõm ca s thay i xó hi khu vc1 Tỏc gi sau ú ó b sung thờm bng vic chng minh rng truyn thng ca cỏc ụ th phng ụng v c bit l chõu b gii hn bi khuụn kh ca cỏc trung tõm hnh chớnh - chớnh tr, v ngi chõu u n chõu t sau cỏc phỏt kin a lý, h ó xõy dng hng lot cỏc trung tõm thng mi, cỏc cng th mi da theo mụ hỡnh ca u chõu Cui cựng, chớnh nhng trung tõm ny l ca ngừ cỏc quc gia bn a m th gii cng nh l mt phn quan trng to nờn hỡnh nh chõu khong ba th k tr li õy v y chớnh l nhng ht nhõn quỏ trỡnh hin i hoỏ ca khu vc ny [167,70] Mc dự cỏc kt lun ca Murphey mi ch da trờn kinh nghim ca ụng ta n v Trung Quc song nú ó khin vic tỡm hiu h thng cng th Chõu nh mt ch hp dn, to xu hng nghiờn cu cng th qua tng trng hp c th iu ny gúp phn kim chng li nhng nhn nh ca Murphey trờn Xin xem thờm Rhoads Murphey, The City as a Center of Change: Western Europe and China, Annals of the Association of American Geographer, Vol.44, No.4, 1954, pp.349 - 362, Shanghai: Key to Modern China, Cambridge, Masachusset, 1953; The Outsiders: The Western Experience in India and China, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1977 tt c cỏc c im chc nng ca c hai loi hỡnh cng th thuc a v na thuc a2 Cỏc nghiờn cu bc u trờn tng cng th c lp l tin a n cuc hi tho vi ch S tri dy v phỏt trin ca cỏc cng th thuc a chõu nm 1979 ti i hc California, Santa Cruz (Hoa K)3 Bờn cnh nhn mnh vai trũ ca tỏc nhõn bờn ngoi s hỡnh thnh ca cỏc cng th, ni dung ca hi tho ó c gng phn ỏnh mi quan h gia cng vi cỏc cng ng c dõn xung quanh cng nh cu trỳc v hỡnh thỏi ca cỏc cng th4 Tuy nhiờn, im hn ch ln nht l phn ln cỏc trng hp nghiờn cu mi ch dng li khu vc n v Nam Ngoi ra, cu trỳc kinh t xó hi cng nh thc t mi quan h gia cỏc cng ng bn a vi cỏc thng nhõn phng Tõy cha thc s rừ rng Cỏc nghiờn cu c tip ni sau ú bng vic m rng nghiờn cu h thng cng th khụng ch Chõu m c quc gia phng ụng di tỏc ng bnh trng ca ch ngha t bn bao gm cỏc nc ụng Phi v Nam M5 Nhỡn chung, xu hng chớnh nghiờn cu h thng cng th thuc a phng ụng gii hc gi phng Tõy nhng thp niờn 70 - 80 ca th k XX l trung i sõu vo lm rừ chc nng, nhng bin i kinh t - xó hi v quỏ trỡnh hin i hoỏ Nhng ng thi vi vic tip cn nghiờn cu h thng cng th di nhng nh hng v tỏc ng ca ch ngha thc dõn v nh hng ca thng mi u chõu, thỡ mt s khỏc li trung kho cu cỏc h thng kinh t - thng mi v Ngi ta thng dựng khỏi nim treaty port (cng hip nh) ch cỏc cng/ thnh ph c m trờn c s cỏc hip nh ngoi giao ú vic qun lý thnh ph c c chớnh quyn bn a ln nhng ngi ngoi quc thc hin Cỏc cng hip nh ny bt u c hỡnh thnh t na sau th k XIX Trung Quc sau ú c m rng Nht Bn, Hn Quc v mt s nc ụng Nam Xin xem thờm John K Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on China Coast, Cambridge, Havard University Press, 1969; J.E Hoare, Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests, 1858-1899, Routledge Curzon, 1995 Cỏc bi vit v nhng tho lun ca Hi tho sau ú ó c xut bn cun sỏch Dilip K Basu (editor), The Rise and Growth of the Colonial Port Cities in Asia, Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1985 Trong khong 19 bỏo cỏo ti hi tho ny