nghiên cứu thiết kế tuyến hình, kết cấu và thiết bị ngoại thất xe khách giường nằm

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT THNH PH H CH MINH LUN VN THC S NGUYN VN I NGHIấN CU THIT K TUYN HèNH, KT CU V THIT B NGOI THT XE KHCH GING NM NGNH: K THUT C KH NG LC - 605246 S K C0 4 Tp H Chớ Minh, nm 2014 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT THNH PH H CH MINH LUN VN THC S NGUYN VN I NGHIấN CU THIT K TUYN HèNH, KT CU V THIT B NGOI THT XE KHCH GING NM NGNH: K THUT C KH NG LC - 605246 Tp H Chớ Minh, nm 2014 B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT THNH PH H CH MINH LUN VN THC S NGUYN VN I NGHIấN CU THIT K TUYN HèNH, KT CU V THIT B NGOI THT XE KHCH GING NM NGNH: K THUT C KH NG LC - 605246 Hng dn khoa hc: PGS TS PHM XUN MAI Tp H Chớ Minh, nm 2014 Lí LCH KHOA HC I Lí LCH S LC: H v tờn: Nguyn Vn i Gii tớnh: Nam Ngy, thỏng, nm sinh: 06 - 11 - 1989 Ni sinh: Bỡnh nh Quờ quỏn: M Li - Phự M - Bỡnh nh Dõn tc: Kinh a ch liờn lc: 137/6 Tõn Lp - ụng Hũa - D An - Bỡnh Dng in thoi nh riờng: 0563758628 D: 01686775579 E-mail: nguyenvandai_1989@yahoo.com.vn II QU TRèNH O TO: i hc: H o to: Chớnh quy Thi gian o to t 09/2007 n 09/2011 Ni hc (trng, thnh ph): Trng i hc NễNG LM TP.H CH MINH Ngnh hc: Cụng ngh k thut ụ tụ Tờn ỏn, lun ỏn hoc mụn thi tt nghip: Ci tin h thng iu khin ECU trờn mụ hỡnh ng c TOYOTA CAMRY-98 Ngy & ni bo v ỏn, lun ỏn hoc thi tt nghip: 06/2011 i hc NễNG LM TP.H CH MINH Ngi hng dn: Thc s BI CễNG HNH III QU TRèNH CễNG TC CHUYấN MễN K T KHI TT NGHIP I HC: Hin ti cha cụng tỏc TP H Chớ Minh, Ngythỏng nm 2014 Ngi khai ký tờn Nguyn Vn i i LI CAM OAN Tụi cam oan õy l cụng trỡnh nghiờn cu ca tụi Cỏc s liu, kt qu nờu lun l trung thc v cha tng c cụng b bt k cụng trỡnh no khỏc TP H Chớ Minh, ngy 22 thỏng 10 nm 2014 Ngi nghiờn cu ký tờn Nguyn Vn i ii LI CM N Lun ny hon thnh c l nh cụng n ch dn ln lao ca quý thy cụ, Em xin chõn thnh gi li cm n n: - PGS.TS PHM XUN MAI Ging viờn hng dn Thy ó tn tỡnh hng dn, giỳp v to iu kin thun li nht sut thi gian thc hin lun ny Em xin kớnh chỳc Thy v Gia ỡnh Thy luụn luụn mnh khe, vui ti v hnh phỳc - ThS Trn ỡnh Quý c hc Thy ó tn tỡnh ch bo, to iu kin Em hon thnh lun ny Em kớnh chỳc Thy cựng Gia ỡnh Thy luụn luụn mnh khe, vui ti v hnh phỳc - B phn Sau i hc Phũng o to, Khoa c khớ ng lc Trng i hc S Phm K Thut TP H Chớ Minh, quý Thy Cụ ging dy lp cao hc K thut c khớ ng lc CKO12B ó tn tỡnh ging dy, giỳp tn tỡnh sut thi gian Em hc ti trng - Cỏc Anh Ch hc viờn lp Cao hc K thut c khớ ng lc CKO12B ó cú nhiu úng gúp ý kin quý bỏy, giỳp Em hon thnh lun ny - c bit, Em xin gi lũng bit n sõu sc n gia ỡnh, ngi thõn ó ng viờn v to mi iu kin em hon thnh tt lun Lun khụng th trỏnh nhng thiu sút, khuyt im Em rt mong nhn c s quan tõm, gúp ý ca quý thy, cỏc bn ng nghip cng nh nhng ngi cựng quan tõm ti ti ny lun cú th hon thin hn Xin chõn thnh cm n! iii TểM TT Mc tiờu tng th ca ti l thit k li mt chic xe khỏch ging nm liờn tnhvi vic nõng cao