Outcomes upper intermediate vocabulary builder

Tiếng Anh và mức độ quan trọng đối với cuộc sống của học sinh, sinh viên Việt Nam.Khi nhắc tới tiếng Anh, người ta nghĩ ngay đó là ngôn ngữ toàn cầu: là ngôn ngữ chính thức của hơn 53 quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ, là ngôn ngữ chính thức của EU và là ngôn ngữ thứ 3 được nhiều người sử dụng nhất chỉ sau tiếng Trung Quốc và Tây Ban Nha (các bạn cần chú ý là Trung quốc có số dân hơn 1 tỷ người). Các sự kiện quốc tế , các tổ chức toàn cầu,… cũng mặc định coi tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ giao tiếp.

Guide to Pronunciation Symbols

When writing the sound of a word (its phonemic transcription), always put lines like these //on either

side of the word:

/vaen/ van

Stress is shown with marks like these ' ,

' shows the primary stress in a word For example, / ' ga:dan/ фзлЛел

, shows the secondary stress For example, /, teli ' vijan/ televiA io n

INTRODUCTION TO OUTCOMES VOCABULARY BUILDER

Learning vocabulary in collocations and phrases will develop your fluency And doing a little revision regularly is the

best way to learn vocabulary.That's what the Outcomes Vocabulary Builder (OVB) will help you with.

It has been written to provide you with the important vocabulary in the Student's Book and to show you how these

words are commonly used It does not include easier words which you should know from lower levels such as boring,

or unusual words, which you probably don't need to remember at this level

What each entry contains _

• Each entry has a short explanation of the word's meaning and often gives information on other forms or opposites

• There is then a list of up to six typical collocations and phrases that the word is used with

• Regular language boxes provide extra information on word families, phrasal verbs etc

How the OVB is organised

It is organised to make it quick and easy to use in class and to revise at home

• Each unit in the OVB contains the most important new words from exercises, texts and listenings in the unit

of the Student's Book

• The units are then divided according to each double page of the Student’s Book and the words within those pages are written in alphabetical order

• At the end of each unit there are exercises to do

• There is an answer key at the back of the book

Ways you can use the OVB

• Read the word list before you study the unit in the book.

• Translate all the words you don’t know based on the explanation Check the collocations for each word Do they make sense? Are any different to your language?

• In class, if you have forgotten a word, look it up again Write out the collocation list and add one of your own

• Cover words in the list and say or write phrases with the word.Then compare with the collocation list

• Choose five to ten words from the list to learn each day

• Put eight new words in a story using the collocations listed

• Do the exercises at the end of each unit some time after you've done it in class Then check the answers in

the key

• Write a list of the words you find difficult to remember and write sentences using the words

ART AND ENTERTAINMENT

Pa c e s 8 -9

banned to ban something means to not allow it: my

parents - me from playing the game / smoking is

- in the building / he’s been - from driving / the

government has - hunting

can’t be bothered if you can’t be bothered to do

something,you don't want to make the effort to

do it The past form is couldn’t be bothered If you

bother to do something, you make the effort to

do it: I can't be bothered to watch it now / 4 Areyou

coming out?’‘No, I can’t be bothered.’/1 couldn’t

be bothered to cook / he didn’t bother to phone us

I a lot of people don’t bother voting I don’t bother

coming to collect me - I’ll get the bus

come out when a film or book comes out, it becomes

available: I wait for films to - on cable / -o n DVD /

her new book is due to ~ next week

commercial if something is commercial, it is

produced just to make money The adverb is

commercially: a typical -filmfrom Hollywood I

I don’t like their music - it’s too - / a -T V channel

(run as a business, not paid for by a government) I

the film was a flop commercially I the restaurant

isn’t commercially viable (able to make money)

disturbing if something is disturbing, it is upsetting,

or makes you feel anxious or worried.The verb

is disturb Disturbed is also an adjective: I found

it a bit-1 a - increase in crime / some deeply -

photographs / a profoundly - experience / It disturbs

me that governments aren’t doing more to help /

I was very disturbed to hear about the murder

dull if something is dull, it is boring.The noun is

dullness: it’s quite - l a rather - movie / 1 found

it incredibly - I it was deadly dull (extremely dull)

/ there’s never a - moment here (there’s always

something interesting happening) / 1 hated the

dullness of the landscape

gripping if something is gripping, it is extremely exciting.The verb is grip Gripped is also an

adjective: a - novel / a - story / the film’s

absolutely - l a really - ending / the story really grips you I we were all gripped by the TV reports

heavy you can say that something is heavy if it is very

serious or upsetting: it’s a good book, but quite - / don’t want to read anything too - on holiday / 1

found the book - going at times (difficult to read)

hilarious something that is hilarious is extremely

funny.The adverb is hilariously: it was absolutely - / some - jokes / he’s - when he’s in the right mood / it was hilariously funny

over-the-top if something is over-the-top, it is so extreme that it seems silly We can shorten the

word to OTT (oh-tee-tee): it was completely - / 1

think that’s a bit - / 1 find her a bit OTT sometimes

turn over in British English, if you turn over when you are watching TV, you change to a different channel In American English,you say change /

switch channels: I started watching it, but then I

turned over / can we - to BBC1? / we turned over

to watch the football

uplifting if something is uplifting, it makes you feel happy and full of hope.There is a formal verb,

uplift: a really - story I a n - experience 11 felt

uplifted by his talk

Pa g e s 1 0 -1 1ambiguous if something is ambiguous, its meaning is not clear.The noun is ambiguity, and the adverb is

ambiguously: his later paintings are quite - / some

of the language is a bit - 11 think she was being deliberately - / there’s a lot of ambiguity in what

he said 11 worded it carefully to avoid ambiguity I

it was worded ambiguously

atmospheric if something is atmospheric, it creates

a mood of mystery or excitement The noun is

atmosphere: a really - painting / - music I the

decor’s quite - / keep the lights low to create a spooky atmosphere

bankruptcy bankruptcy is a situation when someone does not have enough money to pay all their

debts The adjective is bankrupt: he later fell into

- / the couple now face - 1 she was close to -1 the

number of bankruptcies has risen / the company went bankrupt last year / they have been declared bankrupt / he’s virtually bankrupt

conventional if something is conventional, it is done in the usual way, and is not new or different

in any way The adverb is conventionally.The

opposite is unconventional: a - portrait I a -

novel / his ideas are all quite - l a - education I

a highly - upbringing / she was brought up quite conventionally / an unconventional approach

to art

-A l

Some adjectives are formed by adding -al

to a noun For example, follow convention /

conventional ideas Have an accident / accidental

damage; good behaviour / behavioural problems;

help commerce / have a commercial advantage;

cause a major controversy / a controversial

decision; a rare exception / in exceptional

circumstances; round the globe / a global

effort; it’s not the norm / normal relations; a big

organisation / undergo organisational changes

corrupted if a person becomes corrupted, a place or

person has a bad influence on them and makes

them do dishonest or immoral things.The verb is

corrupt: he was - by the criminals he was mixing

with / young prisoners can become ~ by older

inmates / he was ~ by wealth / they say that power

corrupts / he was trying to corrupt her

despair despair is a feeling that you have no hope

Despair is also a verb: a feeling of total - 1 he killed

himself in ~ / she was in the depths o f- / losing

the business drove him to ~ / it was a very difficult

time, but we never despaired / 1 never despaired of

finding him again

dominant if a person or thing is dominant, they have

more power or influence than others.The noun

is dominance: the ~ partner in the relationship

/ a - personality / the company has a ~ position

in the world market / the political and economic

dominance of the USA

friction if there is friction between people, there is

unfriendliness or disagreement between them:

there was ~ between the two sisters / the usual

frictions between parents and teenagers / money

was a source of - between them

fulfil if you fulfil your desires, you achieve what you

wanted to achieve: his struggle to ~ his desires / at

last he had ~led his childhood dream / 1 hope one

day I will ~ my ambitions

heated a heated discussion or argument is one in

which people are angry or upset: a ~ discussion

between the two sisters / having a - argument /

a ~ debate on the punishment of criminals / the

discussion was quite ~ at times

impression if you get an impression about

something, you get a feeling about it, or form an

opinion about it: I get the - someone's died / 1 got

the distinct - (the very strong impression) that

we weren't welcome / 1 don’t want you to get the

wrong ~ / it left me with the ~ that she's not very

happy / what was your first ~ of her?

intimate something that is intimate is about a

person's private life The noun is intimacy and the

adverb is Intimately: an ~ painting / an ~ friend

of the artist / did they have an ~ relationship (a sexual relationship)? / the newspaper published

~ details of his private life / things he only talked about in the intimacy of the home / they know each other intimately (they know personal details about each other)

lap your lap is the top part of your legs when you are

sitting down: the cat on Mr Clarke’s ~ / Can I sit on

your ~? I he climbed on to his dad’s -

loosely if you copy or explain something loosely, you don't do it in a careful or exact way The

adjective is loose: it’s ~ based on a fifteenth

century work / it can be ~ interpreted as an autobiography / a loose translation / a loose interpretation of the work

obstacle an obstacle is a problem or difficulty that stops you from going somewhere or doing

something: lack of money is a serious ~ / an ~ to

communication / what were the major -syou encountered? / she’s had to overcome a lot of-s along the way / they are calling on the government

to remove ~s to free trade

open to interpretation if something is open to interpretation,you can understand it in several different ways Your own interpretation of something is the way you understand it The

verb is interpret: I think the book’s ~ / what’s your

interpretation of the novel? / that’s one possible interpretation / it’s difficult to interpret dreams accurately / how do you interpret his behaviour?

ordeal an ordeal is a very difficult or painfulexperience: a terrifying ~ / giving evidence in court was a terrible ~ / she had to face the ~ of another operation / they went through a terrible *-/ the children are still recovering from their ~ parallel a parallel between two things is asimilarity between them Parallel lines are next

to each other and stay the same distance apart

as they continue Parallel is also an adjective:

parallels between the two works / there are some parallels here with his earlier works /you can draw parallels between the two novels / a shape with two parallel lines / the road runs parallel to the river

perspective your perspective is the way you see or

understand a situation: the story is seen from the

monster’s - 1 my illness has given me a new ~ on life / try to see things from a broader ~ / let’s put things into - (understand their context) I ybu need

to keep a sense of - (understand that something is perhaps not as serious as it seems)

pointedly if you do something pointedly, you do it deliberately to show people that you are angry,

upset or worried.The adjective is pointed: he’s -

looking away from us / she looked at her watch

~ 14 don’t want to go,’he said ~ / he made some pointed remarks about me owing him money

represent to represent something means to be a

symbol of it The noun is representation: the lilies

- female purity / the different colours - different

feelings / rain is represented by blue patches on the

map / a symbolic representation of death

resolve if you resolve a problem, you find a solution

to it The noun is resolution: in the end, everything

was ~d / the matter hasn't been fully ~d / they

want to - things quickly / let's hope things can

be ~d peacefully / everyone is hoping for a quick

resolution of the conflict I we believe we have

achieved a satisfactory resolution to the problem

been reversed if things have been reversed, they have

been changed around so they are opposite to how

they were before Reverse can also be used as an

active verb: the positions o f the characters have - /

their roles have ~ I to reverse the order o f the songs

/ they want the court to reverse its decision

sombre if something is sombre, it is serious and

sad You can also say that a person is sombre,

or in a sombre mood.The American spelling

is somber The adverb is sombrely: rather a -

painting / the - mood o f his early work / he

seemed a bit - / she was in a - mood / there was

a - silence / the funeral was a - occasion / he

nodded sombrely

strike the way something strikes you is the feeling

you get about it, or the opinion you form about

it Strike is often used in the passive: it strikes you

as a conventional portrait / doesn't his behaviour

- you as odd? I the first thing that struck me was

how few people were there / 1 was struck by how

cheerful she seemed (I noticed it)

symbolic if something is symbolic, it uses pictures

or shapes to represent ideas or feelings A

symbol is something that represents an idea

or feeling Symbolise is the verb Symbolism

is the use of symbols: it's fu ll o f - meaning /

the flowers are - o f life (they represent it)

/ a highly ~ act (with an important meaning) /

the dove is traditionally the symbol o f peace / a

dove is often used to symbolise peace / the event

symbolises the country's struggle for democracy /

trying to analyse the symbolism in the painting

tension tension is a feeling of excitement or fear,

or a feeling of distrust between people The

adjective is tense: a lot o f - in the piece I the -

builds throughout the film / there is mounting

- between the two communities / growing ~

along the border between the two countries / the

atmosphere in the city is still tense / a tense day

waiting for the results

textile textiles are fabrics made from cotton, wool,

etc.: a - designer / a - mill (a factory that makes

textiles) the - industry

Pa c e s 1 2 -1 3 accused if you are accused of a crime, the police say officially that they think you did it.The accused is the person who is accused of a crime The verb is accuse:

he was - of a crime / both men are - of murder I he was wrongly - of the theft / he stands - (is accused)

of kidnapping / the police want more time to question the accused / he accused me of lying / the police have accused him of hiding evidence

breakthrough a breakthrough is an important discovery:

the police made an initial - / scientists have made a major - in cancer treatment / a significant ~ in fuel ° technology / an important scientific -

disguise if you wear a disguise,you wear different clothes and change the way you look so that people won't recognise you Disguise is also a verb:

he wears a - 1 she put on a different ~ / he travelled

in - (wearing a disguise) / no one saw through his -

/ she disguised herself as a police officer

element the elements of something are the parts

that form it: all the stories contain the same

elements / one o f the key elements (most important parts) of the government's policy / her looks are a vital - of her success

fatal if something is fatal, it causes someone to die A fatal mistake is one that causes something to fail

completely.The adverb is fatally: the monster's ~

flaw / a - accident la - illness l a - dose of the drug

I his injuries proved - (were fata I) / going back to the scene of the crime was his - error I a~ mistake / two people were fatally wounded I fatally injured

feature to feature something means to include it

A feature is something that is included: the plot

~s the same character types / the film ~s several top actors / the new model ~s an improved engine design / what are the ~s of a classic crime movie? /

a car with a lot of special ~s

get away with if you get away with a crime,you are

not caught and punished for it: it's difficult t o - a

crime I t o - murder / he'll never - it!

initial an initial idea or action is one at the beginning

of a situation, which later changes The adverb is

initially: the police made an - breakthrough / the

- stages of the illness / his - reaction was positive

/ initially, I didn't enjoy the job / the company was

quite successful initially

resist if you resist something, you stop yourself from doing something even though you want to

To resist something also means to stop it from

happening: he has to - the temptation to join

the forces of darkness / 1 can never - chocolate 11 couldn't - having a look inside / it’s difficult to -

an offer like that / the bank has -ed increasing its charges / some people try to - change

EXERCISES C o l l o c a t io n s

A Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 There are parallels the two paintings

2 Does it strike you odd?

3 There's a lot of tension the two

7 This is an important breakthrough

treatments for AIDS

8 They can be corrupted other prisoners

A Match the adjectives to the nouns Look up the adjectives if you need help

1 a very heated a) personality

5 he made some p _ t_ d remarks

6 a highly с v t _ I approach to art

7 the second film was deadly d I!

