This book began life as a portion of the my Ph.D. Dissertation written at the City University of New YorkGraduate Center, the American Academy in Rome, and Rutgers University. I would like to thank those institutions for access to their facilities and for their financial support. I would especially like to thank the excellent staff of each of these libraries for getting some of most obscure works I could ever dream of. Grants from the Association of Ancient Historians and the Classical Association of Atlantic States also made this work possible. Panels held at the Roman House Workshop at New York University, American Historical Association and the Renaissance Society of America helped clarify and brighten some of the unclear passages.
Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome Gorgias Studies in Classical and Late Antiquity Gorgias Studies in Classical and Late Antiquity contains monographs and edited volumes on the Greco-Roman world and its transition into Late Antiquity, encompassing political and social structures, knowledge and educational ideals, art, architecture and literature Color-Terms in Social and Cultural Context in Ancient Rome Rachael B Goldman 34 2013 Gorgias Press LLC, 954 River Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA www.gorgiaspress.com Copyright © 2013 by Gorgias Press LLC All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise without the prior written permission of Gorgias Press LLC 2013 ܛ ISBN 978-1-61143-914-4 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goldman, Rachael Color-terms in social and cultural context in ancient Rome / by Rachael Goldman pages cm (Gorgias studies in classical and late antiquity ; 3) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-61143-914-4 Rome Social life and customs Colors Social aspects Rome Sociolinguistics Rome Social structure Rome I Title DG78.G65 2013 306.440937 dc23 2013035963 Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents v Acknowledgments vii Note on Texts, Translations and Abbreviations ix Introduction Different Hues, Different Views Modern Approaches to Roman Colors A Thematic Approach to the Subject Chapter One: Aulus Gellius’ Colorful Digression The Color Debate: Latin Color Terms 10 Greek Color-Terms 18 Fronto and the Roman Artistic Background 19 Favorinus and Physiognomy 23 Summary 24 Chapter Two: Ancient Dyes: Color Me Beautiful 25 Purple Dyers 27 Red Dyers 31 Other Dyers 32 Vitruvian Colors 33 Summary 37 Chapter Three: Colored Clothing: You Are What You Wear 39 Purple Colored Clothing 40 Red Colored Clothing 52 Blue and Green Colored Clothing 55 Yellow Colored Clothing 57 White, Gray, Black and Brown 62 Pullus 65 Summary 68 Chapter Four: Clothes Make the Man: Class and Color-Terms 71 Trimalchio the Freedman 71 The Freedman’s Wife 76 v vi COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT The Freedman’s Feast 79 Freedmen in Poetry 80 Summary 83 Chapter Five: Color Wars: Roman Chariot Teams 85 The Setting 85 The Teams 87 The Greens 90 The Blues 94 The Reds, Whites and Others 95 Epilogue 96 Chapter Six: Color Physiognomy: You Are What You Look Like 99 Descriptions of Emperors 100 Descriptions of Ordinary Men 109 Descriptions of Women .118 Descriptions of Non-Romans 125 Gauls, Germans, and Britons 126 Assyrians, Egyptians, Ethiopians, Etruscans and Indians 130 Summary .133 Chapter Seven: The Multicolored World of the Romans 135 Versicolor 135 Decolor and Decolorare 141 Discolor 146 Bicolor 151 Multicolor 152 Omnicolor 154 Unicolor and Concolor .155 Summary .160 Conclusions: Did Color-Terms Have an Ancient History? 