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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL ROLE OF APPLING SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) IN DECREASING GREENHOUSE GASRS (GHG) (CH4 AND CO2) An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented to The Department of Life Science International School of Thai Nguyen University The Socialist Republic of Vietnam In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Sciences Major in Environmental Management and Sustainability By NGUYEN THU THU August, 2016 THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL ROLE OF APPLING SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI) IN DECREASING GREENHOUSE GASRS (GHG) (CH4 AND CO2) An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented to The Department of Life Science International School of Thai Nguyen University The Socialist Republic of Vietnam In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Sciences Major in Environmental Management and Sustainability By NGUYEN THU THU Advisor: Prof Dr HOANG VAN PHU August, 2016LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS kg kg/ha NGO SRI t t/ha Hectare Kilogram Kilogram/hectare Non-Government Organization System of Rice Intensification Tone Tone/hectare LIST OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLE Name of tables Page Table 1.1: Comparison of SRI conventional and techniques LIST OF FIGURES Name of figures Page Figure 2.1: SRI techniques practiced by interviewed farmers Figure 2.2: Relative benefits of chemical and organic fertilizers 10 Figure 3.1: Conceptual framework 13 Figure 3.2: Research method choice 14 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study: Agriculture plays an important role in the development of Asian countries in general and Vietnam in particular The agricultural sector provides employment for many farmers, and it is one of the methods to help countries reduce poverty Many countries in Asia have rice agriculture is very developed, and Vietnam is one of those countries Rice agriculture in Vietnam has had thousands of years ago Rice cultivation actually has become a tradition, a typical symbol of Vietnam Rice is one of Vietnam's major food crops, rice helps to ensure national food security The total rice farming area of about 7.6 to 7.7 million hectares in 2016, the average yield of 5780/ hectares, production reached 44.5 million tones (Vietnam Farmers Association, 2016) Improving yields has been one of the main objectives of agriculture and rural development programs implemented by the government in a row in few decades The productivity improvement programs have experimented with approaches and different strategies to increase rice production by small farmers, which is expected to improve food security, increase income and reduce vulnerable trade of rural households The main motive of this program is to improve rice yields, protect rice farmers from competition and confirms a market price for rice Vietnam has about 70% of the population employed in agriculture, most of whom live in rural areas Many agricultural areas, farmers are still applying the method of conventional rice cultivation However, the method of conventional rice cultivation is a serious impact on the environment such as the depletion of the water table, reducing soil fertility, aggravation of air pollution, and the resistance of certain weeds to herbicides System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was substituted for conventional rice cultivation to mitigate the adverse impact on the environment This method has changed the perception of farmers on environment The SRI originated in Madagascar and was first synthesized in 1983 by Father Henri de Laulaníe, under the drought conditions of that year, he experimented serendipitously with transplanting very young seedlings of only 15 days old To everyone’s surprise, the yields surpassed all expectations and in subsequent years reliable yields, ranging from to 15 t/ha, were obtained by small farmers cultivating soils with low inherent fertility, using much reduced irrigation rates, and no mineral fertilizers or other agricultural chemicals (Willem A Stoop, et al, 2002) Noticed is a big difference, he did experiments to test the differences between the two methods Table 1.1: Comparison of SRI conventional and techniques Seed requirement (kg/ha) Age of seedlings (days) Transplants per clump Water management Fertility management Weed management SRI method – 10 -15 Moist intermittent drying Compost to rounds, with rotary hoe Conventional production method 50 – 120 20 – 30 to Continuous flooding Chemical fertilizer rounds; may use herbicides Source: (Willem A Stoop., et al, 2002) The main differences between the SRI and conventional methods are seen in the Table above The key components of SRI can be name as: planting method, soil fertility management, weed control, and water management According to Willem A Stoop (2003) SRI has been promoted by the NGO Tefy Saina; it employs either local or improved varieties, uses very young seedlings, 8-days old (with only two leaves), transplanted singly with wide spacing (25 x 25 cm