В Choose the correct preposition

1 He's been banned/ram /o f driving.

2 The flowers are symbolic for / of death.

3 She was sitting on /over her father's lap.

4 I could sense the friction with / between them.

5 My cat loves sitting on / by my lap.

6 He disguised himself os / in a medical student.

7 Try to see things in /from my perspective.

8 There is one major obstacle to / with progress.

A Complete the expressions with the correct form

of the word in bold

I a n uplifting experience feel by a

5 to resolve the matter find a satisfactory

В Tick the words which are both a noun and a verb

1 They have been through a terrible

2 After her death, he was in the depths of

3 His family now faces

4 She's had to overcome a lot of

5 I don't want you to get the wrong

6 I tried to resist the to read themessage

7 I got the distinct we weren'twelcome

8 Her intentions are open to

A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb

1 It comes off / out on DVD next week.

2 We turned over / across to watch the football.

3 You'll never get away for / with this!

4 The bad weather set us back / down by two

weeks

5 We were brought on / up to respect our elders.

6 The business failed and he fell into / over

bankruptcy

SIGHTSEEING

Pa g e s 1 4 -1 5

affluent an affluent place is one where rich people

live You can also describe a person as affluent

The noun is affluence: an - part of the city I an -

society I - businessmen / an area that is known for

its affluence

date back if something dates back to a time in the

past, that is the time it started or was built: the

buildings - to the tenth century / the church dates

back 500years / it dates back a long way I these

problems ~ to the 1960s

deprived a place that is deprived is one where very

poor people live You can also say that a person is

deprived The noun is deprivation: one of the most

- areas in the country l a - inner city school I -

children I the city has high levels of deprivation

dominate if something dominates, it is bigger or

more important than other things This verb

is often used in the passive The adjective is

dominant: the church -s the town square / the

town is ~d by a huge power station / the economy

~d the election campaign I the company has a

dominant position in the market

erect to erect something means to build it: high-rise

blocks were ~ed after the Second World War / they

have -ed a security fence / trying t o - a tent

glimpse if you get a glimpse of something, you see

it for a very short time Glimpse is also a verb: I

caught a - of the church / we got a - of the sea /

people queued up for a - of the star / 1 ~d a man

walking past the house

grand if something is grand, it is big and impressive

The noun is grandeur: the houses looked very

- / a ~ public building / he’s got - plans / the

18th century grandeur of the palace

hideous something that is hideous is extremely ugly

or horrible The adverb is hideously: a - modern

building / she looks - in that dress / his face was hideously deformed / they’re hideously expensive (extremely expensive)

high-rise a high-rise building is very tall, with a lot of

different levels: - blocks of flats I - office buildings

knock down to knock a building down means to

destroy it A more formal word is demolish: the

old school is going to be knocked down / they’re knocking down some of the old high-rise blocks /

I think it’s time they knocked it down

landmark a landmark is a famous building or monument that a lot of people recognise A landmark is also an event that stands out as being

very important: one of the city’s most famous -s / the Statue of Liberty and other well-known -s /

the revolution was a - in French history / this is a - decision by the court

renovate to renovate something old means to repair

it and make it look new again Renovated is the

adjective.The noun is renovation: plans to -

the old theatre / the church has been completely

~d / the newly -d town hall / the building has undergone extensive renovation I a major renovation project

run-down a building that is run-down is not in good condition because it is old and hasn't been looked after well You can also say that an area is

run-down: some - buildings / the schoql is rather - I

a - inner city area / some parts of the city are very -

soar if prices soar, they increase quickly by a large

amount.The adjective is soaring: prices are -ing in

the area / unemployment has -ed to 15% I profits have ~ed dramatically / inflation looks set to - in the coming months / a period of-ing house prices

I n c r e a s e s a n d d e c r e a s e s

There are lot of Words used to describe increases

and decreases For example, prices soared (increased a lot) or prices plunged (decreased a lot).

Increase: soar, shoot up, rocket, climb, surge, jump,

rise, creep up (slowly).

Decrease: plunge,plummet, crash, drop, fall, slide.

steer clear if you steer clear of something, you avoid

it: I'd - of that area after dark / he tried to - of the

reporters / 1 try to - of processed food (not eat it)

stunning something that is stunning is very beautiful You can also describe a very attractive person as stunning.The adverb is stunningly:

a - building l a - painting l a - dress l a - view from the hotel window / she’s absolutely - l a -ly beautiful woman

tomb a tomb is a place where a dead person is

buried, especially when this is covered by a stone

structure: the - of the last emperor I the queen’s -

/ there are five people buried in the -

up-and-coming something that is up-and-coming

is likely to become more popular or successful

soon: an - area of the city I a n - politician I an -

young singer

Pages1 6 -1 7

fast when you fast,you do not eat anything for a

period of time, often for religious reasons Fasting

is the act of not eating, and a fast is a period of

time when you don't eat: during this time people

-ed / Muslims - during Ramadan I a period of-ing

I after two weeks he broke his - (ate again)

foam foam is a mass of small white bubbles The

adjective is foamy: shaving - l a layer o f- on top

of the coffee I the waves broke in a mass of white -

I -y water (covered in foam)

join in if you join in with something,you take part in

it, along with other people: we joined in the fun /

Come and - I / everyone joined in the celebrations

leading up to the period leading up to something

is the period just before it The verb is lead up to:

the period - Lent / the events - the murder I in the

weeks that led up to the attack / during the months

that led up to his death

ornate something that is ornate has a lot of complicated

decoration.The adverb is ornately: a very - costume I

an - building I a very - gate / -ly decorated

pastry pastry is a type of food you make by mixing

flour, butter and water together You roll the

mixture flat, then fill it with fruit, meat, etc.: a -

full of cream or custard I fish wrapped i n - 1 a meat

pie made with puff- (very light pastry) 11 don’t

know how to make -

plague the plague was a very serious disease in

the past, that spread quickly to a lot of people A

plague of a modern disease is a serious outbreak

that affects a lot of people A plague of things is

also a large number of bad things that happen

at the same time: dressed in a - doctor costume I

thousands died in the Great Plague l a - of cholera

I the town is suffering from a - of rats I a - o f

violence in the city

shoot up if prices shoot up, they increase quickly by a

large amount.The past tense and past participle is

shot up: prices really - during the carnival / interest

rates have shot up in recent months / inflation shot

up to 6% last year

shower with if someone is showered with something,

other people throw it over them You can also say

that you shower someone with gifts, if you give

them a lot of gifts: the couple are showered with

confetti I they showered her with presents

spectacular if something is spectacular, it is

extremely impressive to look at or watch: a - show / the dancing was absolutely - l a - view of the

mountains / ~ scenery

spray if you spray water or something else into the air,you throw it into the air so that it falls over a

wide area: ~ confetti everywhere / a fountain -ing

water into the air I they - water on to the crops I -ing chemicals to kill the insects / they -ed us with water

stick to if you stick to something, you continue to do

it or use it, rather than changing to something different.The past tense and past participle is

stuck to: the locals - traditional costumes / let's -

the original plan / 1 always find it hard t o - a diet /

he stuck to his principles

upload if you upload photos or documents, you put

them on to the Internet: I've -ed loads of photos on

to my website I I'll - a few more pictures / students can - their old essays on to the site

Pages1 8 -1 9armour armour is a metal suit of clothes that soldiers

wore in the past to protect themselves: they wear

- and try to knock each other off their horses /

a suit o f- / a knight in - I he was her knight in shining - (a man who came to her rescue)

burst a burst of something is a sudden large amount

of it: they're subjected to -s of heat I a short - of

activity / a sudden - of enthusiasm

dread if you are dreading something, you are not

looking forward to it at all: I'm -ing my exams /

I'm absolutely -ing my interview tomorrow I I’ve started to - meeting him

drought a drought is a long period of time without any

rain, when the ground becomes very dry: there’s a

terrible - 1 the worst - the country has ever seen /

a severe - / the - is affecting the whole country

float if something floats, it sits on the top of water and doesn't sink You can also say that something

floats in air: they’re just -ing along I some leaves

-ing on the water / she was -ing on her back in the pool / the balloons -ed across the sky

forthcoming a forthcoming event is due to happen

soon: discussing their - trip / the - general election / their - wedding

hang if something hangs, it is fixed to something at the top, but the bottom part can move freely.The

past tense and past participle is hung: they hung

from the tower before dropping again / there were flags -ing from the windows I their coats hung on hooks behind the door

launch if you launch something such as a campaign

or an investigation, you start it Launch is also a

noun: we’re -ing a campaign to stop the park /

they’re -ing a major new campaign against

racism / the police have - ed an investigation / that

song ~ed her career as a singer / the newspaper ~ed

an attack on the prime minister (criticised him/her)

/ after the launch of the new safety campaign

plunge if something plunges, it falls a long way down

from a high position: they ~d 20 metres down into

total darkness / the car ~d off a cliff / they ran to

the pool and ~d (dived) into the water

promote if you promote something,you support or

encourage it: which speaker is ~ing something? / a

new campaign to - recycling / an effort to ~ trade

between the two countries

pulse your pulse is the regular movement of blood

around your body, which you can feel in your wrist

or neck: it’ll really set your ~ racing / the nurse took

my - (felt it) / 1 could still feel a faint ~ in her neck

/ the average ~ rate is about 70 beats per minute /

my щ started to race

race if something races, it goes very fast: it’ll set your

pulse racing / my heart was racing / the engine was

racing / different thoughts were racing through my

head / my heart began to -

relate if you relate something, you tell it to someone:

which speaker is relating an experience? / he ~d the

story to us /try t o - the facts accurately

restriction a restriction is a rule which limits or

controls something.The verb is restrict: there are

no height ~s on the boats / speed ~s on the roads

/ there are strict ~s on the sale of alcohol / the

government is planning to impose tough new -s on

immigration / the -s have now been lifted (ended) /

a new law to restrict the sale of guns

slide a slide is a tall piece of equipment that you sit

or lie on and move down Slide is also a verb, with

the past tense and past participle slid: a park with

ten ~s and four pools / children were playing on the

- / Mum, can I go on the ~? /you climb to the top

and then - down / we slid across the ice

spin around if something spins around, it moves

round and round in circles: all that ~ning around

made me dizzy / the helicopter blades started to - /

my head was ~ning (I couldn’t think clearly)

splashed if you get splashed, water comes on to your

body The verb is splash: Look-you got ~ there / 1

got - when the bus went past / the children were

splashing each other in the pool

spoil things if you spoil things, you make an event

not enjoyable Spoil is also a verb: stop moaning -

you’ll ~ / 1 hope the rain doesn’t ~ / don’t spoil the

fun / he spoiled the party by getting drunk

steeply if something falls steeply, it drops down quickly by a large amount You can also say that

something rises steeply.The adjective is steep: it

falls really ~ / the road falls ~ down into the village / wages have fallen - (decreased by a large amount) / the plane rose ~ / prices have risen - (increased by

a large amount) / a steep fall in inflation

strain if there is a strain on something, there is a problem because there is too much demand for it

Strain is also a verb: water parks put a - o n water

resources / the holiday put a real ~ on our finances / a flu epidemic would place a considerable ~ on the health service / the whole education system

is under considerable ~ / the extra costs are likely

to strain our finances / the incident has strained relations between the two countries

strapped if someone or something is strapped into place, they are held there securely.The verb is

strap, and strap is also a noun: the riders are ~

into seats / they had weapons ~ to their belts /

is everyone ~ in? (wearing their seat belt) / we +• everything in place / a watch with a leather strap

subjected to if you are subjected to something, someone does it to you The verb is subject

someone to: they’re ~ bursts of heat / she was ~ six

hours of questioning / her husband subjected her to years of abuse

sustainable if something is sustainable, it can continue for a long time without causing problems, or without harming the environment

The noun is sustainability: we want local

government to investigate ~ alternatives / the country needs - economic growth / ~ agriculture / the - use of natural resources / is this form of development environmentally ~? / he doubts the sustainability of the scheme

tame if something is tame, it is not very exciting: it

looked quite - / 1 found some of the rides a bit ~ / it’s too - for most kids

trial a trial is a test in which people try a new product

to see how good it is.Trial is also a verb: I’ve taken

part in the ~s / the drug is undergoing clinical ~s (it is being tested on people) / the company is carrying out ~s on the new car / the new system is being ~led in a hospital in London

upside down if something is upside down, the top

is facing downwards and the bottom is facing

upwards: you go - and everything / the bus landed

- on the other side of the road / turn the jar - and give it a shake

Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 This tomb dates back the 4th century

2 Relations me and John are a bit strained

3 I've uploaded the photos the website

4 Hang your coat the hook behind the door

5 Egypt is known its pyramids

6 I spoiled the holiday forgetting the tickets

7 The car plunged the cliff into the water

8 We arrived at the resort and dived the pool

A Complete the expressions with the correct form

of the word in bold

7 shaving foam a cappuccino

8 an affluent an area of fast-growing

neighbourhood

A Match the adjectives to the nouns Look up the

adjectives if you need help

В Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the verbs from the list Look up the verbs if

you need help

catch stick launch

1 The statue is renovation

2 We our fast yesterday

3 The mayor is a second electioncampaign

4 The rain came down and the fun

5 Good leaders to their principles

6 I a glimpse of the Pope in Rome

7 An African safari will your pulseracing

С Complete the sentences with the correct nouns Look up the nouns if you need help

resourcesmonths

flatsknight

head activity food trials

1 I live in a block of

2 More tourists will visit in the coming

3 I try to avoid processed

4 There was a burst of on the stockmarket today

5 It's important to control our water

6 The new drugs are undergoing clinical

7 Strange thoughts were racing through my

8 A helpful policeman was my inshining armour

A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb

1 We had to queue around / up for the show.

2 The university is carrying down / out some

research

3 A child ran into the street and knocked me

down / off my bicycle.

4 The price of air tickets has shot up / away recently.

5 I knocked my glass down / away by mistake.

6 I was very excited in the months leading up /

over to our trip.