161 Bibliography 165 Index of Latin Color-Terms .175 Index of Classical Works Cited 179 General Index 187 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This book began life as a portion of the my Ph.D Dissertation written at the City University of New York-Graduate Center, the American Academy in Rome, and Rutgers University I would like to thank those institutions for access to their facilities and for their financial support I would especially like to thank the excellent staff of each of these libraries for getting some of most obscure works I could ever dream of Grants from the Association of Ancient Historians and the Classical Association of Atlantic States also made this work possible Panels held at the Roman House Workshop at New York University, American Historical Association and the Renaissance Society of America helped clarify and brighten some of the unclear passages Having supported myself during my graduate study, I would also like to thank the following institutions for allowing me to share all that I know about the ancient world in their classrooms: The College of New Jersey, Adelphi University, Montclair State University, Bronx Community College, The Pratt Institute and Union Community College Students from my Roman Civilization course helped me form solid ideas about colors and their uses, while students in the Rome and Barbarians course helped defined shades for the non-Roman The best of colleagues! I would like to extend my thanks to my dissertation advisor, Jennifer T Roberts, who advised me and graciously took me as her student Further, I must acknowledge others, whom I also regard to be mentors: Dee L Clayman, Margaret King, Sarah Covington, Duane W Roller, Wladislaw Roczniak, Gary Farney, T Corey Brennan, Cindy Nimchuk, Kaius Tuori, Martin Burke, Ann Moyer, Judith Hallett, Sulochana Asirvatham, Leanne Bablitz, Lisa Mignone, Prudence Jones, Ilaria Marchesi, Sarolta Takacs, Donald Lateiner, Gil Renburg and Karen Kelsky vii viii COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT To my editor, Melonie Schmierer-Lee, who gently guided me throughout this entire process and gave my subject a proper place in history Many friends and colleagues have listened to my ideas, answered my questions, and provided hospitality and camaraderie; I should like to thank above all: Robin Johnson, who took the responsibility as an editor of all I cannot think that this book would not have found a proper format She also kept me calm after my many tantrums And yes, Robin, I have said it already! To Dr Keith Jordan, on our many transcontinental phone calls, constantly reassuring me that I was doing the right thing at the right time A number of other friends kept me sane through the whole process: Adele Pier Puccio, Natalie Bianco, Michael and Natalie Wildermuth, Francesca Vasalle, and Sara Lavallee Finally, I would like to thank my family, Karen and Gerald Goldman, and my brother, Jonathan, for all of their love and support throughout this process For them and all, I have certainly brought a new level of color into their life All errors are my own Rachael Goldman April 2013 NOTE ON TEXTS, TRANSLATIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Texts and translations are taken from the Loeb Classical Library, with some minor amendments Exceptions are the works of Festus, Nonius, Ulpian, Julius Pollux, Pseudo-Aristotle, and Polemo of Laodicea, which are noted in the Bibliography Abbreviations of journal titles are taken from l’Année philologique Abbreviations for ancient authors and their works are taken