or wider) and minimal irrigation to keep the soil wet but not flooded during the vegetative phase Frequent rounds of early weeding / soil cultivation and the use of ample rates of organic manure (compost and/or farmyard manure) are recommended SRI become more popular when it was applied in some agriculture countries outside Madagascar There are many reason for this The most commonly reason for benefit that SRI bring to both farmer and environment are: • • Increased yield and quality of rice Savings water and seed • Decreased the amount of chemical fertilizers and herbicides According to Department of Plant Protection (2014), in Vietnam, SRI has been Department of Plant Protection and Thai Nguyen University implemented since 2003 in the Northern provinces Up to now there are about 1.8 million households with 394.894 as SRI, there are 23 provinces and SRI are very good prospects in Vietnam The application of agricultural patterns associated with climate change are bringing a really big efficiency, reduce input costs, and reduce pressure on the environment through the reduction of chemicals such as pesticides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers Crop production, which is vital to global food security, is being affected by climate change all over the world However, the impact is being felt more severely in the more impoverished communities It has been predicted that over the next decades, billions of people, especially those living in developing countries, will face shortages of water and food and greater risks to health and life because of climate change With fewer social, technological and financial resources for adapting to changing conditions, developing countries are the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change (UNFCCC, 2007) Although some crops in some regions of the world may benefit, the overall impacts of climate change on agriculture are expected to be negative (IFPRI, 2009) For example, climate variability and the frequency of extreme climatic events, such as droughts and flooding, will affect precipitation Higher temperatures may affect yields in a negative way and favor the growth of weeds and the proliferation of crop pests In many areas, rising sea levels also will hamper crop production Furthermore, crop failures and long-term declines in productions will occur The impact of climate change will hit developing countries the hardest, and it is in these countries where food security will be most threatened The successes and failures of crops have always been subject to prevailing environmental factors, and the mechanisms for managing the stresses created by these factors continue to be the subject of extensive studies in a variety of disciplines Crop production is increasingly vulnerable to risks associated with new and evolving climatic changes These are variations in environmental conditions that pose significant challenges to farmers, over and beyond those that are experienced ‘normally.’ The planet is facing more extreme weather events, such as heavy precipitation, higher coastal waters, geographic shifts in storm and drought patterns, and warmer temperatures (IPCC, 2012) 1.2 Statement of the problems Thai Nguyen is one of among 23 provinces in Vietnam applied SRI In 2011, Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen has the advantage of good conditions for rice cultivation in 2011, SRI was applied and brought many benefits to local farmers Traditional method of rice cultivation used a lot of chemical fertilizers which is one of the most important cause of climate change caused chemical fertilizers made of fossil fuels in the production process creates a large amount of CO Besides, continuous flooding mode creates anaerobic environment produces more CH4 However, apply SRI is changing towards better environment, two main factors are replacing chemical fertilizers with manure and moist intermittent drying mode SRI is smart agriculture and contribute to anti-change climate So, we made this research “Role of system of rice intensification (SRI) in decrease climate change factors in Xuan Phuong commune, Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen province” to point out the differences between the two methods of rice cultivation through the rate of CO2 and CH4 1.3 Research objectives Evaluate the important role of applying SRI of farmers in Xuan Phương commune Calculate CO2 and CH4 emissions by the amount of fertilizer and water, and point out the difference in index of CO2 and CH4 between farming practices Research questions Whereas or not SRI has really applied to reduce CO2 and CH4 emissions? How much the emission will decrease when apply SRI? 1.4 1.5 Research hypothesis The null Hypothesis (Ho): The role of applying System Rice Intensification (SRI) decrease the effect of climate change especially, decrease the rate of CO2, CH4 emissions The alternative Hypothesis (Ha): Applying System Rice Intensification (SRI) is not play important role in adoption to climate change 1.6 Limitation of the research 10 The limitations of the study are related to: Limitation of qualitative research methods because data collection can lead to