kiu dỏng ngoi tht, gim lc cn khớ ng hc v tng s thoi mỏi cho hnh khỏch B cc ca lun c th hin 6chng, ú ni dung chớnh c th hin rừ qua chng 3, 4, Ni dung ca lun c túm tt nh sau: + Lý chn ti, tỡnh hỡnh nghiờn cu v ngoi nc, tớnh khoa hc v thc tin ca ti, nhim v nghiờn cu, gii hn v phng phỏp nghiờn cu ti + C s lý thuyt v hỡnh dỏng khớ ng lc hc, tớnh thm m ca ngoi tht, tớnh an ton v nhn bit t xa ca ngoi tht, tớnh cụng ngh v tớnh kh thi ca ngoi tht xe khỏch ging nm +Tớnh toỏn thit k hỡnh dỏng khớ ng hc, kớch thc tuyn hỡnh, mụ phng khớ ng hc Thit k m thut ca kt cu ngoi tht + Tớnh toỏn mụ phng khớ ng hc, thit b ngoi thtxe khỏch ging nm + Tớnh toỏn kim tra v khớ ng hc,kim tra v an ton ca ton b thõn xe Cỏc kt qu thit k li ca xe khỏch ging nm mi cho thy s gim ca h s cn khớ ng hc Cd t 0.85 xung 0.65.Ngoi tht c thit k li trụng hp dn hn vi s nhn mnh vo hiu sut khớ ng hc ABSTRACT The overall aim of this project was to redesign an intercity bus with enhanced exterior styling, reduced aerodynamic drag and increased comfort for the passengers The layout of thesis is showed in six chapters, in which main content is showed in chapter 3, 4, The contents of thesis can be summarized as follows: iv + The reason to choose this topic, in country an overeas research achivements, scientific and practical subject, research tasks, limits and research methodology + Theoretical basis of aerodynamic shape, the exterior aesthetics, safety and awareness of exterior, technological properties and the feasibility of exterior passenger sleepers bus + Calculation designed aerodynamic shape, size profile form, aerodynamic simulation The design aesthetic of the exterior structure + Calculation and simulation of aerodynamic, exterior equipment of passenger sleepers bus + Calculation of aerodynamic, check safety of the entire body The results of the redesigned exterior body showed a reduction of Cd from 0.85 to 0.65 and the exterior was redesigned with emphasis on improvised aerodynamic performance and appealing looks v MC LC Lí LCH KHOA HC i LI CAM OAN ii LI CM N iii TểM TT iv MC LC vi DANH SCH CC HèNH ix DANH SCH CC BNG xii LI M U .1 CHNG 1:TNG QUAN 1.1 Gii thiu: 1.2 Tng quan v lnh vc nghiờn cu, cỏc kt qu nghiờn cu v ngoi nc: 1.2.1 Kt qu nghiờn cu nc: 1.2.2 Kt qu nghiờn cu ngoi nc: 1.3 Mc ớch ca ti: 1.4 Nhim v v gii hn ca ti: 1.5 Phng phỏp nghiờn cu: 10 1.6 í ngha khoa hc : 11 1.7 Kho sỏt hỡnh dỏng, tuyn hỡnh, kt cu ngoi tht v cỏc h thng thit b ngoi tht liờn quan ca xe khỏch ging nm: 11 1.7.1 nh ngha tuyn hỡnh xe khỏch ging nm: 11 1.7.2 ỏnh giỏ v hỡnh dỏng tuyn hỡnh xe khỏch ging nm hin nay: 12 1.7.3 u nhc im ca tuyn hỡnh xe khỏch ging nm hin nay: 13 1.7.4 Kho sỏt xe khỏch ging nm THACO: 14 CHNG 2:C S Lí THUYT 20 vi 2.1 C s lý thuyt v hỡnh dỏng khớ ng lc hc: .20 2.1.1 c tớnh ca lc khớ ng hc: 20 2.1.2 H s cn giú: 23 2.1.3 Nhng bin phỏp ci thin tớnh nng khớ ng hc: 25 2.2 C s lý thuyt v tớnh thm m ca ngoi tht: 27 2.2.1 Mu sn