from the Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd edition AJA American Journal of Archaeology AJPhil American Journal of Philology ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt CJ The Classical Journal CIL Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum CPh Classical Philology CQ Classical Quarterly CR Classical Review CW The Classical World HSPh Harvard Studies in Classical Philology ILS Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae JDAI Jahrbuch des deutschen archäologischen Instituts TAPhA Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association TAPhS Transactions of the American Philosophical Society TLL Thesaurus Linguae Latinae ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik ix 180 COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT De Legibus 2.23.59 49 De Natura Deorum 1.83 105 De Officiis 1.24.104 In Verrem 1.13.40 148 Pro Caelio passim 114 Pro Milone 60 115 Pro Sestio 33.72 114 Tusculan Disputations 2.8.20 144 Claudian In Eutropium 1.109 82 Columella De Re Rustica 3.21.3 140–141 7.3.1 156 12.49.9 142 12.54.1 143 Dio Cassius 62.2.3–4 118 63.6.3 85 67.4.4 85 77.7.2 91 78.1.2 91 Dio Chrysostom [Favorinus] Orations 37 23 Diodorus Siculus 31.15.2 73 Ennius Annales 372–373 16, 105 440 13–14 Festus 79.23L/89M 58 79.19L/89M 27 Florus Epitome of Roman History 2.13.45 67 Fronto Correspondence II, 48–49 20 Herodian 1.7.5 107 Herodotus 1.98 19 Homer Iliad 8.1 19 23.382 16 Horace Carmina 1.5.4 119 2.4.14 120 2.16.35–36 29 3.4.33 129 3.9.19 120 4.4.4 119 Epodes 12.21 29 Satirae 1.2.80–82 124 INDEX Juvenal 2.97 56, 60 3.66 3.168–170 56 3.283–284 52 5.141–145 93 6.120–122 121 6.599–601 146 7.134–136 48, 51 7.191–192 64 7.225–227 141 11.198 92 11.200 85 13.164–165 127 Livy 9.40.3 137 34.1–8 136 39.39.2 63 45.7.4 66–67 Lucan 3.76–78 128 4.677–679 159 6.654–656 149 7.851–852 144–145 9.715–716 156 10.127–128 149 Lucian Eunuch 23 Lucilius 8.339 154 Lucretius De Rerum Natura 2.50–52 40 2.416 79 2.500–501 40 4.75–83 86 4.1160–1161 123 181 Martial 1.96 51 1.104 45 1.49.31–32 29 1.117 46 2.16 82 2.43.7–12 53, 158 3.74.1 125 3.82.5–12 80–81, 91 4.42.5–10 131 5.2.6 111 5.8.5 83 5.23.5–7 32, 47 5.35.2 83 5.37.7–8 121 5.43 125 5.68 121 6.11.7–8 46 6.46 94 6.58.7–8 66 6.61.3–4 128 6.93.7–10 125 7.4 89 8.48.5–8 47 9.35.7 131 9.62 30, 48 10.10.12 46 10.30.15 82 10.48.23–24 89 10.50 52 10.68.3 133 10.76.7–9 52, 66, 89– 90 11.1 52 11.21.9 129 11.33 90 11.39.11–12 48 11.53.1–4 130 12.34.5–7 152 13.71 81 14.17 148 14.26 121 14.131 53, 89 182 COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT Nonius 498L/318M 60 880L/548–549M 60 Ovid Amores 1.1.7–8 120 1.14.45 121 3.2.78–83 147 Ars Amatoria 1.331 43 2.657 124 3.129–131 146 3.169–184 25–26 3.189 68 3.269–270 125 Ex Ponto 3.2.74 119 3.8.7–8 30 Fasti 1.79–82 157 3.493 124 5.355–360 140 6.652 120 Ibis 243–244 66 Medicamina Faciei Femineae 81–82 124 Metamorphoses 2.22–24 42 2.235–236 132 2.749 120 3.482–485 43 4.20–21 145 6.61–62 30 6.130 120 6.221 43 8.93 43 8.275 120 8.664 151 9.31–33 56 10.1 59 10.98 152 10.734–736 156 11.48 66 11.166 43 11.499–501 157 11.609–611 65 12.273 119 Tristia 1.10.1 120 Pacuvius Niptra 266–268 14 Persius 3.10–11 152 5.53–54 150 6.45–47 61 Petronius Satyricon 21 65 25–28 53, 58, 71–75 32–33 54, 74, 81 38 76, 80 43 117 46 80 60 76, 79 64 76 67–68 34, 77–79 70 85 83 117 97 149 Fragmenta 19 132 Philostratus Vitae Sophistarum 1.489 23 Plato Republic 8.557c 139 INDEX Plautus Aulularia 505–522 26–27, 31 Captives 646–648 113 Epidicus 231 60 Menaechmi 828–829 115 Persa 229–230 116–117 Poenulus 1111–1113 122 Pseudolus 1217–1220 113–114 