false information depends on the influence of subjective factors and objective; Time studies are fairly short and cannot be tracked for a long time 1.7 Significant of the research The research results contribute to the important role of SRI in against to climate change This is also the basis for the development and implementation of other studies on the SRI and climate change Moreover, students can improve their skills; get the experience useful for serving academic research and future work 1.8 Scope of research The research will be in Xuan Phuong commune, Phu Binh district, Thai Nguyen province 100 farmer will be interview from 20th August to 20th September CHAPTER 2: LITERATUREVIEW 2.1 Concept of SRI The System of Rice Intensification, known as SRI is a climate-smart, agro ecological methodology for increasing the productivity of rice and more recently other crops by changing the 11 management of plants, soil, water and nutrients SRI methodology is based on four main principles that interact with each other: - Early, quick and healthy plant establishment Reduced plant density Improved soil conditions through enrichment with organic matter Reduced and controlled water application Based on these principles, farmers can adapt recommended SRI practices to respond to their agro ecological and socioeconomic conditions Adaptations are often undertaken to accommodate changing weather patterns, soil conditions, labor availability, water control, access to organic inputs, and the decision whether to practice fully organic agriculture or not The most common SRI practices for irrigated rice production are summarized in the following section (SRI International Network and Resources Center) Figure 2.1 below illustrates the SRI techniques practiced by percentage of farmers The different SRI techniques were identified within the group of target farmers The three main techniques were: use of natural fertilizers, one seedling per hill and to plant in lines The system of rice intensification have behavioral changes that farmers have used for thousands of years SRI brings a new face for rice agriculture in the world, especially in Asian countries According to IRRI (2015), the system of rice intensification (SRI) is an evolving set of practices, and philosophies aimed at increasing the productivity if irrigated rice by changing the management of plants, soil, water and nutrients The alternative methods are manifestations of a different way of thinking about and pursuing agricultural production The techniques that Fr Laulanie put together which represent operationally what has come to be known as SRI can be summarized as follows (Uphoff, 2005) 12 Figure 2.1: SRI techniques practiced by interviewed farmers Source: Marc Kristof Dumas-Johansen (2009) The benefits of SRI have been seen already in 40 countries, with increased production of both improved and local rice varieties While SRI has been largely a civil society innovation, embraced by hundreds of national and local level NGOs as well as many international NGOs, the governments of Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam—where over two-thirds of the world’s rice is produced—have given explicit endorsement of SRI methods in their national food security programs (OXFARM, 2010) 2.2 Benefit of SRI In many years ago, they was recognized a big value of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) SRI may be an appropriate practice to produce more food with less inputs The origin of SRI is traced to a small island country, the Madagascar Up to now, SRI are very common in the World According to B C Barah (2009), the most impressive are the savings in water (22-39 per cent ) and seed (92 per cent) and he organic supplementation due to green manuring and weed incorporation, enhanced soil microbial activities and aeration, use of solar energy and time saving due to early transplantation, are some of the uncommon advantages of SRI Norman Uphoff (2009) also said that: “Since SRI Fields are not kept continuously flooded, water requirements are reduced, generally by 25-50%” The main benefit of SRI for the farmers is “reducing number of seedlings per hill”, the seedlings rate is only 5-10 kg/ha This is a benefit particularly for hybrid rice where seed cost can be a barrier for adoption (A.K Verma, et al, 2012) In this case, Norman Uphoff (2009) compared that SRI farmers use 5-8 kg seed in SRI as compared to 40-50 kg under conventional practices The second benefit is reducing labor especially for uprooting Naturally the amount labor for uprooting could be reduced accordingly by reducing the number of seedlings (IJERD, 2011) The third benefit is 13 increase of yield, many period research shown the data that recognized the yield are increasing to compare with conventional method Sheehy et al (2004) compared SRI with conventional grown rice at three sites in China regarding grain yield, number of panicles, spike lets per panicle, grain filling and grain weight and found no difference between the two methods The yield varies from 5t/ha to 7.5 t/ha under SRI as compared to the reported average of 3.45 t/ha in 2005 – 2006 (B C Barah, 2009) Other benefit of