ch yu trung nghiờn cu v cỏc cng th thuc a n (13 bỏo cỏo), cỏc cỏc cng th ụng (3 bỏo cỏo) v ụng Nam (3 bỏo cỏo) Xin xem thờm The Rise and Growth of the Colonial Port Cities in Asia, Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 1985 Xin xem thờm Raymond F Betts, Robert Ross, Gerard J Telkamp, Colonial Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context, Springer Publisher, 1985 cng th sm trc cú s can thip ca cỏc thuyn buụn phng Tõy6 Cỏc kt qu nghiờn cu c cụng b ó khin nhiu ngi theo mụ hỡnh Tõy u hoỏ, k c Murphey nhn rng mt s khu vc trc ngi chõu u xut hin thỡ cỏc thng nhõn bn a ó tng xõy dng h thng cỏc cng th thng tr thng mi khu vc Bờn cnh ú, k c cỏc thng nhõn phng Tõy t c c s thng mi thỡ h cng phi cnh tranh quyt lit vi nn kinh t a phng [164,241] Mt khỏc, n nhng cng ngi phng Tõy thit lp i thỡ bn thõn nú cng da trờn mng li thng mi truyn thng ó tng tn ti trc ú Cng lu ý rng phn ln cỏc nghiờn cu trc õy u ch yu s dng s liu thng kờ ca cỏc cụng ty thng mi phng Tõy, loi hỡnh ti liu khụng th phn ỏnh ton b din mo kinh t ca cỏc cng th Thc t ó ch rng cỏc hot ng ni thng v thm l cỏc hot ng buụn lu ụi ln hn rt nhiu ln so vi cỏc s c ghi chộp trờn giy t Do ú, nú cn c b sung bng nhiu loi t liu bn a, cụng c cú th a cho cỏc nh nghiờn cu mt bc tranh thc s y v khỏch quan [65,367-374] Trong khong hn mt thp k tr li õy, nghiờn cu h thng cng th chõu ó cú nhng thay i nhanh chúng Ngy cng nhiu cỏc nghiờn cu c thc hin bi cỏc nh s hc a phng v cỏc cỏc cng th khu vc ny vi mt phm vi khp t n vi cỏc cng nh Calcuta, Surat, Belgan, Pondichery ); cho n Trung Quc (i Liờn, Thiờn Tõn, Thng Hi, Hng Kụng, H Mụn, Qung Chõu ), Nht Bn (Osaka, Kobe, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Sakai ) v ụng Nam (nh Aceh, Batavia, Makassar, Bantam, Palembang, Melaka, Singapore, Ayuthaya )7 Trong ú, cỏc cng th ụng Nam ngy cng c ỏnh giỏ nh Xin k n cỏc cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca Anthony Reid, The Structure of Cities in Southeast Asia, Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 11(2), 235-250, 1980, Kenneth R Hall, Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 1985, 368 trang Cỏc nghiờn cu v cng th chõu c gii thiu ch yu Frank Broeze (edited), Bride of the Sea, Port Cities of Asia from 16th century to 20th century, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, 1989; Frank Broeze (edited), Gateways of Asia : Port cities of Asia in the 13th-20th centuries, 1999 V cỏc cng th ụng Nam cú th c thờm J.Kathirithamby Wells & John Villiers, The Southeast Asian Port and Polity: Rise and Demise, National University of Singapore Press, 1990, 265 trang; Kenneth R Hall (edited), Secondary cities and urban networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, c 1400-1800, Lexington, 2008, 347 trang V cỏc trng hp nghiờn cu cỏc cng th n l cú th k n: Leonard Blussộ, Strange Company: Chinese Settles, mestizo women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia (KILV, 1986), Wong Lin Ken, The Trade of Singapore, MBRAS, Reprint, 2003; Norrdin Hussin, Trade and