Rudens 124–127 116 421–423 121–123 Pliny the Elder Historia Naturalis 7.2.24 126 7.34.120 63 7.53.186 88 8.73.193 28 9.30.66 138 9.56.114 78 9.62.135 29 9.65.139–141 31–32 10.2.3 147 10.74.148 57 11.26.76 44 11.54.143–145 102–104, 155 13.30.98 147 16.12.32 32 16.23.59 142 16.35.86 151 19.6.24 86 19.5.22 137 21.19.41 138 21.22.46 31, 57 22.3.3 32 24.47.79 125 183 28.29.113 138 28.51.191 121 30.28.94 77 31.32.61 142 32.32.103 155 33.27.90 87, 156 33.40.122 80 33.57.162 34 35.1.3 22 35.12.30 21 35.26.44–45 28 35.32.50 21 35.35.58 138 35.62.150 33 37.18.69 155 37.33.110 56 37.34.50 119 37.63.173 152 Pliny the Younger Epistulae 1.10 116 9.6 88 Panegyricus 48.4 107 Plutarch Cato Maior 1.3 112 Coriolanus 11.4 112 Sulla 2.1 112 Polemo Scriptores Physiognomonici I, 160 23 I, 172 103 Pollux Onomasticon 4.149 114 4.154 139 184 COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT Propertius 2.2.5–6 119 2.18B.31–32 130 2.25.41–46 123 3.7.47–50 140 3.13.32 140 4.1.15–16 87 4.3.10 146 Prudentius Peristephanon Liber 1.112–114 144 12.39–42 154 Liber Cathemerinon 3.101–105 153 Hamartigenia 497–498 146 Quintilian Institutio Oratoria 5.10.71 68 8.20 139 10.1.33 139 11.1.31–32 73 Sallust Bellum Catilinae 15.5 99 Scriptores Historiae Augustae Alexander Severus 41.1 78 Commodus 17.3 107 Diadumenos Antoninus 2.8 55 3.2–3 51, 108 Gallieni Duo 16.4 108 21.3 108 Gordiani Tres 6.1–2 109 Septimius Severus 19.9 108 Tyranni Triginta 30.15 118 Verus 4.8–9 91 6.2–6 92 10.7 107 Seneca the Younger De Constantia 18.1 103–104 De Ira 1.1.4 111 2.19.5 111 3.26.3 126 Epistulae 86.6 22 Quaestiones Naturales 2.40.6 143 Silius Italicus Punica 1.233 158 3.23–24 157 3.682 159 7.149–150 145 7.684–686 156 15.98–99 159 16.348–349 156 Statius Silvae 3.4.55–56 44 4.7.14–16 158 5.2.29–30 44 5.3.119–120 44 Thebaid 5.364–366 158 9.338 148 12.409–410 145 Strabo Geography 4.5.2.200 128–129 15.1.30.699 133 INDEX 16.2.23.757 30 17.3.18.835 30 Suetonius Augustus 4.2 144 79–80 101 82.1 93 Caligula 17.2 49 18.3 87 35.1 49 47 128 50.1 103 55.2 90 Claudius 30 104 Domitian 7.1 85, 96 18.1 106 Galba 21 105 Iulius 45.1 100 Nero 22.1 91 32.3 39, 51 51 104 Terence 109 Tiberius 68.2 102 Vergil 109 Vitellius 7.1 94 14.3 94 Tacitus Agricola 11 128 12.6 129 45 106 185 Germania 127 Historiae 3.67 67 4.61.1 127 Terence Heauton Timorumenos 1061–1062 119 Eunuchus 595 82 Tertullian De Spectaculis 95–96 Tibullus 1.2.25a–26 47 1.4.63 43 1.5.44 120 1.7.12 127 Ulpian Digesta 32.70.12 136 Valerius Maximus Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium 4.4 78 Varro De Lingua Latina 7.53 60 De Re Rustica 2.4.3 154–155 Velleius Paterculus 2.80.4 67 Vergil Aeneid 1.648–649 59 1.711 59 186 COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT 2.722 14 4.138–139 41 4.261–263 14, 41 4.590 120 4.698 120 5.374 14 5.565–566 151 6.201–204 150–151 6.302–304 117 6.809–812 115 7.279 14 7.448–449 57 7.688 14 8.31–33 63 8.81–83 155–156 8.276–278 151 8.659–661 126 9.614–616 42 10.180–181 42, 139 10.562 119 10.721–722 42 11.642 119 11.751 14 11.772–777 42, 62 12.605 120 12.885–886 64 Eclogues 4.42–43 28 Georgics 3.82 15 Vitruvius De Architectura 7.7.1–2 33 7.7.5 33 7.8.1 34 7.9.6 34 7.10.1–4 36 7.11.1–2 34, 36 7.12.2 34 7.13.1–3 35 7.14.1–2 36 Xenophon Cyropaedia 8.3.3 19 GENERAL INDEX Note: for references to Latin color-terms, see the Index of Latin Color-terms; for references to particular Latin authors, see the Index of Classical Works Cited Achelous (river god) 56 Adonis 156–157 Aeneas 41–42, 126, 139, 150– 151 age-appropriate colors 73 agriculture 142–143, 154–155 amictus (garment) 30, 44, 46, 60, 64, 149, 