xe: 28 2.2.2 Trang trớ bờn ngoi: 30 2.2.3 Trang thit b ngoi tht: 32 2.3 C s lý thuyt v tớnh an ton v nhn bit t xa ca ngoi tht: 35 2.3.1 Tớnh an ton ca ngoi tht: .35 2.3.2 An ton nhn dng: 45 2.4 Tớnh cụng ngh v tớnh kh thi ca ngoi tht xe khỏch ging nm: 46 2.4.1 Tớnh cụng ngh: 46 2.4.2 Tớnh kh thi: .48 2.5 C s lý thuyt thit k v la chn vt liu thit b ngoi tht: 50 CHNG 3:TNH TON THIT K K THUT .55 3.1 Tớnh toỏn thit k hỡnh dỏng khớ ng hc v kớch thc tuyn hỡnh: 55 3.1.1 Tớnh toỏn thit k hỡnh dỏng khớ ng hc: 55 3.1.2 Tớnh toỏn thit k kớch thc tuyn hỡnh: 57 3.2 Tớnh toỏn mụ phng, ỏnh giỏ khớ ng hc ca tuyn hỡnh: 57 3.3 Thit k m thut ca kt cu ngoi tht: .60 3.3.1 Thit k kớnh chn giú phớa trc: 61 3.3.2 Thit k b trớ kớnh chn giú bờn hnh khỏch: 62 3.3.3 Thit k b trớ gng chiu hu v cn gt nc: 63 3.3.4 Thit k ca chớnh: 64 3.3.5 Thit k ca ti x: 65 3.3.6 Thit k np y khoang cha hng: .65 3.4 Tớnh toỏn, thit k cỏc kt cu thit b ngoi tht: 65 vii Hỡnh 5.1: Kt qu mụ phng khớ ng hc mt trc ca xe (Xem video MP KHI DONG HOC) 5.2Kim tra v an ton ca ton b thõn xe: 5.2.1 Tớnh toỏn sc kộo ca xe thit k: ỏnh giỏ sc kộo ca xe ta xỏc nh ba thụng s chớnh l: Vn tc ln nht, gia tc ln nht, gúc dc ln nht m xe cú th t c trờn c s ngun ng lc v h thng truyn lc tớnh theo thụng s ca xe khỏch ging nm THACOKB120SE + Phng trỡnh cõn bng lc kộo tng quỏt ca xe thit k: FK= Ff + FwFiFj + Fm[N] (5.2) Trong ú: FK - Lc kộo tip tuyn cỏc bỏnh xe ch ng Ff - Lc cn ln, Ff = f.m.g.cos, (g l lng ca xe) Fi - Lc cn dc, Fi = m.g.sin 77 Fw - Lc cn khụng khớ, Fw = .V2.Cd.S (b qua tc giú t nhiờn) Fj - Lc cn quỏn tớnh, Fj = G. i j , g Vi: g - Gia tc trng trng; j - Gia tc ca xe; i - H s tớnh n nh hng ca cỏc chuyn ng quay; Fm - Lc cn múc kộo FKi -.Lc kộo tip tuyn cỏc bỏnh xe ch ng tay s i: Ta cú: FKi = M e ihi i0 t Pe ihi i0 t 10 = 103(5.3) rbx rbx e Trong ú: Me, Ne - Momen xon, cụng sut ca ng c ihi - T s truyn ca cỏc tay s khỏc rbx - Bỏn kớnh lm vic trung bỡnh ca bỏnh xe ch ng t - Hiu sut truyn lc i0 - T s truyn ca truyn lc chớnh Xỏc nh tc ln nht xe cú th t c: Gi thit: - Tc cc i t c xe chy trờn ng bng (gúc dc =0, Fi=0) - Tc cc i n nh (|j|=0, Fj=0) - Xe chy tay s (ih6 =0,684) - ng c lm vic ht cụng sut (Pemax = 257 [KW] s vũng quay: nN = 2200 [V/ ph]) - B qua trt Khi ú Phng trỡnh cõn bng lc kộo tng quỏt ca xe l: FK= Ff + Fw [N] 2 +Fw = 0,63 Vmax Cd.S =0.63*Vmax *0.65*7.43 = Vmax *3 (Bỏn kớnh lm vic trung bỡnh ca bỏnh xe rbx ( kớ hiu lp 12R22.5) 78 rbx = r0 [mm] Vi : ro- Bỏn kớnh thit k ca bỏnh xe r0 = (12 + 22.5/2).25,4 = 560,55 [mm] - H s bin dng ca lp, c chn ph thuc vo loi lp Vi lp cú ỏp sut cao: = (0,945 0,950), chn = 0,947 rbx = 0,947 590,55 = 0.558 [m]) FK6 = M e ih i0 t 1116 0.6844.10.89 = = 4974 (N) 0.56 rbx (i vi xe khỏch vi truyn lc chớnh mt cp: t = 0,89) + Ff = m*g*f=14500*10*0.015=2175 (N) (f=0.015 l h s cn ln) Vy: t FK= Ff + Fw =>Vmax = 49742175 => Vmax = 30.5 (m/s) = 110 (Km/h) Vy tc cc i m xe t c l 110 (Km/h) Xỏc nh gia tc ln nht xe cú th