Society in the Strait of Melaka, Dutch Melaka and English Penang, 1780 - 1830 NUS Press, 2007 l nhng trung tõm nng ng vi mt quỏ trỡnh phỏt trin lõu di v l nhng chỡa khoỏ gii mó cỏc ca xó hi chõu hin i8 Xu hng chung hin l cỏc cng th khụng ch c xem xột cỏc hot ng kinh t - thng mi m gi õy ó c phõn tớch mt cỏch ton din hn t c trng hỡnh thỏi a mo cho n t chc xó hi bao gm cỏc ni dung nh: cu trỳc, quy hoch, hỡnh thỏi, t chc quyn lc - chớnh tr, t chc xó hi, i sng hoỏ c dõn Mt khỏc, cỏc thnh ph cng khụng ch n thun c nhỡn nhn tng giai on, tng thi k c th m c tỏi hin vi nhng bin chuyn qua nhiu giai on lch s Trong ú, vai trũ ca cỏc cng ng a phng, tỏc ng ca h thng thng mi ni khu vc cng nh s bin i ni ti ca cỏc cng th ngy cng c cao Nghiờn cu h thng cng th Vit Nam v thnh ph cng Hi Phũng Dng nh nhng thay i nhn thc quỏ trỡnh nghiờn cu h thng cng th khu vc ó cú nhng tỏc ng nht nh n vic nghiờn cu ch ny Vit Nam Mt khỏc, vic quỏ nhn mnh tớnh cht nụng nghip - nụng dõn - nụng thụn nn tng s hỡnh thnh xó hi, cng nh bi cnh lch s ca thi k bao cp v nh hng phỏt trin kinh t ca t nc cho n trc thp niờn 80 ca th k XX ó khin cho cỏi nhỡn hng bin, cỏc hi cng v cỏc mi giao lu kinh t - hoỏ quc t Vit Nam cũn nhiu hn ch Cụng cuc ci cỏch m ca ca Vit Nam t cui nhng nm 1980 ó to mt chuyn bin quan trng vic nghiờn cu lch s hi thng v h thng cng th Vit Nam Bt u t cuc hi tho quc t v ụ th c Hi An nm 1989, vic nghiờn cu ụ th c, cỏc hot ng giao lu kinh t trờn bin Vit Nam ó tin trin mt cỏch nhanh chúng c t phớa cỏc hc gi Vit Nam v quc t9 Nhng nhn thc chung v lch Eric Taglliacozzo, An Urban Ocean: Notes on Historical Evolution of Coastal Cities in Greater Southeast Asia, Jounarl of Urban History, Vol.33, No.6, 2007, tr.911 -932 Trong bi vit ny, tỏc gi ó nờu lờn bn c trng ca cỏc cng th ụng Nam v nam Trung Quc l: khu vc cú nh hng quc t, chc nng kộp v kinh t v chớnh tr, mụ phng nh l c ch ca s tn ti, ly tõm v chớnh tr v hng tõm v kinh t Thm gn õy, Anthony Reid mt bi vit cũn khng nh cỏc ụ th mang tớnh quc t nh l mt truyn thng hng hi ca ụng Nam (Anthony Reid, The Cosmopolitan City as an Asian Maritime Tradition, Paper Presented in Symposium Towards the Construction of Urban Cultural Theories, Osaka City University, Japan, 2006 THC RA THỡ TRC NM 1945, MT S NGHIờN CU H THNG CNG ó C THC HIN BI CC NH KHOA HC DI S BO TR CA CHớNH PH THUC A PHP ụNG DNG TUY NHIờN PHN LN CC NGHIờN CU NY U NHM PHC V CC YờU CU Y MNH QU TRỡNH KHAI THC s h thng cng th Vit Nam t giai on s k cn i cho n u thi k thuc a ó bt u c nhn din rừ rng S thc cho thy vựng duyờn hi v cỏc cng th Vit Nam ó cú nhng nh hng to ln khụng ch i vi nhng bin i kinh t - xó hi nc m cũn cú v trớ ỏng k h thụng kinh t thng mi khu vc Tuy nhiờn, h thng cng th Trung v Nam Vit Nam c nghiờn cu t khỏ sm ú mt s cỏc hi cng nh Hi An, H Tiờn , Si Gũn c tha nhn nh l mt nhng trung tõm trao i quc t ln10 thỡ cng th v hi thng bc Vit Nam cũn n cha nhiu tranh lun Ngoi tr, Võn n c bit n qua cỏc kt qu khai qut kho c hc khỏ ớt i v Ph Hin thng c nghiờn cu nh mt cng sụng thỡ dng nh nhng thụng tin liờn quan n h thng cng th