163 amphitheaters 39, 49, 67, 86 anger, in physiognomic theory 106, 111, 115 animals, color descriptions and uses of: birds 18, 25–26, 77, 81, 140, 147, 159 cattle 18, 154 chameleons 138 crocodiles 124–125 dogs 76 frogs 19 goats 103, 120 horses 13, 15, 17–18, 43, 52, 55, 87–88, 91–92, 94–97, 102, 139, 146– 147, 151, 156, 164 lions 14, 42, 102, 104–105, 118 mice, rats 114 mollusks 2, 28–30, 35–36, 155 mullet (fish) 138, 158–159 panthers 103 pigs 155–156 sheep 28, 156 snakes 156 appropriateness, of colors in clothing 39, 60, 71, 73–75, 83, 93, 139, 161–162 architecture and interiors 19, 21, 33–36, 161 Aristotle, physiognomic theories of 102 armor 42, 93, 139 Assyrians or Chaldeans 130– 131 Aulus Gellius 2–3, 9–18, 24, 105, 129, 161 baldness 73, 103, 105–106, 117 Bassus (Gavius), rhetorician 17–18, 164 Bassus (Junius), consul 96 beards 18, 101, 107, 108, 112, 115–116, 133 birdcage 75 187 188 COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT blood 11–12, 18, 29, 58, 104, 111–112, 123–124, 132, 144–145, 149, 156–157 blushing 5, 25, 42–43, 78, 81, 111, 158–159 books and parchment 80, 100, 111, 141, 152 Boudicca 118, 133 Briseis 68 Britain and Britons 128–129, 132 Carthage and Carthaginians 30, 41, 59, 109, 122–123, 156 Catiline 99, 103 Cato the Elder 48, 112 chariot teams and chariot factions 55, 73, 75, 85–97, 156, 162 charioteers 52, 66, 85, 104, 156 Charon (god) 117–118 chemical processes, in dye manufacture 32, 34–36 Choromandae (barbarians) 126 Christians, attitudes of 95–97, 144, 146, 153–154 Civilis (Batavian chief) 127 Cleopatra 137, 149 clothing, checkered 56, 60 clothing, colors of 29, 39–69, 71–84, 93, 95, 123, 126, 149, 156–157, 162–163 cognomina 112, 163 color-terms, modern approaches to 3–7 coloratores see dyers colors (see Index of Latin Color–Terms for Latin equivalents): black 12–13, 15, 17–18, 20–21, 28–29, 32, 35– 36, 64–65, 76, 99–100, 108, 110, 112–113, 117– 118, 122–125, 131–132, 136, 141, 143–144, 146, 152–153, 156–159 blue 3, 15–18, 22, 32, 34– 36, 55–56, 60, 85–87, 89, 92, 94, 96, 104–106, 110, 119, 123, 127, 129– 130, 133, 143, 154 brown 3, 13–14, 17–18, 25–26, 28, 65, 101, 123, 144, 146 gold, golden 5, 11–14, 16– 17, 40–44, 50, 59–61, 74–75, 77–79, 85, 92, 96, 101, 107–108, 110, 118–121, 126, 135, 137, 146, 150–151, 154, 158– 159 gray 15–16, 18, 26, 52, 63– 68, 101–102, 104–105, 112, 115, 117, 126, 142 green 11–19, 22, 27, 32, 36, 52, 55–56, 65, 72– 73, 75–76, 80–81, 85, 87, 89–93, 95–97, 102, 115, 117–118, 124–125, 129, 133, 145–146, 150– 151, 154–156, 161 ochre 20–21, 33, 36 purple 2–3, 5, 11–13, 17– 18, 21–22, 25–32, 35– 37, 39–53, 56, 60–61, 68, 73, 80–83, 85, 87, 96, 124–125, 133, 136–137, 154, 157, 162, 164 INDEX red 3–5, 11–13, 17–18, 22, 27, 31–34, 37, 42, 52– 55, 75–78, 89, 95–96, 106, 110–115, 126–128, 153, 161–162 white 3, 13–17, 20–21, 25–26, 34, 42–43, 49– 50, 58–59, 62–63, 68, 73, 76, 85, 90, 95, 97, 99–104, 108–110, 112, 115–118, 124–125, 129, 131, 133, 136–137, 140, 142, 144, 151–157, 159 yellow 3–4, 11–15, 17, 20– 21, 25–28, 33, 36, 41, 49–50, 56–62, 77, 79– 81, 86, 96, 101, 107–108, 119–121, 124, 127–128, 142, 153, 157 colors, pairing of: purple and gold 40–44 red and green 17–18, 22, 87, 161 columbaria inscriptions 26, 28, 159 comedy, stock characters in 114, 117, 163 complexion, color of 6, 15, 83, 99–104, 106, 109–110, 112– 114, 122, 131–133 Cornelia 78 Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) see inscriptions cosmetics 107, 120–121, 124– 125, 130 see also hair dyes, gold dust cucullus (garment) 52, 55, 66 curse tablets 95, 97 Cybele (goddess) 62 Dido 41, 59, 120 189 