t c: Gi thit: - Gia tc cc i t c xe chy trờn ng bng (gúc dc =0, Fi=0) - Tc xe nh, b qua lc cn giú - Xe chy tay s (ih1 =6,341) - ng c lm vic ch mụ men xon cc i (Memax = 1400 [N.m] s vũng quay: M = 1400 [V/ ph] - B qua trt Khi ú Phng trỡnh cõn bng lc kộo tng quỏt ca xe l: FK=FKmax= Ff + Fjmax [N] * FK1 = M e ih i0 t 1400 6.3414.10.89 = = 57846 0.56 rbx * Fjmax =m*i*jmax =14500*3 *jmax = 43500*jmax Vi: i - H s tớnh n nh hng ca cỏc lng quay Trc ht ta tớnh h s i theo cụng thc kinh nghim sau: i = 1+ (1+2 i2hi) 79 Tacú:1 = (0,03 0,05), chn: = 0.05 i1 = 6,341 = + 0,05 + 0,05.6,3412 = T: FK=FKmax= Ff + Fjmax => jmax = (57846 2175)/43500 = 1.27 (m/s2) Vy gia tc ln nht m xe t c y ti l 1.27 (m/s2) Xỏc nh dc ln nht xe cú th t c: Gi thit: - Khi leo dc cc i thỡ tc rt nh nờn cú th b qua lc cn giú (Fw=0) - Tc xe n nh (J=0) - Xe chy tay s (ih1 =6,341) - ng c lm vic ch mụ men xon cc i (Memax = 1400 [N.m] s vũng quay: M = 1400 [V/ ph] - B qua trt Khi ú Phng trỡnh cõn bng lc kộo tng quỏt ca xe l: FK= FKmax = Ff + Fjmax=mgf*cos +mg*sin * FK1 = [N] M e ih i0 t 1400 6.3414.10.89 = = 57846 0.56 rbx Vi: Fjmax = mg*sin=145000*sin Ff = mgf*cos = 2175*cos Gii ta c =22.70 Vy xe cú th leo dc cú cao ti a l: i=tg(22.7)*100=42% Tuy nhiờn gúc thoỏt trc v sau ca xe l 120, 100 (hỡnh 3.18) nờn xe ch cú th leo ng dc cú gúc dc bt u l120, sau xe qua chõn dc nu dc tng dn thỡ xe cú th leo lờn n dc l 22.70(42%) 5.2.2 Kim tra n nh ca xe: Xe thit k mi da trờn sỏt xi xe khỏch THACO-KB120SE, nờn ta s dng cỏc thụng s v ti trng tớnh toỏn kim tra n nh cho xe thit k mi theo bng sau Bng 5.1: Giỏ tr ta trng tõm theo chiu cao ca xe 80 TRNG HP THễNG S a (m) b (m) hg (m) Khi khụng ti 3,66 2,34 1,28 Khi cú ti 3,597 2,403 1,4 Tớnh n nh dc ca xe: + Khi xe trờn dc: Hỡnh5.2: S tớnh toỏn n nh dc xe lờn dc Khi xe dng trờn dc, gi thit xe ch cú lc phanh bỏnh sau: Ta cú: Z1*L + G*sin*hg G*cos*b = 0, xe bt u lt thỡ Z1 = => tgL = b / hg L - Gúc n nh dc xe lờn dc tgL = 2,403 / 1,4 = 1,716 L = 59,770 + Khi xe xung dc: 81 Hinh 5.3: S tớnh toỏn n nh dc xe xung dc Tng t ta cú: tgL = a / hg, L - Gúc n nh dc xe xung dc tgL = 3,597/ 1,4 = 2,57 L = 68,730 Gi s xe b trt lt hon ton (cỏc bỏnh xe u c phanh): Ta cú: Fp = G*sint = Fp1 + Fp2 = (Z1 + Z2)* => Gsint =Gcost* => tgt = iu kin m bo an ton cho xe b trt trc b lt l: tgt tg L - Gúc dc gii hn xe b trt trc lt Hay b / hg = 1,716 Vỡ ( - h s bỏm dc ca bỏnh xe vi ng) nờn xeluụn m bo n nh dc trờn cỏc loi ng 82 Tớnh toỏn n nh ngang ca xe: Hỡnh 5.4: S tớnh toỏn n nh ngang Gi thit tr s mụmen quỏn tớnh ca cỏc chi tit quay ca ng c v h thng truyn lc xe chuyn ng u Mjn Khi xe dng trờn ng nghiờn ngang: Khi xe dng trờn ng nghiờn ngang (Flt=0) thỡ gúc nghiờn ngang gii hn m xe b lt c xỏc nh nh sau:Z = (Gcos* - Gsin*hg )/B Khi xe bt u lt thỡ Z = 0, =>tg = B/2hg Flt - Lc li tõm sinh xe quay vũng - Gúc nghiờn ngang gii hn m xe b lt B - Khong cỏch gia hai vt bỏnh xe sau, B = 2200 [mm] =>tg = 2200 / 2.1400 = 0,786 = 38,160 vy