7 Forget about your work and join up / in the party!

A Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the verbs in the list

1 Try situations that make you unhappy

2 means not eating

3 I'm planning spaghetti for dinner

4 The weather report predicts .temperatures tomorrow

5 Would you like ?

6 I'm against farmers chemicals onfruit and vegetables

THINGS YOU NEED

Pa g e s 2 0 -2 1

bleed if a part of your body bleeds, blood comes out

of it: my leg was - ing / she was -ing quite badly /

he could - to death

clip a clip is a small piece of metal or plastic that

holds something in position Clip is also a verb:

have you got a - t o keep these papers together? / a

paper - la bulldog - (a large clip for holding a lot

of papers together) I - the papers together

drill a drill is a tool that you use for making holes in

wood, metal etc Drill is also a verb: an electric - 1 a

hand - (not electric) I its easier if you use a - 1 - a

hole in the wall

file a file is a folded piece of card that you keep papers

in Some files have clips for keeping the papers

securely in place File is also a verb: clip the papers

into the - / I've got the original letter in my-1 a

box - (in the shape of a small box) / a lever-arch -

(a large file for holding a lot of papers) I he -d the

documents away

hook a hook is a curved piece of wood or metal that

you hang a coat or other piece of clothing on: he

hung his coat on the - behind the door / a coat -

knock over if you knock something over, you bump it

accidentally and it falls:you knocked over a vase /

mind you don't knock that drink over / some of the

plant pots had got knocked over

loose if something is loose, it is not fixed securely The

verb is loosen: a screw on your glasses has come

- I the door handle was - I the tap had worked -

(gradually become loose) /you'll need to -n that

screw first

needle a needle is a thin pointed piece of metal that

you put a thread through and use for sewing

things: a - and thread / a sewing - l a knitting - 1

I couldn't see well enough to thread a - (put thread

through it)

pad a pad is a piece of thick material that you use to

protect something.The adjective is padded: knee

-s / elbow -s I you can't play football without shin

- s i a - of cotton wool I a -ded head protector

peg a peg is a piece of wood or plastic that you use for attaching wet clothes to a line to dry Peg is

also a verb: a clothes - 1 she was -ging washing

to the line

pin a pin is a piece of sharp metal that you use

for holding things together Pin is also a verb: a

drawing - (forfixing pieces of paper to a wall) / a safety - (for holding a bandage in place) / we stuck

a - in the map to decide where to go / she -ned the notice to the wall

rub if you rub something, you press it and move

something across its surface: ~ some salt into the

meat / she sat up and -bed her eyes / he was -bing his hair with a towel I my shoes were -bing (they were pressing against my feet in a painful way)

screw a screw is a small pointed piece of metal that you push and turn round to fix pieces of wood

together Screw is also a verb: some of the -s were

loose I you need to tighten that - a bit more I the shelves are -ed to the wall

smash if something smashes, it breaks into a lot of

very small pieces: the bottle -ed I I'm sorry, I've -ed

a glass / they threatened to - his windows

sore if a part of your body is sore, it is hurting: my feet

are - / it's really - 1 I've got a - leg

sticky if something is sticky, it stays on other surfaces easily, rather than falling off.The verb is stick, and

the past tense and past participle are stuck: it's

blue and - 1 there's some - stuff on the floor I his fingers were - with jam / stick the posters on the wall with tape

spring a spring is a piece of metal curved round and

round, which will go back to its original shape: a

bed with broken -s / the -s have gone (broken) in that chair

stain a stain is a mark that is difficult to remove

Stain is also a verb, and the adjective is stained: a

coffee - on his shirt / blood -s I grass -s I some -s are difficult to remove I wash that out quickly or it'll - I his clothes were -ed with blood

vase a vase is a container for putting flowers in: a

flower - l a beautiful china - / she arranged the flowers in a -1 a - of fresh roses

wire a wire is a piece of metal thread: do you sell -? / electrical - 1 copper - 1 there were -s (electrical

wires) all over the floor

Pa g e s 2 2 -2 3acquire to acquire something means to get it, for

example by buying it.The noun is acquisition: He

-d a number of valuable paintings I she -d the property last year 11 -d the necessary ingredients

from the local supermarket / the way in which

children - language / t o - knowledge / the

acquisition of language / my recent acquisition

(something I got recently)

bin a bin is a container for putting rubbish in To bin

something means to put it in a bin: recovering

things from -s / a rubbish - / a litter - / a

wastepaper - / she threw the wrapper into the - /

don't chuck it in the - / 1 don’t want it, so you might

as well - it

cautious if someone is cautious, they are careful to

avoid danger or problems.The adverb is cautiously

The noun is caution: he’s very - / a - driver / she’s -

about investing such a large sum / the police decided

to adopt a - approach / she held out her hand -!y /

the animals should be approached with caution

commander a commander is an officer in charge of a

group of people, for example in the army The verb

is command: a tank - in the British army / an air

force - / a police - / the group was commanded by

Captain Wells

evict to evict someone means to force them to leave

their home, usually because they have not paid

their rent The noun is eviction: the council came

to - the old man / she was -edfrom her flat /

hundreds of families now face eviction

get rid of to get rid of something means to throw it

away, sell it or destroy it because you don't need

it: old comics which I don’t read but can’t - / 1 think

we should - that old sofa / using chemicals to -

weeds

guarantee a guarantee is a formal promise to repair

or replace a product that breaks or does not work

properly Guarantee is also a verb: it’s a good idea

to keep the - / a three-year - / all our products

come with a one-year - / it’s still under - (the

guarantee still applies to it) / all our cars are fully

-dfor 12 months / the wood is all -d against rot

(guaranteed that it won’t rot)

hazard a hazard is something that might be dangerous

The adjective is hazardous: it had become a health

- / afire - (something that could cause afire) / an

occupational - (one that you face as part of a job) /

the chemicals pose a - t o human health/firefighters

face a lot of-s / -ous chemicals / a -ous job

impulse an impulse is a sudden strong feeling that you

want to do something: an - purchase (something

you bought as an impulse) / 1 bought it on - (as an

impulse) / have a sudden - to laugh / my first - was

to hit him / 1 resisted the - to walk out

infestation an infestation of rats, insects, etc is a

large number of them in a place The verb is infest:

the neighbours complained about rat -s / a n - o f

cockroaches / the house was infested with rats

mere a word you use to emphasize how unimportant

something is: things that others had seen as -

rubbish / they sold a - 2 0 tickets / it’s - speculation

/ it’s a - coincidence

navy a navy is an armed force that fights at sea

The adjective is naval: a - commander / he joined

the - when he was 16 / he spent 25years in the - / she served in the American - / a - helicopter / a naval battle / a naval officer

leaflet a leaflet is a printed sheet of paper that gives you information about something To leaflet

a large number of people means to give them

leaflets: a - about a local gym / a - advertising a

new restaurant / an information - / delivering -s / they’ve -ed everyone in the town

odd odd things are different kinds of things that don't belong together and don’t have a particular purpose You can also describe these things as

odds and ends: various - screws, nails and pins / a

few - pieces of paper / there were just a few odds and ends in the drawer

obsession if you have an obsession with something, you think about it or do it ail the time and cannot change your behaviour You can also say that you are obsessed with something.The adjective is

obsessive: Perhaps it was the trauma that caused

his - / she seemed to have an - with cleaning / revising for exams can become a n - / behaviour that was bordering o n - / she’s obsessed with losing weight / an obsessive desire to keep fit

optimistic if you are optimistic, you believe that good things will happen in the future The noun

is optimism A person who is optimistic is an

optimist: I’m very - / are you - about the future?

/ I’m - that scientists will come up with an answer / 1 don’t share her optimism / a mood of cautious optimism in the country / he’s a real optimist

pessimistic If you are pessimistic, you believe that bad things will happen in the future.The noun

is pessimism A person who is pessimistic is a

pessimist: he’s - / I’m - about my chances of

passing / a - outlook on life / a mood of general pessimism / I’m a bit of a pessimist

pile a pile is an arrangement of things on top of each other You can also say that things are piled:

he sorted the rubbish into - s / a - of books / she arranged the letters in neat -s / there were some old clothes -d in the corner

practically practically means almost: he managed to

acquire - every record by Elvis Presley / they go out

- every night / it’s - impossible / we’ve -finished

preceding something that is preceding another

thing comes before it.The verb is precede: a

number of coins - the introduction of the Euro / in the weeks - the attack / the meal was preceded by

a few short speeches

purchase a purchase is something that you have bought; when you make a purchase,you buy

something Purchase is also a verb: an impulse - /

I went home with my -s / they put pressure on us

to make a - / the receipt shows the date o f- / it’s cheaper to - goods online

recover to recover something means to get it back

after it was taken away, thrown away or almost

destroyed: he would - things from bins / police

have - ed the stolen jewellery / families trying to -

their possessions from the debris of their homes

settle if you settle somewhere, you go to live there

permanently: he -d in Britain after the war / they

-d just north of London

trauma a trauma is a very horrible and upsetting

experience that affects you for a long time

Someone who is traumatised is upset for a long

time as a result of a trauma: the - of what he lost

when he left Poland / the - of her mother's death

/ leaving their home was a major ~ / a lot of the

children have suffered -s / the accident left him

deeply -tised

veteran a veteran is someone who fought in a war:

a Polish war - / a - of the Second World War / a

Vietnam - l a - of several election campaigns

(someone who has taken part in them)

wax wax is a solid substance that is used to make

candles Hair wax is a soft substance that you put

on your hair to hold it in shape: some old candle -

on the table / a jar of hair -

well-intentioned if someone is well-intentioned, they

plan to do something good or helpful, but don't

manage to do it You can also say that someone has

good intentions: he's very - / it's hard to be cross

with her because she's so-/1 have good intentions,

but never seem to find the time to do things

Pa g e s 2 4 -2 5

crack a crack is a line you can see on something

made of china or glass that shows it is damaged

Something that has a crack on it is cracked Crack

is also a verb: she held up a -ed vase / the jug was

badly -ed / an old mug with a - in it / some very fine

(thin) - in the wall / a hairline - (very thin) / the dish

cracked when I took it out of the oven

fall apart if something falls apart, it breaks because

it is old or not well made: my shoes were falling

apart / an old book that was falling apart / their

relationship fell apart (failed)

freeze when something freezes, it becomes hard

because it is so cold.The past tense is froze and

the past participle is frozen You can say that it's

freezing when the weather or temperature is very

cold: it's freezing in here / it's freezing outside / the

water in the lake had started to - / a frozen river /

frozen vegetables

funny you can say that something is funny if it seems

strange You can also say funnily enough about

something that seems strange: it makes a - noise

when I change gears / what's that - smell? / it's -

that he hasn't phoned /funnily enough, she had

met my brother the week before

leak if something leaks, water comes out of it Leak is

also a noun: wrap some tape around the pipe so it

doesn't - / the roof's -ing again / water was -ing into the shed / there's a - in the kettle

missing if something is missing, it is not in a place when

it should be there You can also say that a person is

missing if you cannot find them: some stuff is broken

and - / my keys have gone - / there's a button -from

my shirt / police are still looking for the - child

obliged if you are obliged to do something, you have

to do it The noun is obligation: we're not - to

accept returns of this kind / 1 felt - to pay for the meal / we have an obligation to help the children / customers are under no obligation to buy anything

resigned if you are resigned to something, you accept

it because you know that you cannot change it.The

noun is resignation: she seems - to the situation /

he was - to the fact that he would probably lose his job / she greeted the news with resignation

-A t io n

Some nouns are formed by adding -ation to a verb For example:

resign from his job / offer his resignation

Combine several ideas / a combination

of tastes; confront his accusers / avoid confrontation; consider all the option / give it careful consideration; declare an interest / a declaration of intent; expect a lot / be beyond expectations; found a charity / the anniversary

of the foundation of the republic; occupy a country / be under foreign occupation; sense a change / have a strange sensation

ripped if something made of cloth is ripped, it has a

long hole in it Rip is a verb, and also a noun: look-

it’s - / wearing - jeans / his clothes were - to shreds (badly ripped) / I've - my jeans / she - the letter open / there's a rip in the sheet

sarcastic if you are sarcastic, you say the opposite of what you mean, in order to be funny.The noun

is sarcasm The adverb is sarcastically: I think

he's being - / he said something - / he made a - comment / there was a touch of sarcasm in his voice / 'Brilliant, 'she said sarcastically

sample a sample is a product in a shop that people

can look at and try before they buy something: it

wasn't the same as the - I'd seen in the shop / some

—s of new perfumes

scratched if something is scratched, there is a small cut or mark on the surface Scratch is a verb and

also a noun: the CD's - / how did the table get -? /

mind you don’t scratch the car / there was a scratch

on the windscreen

A Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 I need to fix that hole the wall

2 The secretary filed the documents

3 Her clothes were all the floor

4 I don't like cats rubbing me

5 Use tape to remove hair your dress

6 Handle that drill great caution

7 We need something to wrap that leak

8 I heard the sarcasm her voice

9 What was the date purchase?

A Complete the expressions with the correct form

of the word in bold

1 a sarcastic tone said with

2 acquire a property anew

3 resigned to the a feeling o f

situation

4 a fire hazard a line of work

5 obliged to check an important

6 the trauma of his by the

В Which TWO words in the list below are NOT

both a noun and a verb?

clip settle peg screw scratch

leak crack purchase drill navy

A Complete the collocations with the verbs in the

lists Look up the verbs if you need help

В Match the nouns to the verbs Look up the nouns (a-e) if you need help

1 to approach with a) eviction

necessary waste-paper electricaloccupational

1 I keep all my class notes in a file

2 Be careful! There are wires all overthe floor

3 I fixed the torn curtain with a pin

4 The cleaner empties the bins

1 I haven't got my tools back / away yet.

2 How do you come up in/ with these ideas?

3 We're going to get rid by / of our old furniture.

4 He never takes part in / of social activities.

5 Their marriage is falling down / apart.

6 The traffic police have taken off I away her

driver's licence

A Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the verbs in the list

3 your job

4 a purchase 1 The police are obliged the public

5 1 need the screws in my glasses

6 I'm thinking about in the stockmarket

SOCIETY AND SOCIAL

ISSUES

Pa g e s 2 6 -2 7

bankrupt if a company is bankrupt it does not have

enough money to pay all its debts and so cannot

continue to exist Bankrupt is also a verb: a lot of

companies have gone - recently / the company was

declared - last year I the business is almost - / the

losses nearly bankrupted the business

booming if the economy is booming, it is growing

quickly and is very successful A boom is a period

when the economy is very successful: the economy’s

- / business is - at the moment / the country is

experiencing an economic boomI a boom in house

prices / the post-war boom / the boom years

boost to boost something means to improve it or

increase it Boost is also a noun: Their policies have

- ed our standing in the world I this could help to -

profits / an attempt to - tourism in the area / this

win has - ed the team’s confidence / this should

provide a boost for the economy / a boost for her

confidence

cut back on to cut back on something means to

reduce it.The noun is cutback: they’ve done a lot to

- bureaucracy / the bank is cutting back on staff I a

cutback in funding for schools / the company may

have to make cutbacks

combat to combat a problem means to do things to

try and stop it Combat is fighting in a war: they’ve

done little to - rising crime / new measures to -

inflation / a determination to - terrorism / he was

killed in combat / troops engaged in hand-to-hand

combat

controversial if something is controversial, people

disagree about it.The noun is controversy: the

government has done a few - things I a highly -

policy l a - politician / the proposals have caused

a lot of controversy / some recent controversies in

the media

desperate if someone is desperate, they are in a very difficult situation and want or need something very badly.The adverb is desperately.The noun

is desperation: the hungrier people are, the more

- they are / companies are - for staff I we were getting - / he’s - to get a job / they’re in - need of help I the people desperately need food I people are heading for the cities in desperation

difference if something makes a difference, it changes

a situation to make it better: the government’s

made a huge - since they came to power I it’s made

a big - to my life / an opportunity to make a real - in the world / what - will it make? / just half an hour

of exercise a day could make all the - / it makes

no - to me

fees fees are an amount of money that you have to

pay for something: they’ve put up tuition - / school

- / the entrance - are quite high / she couldn’t pay her medical -

make ends meet if you make ends meet,you just manage to buy everything that you need to live,

even though you have very little money: people are

struggling to - 1 we earn barely enough to -1 some months it’s difficult to -

non-existent if something is non-existent, it doesn't

exist at all: crime is almost - here I the traffic was

virtually / security seemed to be

-N o n

-non- is often added to words to show a person or

thing does not have that quality or characteristic For example: Crime is non-existent there.

