Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP RELATIVE CLAUSES ( MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ) A Khái niệm: Đại từ quan hệ: who, which, that… Dùng để thay cho danh từ trước mở đầu mệnh đề quan hệ.Đại từ quan hệ làm chủ ngữ tân ngữ cho động từ mệnh đề quan hệ The people who/ that work with me are very friendly The car which/that he bought last year has broken down Mệnh đề quan hệ: Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đại từ trước, có chức tính từ nên gọi mệnh đề tính ngữ ( adjective clause).Có ba loại mệnh đề quan hệ bản: a/ Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn: ( Restrictive relative clause) b/ Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn: ( Non-restrictive relative clause) c/ Mệnh đề quan hệ liên hợp: (connective relative clause) B Các loại mệnh đề quan hệ: I Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn: ( Restrictive relative clause) Là mệnh đề quan trọng cho ý nghĩa câu, có chức phân biệt danh từ trước với danh từ khác đồng loại.Chúng ta lược bỏ loại mệnh đề Các đại từ, tính từ quan hệ dùng mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn: For persons For things Subject Who/that Which/that Object Whom/who/that Which/that Possessive whose Whose/of which * Với người: 1/ Làm chủ ngữ: Sau who/that động từ trợ động từ Dung who/that chủ ngữ để kết hợp câu từ lặp lại người làm chủ ngữ câu đơn thứ hai The man who/ that teaches us English comes from London S RC V Main clause The woman who/ that lives next door to us is a doctor The people who/that live in my neibourhood are very hospitable The man who robbed you has been arrested The girls who serve in the shop are the owner’s daughters Only those who had booked in advance were allowed in Would anyone who saw the accident please get in touch with the police? A mathematician is someone/a person who studies maths A writer is someone/a person who writes books Notes: Khi kết hợp câu, dùng đại từ quan hệ, cần lưu ý: - Đại từ quan hệ phải đứng sau danh từ đại từ mà thay The man was English.He invented the theory of evolution Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP The man who invented the theory of evolution was English ( Không dùng: The man was English who invented…) - Động từ sau đại từ quan hệ chia số it hay số nhiều phụ thuộc vào danh từ đại từ mà đại từ quan hệ thay The man who works for us is a skilful worker/ The people who work for us are skilful workers She is one of those who like spending money Is it he or I who am to go? - Phải lược bỏ danh từ đại từ lặp lại câu đơn thứ hai 2/ Làm tân ngữ (object) Sau whom/who/that mệnh đề Trường hợp ta lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa câu.Dung whom/who/that tân ngữ để kết hợp câu từ lặp lại người làm tân ngữ câu đơn thứ hai The man (whom) I met on the train was going to Berlin The girls (whom) he employs are always complaining about their pay Notes: Với động từ có giới từ kèm, giới từ đặt trước whom The friend with whom I was travelling spoke English very well Or The friend who/that I was travelling with spoke English very well 3/ Sở hữu ( possessive) Whose dùng để thay cho tính từ sở hữu (my,her, his,their…) sau whose luôn danh từ The woman was a French physicist Her father was Polish => The woman whose father was Polish was a French physicist People whose rents rents have been raised can appeal The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him An orphan is a child whose parents are dead The man was an English physicist whose name is famous in the history of electricity The man whose house is the biggest in the village is a millionaire A mathematician is a person whose interest is in mathematics * Với vật: Làm chủ ngữ: Sau which/ that động từ trợ động từ Dùng which/ that chủ ngữ để kết hợp câu từ lặp lại vật làm chủ ngữ câu đơn thứ hai The house is now worth $ 20,000 It cost $ 10,000 last month The house which/that cost $ 10,000 last month is now worth $ 20,000 The cars which/that are made in Japan are very good and economical The songs which/that were written in the war time are timeless * Which ( không dùng that) dùng để thay cho mệnh đề Jim passed his driving test This surprised everybody Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody ( Which = the fact that Jim passed his driving test) Sheila couldn’t come to the party, which was a pity The weather was very good, which we hadn’t expected I had paid all the money before I received the goods It was stupid of me => I had paid all the money before I received the goods,which was stupid of me 2/ Làm tân ngữ (object) Sau which/that mệnh đề Trường hợp ta lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa câu.Dùng which/that tân ngữ để kết hợp câu từ lặp lại vật làm tân ngữ câu đơn thứ hai The language (which/that) we are learning is the most popular in the world Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP ( The language is the most popular in the world We are learning it) The car which they bought last year has broken down The watch (which) I am wearing is very accurate The exam (which) we took last year was very difficult The poems (which/ that) Xuan Dieu wrote are about love The mobile phone which I am using was made in China * So sánh WHAT & THAT What = the thing(s) that Thank you for what ( = the things that) you