gúc nghiờn ngang gii hn m xe b lt dng trờn ng nghiờn ngang l = 38,160 Khi xe quay vũng vi bỏn kớnh R, tc V, gúc nghiờn ngang ca ng l : 83 Khi ú cỏc lc tỏc dng lờn xe l: - Trng lc G = G*(sin + cos) - Lc li tõm Flt=m* (hỡnh 5.4) = Flt*(sin + cos) (hỡnh 5.4) Gi thuyt xe b lt lc li tõm gõy trc trt (Z = ): 2 Ta cú: Z*B + Flt* cos*hg G*sin*hg G*cos* Flt*sin* = Khi xe bt u lt thỡ Z=0 => Flt = m* = Gsin hg+ Gcos cos hgsin => Vgh = R(Gsin hg+ Gcos ) m(cos hgsin ) - Gi s mt ng bng phng v ngang (gúc = 0) Thỡ tc quay vũng gii hn nguy him gõy lt xe l:Vlt = (5.4) B - Khong cỏch gia hai vt bỏnh xe sau, B = 2200 [mm] R- Bỏn kớnh quay vũng nht ca xe, (R = 8,57 m) G- Gia tc trng trng ( g = 9,81 m/s2) Vlt = 9,81.8,57.0,786 = 8,13 [m/s] 30 [km/h] Gi thuyt xe b trt lc li tõm gõy trc lt: Theo iu kin trt ta cú: y + y = (z + z)*y (y - H s bỏm ngang ca ng v bỏnh xe) Flt*cos - G*sin = (G*cos + Flt*sin)*y (vi Flt = m* =>Vtrt = ) Rg(y +tg ) 1tg y - Gi s mt ng bng phng v ngang (gúc = 0) Thỡ tc quay vũng gii hn nguy him gõy trt xe l: 84 Vlt = y (5.5) iu kin xe b trt trc b lt l: Vtrt Vlt (5.6) Kt hp (5.4), (5.5) v (5.6) ta cú iu kin: y 2200 B = = 0,786 2.h g 2.1400 Vi h s bỏm ngang ca bỏnh xe v ng nha tt hin l ln hn 0.786, ú xe khụng b lt yờu cu ngi lỏi hn ch tc (tc nh hn 30 (Km/h) cỏc quóng ng vũng cú bỏn kớnh nh(R = 8,57 m) 85 CHNG6 KT LUN 6.1 Kt lun: ti thc hin nghiờn cu thit k ci tin hỡnh dỏng tuyn hỡnh, kt cu thit b ngoi tht ca xe khỏch ging nm da trờn chassis ca xe khỏch ging nm THACO-KB120SE ó hon thnh.t c kt qu: - Gii quyt c cỏc mc tiờu ban u ca cng, mụ hỡnh xe thit k mi khc phc c cỏc nhc im ca cỏc xe hin - Mu xe khỏch ging nmthit cú dỡnh dỏng khớ ng hc ti u, h s cn giú thp (Cd=0.65), lc cn giú nh giỳp tit kim nhiờn liu - Cỏc kớch thc ca xe c thit k ỳng theo cỏc tiờu chun ca B Giao thụng Vn ti Vit Nam ban hnh, tha cỏc quy nh tiờu chun 22 TCN 307-06 - Mụ hỡnh xe cú cỏc tớnh nng k thut, yờu cu s dng, an ton v n nh cn thit cỏc iu kin a hỡnh Vit Nam - Xe thit k cú hỡnh dỏng p, b trớ kt cu ngoi ththp lý, phự hp vi iu kin vt t v cụng ngh sn xut Vit Nam Tuy nhiờn quỏ trỡnh thc hin ti gp mt s khú khn v thi gian, phng tin thc hin Nờn ti cũn mt s hn ch nh: - Kt qu mụ phng khớ ng hc cha kim chng bng cỏc phn mm mụ phng khớ ng hc khỏc ỏnh giỏ tớnh khỏch quan ca kt qu - Mụ hỡnh 3D ca xe thit kt cũn mt s b phn cha c thit k chi tit húa mc dự nú khụng lm nh hng n hỡnh dỏng tng th ca xe 6.2 Hng phỏt trin ca ti: mụ hỡnh xe khỏch ging nm thit k mi cú th i n sn xut ch to, cn thc hin ly ý kin ỏnh giỏ ca cỏc chuyờn gia v thit k ụ tụ v ngi s dng T ú i n nghiờn cu thit k ti u húa khung xng ca xe gim trng lng xe, tng kh nng chu ti, an ton ca ton b thõn xe 86 TI LIU THAM KHO Ti liu ting vic: [1] Nguyn Hu Cn, Phan ỡnh Kiờn THIT K V TNH TON ễ Tễ MY KẫO I,II Nh xut bn i Hc v Trung Hc chuyờn nghip H Ni Nm 1985 [2] Ngụ Thnh Bc S TAY THIT K ễ Tễ KHCH Nh xut bn Giao Thụng Vn Ti Nm 1985 [3] Tiờu chun 22TCN 307-06.B Giao Thụng Vn