use a non-stick pan; read a lot of non-fiction; work for a non-governmental organisation (NCO); it's

a non-profit-making company; the offer is non-

negotiable; it's a non-issue; take a non-stop flight;

lead a non-violent protest; a non-slip surface.

pace the pace of something is how fast it moves or

seems to move: the - of life is so fast here / the

- of change is speeding up / the project is now gathering - (speeding up) / walking at a brisk -

permit a permit is an official document that gives

you permission to do something: to fill informs to

get a work - / apply for a residency - 1 you need a travel ~ I my - has expired (is out of date)

recession if there is a recession, there is less business activity in a country, so people make less money

and some people lose their jobs: there’s a - a t the

moment I an economic - / this could turn into a deep - 1 the country is in - / the economy could sink into - / get the country out o f- again

soft you can say that someone is soft if they are not

strict enough: they're - on drugs I he's too - with

his kids / community service is seen as a - option

shortage if there is a shortage of something, there

is not enough of it: there are a lot of water ~s /

a desperate - of medical supplies / a serious - of

teachers / the drought led to a - of food / many

companies a re facing staff-s

shoot up if something shoots up, it increases very

quickly.The past tense and past participle is shot

up: inflation has shot up over the last year / prices

have continued t o - up / unemployment has really

shot up / the price of petrol has shot up to over

£1.50 a litre

stable if something is stable, it is not likely to change

suddenly.The noun is stability: it’s made society

less - l a - economic situation l a - environment

for bringing up children / the ladder felt quite -

(not likely to fall) / a period of economic stability

standing your standing is your reputation, based on

what other people think of you: the policies have

boosted the government's - / winning the contract

helped to improve her - with her colleagues / the

scandal will damage his - in the party

tuition tuition is the work of teaching something:

they've put up -fees I he pays for private - / maths

- 1 he gave us some extra -

undermine to undermine something means to

weaken it or make it less effective: their policies

are undermining national unity / a scandal that

threatens to - the government's authority /

criticising her will - her confidence I his position in

the government has been seriously -d

Pa c e s 2 8 -2 9

abuse abuse is a bad or wrong use of something, or

cruel treatment of a person Abuse is also a verb:

the problem of drug and alcohol - 1 the- of power

/ a horrific case of child - 1 he suffered racial -

(cruel treatment because of his race) I a lot of these

kids abuse alcohol I she was abused by her father

as a child

assault to assault someone means to attack them

violently Assault is also a noun: we saw someone

being -ed / he was accused of-ing a student / she

was savagely -ed / charged with sexual assault

(attacking someone in a sexual way)

backing backing is support that you give to

something The verb is back: the scheme has

European - 1 he has the unanimous - of his

party I they have won -from a major company

/ the project has received no financial - / the

government has refused to back the scheme

breakdown if there is a breakdown, something stops

working properly.The verb is break down: the

problem of family - 1 a - in communication / we

had a - o n the motorway (the car stopped working)

/ the car's broken down I his marriage broke down

lastyear

capture to capture something on film means to film

it: The attack was -d on CCTV / It was all -d on film / a passer-by -d the moment on his mobile

case a legal case is a matter that is decided by a

court: she won her - against her employers / he

lost his - in court / the - will be heard in court tomorrow / a divorce - l a rape - / she brought a

- against her employer I there was no evidence, so they had to drop the -

carry out to carry out work means to do it: the work

will be carried out by a British firm / we need to - more research / the police will - an investigation / they carried out a survey

claim if you claim that something is true,you say that it is true, although other people might

disagree Claim is also a noun: she is -ing victory

after the court ruled in her favour I he still -s that

he is innocent / he tried to - that he was acting in self-defence / the company made some false claims about its products

conduct to conduct an investigation means to do it:

the police are now -ing investigations / who will - the enquiry? I t o - a survey of attitudes to climate change

damages if you get damages, the court orders someone to give you money because you have

suffered in some way: he won - of £30,000 / the

court awarded her substantial - 1 she's claiming - for the injuries she suffered I he got half a million dollars in -

be denied if you are denied something,you are not allowed to have it You can also use deny as an

active verb: she claimed she was denied promotion

I they were denied access to the building / they denied him his right to a lawyer / should doctors deny treatment to patients who are obese?

excessive if something is excessive, it is more than is

necessary.The adverb is excessively: the amount

seems a bit - / some people see the charges as-1 excessively high taxes

gender someone's gender is whether they are

male or female: the company was accused o f-

discrimination / discrimination on the grounds of-

/ are there - differences in attitudes to work? / it’s

important to combat - stereotypes

go against to go against something means to do

something that is the opposite of that thing: the

recent increase in population goes against the general trend / accepting the money would - my principles / it goes against everything I believe in

growing something that is growing is increasing The

verb is grow.The noun is growth: there is - concern

about the number of teenagers sleeping rough

/ the - popularity of small cars / the number of

people working part-time has grown / a growth in sales of personal computers

initiative an initiative is an important new plan: the

government will launch a new - aimed at getting

young people off the streets / a new - for peace /

the government has announced a new education -

/ most people welcome the government’s -

injustice injustice is a situation in which someone

is treated unfairly, the adjective is unjust:

campaigning against social - / it was a terrible -

/ a victim of - / he suffered the - of being sent to

prison for a crime he didn’t commit / the system is

clearly unjust

strain if there is a strain on something, there are

difficulties because there is too much demand

for something Strain is also a verb: an ageing

population puts ~s on the pension system I there is

considerable - on the health service / this will - the

water resources

tribunal a tribunal is a type of court that can make

decisions about one type of case: the - ruled in

her favour / an employment - 1 an independent

complaints - I planning to set up a war crimes - /

he will appear before the disciplinary - next week

uphold to uphold a decision means to decide

officially that an earlier decision was right.The

opposite is overturn: her claim was upheld in court

I his conviction was upheld by the court of appeal /

the decision was later overturned

vulnerable if someone is vulnerable, they can be hurt

or upset easily.The noun is vulnerability: more help

for - teenagers I many teenagers are - to drugs /

old people are - to crime / children who are - to

abuse / I’m fee I ing a bit - at the moment I1 could

sense her vulnerability

aid aid is money or other things that are given to

people who are suffering: a lot of - has been

given to Africa / the country relies on foreign

- / send emergency food - /fresh appeals for

humanitarian -

awareness if there is awareness about a problem,

people know about it The adjective is aware: it’s

a great way of raising - about poverty (making

sure people know about it) / to increase public - of

the problem / there is growing - of environmental

problems / most people are not aware of the issue

bleak if a situation is bleak, it seems very bad, with

no hope of improving: Sachs paints a - picture of

the state of the planet / the future looks -fo r the

company / rather a - outlook

contribute to contribute something means to give

it, when other people are also giving things.The

thing that you give is your contribution: ask local

businesses to - gifts / they offered to - to the

rebuilding fund / he -d over £3,000 / he made

a generous contribution to the campaign I a

contribution of £250

crop a crop is a plant such as wheat or corn that is

grown by farmers: better farming techniques will

increase -yields / they grow a variety of ~s / a staple - (that provides most of someone’s food) / a cash - (that someone grows to sell)

donor a donor is someone who gives money to help

an organisation or charity.The verb is donate

The money someone gives is a donation: £50

comes from -s / -s have given over £30,000 /

an anonymous - I the - countries (the countries who give money) / they donated £2,000 / made a generous donation to the fund

lethal something that is lethal can kill someone: a -

disease l a - dose o f morphine la - weapon I a - combination of drugs and alcohol

measure a measure is something that a government

or organisation does to help solve a problem:

we need to implement a combination o f - s l the government has promised to take -s to tackle crime

/ the company is introducing new safety -s / tough

new -s to combat speeding

pressure group a pressure group is a group that tries

to influence people's opinions or achieve political

change: an environmental - 1 an anti-smoking - /

they set up a - t o campaign for change

raise to raise something means to tell people about

it or make them think about it more: he also -s

an alarm that this could be our last chance / a campaign to - awareness of AIDS (tell people more about it) I he didn’t - the subject of money (he didn’t talk about it)

reverse to reverse something means to change

it to the opposite: these measures could - the

downward spiral / an attempt to - the decline in tourism / the High Court ~d the decision

root the root of a problem is its main or original

cause: the - cause o f the problems are all

interconnected / bad diet lies at the - of a lot of health problems / the war has religion at its -

scarce if something is scarce, there is not very much

of it The adverb is scarcely: a booming population

puts more strain on already - resources I food was always - in the winter / money was - / there were scarcely any jobs (almost none)

soil soil is the earth in which plants grow, fertilisers to

improve the - l a good fertile - / struggling to grow crops in poor - s i a sandy - l a clay -

summarise to summarise something means to briefly give the main facts about it The noun is

summary: the book -s the state of the planet / can

you briefly - what he said? / a brief summary of his argument / 1 think that’s a fair summary

supply a supply of something is an amount that is available for people to use Supplies are also things

that you need: these countries need clean water

supplies / the electricity - was cutoff I a plentiful -

of medicine I in urgent need of medical supplies / essential supplies were sent in by air

A Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 Stress affects a lot people

2 I sent the documents mail

3 We need to get to the root the problem

4 The only person you can rely is yourself

5 Pollution puts strain the environment

6 What is his standing the company?

7 This could turn a deep recession

8 There's a shortage qualified nurses

A Complete the sentences with the correct nouns

from these verbs

1 Do you have a of the report?

2 I am a blood I help save people's

5 The plan has the of the president

6 She made a good to the class

1 raise / make the alarm against corruption

2 deny / stop access to the building

3 contest / com bat inflation in the economy

4 plan / conduct an investigation into the crime

5 raise / boost awareness of social issues

6 drop I knock the case against her

7 sleep / lie rough in a park

С Which of the following words do not collocate with the nouns?

1 drug / food / alcohol / sexual abuse

2 colourful / ageing / younger / world population

3 public / financial / government / fashion support

4 food / humanitarian / travel / military aid

5 community / military / inflation / public service

D Complete the missing adjectives

1 We need to preserve s _ e resources

2 He was convicted of s _ _ _ _ l assault

3 People lose their jobs during an

A Choose the correct phrasal verb

1 Their marriage broke down / broke out last year.

2 We are going to carry out / cut off some

5 find the r t of the problem

6 fight social i _e

7 monitor climate с e

SPORTS AND INTERESTS

Pages 3 6 -3 7

breath your breath is how quickly you are breathing

in and out: it took me ten minutes to get my ~ back

(start breathing normally again) / she gets out of ~

just walking up the stairs (has difficulty breathing) /

he sometimes gets short o f- (unable to breathe

easily) / 1 was gasping for ~ by the time I reached

the top (breathing very fast)

bump into if you bump into something, you knock

it accidentally: I'm always bumping into things /

I bumped my knee on the table / mind you don't

bump your head

chill out if you chill out, you relax: I just - at home /

chilling out in front of the TV / - by the pool

comic a comic is a magazine for children that tells

stories through cartoon pictures: I went to a -fair /

reading some of my old ~s / bought a ~for the kids /

he collects old ~s

coordination your coordination is how well you

can move different parts of your body together

Someone who has good coordination is

coordinated Someone who has poor coordination

is uncoordinated: improve your hand-eye - /you

need good ~/he lacks - / how coordinated are you? /

I’m totally uncoordinated

fair a fair is an event where people sell a particular

type of thing: a comic - 1 we went to an antiques -

/ bought it from a craft - / we’re holding a book -

fiddle with if you fiddle with something,you move

it or touch it Fiddle is also a noun: it gives you

something to - / 1 fiddled with the controls / he

fiddled with his pen while he spoke / 1 had a ~ the

switches and got it working

figure a woman's figure is the shape of her body: she’s

got a lovely - / she lost her ~ after she had children /

struggling to keep her - / 1 need to watch my ~

(be careful not to put on weight)

fitness your fitness is how strong you are, and how able you are to run around and do sport.The adjective

is fit: how can you improve your ~? / a high level of

physical - / exercise helps to maintain your - / trying

to build up my ~ / he’s incredibly fit / trying to get fit

flexibility your flexibility is your ability to bend and move your body The adjective is flexible:

doing yoga really helps your ~ / improve your - / maintain your ~ / we need more ~ in the workplace (the ability to make changes easily) / I’m not flexible enough to touch my toes / employees need to be flexible these days (able to make changes easily)

get into if you get into something,you start doing it

or having it: when did you first - tennis? / he wants

to - politics / 1 don’t want to ~ debt / he started getting into trouble at school

keep up if you keep up, you go as fast as other people

or do as much as them: I couldn’t ~ with the others

in the class / she was walking quicklyKand I was struggling to - / come on - try to ~!

knitting knitting is making things from wool, using

two long needles The verb is knit: I like sewing

and - / she was doing her - while she spoke / she’s knitted loads of jumpers / a hand-knitted sweater

master class a master class is a lesson in music or a

sport, given by someone very famous: a - with a

top Russian fencer / a violin - / invited to attend a -1

a ~ given by a famous pianist

self-conscious if you are self-conscious, you feel embarrassed about what you look like, or what other people think of you.The adverb is self­

consciously: I’m always ~ when I dance / 1 felt a

bit - / it makes me - when everyone looks at me / he’s starting to get - about his weight / she smiled rather self-consciously

S e l f

-You can add self- to lots of adjectives and nouns

to mean '(in/to) yourself For example: i'd be a bit

self-conscious

lack self-confidence; have low self-esteem;

show self-discipline; a self-employed plumber; take self-defence classes; he’s not very self-aware;

a self-inflicted wound; paint a self-portrait; he's a

self-taught artist; be motivated by self-interest;

a self-catering holiday

sewing sewing is making things by joining bits of

cloth together with thread.The verb is sew: I like -

and knitting / doing some - / a - needle / I’ll have

to sew the pocket back on

shape your shape is how fit and healthy you are: I’m

really out of~ (not very fit) / 1 wanted to get in ~ (become fitter) / an exercise machine to help you keep in ~ / he’s in much better - now

stamina stamina is strength that allows you to

continue doing something for a long time:you

need a lot o f- to do marathon running / 1 haven't

got the - to walk that far / help to build up your - /

he's got a lot of mental -

take up if you take something up, you start it: I took

up swimming last year / I've decided to - gardening /

when did you first take it up?