have done I can lend you $5 It's all that I have I don't understand what you mean They give their children everything that they want What surprised everybody was John's exam result 3/ Sở hữu ( possessive) Whose/ of which dùng để thay cho tính từ sở hữu (its, their…) vật, nhưng: Whose + Noun Noun + of which The house is ours Its doors are green The house whose doors are green is ours/ The house the doors of which are green is ours The house whose roof/ the roof of which was blown off by the hurricane is now in bad condition II Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn (Non-restrictive relative clause) Là mệnh đề phụ để dùng để nói rõ nghĩa cho danh từ trước, cần ta lược bỏ mà không ảnh hưởng đến nghĩa câu Mệnh đề không giới hạn theo sau danh từ xác định ( danh từ xác định danh từ riêng, tính từ sở hữu + danh từ, tính từ định + danh từ) ngăn cách với mệnh đề dấu phẩy Chú ý: - THAT không dùng mệnhđề - Không lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ tân ngữ Các đại từ, tính từ quan hệ dùng mệnh đề không giới hạn For persons For things Subject Who Which Object Whom/who Which Possessive whose Whose/of which Newton , who invented the theory of gravity/graviation, was a famous English scientist President Ho Chi Minh, whom we admire, was an outstanding leader Jame Watt, whose invention of steam engine is famous throughout the world, was a Scottish inventor My dictionary, which has 150,000 words, is very useful to my studies English, which we are learning, is the most international in the world My television, whose case is made of wood, was made in Russia III Mệnh đề quan hệ liên hợp (Connective relative clause) Mệnh đề liên hợp thường theo sau túc từ động từ để tiếp tục câu nói I have a car which was made in Japan They have two cars They rarely use one of them They have two cars, one of which they rarely use So sánh: Mr Brown has two daughters Both of them are doctors Mr brown has two daughters, both of whom are doctors Mr Brown has two daughters They are doctors Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP Mr Brown has two daughters who are doctors All of/ most of/none of/neither of/any of/either of/ some of/many of/ much of/ (a) few of/ both of/ half of/ each of/ one of/ two of …etc + whom/ which Mary has three brothers All of them are married => Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married They asked me a lot of questions I couldn’t answer most of them => They asked me a lot of queations, most of which I couldn’t answer Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office They have got three cars They rarely use two of them => They have got three cars, two of which they rarely use She has got a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with * Relative adverbs: Where, when, why 1/ WHERE ( = IN WHICH/ AT WHICH)được dùng để thay cho trạng từ nơi chốnSau WHERE mệnh đề ( không dùng WHERE làm chủ ngữ) I love Vietnam I was born and grew up in Vietnam/there I love Vietnam where/in which I was born and grew up ( where thay cho in Vietnam/there) Do you remember the place where/at which you first met? He went to Hollywood where/in which he made a film In 1919, He went to the Italian Front where he was badly wounded This is the school where/ at which I used to study A birthplace is a plcace where you were born A cinema is a place where films are shown A cemetery is a place where dead people are buried A laboratory is a room where experiments are done Do you remember the shop where you bought this book? 2/ WHEN( = IN/ ON/ AT WHICH) dùng để thay cho trạng từ thời gian 1975 is the year when/in which I was born It was the time when we lived happily I must find a time when I can tell you the truth I still remember a time when/at which cars rarely seen in the village I still remember a time when people had to queue 3/ WHY The reason (why)+ clause + is/was that + clause + to V The reason why I don’t like him is that he is dishonest The reason why we come here is to learn English The reason why I don’t like that house is that it hasn’t got a garden The reason why I like working as a teacher is that I love children The reason why he was late for work was that his car broke on half way Một số câu hỏi áp dụng 1) The book I bought at the bookstore yesterday is expensive A who B whose C that D B & C are corre 2) What’s the name of the blonde girl just came in? A who B whose C whom D A & B are correct 3) I don’t like people lose their tempers easily A who B whose C that D A & C are correct Cô VŨ MAI PHƯƠNG - KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP 4) Mexico City, has a population of over 10 million, is probably the fastest growing city in the world A which B whose C that D A & B are corre 5) This is Henry, sister works for my father A who B whose C that D.All are correct 6) He’s the man people like at first sight A who B whom C that D All are correct 7) Could you iron the trousers are hanging up behind the door? A who B which C that D B & C are correct 8) Where is the girl sells tickets? A who B whose C whom D A & C are correct 9) The man we consider our leader had much experience in climbing mountains A who B whose C whom D A & C are correct 10) The artist name I couldn’t remember was one of the best I had ever seen A who B whose C that D A & C are correct