SRI, SRI paddy rice to make rice plants healthier, less prone to pests This is widely reported by SRI farmers; 88% of the 60 SRI farmers said that they had fewer pest and disease attacks (91% said less lodging) (Namara et al., 2003) Lower cost of production: With external input requirements reduced, farmers can save substantial expenditure at the same time that yields are increased Cost of production per kg are reduced from 25 to 100% depending on practices and resulting yields (A.K Verma, 2012) 2.3 Effect of SRI on environment One of the conditions of the SRI is not using chemical fertilizers and herbicides instead of using manure, organic fertilizer This reduces chemical residues left in the soil, and it does take a portion of land pollution 14 Figure 2.2: Relative benefits of chemical and organic fertilizers Source: Janaka Perera., et al (2007) There appears to be general agreement that organic fertilizer is cheaper, produces better tasting and healthier rice, and is better for the environment Some dissension arises over the impact of organic fertilizer on soil quality and yield (Janaka Perera., et al, 2007) According to Norman Uphoff., et al (2008), Potentials for Sustainability: Because SRI reduces the demand for water in agricultural production and also the use of agrochemical inputs, it has benign environmental impacts By raising the agronomic and economic productivity of land, labor, water and capital all at the same time, it enables farmers to produce more with less, by mobilizing the services and benefits of soil biota The other important SRI concept is the use of organic amendments (Laulanie, 1993) which will reduce all three greenhouse gases (Yagi & Minami, 1990; Neue, 1993; Nayak et al., 2007) In another study, Turner and Haygarth (2001) said that: “the SRI practice of alternately flooding and drying the soil may well be contributing to large releases of organic P from soil microbial biomass” Although it is generally believed that organic agriculture offers many environmental benefits, the scientific basis for such a perception is weakly developed Recent results indicate that 15 controlling the fate of N from organic sources is just as difficult as managing the fate of mineral N fertilizer (Poudel et al., 2002) 2.4 Limitation of SRI Farmer you can hardly fully applying the steps of SRI, but instead they just apply and get a basic step Due to the conditions of each different rice growing areas where they can apply the different steps Furthermore the success of SRI depends on land levelling which can be costly and applying SRI on large fields seems therefore more ideal than on small fields (Moser & Barrett, 2003) SRI method would not be suitable for application all over the country, because it needs good soil drainage and controlled irrigation facilities for best results If soil improvement measures like adding organic matters and biomass and appropriate cropping pattern are ignored, SRI methods will not provide the optimum results (AM Muazzam Husain, 2004) The fact that mostly small farmers could develop an empirical package of practices for rice that in many ways goes entirely against conventional wisdom (single plants, wide spacing, very young transplants, and drainage rather than irrigation) is quite revealing for the limitations of (international) agricultural research (Willem A Stoop, 2003) The main requirement is improved if not necessarily perfect water control so farmers can apply smaller but reliable amounts of water; where fields are inundated, the main benefits of SRI will not be achieved because plant roots will die back and only anaerobic soil organisms can survive (Norman Uphoff and Amir Kassam, 2008) Some other limitation of SRI The first is assured Irrigation: SRI methods only can be adopted under assured irrigation facility otherwise full genetic potential of rice cannot be harvested Secondly, Labor constraint: It is general believe that SRI requires more manpower for cultural operations than conventional method Thirdly, nowadays, labors are not available for agricultural operations In this situation, acceptability of SRI is in question Fourth, unavailability of organic matter: Fifth, application of 100% organic matter is suggested for rice production in SRI Organic matter is not available therefore 50% dose of organic matter should be supplemented through inorganic sources of nutrients Finally, mindset of farmers: Farmers believes that more seeds is 16 required for higher production Most of the farmers having small holding therefore their risk bearing capacity is very less which ultimately badly affected the dissemination of new approaches in agriculture sector 2.5 17 3.1 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY Conceptual framework The relationship between rice cultivation with climate change is demonstrated by a comparison between two different project methods For traditional methods, the amount of CO generated by the production of fertilizers and CH is generated from anaerobic environment by keeping constant water in the rice fields are adverse environmental effects and causes climate change Besides, using the SRI method was to help improve the status