diseases see medicine dyers, and collegia of 26–28, 30–32, 36, 62 dyes and dyeing 1–2, 4–5, 19, 25–37, 40, 42–53, 56, 58, 61–62, 64, 86, 133, 136– 137, 161–162 economy, Roman 26–27, 46, 55, 62, 161 Eden, Garden of 153 Egnatius 110 Egypt and Egyptians 124–125, 130–132, 138, 153 Egyptian fabric manufacture 32–33, 62 Emperors: Alexander Severus 78 Antoninus Diadumenianus 51, 54–55, 108 Augustus 6, 22, 101–102, 126, 143–144 Caligula 22, 49, 51–52, 61, 85, 87, 90–91, 103–104, 128 Caracalla 85, 91 Claudius 22, 104, 112, 121, 128 Commodus 85, 107–108, 114 Domitian 83, 85, 96, 106– 107 Elagabalus 85 Galba 105–106 Gallienus 108 Gordian I 108–109 Hadrian 19, 23 Jovian 105 Julius Caesar 67, 99–100, 108, 128–129, 163 190 COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT Lucius Verus 20, 85, 91– 92, 107–108 Macrinus 54–55 Nero 22, 39, 51, 72, 79, 85–87, 90–91, 104–106, 119, 156 Septimius Severus 108 Tiberius 44, 102 Valentinian 105 Vitellius 67, 85, 94 Ethiopia and Ethiopians 126, 130, 132, 146–147, 155 Etruria and Etruscans 65, 132–133, 139 eyes, descriptions and colors of 6, 16, 22–23, 76, 99–106, 108, 110, 112–115, 118– 119, 122–123, 126–127, 133, 143, 155, 162 fans 80–82 Fates, the 66 Favorinus of Arles 9–12, 15– 19, 23–24, 105, 161 feathers 65, 80–82, 140, 146 Flaminica Dialis 58 Flora (goddess) 140 flowers 19, 58, 60, 138, 140, 153, 156–157 foreigners and barbarians, Roman attitudes toward 40– 41, 46, 59, 61–63, 91, 93, 108, 113–114, 118, 126, 128, 130, 133–134, 163 Fortunata 76–78, 81 freedmen 53, 71–83, 131, 140, 159, 162 Fronto, Marcus Cornelius 9– 18, 19–20, 24, 105, 129, 161 fruit 42–43, 140–143 games 73, 85–97, 146, 148, 156, 163 Gaul and Gauls 23, 35, 46, 61, 126–130 gausapa (garment) 53, 61, 65, 74 gemstones see minerals and gems gender, colors appropriate for 50–51, 56–62, 77, 80–81, 92–93 Germanicus 111 Germany and Germans 96, 120–121, 126–128 gold dust (sprinkled in hair) 107–108 Golden Bough (Aeneid) 150– 151 Greek color-terms 1–2, 5, 16– 19, 31, 73, 85, 90, 102, 112, 114, 118–119, 129, 133, 138–139, 154 Greek color-terms, comparison with Latin 9–11, 13–18, 161 Greek culture, admired by Romans 20, 23–24, 31 hair color: blond or fair 15, 101, 104, 107–108, 110–111, 118–121, 126–128 brown or black 101, 117, 121–124 red 112–114, 119, 126– 128, 134, 163 white or gray 90, 101, 104, 108, 115–117 hair dyes 107–108, 120–121, 127–128, 133 hairnets 78 Helen 59 INDEX Helios (god) 104, 107 Hercules (god) 9, 144, 151 Hymen (god) 58–59 Incitatus (charioteer) 52, 66, 89 India and Indians 34, 104–105, 133, 137, 145–147, 159 inscriptions 26, 28, 31–32, 90, 94, 112–113, 128, 130–131, 159 Isis (goddess) 50, 56, 62–63, 153 jewelry 41, 74, 77–78, 124 laws, color-terms in 48–49, 135–137 Lex Oppia 5, 135–137 lighting, influence on color 1– 2, 86 lightning 143 linen 49, 54, 61–63, 137–138 Lucius (in Apuleius’ Metamorphoses) 110, 153 luminosity see shining luxuria, and moralistic attitudes against 5, 39, 41, 45–48, 50, 53–56, 68, 72–83, 137, 140, 147, 158–159 marble 6, 16, 22, 51, 140 medicine 32, 142–144 Messalina 121 minerals and gems 14, 21–22, 33–36, 42, 50, 56, 79–80, 87, 124, 145–146, 152–153, 155, 158, 162 Minerva (goddess) 105, 120, 151 Moors 156, 159 mosaics 21–22, 65, 96, 104 Murex Brandaris 2, 28–30, 35– 36 Naiads and dryads 66 191 Neptune (god) 105 nicknames see cognomina Nisus, King 43, 127 old age, descriptions of 63, 73, 116–117 oratory see rhetoric and rhetoricians Paetus 140 painters, Greek 20–21, 138 paintings 21, 34, 50, 57, 75, 104, 138, 154 palla (garment) 43, 58–59, 153 pallium (garment) 53, 64, 67 Phoebus (god) 42–43, 65 