thread a thread is a long, thin piece of cotton, silk or

wool that is used to make cloth or sew pieces of

cloth together Thread is also a verb: make patterns

with the - on the cloth /you'll need a needle and - /

a loose - in my skirt / some strong cotton - / t o - a

needle (put thread in it)

volunteer a volunteer is someone who does a job

willingly or without being paid Volunteer is also

a verb: I did some - work last summer / the shop

is run Ьу- s / a team o f-s / 1 need some -s to help

with the clearing up / they're looking for -s / he -ed

to drive us

wander if you wander round a place,you walk around

slowly, without going in any particular direction

Wander is also a noun: I like -ing round flea

markets / we -ed through the old town / the kids

had -ed off / we were just -ing aimlessly / we went

for a - round the shops

whatsoever you use this word to emphasise that you

mean none at all: he does no exercise - / 1 have no

doubt / she said nothing / there were none

-Pa c es 3 8 -3 9

bar the bar is the piece of metal along the top of a

goalpost: his shot hit the - / it was just over the - /

he was denied a goal by the -

close if a game or match is close, the two players or

teams are very equal: it was a really - game / a -

match that could have gone either way / he came a

- second / 1 think the election will be pretty -

dive if someone dives in a game such as football, they

fall over and pretend someone has pushed them

or hurt them Dive is also a noun: the defender

didn't touch him - he-d / he was given a yellow

card for diving I the temptation to - in the penalty

box / it was a clear -

disallow to disallow something mean to refuse to

allow it because someone has broken a rule: the

referee -ed the goal / they had a goal -ed in the

second half

dubious if something is dubious, it is probably not

right: the referee gave some - decisions / that

seems a bit - to me / some of the information was

highly

-exclude to -exclude someone or something means to

not include them.The noun is exclusion: no one

should be -dfrom sport / that information was -d

from the report / an attempt to - the press from

the event / 1 felt a bit -d / he's been -dfrom school (told to leave) / the exclusion of some vital data / her exclusion from school

double fault a double fault in tennis is when you

serve two balls wrongly, one after the other: I

regularly serve -s / that's his third - of the match

fix to fix a game or match means to arrange the

result in a dishonest way: the game was -ed / they

are accused of match -ing / they claim that the election was -ed

forehand a forehand in tennis is a shot in which the palm of your hand is facing the ball The opposite

is backhand: I hit a great - / he's got a very

strong - / a brilliant - volley / she's playing to her opponent's backhand

foul to foul someone in a game such as football means to do something to them that is against

the rules Foul is also a noun: he -ed the striker /

he was sent off for committing a second foul / that was a blatant (very obvious) -I

free kick a free kick in a game such as football is a chance to kick the ball freely from a particular

position: the referee gave a - / they've been

awarded a - just outside the box / Messi's going to take the - / they scored from a -

greedy if someone is greedy, they don't want to share things with anyone else A greedy player is one

who doesn't pass the ball to other players: he's a

really - player / the temptation to be - with the ball / he should've passed it - that was a bit - / she's quite - when it comes to chocolate

moral a moral issue or choice is one that is based on

ideas of what is right and wrong: it shows children

the importance o f- choices / abortion is a - issue / you have a - obligation to do something / a - duty /

he has very high - standards / a set o f- values

penalty a penalty in a game such as football is a free shot towards the goal because the other team has

broken a rule: the goalkeeper saved a - /the referee

awarded a - / he scored from a - / he missed the - / the defender gave away a - / Ronaldo was fouled and got a -

post the post in a game such as football is one of the

sides of the goal: they hit the - twice / it was just

wide of the - / he beat the goalkeeper at the far

- (the one furthest from the ball) / a shot to the near-

sack to sack someone means to send them away from their job because they have done something

wrong Sack is also a noun: they -ed the manager /

he was -edfor stealing / he got the -from his last job / they're threatening to give her the -

save to save a shot in a game such as football means

to stop it from going into the goal Save is also

a noun: the goalkeeper -d the shot / he -d the

penalty / she just managed to - it / the shot was -d on the line by one of the defenders / that was a great save/

send off to send someone off in a game such as

football means to order them to leave the field

because they have broken a rule: he got sent off for

hitting another player / the referee sent him off I

that's a sending-off offence

serve to serve in a game such as tennis means

to start the game by hitting the ball to your

opponent Serve is also a noun: I - d a double fault /

it's Federer to - next / she’s ~d brilliantly in this

match / a fantastic -/ his first - was out / she’s

finding it difficult to return Serena Williams'-

shoot if you shoot in a game such as football,you try to

score.The noun is shot: he tackled the striker before

he could - / h e shotjust wide / she shot from the

halfway line / that was a great shot / the keeper saved

the shot

substitute to substitute a player in a game such as

football means to replace them with a different

player.The noun is substitution.The new player

who comes into the game is called a substitute:

he was ~d when he got injured / the decision to -

Rooney / Manchester United are going to make a

substitution / he came on as a - just after half time /

he was brought on as a -

tackle to tackle someone in a game such as football

means to try to take the ball off them Tackle is

also a noun: he ~d the striker just outside the box

/ improve your tackling skills / that was a great ~ /

penalised for a late - / a fair - / a crunching ~ (with

a lot of force) / he skipped past the ~s

thrash to thrash someone in a game means to defeat

them by a large amount The noun is thrashing: we

got ~ed 6-0 / they absolutely - ed us / they suffered

a 9-0 ~ing

well-meaning if someone is well-meaning, they try

to be helpful or do the right thing, but they don't

succeed: some ~ schools insist on non-competitive

sports / things can sometimes be made worse by ~

parents / she's very

-Pages4 0 -4 1

drown if someone drowns, they die from being under

water.The noun is drowning: she - ed in the sea /

I'm terrified of-ing / a tragic ~ing in the local

swimming pool

fanatic a fanatic is someone who likes something

very much The adjective is fanatical: he's a sport

- / she's a real health - / a fitness - / a ~al cyclist /

he's -a! about health and fitness

fool a fool is a stupid person If you make a fool of

yourself,you make yourself look stupid: I'm scared

of making a ~ o f myself / she was trying to make a

- o f me / don't be a - / what a - I've been

hairline a hairline fracture or crack is a very thin crack

in something: he had a - fracture in his shoulder /

a few - cracks in the wall

knock out to knock someone out means to make them unconscious To knock yourself out means

to have an accident and become unconscious: she

fell and knocked herself out / a blow to the head which knocked him out / he was knocked out in the second round of the fight / some tablets which really knocked me out (made me feel very tired)

ligament a ligament is a part of your body that joins

a muscle to a bone: I tore the ~s in my knee / a torn

~ in my elbow / a ~ injury /

paralysed if someone is paralysed, they can no longer

move their body: she was - from the waist down /

the accident left him - / she was partially - / 1 was

~ with fear pass out if you pass out, you become unconscious: I

passed out with the heat / 1 almost passed out with the pain / it nearly made me ~

put off if you put something off,you delay doing it

because you do not really want to do it: I've been

putting off going to the dentist for ages / don't put

it off until tomorrow / he's been putting off making

a decision

reluctant if you are reluctant to do something,you do not really want to do it.The adverb is reluctantly

The noun is reluctance: he's a bit - to drive me

round there / 1 felt rather - to ask for more money / he agreed, rather reluctantly / a reluctance to join

in with the others

sprain if you sprain your knee, ankle, wrist etc., you hurt it and damage the joint by twisting it

suddenly Sprain is also a noun: I - ed my knee / 1

think I've - ed my ankle / suffering from a - ed wrist / you haven't broken it - it's only a -

twist if you twist your ankle,you hurt it by turning it suddenly We use the word twist when the injury

is less serious than a sprain: I - ed my ankle / 1 fell

and -ed my knee

waist your waist is the part of your body around your middle, where the top of your trousers is:

she was paralysed from the ~ down / the men were all stripped to the - / what's your - size? / a young woman with a slim ~ / a leather belt around her -

A Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 He's self-conscious his appearance

2 Don't make a fool yourself

3 His shot was just wide the post

4 The accident left him paralysed the waist

down

5 Where did you buy those jeans ?

6 She's fanatical exercising

7 My dog is always bumping the furniture

8 I need to buy an anniversary present my

wife

9 I need to work my forehand

A Complete the expressions with the correct form

of the word in bold.

1 a reluctant decision agree

2 a half-time substitution a lazy

player

3 feel self-conscious dance

5 a flexible body work on your

6 thrash your opponent a 6-0

7 knit a sweater a needle

В Tick the words which are both a noun and a

A Complete the sentence with a negative form of

the correct adjective

able coordinated conscious honest

1 I'm to sleep because I'm so

worried

2 We didn't win the game because the referee

w as

3 He suffered a blow to the head which left him

4 I don't play sports I'm very

1 get/find the sack

2 make / do a fool of me

3 place / put on weight

4 twist / turn your ankle

5 make / have a decision

6 be I come a close second

Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb

1 Don’t put your work off / out Do it today.

2 You should take a holiday and chill in / out for

a while

3 He was knocked out /by in a football collision.

4 I've tried, but I can't really get on / into rap

music

5 He was sent out / off for committing a foul.

6 I need to exercise and get by / in shape.

7 I was so hot I almost passed out / down.

8 This class is too difficult I can't keep in / up.

ACCOMMODATION

Pages 4 2 -4 3

bay a bay is an area on the coast where the sea

curves inwards: a little -you could scramble down

to / go swimming in the - l a sheltered - / looking

out across the -

chilly if the weather is chilly, it is quite cold The noun

is chilliness: It was a bit - in the evenings / a - day /

the evenings were quite - / it's starting to get - l a

- reply (unfriendly) / a slight chilliness in the air

cliff a cliff is a high, steep area of rock at the edge

of the sea: a hotel on top o f the -s / high -s /

limestone -s / they tried to climb the - / walking

along the cliff top

cut off if a place is cut off, it is difficult to reach, for

example because it is not near good roads or

railways, or because of bad weather: the place was

a bit - (far a way from towns and cities) / the village

gets - by snow in winter / some houses were - by

theflooding

deserted if a place is deserted, there is no one in it:

the beaches were - / the town looked completely -

/ walking through the - streets l a - village

dump if a place is a dump, it is very dirty, untidy or

in a bad condition: the place was a bit of a - 1 his

flat was a real - 1 what a - I I a rubbish - (where

rubbish is taken and left)

facilities the facilities in a place are the buildings and

equipment the place has, and the services it offers:

the - on the camp site were incredible / a hotel

with excellent - 1 it’s got fantastic sports - / there

were no leisure - / the toilet - were very poor

filthy if something is filthy, it is extremely dirty The

noun is filth: everything got - l a - T-shirt / his

clothes looked - / the house was absolutely - /

everything was covered in filth

full blast if you play a radio or music player at full

blast, you play it as loud as you can: they played

music at - all night / had the TV on a t - 1 the radio was playing at -

greasy if something is greasy, it is covered in oil.The

noun is grease: the food was a bit - 1 - chips / ~

hair / the food was swimming in grease (covered in grease) / his hands were covered in grease

muddy if something is muddy, it is covered in mud:

the camp site was really - I - boots / my clothes had got - / the floor was all -

overlooking if something is overlooking a place, it is above the place and has a view over it.The verb

is overlook: on top o f the cliffs, - the ocean / a

balcony - the beach / the room overlooks a car park

overwhelming if something is overwhelming, it has a very strong effect on your feelings, so you are unable to express exactly how you feel The

verb is overwhelm: it was all a bit - / 1 found the

experience absolutely - 11 was overwhelmed by a feeling of sadness / we were totally overwhelmed

by people’s support

restless if you are restless, you feel slightly bored and want to do something different or go somewhere

new The noun is restlessness: I got a bit - after a

couple o f days / beginning to feel - / the kids are starting to get slightly - / a feel ing of restlessness

scramble if you scramble somewhere,you climb there, using your hands to help you Scramble

is also a noun you can - down to the bay /

scrambling over the rocks / we -d up the cliff I

a bit of a scramble down to the beach

self-catering if accommodation is self-catering, it has

a kitchen so that you can prepare your own food: a

- apartment/ - accommodation l a - holiday

site a site is a place where something happens Site

is also a verb: a camp - l a building - l a landfill -

(for burying rubbish in the ground) / the - of the accident / the place where the new theatre will be sited

spoil to spoil something means to make it less good

or less enjoyable: bad weather can really - a

holiday / he always -s the fun / the new buildings - the view / 1 -ed the meat by cooking it for too long

spotless if something is spotless, it is completely

clean.The adverb is spotlessly: the whole place was

- l a - white shirt / the house looked absolutely - / spotlessly clean

stunning if something is stunning, it is extremely

beautiful.The adverb is stunningly: we had -

views from our window / some - new designs / she looked absolutely - 1 she’s stunningly beautiful

superficial if something is superficial, it only concerns the surface of something and not the part in the middle or the most important part The adverb

is superficially: a rather - discussion / sometimes

I felt it was a bit - / his knowledge is quite - 1 a - burn (only on the surface of your skin) l a - society (concerned only about things you can see, not serious ideas) I the wood was only damaged -ly

tent a tent is a small shelter that you stay in when

you are camping: we stayed in a - / a three-person

- l a nice flat place where we could pitch our - / it

took ages to put up the - 1 we took down the - and

left / the - blew down in the night

unbearably unbearably means in a way that is

extremely unpleasant.The adjective is unbearable:

the weather was ~ hot / he was ~ arrogant / the

pain was unbearable / the heat made it unbearable

welcoming if someone is welcoming, they are very

friendly to you when you arrive somewhere: the

people were incredibly - / she gave a - smile / a

hotel with a - atmosphere

winding if a road is winding, it has a lot of turns

and bends in it.The verb is wind: you had to walk

along a ~ track to the village l a - river / a narrow

- footpath I the road winds up to the village / we

wound our way through the narrow streets

Pa g e s 4 4 -4 5

bear if something doesn't bear thinking about, it is so

horrible or shocking that you don't want to think

about it: he could’ve d ied -it doesn’t - thinking

about

confirmation a confirmation is a letter or email which

states officially that something you reserved by

phone will be kept for you The verb is confirm: did

you receive a - by email? l a - of the booking I a -

letter I we will confirm the reservation in writing

deposit a deposit is an amount of money that you

pay in advance for something Sometimes the

deposit is part of the total amount you will pay,

and sometimes it is extra money that you get

back when you finish using something: they’re not

going to give us our - back I you pay an initial - of

£100, then pay the rest when the goods arrive I

I’ve put down the -o n a new car / there’s a £30

returnable - / the - is refundable

framed if something is framed, it has a frame around

it The verb and noun are frame: a - photo / some

- certificates / are you going to get it -? I it’s been

very nicely - l a mirror with a thick wooden frame

procedure a procedure is a set of actions that you

follow in order to do something correctly: that’s

our normal - / the usual -fo r making reservations /

you did n’t follow the correct - / the company’s

standard -sfo r taking on new staff

reservation if you make a reservation, you ask a hotel

to keep a room for you, a restaurant to keep a table

for you, etc The verb is reserve: we have no record

o f any - / I’d like to make a - 1 do you have a -? I a

- in the name o f Smith / 1 cancelled the - / I’d like

to reserve a table for tomorrow evening I I’m sorry,

these seats are reserved

suffocate if you suffocate, you die because you

cannot breathe The noun is suffocation -.you

could’ve -d while you were sleeping I he nearly ~d I

he tried to - his victims (kill them by stopping them breathing) I the new restrictions are suffocating trade (preventing it from developing) / she died of suffocation

