Tổng hợp kiến thức đầy đủ nâng cao tiếng anh 12 THPT quốc gia mới nhất

TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY CHUYÊN ĐỀ MÔN TIẾNG ANH KHỐI 12 PHẦN I.. TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY CHUYÊN ĐỀ MÔN TIẾNG ANH KHỐI 12 6.. TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY CHUYÊN ĐỀ MÔN TIẾNG ANH KHỐI 12 * Khi EX là âm tiết

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TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY CHUYÊN ĐỀ MÔN TIẾNG ANH KHỐI 12 PHẦN I PHONETICS – STRESS – TRỌNG ÂM

Buổi 1 - Bài 1. RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM

I. Definitions:

1 Phoneme: The smallest part of sound (vowel and consonant sounds) Âm tố - là thành phần nhỏ

nhất của âm thanh (gồm nguyên âm và phụ âm)

2 Syllable: The sound made when one or clusters of phoneme are articulated Âm tiết – là tiếng

phát ra khi một hoặc nhiều âm tố được phát âm

3 Stress: The degree of the loudness or prominence with which a sound ort a word is pronounced.

Độ lớn hay thống trị về âm của một âm tiết khi một chùm âm của một từ (có từ hai âm tiết trở lên) được đọc, nói hay phát âm.

II. Rules to mark stress:

1 Di-syllable words:

a Usually on the second syllable if it is a verb whose second syllable doesn’t contain the vowel

sounds of /ә/, /I/, and /әu/, on the first syllable of the other words (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm

tiết thứ 2 đối với động từ - trừ các âm tiết thứ 2 chứa nguyên âm /ә/, /I/, hoặc /әu/, rơi vào âm tiết

thứ nhất đối với các từ loại còn lại) As: mother, ready, color, palace, student, teacher, tonight, afraid, people, money, enjoy, paper, begin, provide, summer, abroad, noisy, success, enter,…

b Usually on the root syllables with words having suffixes or prefixes (đối với những từ có mang

tiền tố, hậu tố, trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết gốc) As: become, react, foretell, unpleasant,

begin, failure, threaten, daily, treatment, ruler, unknown, builder, lately, quickly,…

c Be careful with words with different word-class (đối với những từ mà bản thân có nhiều chức

năng từ vựng ta áp dụng qui tắc a) As

PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

1 Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.

Exercise 1/30

1 We couldn’t have managed without my father’s money

If it hadn’t been for my father’s money, we couldn’t have managed

2 I had only just put the phone down when the boss rang back

 Hardly had I put the phone down when the boss rang back

3 It was Walter Raleigh who introduced potatoes and tobacco into England

 The English owe the introduction of potatoes and tobacco to WR

4 “If my members agree to that, I’ll be very surprised,” said the union delegate

 The union delegate observed that he would be very surprised if his members agreed

5 While I strongly disapprove of your behavior, I will help you this time

Despite my strong disapproval of your behavior, I will help you this time

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TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY CHUYÊN ĐỀ MÔN TIẾNG ANH KHỐI 12

6 I’m sorry I missed Professor Baker’s lecture

 I’m sorry not to have heard/attended Pro Baker’s lecture.

7 We may not be able to give the concert  The concert may have to be cancelled.

8 I was not surprised to hear that Harry had failed his driving test

It came as no surprise to me that Harry had failed his driving test

- KẾT THÚC BUỔI 1

-Buổi 2 - Bài 1 RULES TO MARK STRESS – QUI TẮC ĐÁNH TRỌNG ÂM

2 Words with more than two syllable:

a Usually on the 3rd syllables from the end (trọng âm thường rơi vào âm tiết thư ba kể từ âm tiết

cuối): As family, cinema, regular, singular, international, satisfactory, recognize, demonstrate, qualify, psychology, biologist, biology, democracy, responsibility…

b Usually on the 2nd syllables from the end with words ending in “ian”, “ic”, “ience”, “ient”, “al”,

“ial”, “ual”, “eous”, “ious”, “iar”, “ion”(đối với các từ có tận cùng như đã liệt kê, trọng âm

thường rơi vào âm tiết liền trước của các tận cùng này – thứ 2 kể từ âm tiết cuối) As: physician, experience, expedient, parental, essential, habitual, courageous, delicious, familiar,… (Except for: Television)

c Usually on the suffixes “ese”, “ee’, “eer”, “ier”, “ette”, “oo”, “esque” (đối với các từ có tận

cùng như liệt kê, trọng âm thường rơi vào chính các âm tiết chứa các tận cùng này) As:

Portuguese, refugee, employee, engineer, volunteer, adequate, picturesque, cigarette,…

PRACTICE EXERCISE - BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

1 Find the one whose stress pattern is different from the others of the same group.

Notes: - Trên thực tế không có một qui tắc bất biến cho việc xác định vị trí trọng âm của từ.

- Việc xác định trọng âm cần thực hiện cùng cách phát âm, dựa nhiều vào kinh nghiệm

- Những bài tập được cung cấp là những bài tập có tần suất sử dụng lớn để soạn đề thi

2 Exercise 2/30

1 John inflated the tyres of his bicycle (blew) John blew up the tyres of his bicycle.

2 We’d better leave them a note, because it’s possible they’ll arrive later (case)

We’d better leave them a note in case they arrive later

3 Before he came here he worked for Mr Smiths (previous)

Before the came here, his previous boss/employer was Mr Smiths.

4 He speaks German extremely well (command) He has an excellent command of German

5 His criticisms are quite unfair (justification) There is no justification for his criticisms

6 I can’t understand why they are reluctant to sign the contract (baffled)

I am baffled by their reluctance to sign the contract

7 I always find chess problems like that quite impossible (defeat)

Chess problems like that (always) defeat me!