Ti.Nm 2006 Ti liu nc ngoi: [1] Exterior Styling of an Intercity Transport Bus for Improved Aerodynamic Performance - Arun Raveendran1, D Rakesh, S N Sridhara [2] The main parameters determining the aerodynamic drag of buses- Alfons Gilhaus;Neue Technologie, M.A.N Munchen, June 1981 [3] Application of Vortex Generators to a blunt body -Technical Report Torbjorn Gustavsson & Tomas Melin [4] A reassessment of heavy duty truck aerodynamic design features and priorities - Edwin J Asltzman and Robert R Meyer., (1999), NASA/tp1999-206574 [5] Research on the strength of standard bus bodies at rollover on the side michal marian ski - ANDRZEJ SZOSLAND2 - Technical University of Lodz [6] Effort to Reduce Truck Aerodynamic Drag Joint Experiments and Computations Lead to Smart DesignR Mc Callen, K Salari, J Ortega, F Browand,M Hammache, T Hsu., (2004), AIAA FluidDynamics Conference [7] Main parameters determining the aerodynamic drag of buses - Gilhaus A, (1998), colloque construireavec le vent, vol [8] Aerodynamic Exterior Body Design of Bus - A.Muthuvel, M.K.Murthi, Sachin.N.P, Vinay.M.Koshy, S.Sakthi, E.Selvakumar 87 [9] Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles - Wolf-Heinrich Hucho; ISBN 0-7680-00297, John D Andersson, JR; Introduction to flight, ISBN 0-07-001641-0 [1 Department of Automobile Engineering,Hindustan University, India 2-6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nandha Engineering College,India] [10] Aerodynamic Effects of Different Ventilation Methods on Buses Marcus Thomas, Rajnish N Sharma*, Michael Kilduff, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,Auckland, New Zealand [11] Aerodynamic Study and drag coefficient optimization of passenger vehicle C.N Patil, Dr K.S Shashishekar, A.K Balasubramanian, Dr.S.V.Subbaramaiah [12]Vehicle design for pedestrian protection-(http://casr.adelaide.edu.au/reports) [13] Aerodynamics of road vehicles - Wolf-Heinrich HuchoOstring 48, D-6231, Schwalbach (Ts), Germany Gino Sovran General Motors Research and Environmental Staff, Warren, Michigan 48090-9055 [14] External Flow Analysis of a Truck for Drag Reduction - Subrata Roy1 and Pradeep Srinivasan2 [15] MC-curves and aesthetic measurements for pseudospiral curve Segments, Rushan Ziatdinov, Department of Computer & Instructional Technologies,Fatih University,34500 Bỹyỹkỗekmece, Istanbul, Turkey [16] Rollover Analysis of Bus Body Structureas Per AIS 031/ECE R66D Senthil KumarCAE EngineerVolvo Group Truck s Technology Brigade Metropolis, WhitefieldRd, Bangalore, India - 560 048 [17] Automotive OES - Exterior Bonding Solutions (nld.sika.com/ /Automotive%20OES%20-%20Exterior%2 ) [18] Methodology of Bus-Body Structural Redesign for Lightweight Productivity Improvement - Manokruang S Butdee S 88 [19] Vehicle design for pedestrian protection - AJ McLean CASR REPORT, SERIES CASR037, May 2005 [20] Design Of Commerciavle Hiclesc Hassisa NDB Odys Tructur [21]Concept Interior and Exterrior Automobile DesignDr A D Spence, Dr M Jain, Mike MacPhee, Brian McInnes, Tyler Interisano, dam Szymanski [22]team-builT bus body bests alLhttp://www.compositesworld.com/articles/team-built-bus-body-bests-all) [23] Reducing Aerodynamic Drag and Fuel Consumption - (Fred Browand Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California) [24] DOEs Effort to Reduce Truck Aerodynamic Drag through Joint Experiments and ComputationsRose - McCallen, Ph.D., et alApril 2006 [25] Computational Analysis of Intercity Bus with Improved Aesthetics and Aerodynamic Performance on indian roads - Sachin Thorat, G.Amba Prasad Rao Address for Correspondence, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Warangal-506 004, India [26] Effort to Reduce Truck Aerodynamic Drag Joint Experiments and Computations Lead to Smart Design - Rose C McCallen, Kambiz Salari2, and Jason M Ortega3 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94551 [27] Design and development of thermoplastic composite roof door for mass transit bus, Materials and Design - Ning H., Pillay S and Vaidya U.K., 2009, , 30:983991 [28] A Streamlined Design of a High Speed Coach for Fuel Savings and Reduction of Carbon Dioxide - (C.Kim/InternationalJournal of AutomotiveEngineering2 (2011) 101-107) [29] Effect of Relative Wind on Notch Back Car with Add-On Parts -DEBOJYOTI MITRAAssociate Professor & HeadDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSir Padampat Singhania UniversityUdaipur 313601, Rajasthan 89 [30] International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT Vol Issue 7, September 2012) [31] (Advanced Industries February 2012 Designed by Visual Media Europe Copyright â McKinsey & Company) [33] A Parametric Model For Automotive Packaging And Ergonomics Design Vivek Bhise and Anita Pillai, Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, Michigan, U.S.A [34] FrameWork for Advanced Design Vehicle Process Development - Joóo Ferreira, ISEL, Francesco Furini, Pininfarina, Nuno Silva CEIIA [35] An Introduction to Modern Vehicle Design - Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041 A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd [36] Automotive industry standards code of practicefor bus body design and approval (First Revision), The automotive research association of India on behalf of automotive industry standards committee,AIS 052 - (2008) [37] Automotive Materials Plastics In Automotive Markets Today Katarớna SZETEIOV, Author: Ing Katarớna Szeteiovỏ [38] Usability Ranking of Intercity Bus Passenger Seats Using Fuzzy Axiomatic Design Theory - Ergun Eraslan, Diyar Akay, and Mustafa Kurt [39] Identifying factors of comfort and discomfort in sitting. - Zhang, L., Helander, M.G., Drury, C.G Human Factors 38 (1996) 377-389 [40] Kolich, M.: Ergonomic modeling and evaluation of automobile seat comfort - Ph.D Dissertation, Windsor, ON (2000) 90 S K L 0