Pa g e s 4 6 -4 7bland if food is bland, it is not nice because it doesn't

have enough flavour: I don’t know how you eat

that - rubbish / the food was incredibly - / 1 found

English has lots of verbs to describe the way

people look / see and move For example, gaze at

the stars; dash up the stairs

look / see: stare at me (hard / long);frown at

me smoking (disapproving); glare at each other (angrily); glance at the headlines (quickly); peer over my shoulder / peer through the mist (with difficulty); spot him in the crowd (see after looking); glimpse something in the bushes (see

briefly);

go: crawl into bed / crawl along (slowly, tiredly);

creep out / sneak up behind someone (slowly,

quietly, unseen); jog down the street (run slowly);

limp home (injured); rush to work (fast, late,

urgent); stroll through the park (relaxed); march

up to me and demanded (with purpose);

pace up and down (nervous); scramble down

the hill (with difficulty); stagger out of the pub

(uncontrolled almost falling)

gaze if you gaze at something, you look at it for a

long time Gaze is also a noun: I was gazing out of

the window / lying on his bed gazing at the ceiling

I she was gazing into space / my gaze was fixed on the letter I he lowered his gaze (looked down)

get over if you get over something, you start to feel

better after it: it took me a couple of days to - the

jetlag / I’m just getting over the flu / he’s upset now, but he’ll soon - it I I’ve got over it completely now

hook up with if you hook up with someone, you meet them and become friends with them or start to

have a relationship with them: I’ve hooked up with

a guy from London / we'll - with them again in New York / our firm has hooked up with another small company (agreed to work with)

heritage your heritage is your culture and family

background:you appreciate your own - / it’s

important to protect our national - / buildings that

are part of our - / the country’s rich cultural - /

trying to preserve their Scottish -

humid if the weather is humid, it is very hot, with

a wet heat rather than a dry heat The noun is

humidity: it’s unbelievably hot and - /a very - day /

high -ity levels / an increase in -/ty

integration integration is the process in which people

gradually become involved in a new society or

group The verb is integrate: ~ into a new culture /

the country’s - into the EU / policies that encourage

social - / infavour of greater - / they soon became

integrated into the local community / they’ve

integrated very well

miles miles means by a very large amount: Hong

Kong is - better / it’s-funnier than thefirstfilm /

that’s - too big / it was - too expensive

moan a moan is a complaint about something Moan

is also a verb: we have a - about things together /

/ don’t want to listen to your - si / stop -ingl /

everyone - ed about the food

orientate if you orientate yourself, you begin to

feel familiar with the place where you are or the

situation you are in You can also say that you

orient yourself: I’m starting to - myself now / 1

tried to - myself by looking at the map / it took him

a few months to orient himself in the new job

phase a phase is one stage in the development of

something:you go through four distinct -s / the

first - of the project / the second - of the building

work / a difficult - in the country’s history

pride pride is a feeling of pleasure and satisfaction

you get when you have done something well Pride

yourself on something is a verb.The adjective is proud:

people seem to take - in what they do / she showed us

her award with great - / see the - in her parents’faces /

he prides himself on the quality of his work / we’re very

proud of you / I’m particularly proud of this painting

put someone down if you put someone down, you

criticise them when other people are there.The

noun is put-down:yow might put people down

when they speak their own language / her parents

are always putting her down / I’m fed up with his

constant put-downs

resistance resistance to something is a refusal to

accept it The verb is resist: -to a new culture /

there’s considerable - to the proposals / the plans met with a lot of-from local people / they put up quite a bit o f- / trying to resist change / he resisted the pressure to resign

roots a person's roots are the place, culture and family that they come from The roots of a plant

are the part that hold the plant in the ground you

can get cut off from your - / feeling the need to go back to her - / returning to his Irish - / digging the plants up by the -

settle down if a situation settles down, it becomes

calmer: things have settled down a bit now / the

situation seems to have settled down

slave away if you slave away, you work very hard for

a long time: I’ve been slaving away at my desk /

slaving away over a hot cooker / slaving away at

a report

swing if you swing, your feelings or opinions

change Swing is also a noun: some people -

from one extreme to the other / her mood could - from joy to despair within a matter of minutes / public opinion has swung to the left (become more left-wing) / mood swings / a big swing in public opinion

symptom a symptom is something that shows that an illness or problem exists.The adjective

is symptomatic: it’s a - of the resistance phase /

what are the -s of food poisoning? / physical and psychological -s / people displaying flu-like -s / not everyone with the disease will develop ~s / recognise the -s of overwork / the demonstrations are a - of an underlying problem / the rise in unemployment is -atic of the general decline in the economy

transformation a transformation is a complete

change The verb is transform: the - phase / an

amazing - / the building’s - from a school to a community centre / the party has undergone

a complete - / the whole house has been transformed

undergo if you undergo something, you experience

it: we’re -ing a big change / the building has -ne

some renovations /you may need to - surgery / she underwent an emergency operation

Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 Everyone complained the food

2 I'm looking for a hotel conference facilities

3 What can you see out the window?

4 Room 405 is the top floor

5 I have a confirmation writing

6 I'm not familiar this place

Choose the correct preposition

1 We stayed at / in a tent.

2 You can see the sea by / from our window.

3 It was quite cold in I on the evenings.

4 I have to look in / at the map again.

5 It's a restaurant of/ with a lovely atmosphere.

6 My room is a bit in /o f a mess.

A Complete the expressions with the correct form

of the word in bold

1 transform the living room a remarkable

2 meet with resistance the

В Complete the missing adjectives

1 The hotel was right next t o a b _ g site

2 Reservations depend on an i I deposit

3 There's a s _ g view from my window

4 We need to gauge p с opinion on thismatter

5 The restaurant has undergone a с _ etransformation

6 The profits from tourism benefit the I _ Icommunity

С Match the two halves of the collocations

D Complete the expressions with the words in the list

way

1 a bit

2 (it) doesn't bear about

3 from one to the other

4 wound our through

5 flu-like

A Complete the sentences with the correct noun

from the verbs

1 The of the two companies was

successful, (integrate)

2 We need of your signature before

we can proceed, (confirm)

3 I like the on that picture, (frame)

4 We'd like to make a please, (reserve)

A Complete the collocations with the verbs in the

list Look up the verbs if you need help

5 I'll hook up on / with you next time I'm in town.

6 The village is cut away / off by bad weather in

the winter

NATURE

Pa g e s 4 8 -4 9

breeze a breeze is a gentle wind.The adjective is

breezy: there was only a slight - /a gentle - /

a cool - / there was a warm - blowing across

the beach / the leaves rustled in the - /a breezy

morning

drought a drought is a situation in which there

has been very little rain and the ground is very

dry: there's a terrible - l a severe - l a period of

prolonged - 1 we had a - last summer / the -

has mainly affected the south of the country /

restrictions on water use during the -

earthquake when there is an earthquake, the ground

shakes: people felt the - miles away I a big-1 the

town was destroyed by a massive - 1 the - has left

thousands o f people homeless I hundreds were

injured in the - / living in an - zone

ease off if something eases off, it becomes less

severe: the rain’s eased off a bit now / the pain was

beginning t o - 1 the snow’s eased off slightly

exaggerate if you exaggerate, you describe

something in a way that makes it seem bigger,

worse, more important etc than it really is.The

noun is exaggeration: maybe I’m exaggerating

a bit I don’t -! / he tends t o - a bit I she was

exaggerating wildly / it’s important not to -

the importance o f this meeting / it was a wild

exaggeration / he’s prone to exaggeration (he often

exaggerates)

famine a famine is a situation in which there is a

serious lack of food and a lot of people die: crop

failures led to a - 1 a terrible - / the drought caused

a devastating - / millions of people are now facing

- l a series of measures to relieve the -

flood a flood is a situation in which there is a large

amount of water from rivers or the sea over the

land Flood is also a verb.The adjective is flooded:

thousands o f homes have been affected by the - / the worst -fo r 50years / a devastating - 1 the rain has caused -s in many parts of the country / the -

is finally beginning to subside / the - waters are still rising I fears that the river could - / thousands of homes are now -ed

M e t a p h o r a n d w e a t h e r

Many words are often used in different contexts but with a connection to their original meaning This is true of many weather words For example,

people flooded into the streets (lots o f people moved like a flood), she was in floods of tears, we had a flood of letters.

come under a hail of bullets / missiles / criticism (attacked by lots of hard things); my mind’s a fog / my memory's a bit foggy (not clear or confused);

the exam was a breeze (light, easy); the origins have been lost in the mists of time (difficult to

see / know) I her eyes were misty (almost crying);

lightning quick I lightning reactions (fast and

sudden); a thunder o f drums I the kids thundered

down the stairs (sound / move very loudly).

fog fog is a thick cloud that forms close to the

ground.The adjective is foggy: thick - / hopefully

the - will lift soon / a dense - had descended on the area / we couldn't see anything through the - l a foggy morning

hall hail is small pieces of ice that fall from the air like rain Hail is also a verb Each piece of ice is called a

hailstone: we had some rain and - later in the day /

ft was starting t o - 1 the -stones were as big as golf balls

lightning lightning is a bright flash of light you see in

the sky during a storm Lightning is also a verb: we

saw this incredibleforked - l a sudden flash o f - 1 - forked across the sky I the plane was struck b y - 1 it was beginning to thunder and -

melt if something melts, it becomes soft or turns to

liquid after being frozen and hard: the snow had

all -ed by the morning I my ice cream's -ing! / - the butter in a small saucepan

mist mist is a light cloud close to the ground.The

adjective is misty: we couldn't see much because

of the - 1 a fine - l a heavy - / the village was shrouded in - (covered by mist) / the - should clear later I a -y morning

pull over if you pull over,you drive to the side of the

road and stop your car.- we pulled over to the side of

the road / she signalled to us t o - 1 we pulled over and got out o f the car

shade shade is slight darkness in a place that is sheltered from the sun Shade is also a verb.The

adjective is shaded: we sat in the - l a small patch

o f- / in the - o f a large tree / plants that grow well

in the - / the temperature was 42 degrees in the

~ / a big tree would - the garden too much / she

shaded her eyes / a ~d garden

spit if it spits, it rains very gently: it's only - ting now /

it's starting to ~

thunder thunder is the loud noise that you hear in

the sky during a storm Thunder is also a verb: a

faint rumble of - 1 the - was getting louder / a loud

crash o f- I a sudden clap o f - / the - rolled and

roared all around us I did you hear it - earlier?

Pa g e s 5 0 -5 1

ageing someone who is ageing is quite old and

becoming older The verb is age: looking after her

- parents I Britain's - population I an -film star I

when I saw her again, she'd aged a lot

aim if something is aimed at achieving something,

it is intended to try and achieve that thing Aim

is also a noun: experiments which are -ed at

combating illnesses / new policies -ed at reducing

the number of road accidents I what's the - of

this research? / they came to power with the - of

reducing poverty and unemployment

amidst amidst something means with that thing

happening all around Amidst people means with

people around you: her family made an emotional

appeal - growing fears for her safety / he resigned

- allegations of corruption / living - his family

associated if one thing is associated with another,

the two things are connected in some way The

verb is associate: some of the problems that are -

with this new treatment / jobs that are - with the

car industry / people don't usually associate science

with art

board the board of a company is the group of people

who control it and make important decisions A

board member is a member of a company's board:

the idea was rejected by - members I it will be

discussed by the - members / he's on the - of the

bank I two people have resigned from the -

breeder a breeder is someone who keeps animals

and produces and sells young animals.The verb is

breed A breed is one particular type of an animal: a

successful animal - l a dog - / horse -s I they breed

cattle on the farm / a very popular breed of dog

civilised if something is civilised, it belongs to an

advanced and well-organised society and so

shows culture and good standards of behaviour: a

- society / it all seemed very - l a - drink outside in

the garden / let's talk about this in a - way

contest to contest something means to say officially

that you do not agree with it or think it is wrong:

the will is being -ed I they plan to - the decision

dare a dare is something difficult or dangerous that

you do because someone has challenged you to do

it Dare is also a verb: / tried eating them for a -1

he challenged me to a - / go on, I -you! (I challenge you) / 1 -you to call him now / 1 -n't ask him (I don't have the courage)

deem if something is deemed to have a particular quality, people consider that it has that quality:

it wasn’t -ed suitable for a young woman I precautions that were -ed necessary / his actions were -ed to be illegal

estate your estate is the money and property that is

left after you die: he left his entire - to charity I

his son will inherit his - / she left an - valued at

£15 million

fund to fund something means to pay for it A fund

is an amount of money that has been collected

for a particular purpose: the scheme is -ed by the

government / it's jointly - by three schools / should the government - more scientific research? / the rebuilding - 1 an appeal -fo r earthquake victims / they're setting up a campaign -

halt to halt something means to stop it Halt is also a

noun: they want to - the experiments / work on the

new bridge has been -ed by protestors I the search for survivors has now -ed / the train came to a sudden - / the economy seems to be grinding to a -

harassment harassment is unpleasant or threatening behaviour towards someone The verb is harass:

he accused the police o f - 1 she was subjected to sexual - / they have complained of being harassed

by the police I stop harassing me!

inheritance an inheritance is money that you get

from someone after they die The verb is inherit: he

received a small -from his father I she is struggling

to win back her rightful - / she accused him of trying to steal her - 1 he left them an - of over £30 million / she'll come into her - when she’s 21 (she will receive it) I who will inherit the farm when you die?