of climate change due to changes in the criteria, use only organic fertilizer, not use herbicides and moist intermittent drying mode (Figure: 2.1) and from the conceptual framework we build method choice will be show in Figure 2.2 Compare SRI - NON-SRI organic fertilizer not use herbicides moist intermittent drying mode decrease amount of seed use young rice Chemical fertilizer Continuous flooding Using fossil fuels Release CO2 and CH4 Reduce CO2 and CH4 Decrease CLIMATE CHANGE Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework 18 Increase 3.2 Research approach and design Figure 2.2 shows the steps of research used and the overall type of data expected to be obtain The first stage involves gathering data and non-exhaustive review of academic literature about SRI Concerning research methods, this study had to include different sources of data, namely key informant interviews, and household interviews Using the methods of analysis and interpretation of data collected will have access to original research objectives Literature Review Preparation of sampling frame and pre field visit of the study sites Primary data collection Secondary data collection v - - Interview Observation Other research Local authorities Data compiling, calculation Approach to the objective Figure 2.2: Research method choice 19 3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Primary data Information about application of fertilizers and herbicides and water model Assessment their surroundings by observing, photographing Key interview were used for a sampling frame, and survey respondents were selected after a pre-field visit 3.3.2 Secondary data Secondary data were drawn from statistical yearbooks, previous studies relating to rice cultivation, input use, and farmer’s perception in articles, official reports, and local policies on fertilizers and rice production 3.4 Sampling and analysis To obtain energy consumption data of farms producing rice in both conventional and SRI practices, interview about 60 farm in Xuan Phuong commune will start in September, 2016, use a face to face interview Identifying energy inputs and outputs Application methods estimate the greenhouse gas emissions in agriculture and forestry of the IPCC To avoid emissions, the review will be conducted on the basis of identification of issues relating to greenhouse gas inventories in the field of agriculture and forestry in the world and in Vietnam - CO2 emissions from urea fertilization can be estimated ANNUAL CO2 EMISSIONS FROM UREA APPLICATION CO2 −C Emission = M • EF Where: CO2–C Emission = annual C emissions from urea application, tones C yr-1 M = annual amount of urea fertilization, tones urea yr-1 EF = emission factor, tone of C (tone of urea)-1 Procedural Steps for Calculations The steps for estimating CO2–C emissions from urea applications are: Step 1: Estimate the total amount of urea applied annually to a soil in Xuan Phuong district (M) Step 2: Apply an overall emission factor (EF) of 0.20 for urea, which is equivalent to the carbon content of urea on an atomic weight basis (20% for CO(NH 2)2) A default -50% uncertainty may be applied (Note: uncertainties cannot exceed the default emission factor because this value represents the absolute maximum emissions associated with urea fertilization) 20 Step 3: Estimate the total CO2–C emission based on the product of the amount of urea applied and the emission factor Multiply by 44/12 to convert CO 2–C emissions into CO2 Urea is often applied in combination with other nitrogenous fertilizers, particularly in solutions, and it will be necessary to estimate the proportion of urea in the fertilizer solution for M If the proportion is not known, it is considered good practice to assume that the entire solution is urea, rather than potentially under-estimating emissions for this sub-category - CH4 emissions in rice fields is calculated by the following formula CH4 = A EF(CH4) Where: CH4 = The amount of CH4 emissions annually directly from flooded rice paddies, kgCH4 / year A = rice field area (ha) EF(CH4) = coefficient of CH4 emissions from rice fields EF(CH4) = 738.9 KgCH4/ 21 PROGRAM OF RESEARCH ACTIVITY (GANTT CHART) FOR THESTUDY Time Period/ Activity Defend proposal Literature Review Chapter Chapter Collect secondary data Conduct interviews Data preparation Data analysis Write final chapters Proof-read report Submit final report for grading August to September W1 W2 W3 W4 xx x W5 October W1 W2 W3 W4 November W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 xx xxx xx xxx December W2 W3 W4 xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx xxx BIBLIOGRAPHY Abid1,2, J Scheffran1, U A Schneider3, And M Ashfaq4 (2015), “Farmers’ Perceptions Of And Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change And Their Determinants: The Case Of Punjab Province, Pakistan”, Earth Syst Dynam., 6, 225–243, 2015 Anna Charles Mcharo (2013), “Perception Of Farmers On Effectiveness Of Agricultural Extension Agents In Knowledge Transfer To Maize Growers In Kilindi District”, Morogoro, Tanzania Bancy Wambui Ndirangu (2015), “Influence Of Rice 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