physiognomy 23–24, 99–134, 162–163 Piazza Armerina mosaics (Sicily) 96 pigments, sources of 21, 28, 33–36, 50, 79–80, 130 pitch 124, 142 Polemo, physiognomic theories of 5–6, 23–24, 99–100, 103, 106, 111, 133, 163 polychromy, sculptural 6, 22, 101 Pompeii 26, 57, 75 Pompey the Great 67 Poppaea 119 Pseudo-Aristotle, physiognomic theories of 5–6, 102–103, 105–106, 111, 117 Ptolemy, King of Mauretania 49 Puteoli 28, 34–35 race see foreigners and barbarians rainbow 6, 138 religious cults, foreign 49–50, 56, 61–63, 153 192 COLOR-TERMS IN SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT religious garments, colors of 4, 49–50, 58, 61–63, 157, 162 rhetoric and rhetoricians 11, 17, 20, 23–24, 68, 109, 111, 114, 139, 145 rivers 56, 63–64, 127, 145, 147–148, 158 sculpture, Greek and Roman 6, 21–24, 71, 101, 126 sea, color of 16–18, 55, 96–97, 105–106, 129, 145, 147– 148, 157, 163 shining, quality of 5, 29–30, 40–41, 49, 62–63, 101, 117, 153, 156 shoes, socks (garments) 29, 50, 53, 58–60, 62, 64–65, 77 silk, Coan 44, 49, 56, 80–81 silver 74, 81, 137, 142 sky, color of 16–18, 25, 55, 86–87, 96, 105, 129 slaves 53–54, 71, 73, 76–79, 82–83, 85, 112–114, 116, 121–122, 129–131, 134, 146, 149, 163 smell, of dye process 29–30, 47–48, 82, 162 soap and cleaning industry 68 social classes, colors appropriate for 71–83, 162 see also sumptuary laws sprinkling, of colored materials 34, 79–80, 87 Sulla 112 sumptuary laws 48–49, 135– 137 teeth 76, 101, 110, 112, 118, 125–126 Terence, description of 109 textiles see dyes and dyeing, linen, silk, wool theft, of clothing 47 thorax (garment) 92–93 Tiber (river god) 63–64 toga (garment) 29–30, 44, 46– 47, 50, 56, 62–63, 65, 68, 76, 124 trees 13–14, 17, 19, 75–77, 142, 150–151 Trier, Imperial Baths, mosaics 96 Trimalchio 53–54, 61, 65, 71– 80, 83, 85, 95, 117, 162 triumph 128 Troy and Trojans 41, 61 Turbans (garments) 41–42, 49, 60, 138–139 undergarments 60, 73 uniformity of color 154–159 urbanitas 24, 114 variegation in color 135–141, 151–154 vela (awnings) 85–87 Venus (goddess) 44, 47, 105, 122, 157, 159 Verecundus, Workshop of (Pompeii) 26 Vergil, description of 109 Vestorius (dye maker) 34–35 Virro 92–93 wall paintings see paintings wax tablets 148–149, 163 weddings 2, 27, 57–59 wigs 121, 124 women, attitudes toward 78, 119, 135–136, 139 women, colors appropriate for 25–26, 50, 56–60, 81–82, 135–136, 162–163 INDEX women, descriptions of 76–78, 100, 118–125, 129–130, 133–134 193 wool 25–26, 28–30, 43, 52– 53, 62, 64, 66, 73, 76, 136– 137, 156 Zenobia 118, 133 Zoilus 71, 80–83, 91, 140 [...]... meaning, using these terms as a form of cultural assessment, defining their social values and < /b> order By using color, they were often making judgments about social class, gender roles, and < /b> ethnic groups, and < /b> so maintaining the status quo By analyzing the use of color words in < /b> specific contexts, it is possible to derive a greater insight into the Roman understanding of color, and < /b> the translator and < /b> commentator... Syricum, atramentum .39< /b> Plin HN, 35< /b> .32< /b> .50 Plin HN, 35< /b> .12 .30< /b> Pliny describes in < /b> great detail how these colors were mined and < /b> manufactured in < /b> HN, 33< /b> .56.158 through 33< /b> .57.164 38< /b> 39< /b> 22 COLOR- TERMS IN < /b> SOCIAL AND < /b> CULTURAL CONTEXT Pliny makes several distinctions: the cost of colors, whether they are natural or artificial, their rarity and < /b> their luster; the more expensive the color, the brighter the hue Many literary... Pallor in < /b> Ancient Fiction’ draws attention to the use of the color- terms rubor and < /b> pallor; he tabulates the number of times terms for blushing and < /b> turning pale appear in < /b> both Greek and < /b> Latin literature His survey of the literature shows how non-verbal expressions can be significant in < /b> our understanding of ancient peoples.17 Other scholars have focused on the use of color- terms by particular authors In.