insight an insight is a clear way of understanding

something: the film provides invaluable -s into

their lives I his writing lacks - 1 she’got a lot o f- into this problem / the book gives a real - into the causes of the war

intimidation intimidation is behaviour in which you try to frighten someone to make them do what

you want The verb is intimidate: - of laboratory

staff I they endured years o f - I using various - tactics / they tried to intimidate him into confessing I

an attempt to intimidate voters

invaluable if something is invaluable, it is extremely

useful: the book provides - insights I a n - tool I

some - experience I the Internet is -fo r students

laboratory a laboratory is a place where scientific

experiments are carried out: a science - l a

research - I - staff I - equipment / - tests / the work is all carried out in a -

pull out to pull out of something means to stop

being involved in it: they are threatening to - of

the project / trying to r of the agreement / he has

been forced to ~ of the tournament due to injury

resume to resume means to start again The noun is

resumption: the talks will ~ next week / work on

the bridge is due to - soon / she hopes to ~ work

next month / the resumption of peace talks

rightful rightful means according to what is right

legally or morally The adverb is rightfully:

struggling to win back her ~ inheritance / the -

heir to the throne / the ~ owner of the house / the

money is righlfully mine

subsidy a subsidy is an amount of money that a

government pays in order to keep the price of

goods lower The verb is subsidise: an agricultural

~ / subsidiesfrom the European Union / small

producers are given massive subsidies / the

government pays huge subsidies to farmers / the

industry is still heavily subsidised

taboo a taboo is a strong custom that tells people it is

wrong to do something or talk about something:

a cultural - has been broken / there's a - about

discussing religion in Britain / the ~s surrounding

sexuality / a desire to break down old ~s

violate to violate a rule, law or tradition means to

break it The noun is violation: he felt that his

privacy was being -d / countries that ~ human

rights / the company has ~d international laws /

a blatant violation of the peace agreement /

wholesale violation of human rights

vivisection vivisection is scientific experiments that

are carried out on live animals: - is morally wrong

/ people who are opposed t o - / anticampaigners

w ill a will is a document that says what you want to

happen to your money and property when you die:

the ~ is being contested / we don't know what's in

her ~yet / the ~ wasn't signed, so it wasn't valid /

it's a good idea to draw upa~ / he changed his -

just before he died

Pages 5 2 -5 3

bush a bush is a plant that looks like a small tree: I

heard something moving in the ~es / a fruit - /

rose -es

curl if something curls, it forms a curved or twisted

shape.The adjective is curled or curly: the leaves

are -ing up / are you going to - your hair? / the cat

was lying - ed up by the fire / an old photograph

that’s ~ed at the edges / she's got lovely thick ~y

hair

fiddly if something is fiddly, it is difficult because

there are very small objects you have to handle: a

~ job / they’re too small and ~ / it's really ~ getting

the top back on

flower to flower means to produce flowers: the

almond trees don’t usually - this early / it -s in the autumn / they hope that democracy will ~ (be successful)

gather to gather things means to collect them: ~ing

mushrooms in the fields / we've ~ed quite a lot of information / the police are still - ing evidence / he hastily ~ed his things together and left

invasive if something is invasive, it spreads quickly

and is difficult to stop The verb is invade: some

weeds are incredibly - 1 an - cancer / ~ diseases / the cancer cells can invade other parts o f the body

nod to nod means to move your head up and down

to show that you agree Nod is also a noun: she

gave a smile and - ded / 1 -ded politely / he said nothing, but just ~ded / she gave a brief- of agreement

rot to rot means to decay through natural processes

Rot is also a noun: the old wood had ~ted / when

the soil’s too wet, it ~s the roots / eating too much sugar will ~ your teeth / a lot of rot in the wood / the house was full o f damp and ~

seed a seed is a part of a plant that you put in the

ground to grow a new plant: sunflower ~s / a

packet of grass ~ / the ~s haven’t germinated yet (started to grow) / some of the vegetables have gone to - (produced seeds)

sterna stem is a long thin part of a plant on which

leaves and flowers grow:you'll need to cut the ~s

a bit / roses with long ~s / beautiful flowers with slender -s

settle to settle your stomach means to stop it feeling

uncomfortable and likely to make you sick: a drink

to -yo ur stomach / my stomach has ~d now

significance the significance of something is its meaning or importance.The adjective is

significant The verb is signify: do these plants

have cultural ~? /the ceremony has great - / the enormous - of these election results / it's suddenly taken on a new - / 1 wouldn't attach any ~ to it

/ don't underestimate the - of this event / a very

significant development / his most significant achievement / symbols which signify peace

water to water plants means to put water on them:

I've been - ing them every day / don't forget to ~ the tomatoes / they need -ing twice a day

weed a weed is a wild plant that grows in a field or garden where it is not wanted Weed is also a verb,

meaning to clear weeds: the garden’s full of~s /

perennial ~s (which remain in a place and don’t die

in the winter) / trying to keep the ~s under control / need to ~ the vegetable patch / the flower garden needs - ing

EXERCISES C o l l o c a t io n s

Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 The road was destroyed an earthquake

2 Thousands of homes have been affected the

flood

3 We've had a long period drought

4 Hail is ice that falls the air like rain

5 Can you hear something moving the

garden?

6 What's the aim your research?

7 Fry the onions a saucepan

A Complete the expression with the correct form

of the word in bold

1 a warm breeze a

afternoon

2 a misty morning a thick

3 shade your eyes sitting in the

4 the resumption of talks Talks are due to

soon

5 My ageing grandmother He never

6 a flooded house a devastating

7 a significant event an event of great

A Complete the sentences with a negative form

of the correct adjective

A Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the verbs in the list Look up the verbs if you need help

С Match the two halves of the collocation

1 a flash of a) significance to (something)

A Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the verbs in the list Use to + infinitive

or -ing

1 I get excited easily but you're always so

2 You can't drive without a licence It's

3 Putting on headphones is

behaviour in a staff meeting

4 I felt very in my new shoes

5 You are worrying about something that's

completely

6 Getting caught in a thunderstorm is an

experience

1 Feel the wind through your hair

2 We are planning the decision

3 Becoming wiser is part of older

4 floodwaters have been reported

in the news

5 I'm planning lasagne for dinner

6 Please ask her me back

7 You are forcing me a difficultdecision

CRIME AND PUNISHMENT

Pa g e s 5 4 -5 5

break into to break into a place means to enter it

using force.The noun is break-in: the house had

been broken into / someone broke into my car and

stole my radio / a series of break-ins in the area

bribery bribery is the crime of offering a person in

authority money so that they will do something

for you The verb is bribe, and a bribe is the money

that you offer: charged with - and corruption /

~ is widespread / everyone bribes the officials /

attempting to bribe a police officer / paying bribes

to police officers / he's accused of accepting bribes

blackmail blackmail is the crime of threatening to tell

someone's secrets unless they pay you money or

do something for you Blackmail is also a verb: he's

accused of - 1 she tried t o - a politician / she was

- ed into accepting the offer

bombing a bombing is the crime in which someone

leaves a bomb in a place and allows it to explode: a

- in the city centre / two men have been charged with

the-1 a - campaign / a wave of-s in recent weeks

burglary a burglary is a crime in which someone

enters a building and steals something Someone

who does this is a burglar.The verb is burgle:

there have been a lot of burglaries in the area /

an attempted - / when did the - take place? / the

police have arrested two burglars / we got back and

found the house had been burgled

captive if someone is held captive, they are kept

as a prisoner Captive is also a noun: he held his

girlfriend - / he's been held - for a year / they were

taken - by rebels / - animals / they finally released

their -s

come up to come up to someone means to come

towards them: three lads came up to me I a girl

came up and started talking to me I a man came

up to me and asked me for money

come forward to come forward means to offer to

help someone: people are too scared to - / the

police want people to - with information / we asked for volunteers but no one came forward

device a device is a bomb: the - went off in a

shopping centre / an explosive -/ a nuclear - / the

- had been left in a bus station

disappear if someone disappears, they become lost and people cannot find them.The noun is

disappearance: she just -ed / the girls -ed while

they were walking home from school / report the disappearance to the police

drag to drag someone means to pull them roughly:

he -ged her to his car / she was ~ged into some bushes / she -ged me round the shops all afternoon (forced me to go with her) / 1finally managed to - myself out of bed (get up with difficulty)

broad daylight if it is broad daylight, it is during the

day and light: it was - when the robbery took place /

it happened in -

fraud fraud is the crime of telling lies or deceiving people in order to gain money for yourself.The adjective is fraudulent Someone who commits

fraud is a fraudster: a victim o f- / he was sent to

prison for tax - / credit card - / identity - (using someone else's identity to get money) / she made a -ulent insurance claim / -ulent business activities /

a convicted -ster

get hold of to get hold of something means to

manage to get it: someone must have got hold

of my bank details / it's relatively easy to - this information

go off to go off means to explode: the device went

off near the station / the bomb could - off at any minute / 1 was worried the gun might - accidentally / 1 could hear fireworks going off

grab to grab something means to take hold of it

roughly Grab is also a noun.- this guy -bed my bag /

she -bed hold of my arm / he -bed me by the throat / he made a -fo r my purse (tried to grab it)

insured if you are insured, you have paid money to an insurance company, and they will give you money

if something you own is stolen, damaged, etc The

noun is insurance and the verb is insure: were you -? / I'm not - against accidental damage / the car's -

against theft / the house wasn’t properly - / it’s a good idea to take out travel insurance / an insurance policy / an insurance company / have you insured yourjewellery?

kidnapping a kidnapping is a crime in whichsomeone is taken and held as a prisoner.The verb

is kidnap Someone who commits this crime is a

kidnapper: there’s been a - in Somalia / two men

have been charged in connection with the - / two British tourists have been kidnapped / she never spoke to her kidnappers

theft theft is the crime of stealing something

Someone who does this is a thief: he’s accused of

- / sent to prison for the - of two paintings / he's

been charged with car - / she's got a history of

petty - (stealing small items) / the police are still

looking for the thieves

riot a riot is a violent protest by a large number of

people Someone who takes part in a riot is a

rioter-, a - in the capital / high prices led to food -s

in the cities / rising unemployment has sparked ~s

/ the army were called in to put down the - / police

used tear gas on the -ers

robbery a robbery is a crime in which someone uses

force to steal money or property.The verb is rob and

someone who does this is a robber: a street - l a

bank - / he's been charged with armed - 1 he denied

taking part in the - / she was robbed in the street at

knifepoint / masked robbers held up the bank

seize to seize someone or something means to get

hold of them roughly: he -d her in a pub / he -d

me by the arm / she ~d my hand / she -d the bag

snatch to snatch something means to steal it from

someone: I had my bag ~ed / someone - ed my

purse / a child was - edfrom a shopping centre

suspiciously if someone is behaving suspiciously,

they are behaving in a strange way that makes

you think they are doing something illegal.The

adjective is suspicious The noun is suspicion and

the verb is suspect: see a man acting - / a - large

suitcase / if you see anything suspicious, call the

police / a suspicious-looking man / behaving in a

suspicious manner / 1 have the suspicion that he

knows something / our suspicions turned out to be

unfounded (not true) / the police suspect him of fraud

overdrawn if you go overdrawn at the bank, you spend

more money than you have in your account: I'd

gone £1000 - / the account was already - by £200

stab to stab someone means to attack them by

pushing a knife into them The noun is stabbing:

she was - bed outside her school / he was - bed to

death / there have been three -bings so far this

vanish to vanish means to disappear: when I looked

round, she'd ~ed / the boat had -ed without trace /

he seemed to - into thin air

Pa c e s 5 6 -5 7

appalling if something is appalling, it is extremely

bad and shocking.The verb is appal and there is

also an adjective appalled: re-offending rates are - /

they live in - conditions / the decision to release

him will appal a lot of people / 1 was absolutely

appalled at how badly they behaved

community service community service is a

punishment in which someone has to do work

that helps other people: offenders should d o - /

sentenced to three months'- / - shouldn't be seen

as a soft option

fine a fine is an amount of money that you pay

as a punishment Fine is also a verb: get a -fo r

speeding / a parking - / 1 had to pay a - of £300 /

he was -d £250

inmate an inmate is someone who is in prison: -s

should work while they are in prison / a prison with

700 - s i a n - ofParkhurst Prison

life you can describe a particular way of living as

a life: they lead a - of luxury / help people to

lead independent lives / after the operation,you should be able to lead a normal - / they moved to Australia to start a new -

offender an offender is someone who has committed

a cnme: young -s going to prison for the first time /

longer sentences for persistent -s (people who continue to commit crimes) I a sex- (who has committed a sex crime)

-E r / -OR ( o f f e n d e r / d ic t a t o r )

We usually form the noun for the people or

things that do an action by adding -er or -or to the verb For example, offender, dictator

a high achiever; a political adviser; the announcer

at an airport; a financial backer, a suicide

bomber; a dog breeder; a wedding caterer, the

champion's challenger, a plastic container, an army commander; turn off the cooker, a central

defender; a dreamer; a children's entertainer; a

farm labourer; a university lecturer, an infamous murderer; take painkillers; use the spell-checker; contain sweeteners.

press the accelerator; the school administrator; use a calculator; a sports commentator, a newspaper editor; have your own electricity

generator; a rubbish incinerator; a government inspector; a swimming instructor; the film projector's broken; the state prosecutor (lawyer).

rehabilitation rehabilitation is the process by which someone is helped to live a normal life again after they have been in prison or been ill.The verb is

rehabilitate: we should pay more attention to - /

a - centre / the - of offenders / a new scheme to rehabilitate young offenders

system a system is a set of ideas or methods that you

use: the current - isn’t working / a modern filing - /

the person who designed the - / time to reform the judicial - l a new -fo r dealing with young offenders

vicious circle a vicious circle is a situation in which one problem causes another problem, which

then makes the first problem worse: we need to

break the - of crime, prison and more crime / a - o f poverty and ill health

worldwide if something is worldwide, it happens

all over the world: it's attracted - attention / a -

problem / they export goods

-Pa g e s 5 8 -5 9

confiscation confiscation is taking something away

from someone officially.The verb is confiscate:

they’re angry about the - of personal property / he

now faces - of his house / the police confiscated his

computer

curfew a curfew is a rule or law which says that

people must stay indoors after a particular time

at night: they’ve imposed a - 1 the government

declared a - / the whole town has been placed

under- / a -foryoung people / the - was lifted

(ended)

detention detention is keeping someone locked

up The verb is detain: the indefinite - of terror

suspects / seven days’- / he was kept in - 1 he

has been detained by the police / detained for

questioning

dictator a dictator is a ruler who has complete power

in a country: an evil - / a fascist - / an attempt to

overthrow the -

get away with murder if someone gets away

with murder, they are not punished for doing

something wrong If someone gets away with a

crime, they are not caught and punished for it:

that child gets away with murder! / I’d steal the

money if I thought I could get away with it /you'll

never get away with this!

hysterical if someone is hysterical, they are very upset

and cannot control what they say or do Hysterical

language or behaviour is very extreme and

unreasonable: a - use of language la - reaction to

the crisis / some - media coverage / she became -

and started screaming

indefinite if something is indefinite, it has no fixed

end The adverb is indefinitely: the - detention of

terror suspects I a n - strike / the paintings are on -

loan to the gallery / most prisoners can't be locked

up Ч у

interrogate to interrogate someone means to ask

them questions for a long time in order to get

information.The noun is interrogation: he was -d

several times / ~d by the police / he was taken to

the police station for interrogation / a senior police

officer conducted the interrogation / he refused to

say anything under interrogation

impose to impose something means to introduce it

officially and force people to accept it.The noun

is imposition: they've ~d a curfew I - a ban on the

sale o f alcohol / - new restrictions on trade / the

court can - a fine / the imposition of a curfew

lay down the law to lay down the law means to tell

someone very firmly what they must do from now

on, I’ll be laying down the law / he can’t come in here and just -

plot to plot means to make secret plans against

a person or government Plot is also a noun:

he’s accused of-ting against the state / ~ting to overthrow the government / ~ting a murder / an assassination - / a - t o kidnap the President

put up with to put up with something means to

accept it in a patient way: I don’t know why they -

it / 1 won’t - this behaviour any longer

monitor to monitor something means to watch it

regularly over a long period of time: his phone calls

were ~ed / a machine to - your heart rate / we’ll

- his progress / the government has said it will continue to - the situation

opposed to if you are opposed to something, you do

not think it should happen: they’re - the detention

of terror suspects / people who are - abortion / they’re - the war

oppressed if someone is oppressed, they are treated

in a cruel or unfair way.The noun is oppression: a

poor - victim / - ethnic minorities / the - people

of the world / they suffered political oppression / victims o f oppression

smuggle to smuggle something into or out of a place means to take it there secretly because it

is against the law or against rules The noun is

smuggling: he -s girlfriends into the house / gangs

that ~ illegal immigrants into the country / it’s quite easy to - guns across the border / found guilty

of drug smuggling

spark to spark something means to cause it: the event

that ~ed this explosion of anger / the announcement has -ed widespread demonstrations / an electrical fault which ~ed afire at the factory

storm out to storm out means to leave a room angrily:

he stormed out of the room / she stormed out and slammed the door / he stormed out of the meeting

subversive if something is subversive, it is intended to damage the power or influence of a government:

he was arrested on suspicion o f- activities / - literature

surveillance surveillance is watching a person or place carefully to see if they are involved in crime:

he’s under constant - / the building is kept under

24 hour - 1 he was put under close - l a police - operation

torture to torture someone means to hurt them, especially in order to get information from them

Torture is also a noun: he claims he was -d / they

were brutally -d / prisoners who were subjected to

- / - victims

vow to vow that you will do something means to

promise that you will do it Vow is also a noun: -ed

never to subject him to strict discipline / she -ed

to continue her fight for justice / he made a - that

he would find the truth / she broke her - / a - o f silence / marriage -s

A Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 He's been accused accepting bribes

2 The burglar entered the building force

3 The gang has been charged armed robbery

4 She's going to prison the second time

5 I couldn't get any information him

6 The drugs were brought the city by tourists

7 Alcohol is often involved car accidents

8 She was arrested suspicion of drink driving

A Complete the expression with the correct form

of the word in bold

1 a rise in burglaries a teenage

2 the suspect disappeared a mysterious

3 a fraudulent act a convicted

4 an insurance policy are you

5 accused of kidnapping a

6 a clever thief guilty of

7 a suspicious act she was acting

A Complete the sentences with nouns formed

from the verbs

accelerate sweeten instruct back

cook incinerate lecture announce

1 She works as a at the university

2 The said the flight was delayed

3 I find that the brake interferes with the

4 Put the rubbish in the

5 Do you know where I can find a good

s wi m m i n g ?