sm duyờn hi bc li m nht Trong bi cnh ú, Hi Phũng c xem nh l mt i din tiờu biu ca h thng cng bin Bc B bi thc t õy l hi cng nht cú nh hng khu vc ny th k XX Thc nhng tho lun khoa hc xung quanh cng Hi Phũng ó din sut mt thi gian di thi k thuc a vi s tham gia ca cỏc k s thu nụng, nh nghiờn cu a lý Phỏp ụng Dng Tuy nhiờn, phn ln cỏc nghiờn cu ny u trung tỡm hiu cỏc k thut, thy li hn l cỏc THUC A V QUõN S TIP ú, SAU KHI MIN BC C HON TON GII PHúNG, MT S NH KHOA HC VIT NAM ó TIN HNH NGHIờN CU H THNG CNG NHNG VI MC ớCH CH YU BC U NH GI LI THC TRNG H THNG CC CNG BN NHM PHC V VIC PHT TRIN H THNG CNG TRONG CụNG CUC KHNG CHIN CHNG M V XõY DNG XHCN HOC LCH S H THNG CNG TH CH C CP TRONG TNG TH CA CA LCH S PHT TRIN NGOI THNG V THNG MI VIT NAM 10 K t Hi tho Quc t v Hi An n ó xut hin thờm mt s chuyờn kho ú ỏng k l: K yu hi tho khoa hc Ph Hin (1994), Bang, Ph cng vựng Thun Qung th k XVII - XVIII, NXB Thun Hoỏ, 1996, Lu Trang, Ph cng Nng, NXB Nng, 2005; Charles Wheeler, Cross-Cultural Trade and Trans- Regional Networks in the Port of Hoi An: Maritime Vietnam in the Early Modern Era, Ph.D Disseration, Yale University, 2001, Lờ Hunh Hoa, Cng Si Gũn v nhng bin i kinh t Nam K thi Phỏp thuc (1861 - 1939), Lun ỏn Tin s, i hc S phm Thnh ph H Chớ Minh, 2003, T Th Hong Võn, Di tớch kin trỳc Hi An tin trỡnh lch s Vit Nam, Lun ỏn Tin s, Trng i hc Khoa hc Xó hi v Nhõn vn, i hc Quc gia H Ni, 2007 Ngoi cng H Tiờn v Võn n gn õy cng c quan tõm qua mt s bi vit ca Sakurai Yumio, Li Tana nh Ha Tien or Banteay Meas in the Time of Fall of Ayuthaya Kennon Breazeale (edited), From Japan to Arabia: Ayuthaya s Maritime Relations with Asia, The Foundation for Promotion of Social Siences and Humanities Texts Books Projects, Bangkok, 1999; Li Tana, Cang Hai Sang Tian, Chinese Communities in 18 th Century Mekong Delta, Paper presented in International Symposium China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions, Hong Kong, 2001 khớa cnh lch s Cuc tho lun chớnh thc v lch s cng Hi Phũng u tiờn cú th c tớnh t cuc hi tho Quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh phỏt trin thnh ph v c tớnh ca ngi Hi Phũng din ti Hi Phũng nm 198511 Do ch ca hi tho l khỏ rng nờn mi ch cú mt s ớt bỏo cỏo cp n s phỏt trin ca vựng t Hi Phũng t gúc lch s cng thDự vy, tng kt ca hi tho a n mt nhn thc chung rng Hi Phũng cú th c xem nh l mt vựng t cú lch s lõu i song nú mi thc s tr thnh mt cng th t cui th k XIX da trờn nhng iu kin t nhiờn thun li v gn lin vi quỏ trỡnh u t v khai thỏc thuc a ca ngi Phỏp ụng Dng Tuy vy, vic lý gii v quỏ trỡnh hỡnh thnh cng th ny cng nh nhng c trng c bn ca nú hu nh cha c mt nghiờn cu no phõn tớch mt cỏch c th Cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu cú th xem nh l hon chnh nht cho n v cng th Hi Phũng n t mt hc gi ngi Phỏp - 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HÀ NỘI TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VÀ NHÂN VĂN VŨ ĐƯỜNG LUÂN QUÁ TRÌNH HÌNH THÀNH CẢNG THỊ HẢI PHÒNG (TỪ KHỞI NGUỒN ĐẾN NĂM 1888) Chuyên ngành: Lịch sử Việt Nam Mã số: 60.22.54 LUẬN VĂN THẠC