< /b> ..x COLOR- TERMS IN < /b> SOCIAL AND < /b> CULTURAL CONTEXT INTRODUCTION The study of color- terms in < /b> the works of Roman writers can illuminate our understanding of their social stratification and < /b> mores Color is a basic cultural building block by which the historian can measure how the Romans saw the world around them The Romans attached nuanced implications to color- terms which went beyond their literal meaning,... Baldwin (1975) 33< /b> ; Holford-Strevens (1989) 65–66, (2004) 32< /b> , 219; Fögen (2000) 207–209 Bradley (2009) 229– 233< /b> discusses it in < /b> detail; see also Rowe (1972) 35< /b> 1; Dürbeck (1977) 38< /b> –42; Eco (1985) 158–160; Gage (19 93)< /b> 31< /b> 9 10 COLOR- TERMS IN < /b> SOCIAL AND < /b> CULTURAL CONTEXT Athens.2 Although the conversations in < /b> his book may be embellished or invented, the people that he reports on are real 3 < /b> In < /b> 2.26 Gellius... of color- usage in < /b> Catullus 63 < /b> 20 Barolsky (20 03)< /b> 21 Culham (1982) and < /b> (1986); Jones (1999) 22 Olson (2008) 15 16 6 COLOR- TERMS IN < /b> SOCIAL AND < /b> CULTURAL CONTEXT school, in < /b> which the color- terms used to describe the hair, eyes and < /b> complexion are supposed to reveal the inner qualities or ailments of the person described. 23 < /b> In < /b> the last decade there has been a great deal of scholarly interest in < /b> the examination... pallidus, and < /b> pallor are also normally considered white or pale hues, but here they are categorized in < /b> his Le Jaune or yellow section.9 Price (18 83)< /b> André (1949) 6 Ibid 88–104 7 Ibid 118 Aulus Gellius also includes poeniceus and < /b> spadix among terms for red; see Chapter One below 8 Ibid 171 9 Ibid 139< /b> –147 4 5 4 COLOR- TERMS IN < /b> SOCIAL AND < /b> CULTURAL CONTEXT Following André’s method, Neculai V Baran elaborated... οἶνοψ (wine colored) to describe both the sea and < /b> cattle; Anacreon uses the term purple πορφυρέας to describe both a girl’s dress and < /b> her hair.27 By the Classical < /b> period, more color- terms have developed and < /b> authors are more precise in < /b> applying color- terms to specific objects: in < /b> Aeschylus’ Persae, a young man is described as having a red beard freshly dyed with purple blood and < /b> riding on a black horse;... applied to deities and < /b> mythological stories, he does not discuss color- terms as applied to descriptions of ordinary people Nor does he consider color- terms with prefixes, such as versicolor and < /b> discolor Where his survey succeeds is in < /b> his extensive bibliography and < /b> notes From a linguistics standpoint, Berlin and < /b> Kay’s Basic Color Terms surveys the etymological development of color- terms in < /b> various languages;... studies < /b> of color- terms that focus on periods and < /b> cultures other than Greece and < /b> Rome John Gage’s Color and < /b> Culture and < /b> Color and < /b> Meaning trace the history of color from Classical < /b> Greece through the twentieth century, principally focusing on appearances in < /b> Medieval and < /b> Renaissance fine and < /b> decorative arts.27 Liza Cleland and < /b> Karen Stears organized an archaeologically-based conference, whose proceedings