6 My business plan needs a financial - _

7 The pot on the is boiling over

8 Would you like some in your coffee?

A Complete the sentences with the correct

adjective from the list

1 The robbery took place in _ daylight

2 He was sentenced to ten years fo r robbery

3 The thieves just vanished into air

4 I think _ offenders deserve a secondchance

5 Many criminals are from unhappy families; it's a

В Complete the collocations with nouns from theunit

1 an insurance p у

2 accused of d ru gs _g

3 lay down the w

4 monitor the s _n

5 check your heart r e

6 get away with m _r

С Match the two halves of the collocation Look

up the nouns (a-f) if you need help

A Complete the sentences with the correct form

of the phrasal verbs in the list

get hold of come forward get back

1 Someone my house last night

2 We home and found the windowbroken

3 A stranger and started talking to me

4 The police are asking for witnesses to

5 A bomb in a bus shelter

6 You are a very difficult person to

В Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb

1 The military were called in to put out / down

the riot

2 Robbers held out / up the teller at gunpoint.

3 You don't have to put up by / with bad behaviour.

4 She stormed out / down in anger.

5 My suspicions turned out / up to be unfounded.

6 Striking workers are taking part of/ in a

CAREERS AND STUDYING

Pa g e s 6 4 -6 5

carry on to carry on means to continue.you’ll end up

running the company if things - like this / ~ the

good work / we carried on working for another hour

draining if something is draining, it is very tiring You

can also say that you feel drained: I’m finding it

emotionally - / working with young children is - /

I felt completely drained

freakyou can use the word freak to say that someone

is obsessed with something: my boss is a complete

control ~ / she’s a real health - / a fitness -

hang if you get the hang of something, you learn how

to do it: I’m slowly getting the - of everything /you’ll

soon get the - of it / I’ll never get the - of this

hand in to hand something in means to give it to

someone in authority: I handed in my notice last

week / can you hand your homework in now? /

I handed in my resignation

menial if work is menial, it is boring and does not

need any skill: the work is pretty - most of the time

/ doing - jobs / a few - tasks

merger a merger is the joining together of two

organisations to form one larger one.The verb is

merge: a - between the two companies / people

who aren't in favour of the proposed ~ / they’re

planning to merge with an American bank

notice if you give in your notice,you tell your

employer officially that you are going to leave your

job: I handed in my - last week / 1 haven't given in

my - yet / 1 have to give four weeks’-

qualification a qualification is a piece of paper that

shows you have passed an exam or completed a

training course Someone who has qualifications is

qualified: he’s got excellent ~s / good academic ~s /

medical -s /you gain a - a t the end of the course /

he’s not qualified enough to get the job / some very

well-qualified candidates

raise a raise is an increase in the amount of money that you earn.This is also called a rise in British

English: I got a - last month / they offered me

a - / a ~ of £100 a week / unions are calling for

rewarding if something is rewarding, it makes you

feel happy and satisfied: I’m finding it very - /

an extremely - job / the work is immensely -

stimulating if something is stimulating, it is very

interesting.The noun is stimulation: it’s really- /

a - discussion / the school provides a - environment / young children need a lot of stimulation

stretch to stretch someone means to make them

use all their skills and abilities: I feel I’m really -ing

myself I a school which really -es the students / the work doesn't really - me

workload a workload is the amount of work that

a person has to do: I'm struggling to cope with

m y- / I've got a heavy - / trying to reduce m y- / having an assistant would ease her - / my - keeps expanding

work out if something works out well, it happens

or develops in a satisfactory way: if things don’t -

with your new job, you can always leave / / hope things -fo r you / it worked out OK in the end

undervalued if something is undervalued, people do not realise how important or valuable it is The

verb is undervalue: she left because she felt - /

good employee relations are often - / it’s important not to undervalue these assets

U n d e r

-We can add under- to verbs, nouns or adjectives,

It means 'not enough' For example: she felt

undervalued.

I was undercharged; underestimate an opponent; the faci I ities a re underused; underdeveloped countries; underage drinking is quite a big problem; public transport is still underfunded; workers complained they were underpaid; a very

underpopulated area; the school is understaffed;

Pa g e s 6 6 -6 7blessed if you are blessed with something, you are

lucky because you have it: I feel truly - / we’re -

with good health

conscious if you are conscious of something, you

are aware of it and notice it or think about it

The adverb is consciously: I’m very - of being fair

to everyone / I’m - that everyone should have the

same opportunities / 1 made a - effort to make

them feel welcome / 1 wasn’t doing it consciously

get through if you get through a difficult experience,

you come to the end of it successfully: I never

thought I’d - it 11 don’t know how I got through

that first month

interfere to interfere means to become involved

in a situation when your help or advice is not

wanted The noun is interference Someone who is

interfering interferes a lot: my manager ~d a lot /

don’t -! / 1 wish he wouldn’t - in my affairs / 1 really

resent his interference / she’s so interfering!

live up to to live up to expectations means to be

as good as people expected: her job didn’t -

expectations / the hotel didn’t - the promises in the

holiday brochure

logistics logistics are all the practical things you need

to do in a particular order so that something can

be successful: we get training for things like- /

the ~ of running a company / we haven’t thought

about the - of the day yet

mind your mind is your thoughts: It never really

crossed my - to quit completely (I never thought

about it) / an idea came into my - / Ceorge sprang

t o-as a possible candidate (I thought about him

immediately) / thanks, I’ll bear that in - (I’ll think

about it) / the money was preying on my - (I was

worrying about it)

misunderstood if a person is misunderstood, other

people don't like them because they have a

false idea of what the person is like The verb is

misunderstand: I think she’s just - / most teenagers

think they are - / it’s easy to misunderstand her

recognise to recognise something means to

realise that it is good or important The noun is

recognition: his work has been publicly ~d / her

struggle to get her work ~d / she wasn’t ~d as an

artist during her lifetime / he’s finally achieved

recognition as an author

manual manual work is work in which you use your

hands.The adverb is manually: I knew I would

enjoy doing - work l a - job / some simple - tasks /

- workers / - tools (not electric or electronic) / you

can set the timings -ly

name after to name someone or something after a

person means to give them that person's name: a

road has been named after me / he was named after

his father / she was named Dora after her grandmother

peacekeeping peacekeeping is preventing other people

from fighting each other: nowadays the army’s more

about -/ a United Nations -force / a - mission

push around to push someone around means to treat

them unfairly: I was pushed around a bit at work /

I won’t let anyone push me around

rank someone's rank is their position in an

organisation: hopefully I’ll achieve a high - 1 an

army officer of high - / she was lower in - than most of her friends / he rose to the - of captain

retirement retirement is when someone stops working because of their age The verb is retire:

when I reach - age / she’s looking forward to her - / he’s really enjoying - / planning to retire next year / will you retire when you’re sixty?

role someone's role is the job that they do or the

way they contribute to a situation: women are

often better than men in those -s / it’s the - of

a journalist to ask difficult questions / parents have an important - in their children's education

/ the prime minister will play a crucial - in the

negotiations / he'll be involved in a managerial -

set foot if you set foot somewhere, you go there: I never

- on the beach / I’ll never - in that house again!

stock to stock a place means to fill it with things.To

restock a place means to fill it again: I spent my

time re-ing the bar / we’ve red the fridge with food

stuck if you are stuck in a place, you cannot leave:

we were - inside / I’m going to be - in London all summer / the van got - in the mud (was unable

to move)

suck up to suck up to someone means to behave very nicely towards them because you want something

from them.- other people would - the boss / she

spent all her time sucking up to the teachers

suntan if you have a suntan,your skin has turned

brown in the sun.The adjective is suntanned: a

good way to get a - / she’s got a fantastic - I - lotion/ his suntanned back

tray a tray is a flat piece of plastic or metal that you

use for carrying drinks, plates, etc.: carrying -s in the

bar / she brought the drinks out on a - / balancing glasses of wine o n a - / a - of things to eat

Pa g e s 6 8 -6 9affordability the affordability of something is how easily people can afford to pay for it.The adjective

is affordable: the - of degree courses / the main

thing people take into account when planning a holiday is - / affordable houses / working women need affordable childcare

appeal the appeal of something is the quality it has that makes people like it.The adjective is

appealing: the UK is worried it will lose its - l a

movie with a lot o f- / the sport has great - 1 as

a tourist destination, the town holds n o - / his manner is very -ing / a very -ing design

autonomy autonomy is the power to make your own

decisions The adjective is autonomous: allowing

universities to have much greater - / the region is demanding more - 1 an autonomous region / an autonomous organisation

bureaucrat a bureaucrat is someone who works as

part of an official system An official system with

a lot of complicated rules is called a bureaucracy:

stories about unelected ~s in Brussels / a government

- / trying to reduce the amount of bureaucracy

compatible if different machines or systems are

compatible, they can work with each other.The

noun is compatibility: making quality control

standards more - / the program's not ~ with my

system / check the compatibility before you buy a

new printer

credit a credit is a part of a university course that

you have passed: -s were sometimes awarded to

students based on the number of hours they'd done

/ 1 need six ~s this year

decentralise to centralise control of something means

to control it all from one place.To decentralise

control means to allow different places to control

things in different ways: some countries have

started decentralising the curricula / parties that

want to - government / planning to - the business /

they want to centralise the education system

earplugs earplugs are small pieces of plastic that

you put into your ears to keep out noise: a new EU

initiative forcing football supporters to wear ~ /

I had - in, so I couldn't hear anything

influence to influence someone or something

means to affect the way they behave or develop

Influence is also a noun: the Bologna Process is

influencing education systems in other countries

/ my father ~d me a lot / don't let this -yo u r

decision / he has a lot o f - in the media / trying

to use his - with government ministers / she has

considerable - over him

implementation the implementation of something

is how it is used and made to work.The verb is

implement: the - of the policy / effective - of the

proposals / the local authority will monitor - of the

plan / the policies will be implemented immediately / they failed to implement the decision

knock-on effect a knock-on effect is an indirect effect

of something: it's starting to have a - elsewhere /

the closure will have a - o n jobs elsewhere

outcome an outcome is a result at the end of a

process or activity: credits will now be based on

learning -s / the - of the election / a successful - / actions which will achieve the desired -

outline to outline something means to describe the main facts about it, without giving all the details

Outline is also a noun: I'd like to begin by outlining

the proposal / he -d the government's policies

/ briefly - the plan / she gave a brief- of the

company's history / a broad - of the proposals

outrage outrage is a very strong feeling of anger Outrage is also a verb.The adjective is outrageous:

it's caused - in Greece and France / it was greeted with - / there's been widespread public - / felt a sense of - / a lot of people were -d by the proposals

/ that's - ousI / an -ous idea

overview an overview is a description of the main parts

of something: an - of university education / it gives

an - of American history / a brief- of the problem

restructure to restructure something means to

organise it in a new way: many universities have

started restructuring departments / plans to - local government / the company's been completely -d

standardisation standardisation is the process of making different things the same or similar The

verb is standardise-./or traditionalists, the idea of

any kind o f- is hard to bear / the - of exams / the need to standardise selection procedures

summarise to summarise something means to

explain it very briefly.The noun is summary: can

you - the ideas in a few words? / to -, this is an excellent school / a brief summary o f the proposal /

he gave a summary o f their research findings

P r e p o s it io n s

A Complete the sentences with the correct

preposition

1 You receive a certificate at the en d the course.

2 Fortunately I'm blessed good health.

3 He rose to the rank captain in the navy.

4 Our car got stuck in th e mud.

5 W e are n 't favour of th e proposal.

6 The work is boring m o st the tim e.

В Choose the correct preposition

1 The consultant gave a brief overview at / o f the

problem.

2 I read about it in I on the media.

3 Everything is controlled to /from the head office.

4 Parents play a role of/ in their children's education.

5 His scientific work w asn't recognised during /

since his lifetim e.

W o r d f a m il ie s

A Complete the expressions w ith the correct form

of the word in bold.

1 com pletely drained

m en tal

a n manager old-age

a good w ay to get a

В Complete the sentences w ith the correct words

from the words in brackets.

1 The success o f the project depends on its

correct (im plem ent)

2 Our in efficien t is driving up the

cost o f health care, (bureaucrat)

3 That doesn't sound v e ry (appeal)

4 N obody the good work he does.

(recognition)

5 The company is planning t o

benefits for employees, (standardisation)

6 That’s a n suggestion! (outrage)

W O R D - B U IL D IN G

A Complete the sentences w ith the correct noun.

employers teacher managers

1 the hang o f (som ething)

2 in your notice

3 forward to (som ething)

4 redundant

5 (som ething) in mind

6 foot in/on (som ething)

7 after (som ething)

В Complete the sentences with the correct noun from the list

1 M y boss is a total control

2 Unions are calling for a 50% p ay

3 I've got a really h e a v y th is

m onth.

4 Singapore has an excellent education

5 I made a b rie f o f the report.

6 Closing the road had a knock-on

on other traffic.

P h r a s a l v e r b s

A Choose the correct word to complete the phrasal verb.

1 The course lived up to / by its expectations.

2 I can't carry in / on in this aw ful job.

3 How are things working in /out w ith your new boss?

4 I ju st have one more exam to get through I by.

5 He likes to push the younger students