8 This must be kept secret (know) You mustn’t let anyone (else) know (this)

9 I can’t afford a new dress, that old blue one will have to do (make)

 I can’t afford a new dress I’ll (have) to make do with that old blue one

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Buổi 3 - Bài 2 PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)

A NHỮNG QUI TẮC CƠ BẢN VỀ CÁCH PHÁT ÂM.

Để phát âm tiếng Anh tương đối chuẩn, các nhà chuyên môn đã nghĩ ra một hệ thống ký hiệu phiên

âm, để người đọc dựa vào đó mà đọc cho dễ Phiên âm quốc tế được hiệp hội Phiên âm Quốc Tế đặt ra

gọi tắt là I P A đã được Bộ Giáo Dục Việt Nam dùng một cách chính thức trong các sách giáo khoa.

B BỘ KÝ HIỆU PHIÊN ÂM QUỐC TẾ.

I NGUYÊN ÂM (VOWELS)

[i] âm có trong từ sit, hit

[i:] âm có trong từ seat, leave

[e] âm có trong từ bed, get

[æ] âm có trong từ map, have, bank, back

[a:] âm có trong từ far, car, star

[ɔ] âm có trong từ not, hot

[ɔ:] âm có trong từ floor, four [ʊ] âm có trong từ put

[ʊ:] âm có trong từ blue [ʌ] âm có trong từ but, cup [/∂/] âm có trong từ again, obey [ɜ:/ ∂:] âm có trong từ fur

Ghi chú: Dấu [:] là ký hiệu cho ta biết từ phải đọc kéo dài

Dấu [:] đặt sau nguyên âm nào thì nguyên âm đó phải đọc kéo dài

II NGUYÊN ÂM ĐÔI (DIPH THONGS)

[ei ] âm có trong từ : lake, play, place.

[ai ] âm có trong từ : five, hi, high

[ɔi] âm có trong từ : boy

[aʊ ] âm có trong từ : now, how

[∂ʊ ] âm có trong từ : nose, so

[i∂] âm có trong từ : near, hear [e∂] âm có trong từ : hair, pair [u∂] âm có trong từ : sure, poor

III NGUYÊN ÂM BA (TRIPTHONGS)

[ai∂] âm có trong từ : fire, hire [au∂] âm có trong từ : flour, sour

[ei∂] âm có trong từ : player.

IV PHỤ ÂM (CONSONANTS).

[ŋ]: âm có trong từ : long, song

[ð]: âm có trong từ : this, that, then

[θ]: âm có trong từ : thanks, think

[∫]: âm có trong từ : should, sure

[t∫]: âm có trong từ : change, chin

[d∂]: âm có trong từ : just

[r]: âm có trong từ : red, read

[l]: âm có trong từ : well, leader

[h]: âm có trong từ : hat, hot

[t]: âm có trong từ : tea, take

[k]: âm có trong từ : cat, car.

[∂]: âm có trong từ : usual.

[z]: âm có trong từ : zero

[g]: âm có trong từ : game, get [ju:]: âm có trong từ : tube, huge.

[s ]: âm có trong từ : sorry, sing Chú ý: Những ký hiệu [w] và [ju:] không còn coi là phụ âm nữa mà coi là bán nguyên âm.

Có 2 cách viết âm u: [u] hoặc [ʊ]

Exercise 3/30

1 I only recognized him when he came into the light

 Not until he came into the light did I recognize him

2 That rumor about the politician and the construction contract is absolutely false

 There is(absolutely) no truth in that rumor about the politician and the construction contract

3 One runner was too exhausted to complete the last lap of the race

 One runner was so exhausted (that) he couldn’t/was unable to complete the last lap of the race

4 My mother was the most warm-hearted person I’ve ever known

 I’ve never known a more warm-hearted person than my mother (was)

5 They never made us do anything we didn’t want to do

 We were never made to do anything we didn’t want to

6 The only thing that prevented the passing of the bill was the death of the Prime Minister

Had it not been for the death of the PM the bill would have been passed/got through

7 It is quite pointless to complain There’s no point in complaining

- KẾT THÚC BUỔI 3

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-TÀI LIỆU GIẢNG DẠY CHUYÊN ĐỀ MÔN TIẾNG ANH KHỐI 12

Buổi 4 - Bài 2 CÁCH PHÁT ÂM CỦA MỘT SỐ NGUYÊN ÂM VÀ PHỤ ÂM.

1 Nguyên âm “A”

1.1: A đọc là [æ] Trong những từ 1 âm tiết, tận cùng là 1 hay nhiều phụ âm.

Examples: Lad [læd]: con trai Dam [dæm]: đập nước

Fan [fæn]: cái quạt Map [mæp]: bản đồ

* Trong âm tiết mang trọng âm của từ nhiều âm tiết và đứng trước 2 PÂ

Calculate [`kækjuleit] : tính Unhappy [ʌn`hæpi]: bất hạnh

1.2: A đọc là [ei] Trong từ một âm tiết có tận cùng là: A+ PÂ+ E

Examples: Bate [beit] : giảm bớt Cane [kein] : cây gậy

* Trong tận cùng ATE của động từ

Examples: To intimate [`intimeit]: cho hay To deliberate [`dilibreit]: tính kỹ càng

* Trong âm tiết trước tận cùng -ION và -IAN

Examples: Nation [‘nei∫∂n]: quốc gia Translation [træns`lei∫∂n] : bài dịch

Preparation [prep∂`rei∫∂n] : sự chuẩn bị Asian [`ei∫∂n] : Người châu á

* Ngoại lệ: Companion [k∂m`pænj∂n] : bạn đồng hành Italian [i`tælj∂n] : Người Italia

Librarian [lai`bre∂ri∂n] : thủ thư Vegetarian [ved∂i`te∂ri∂n] : Người ăn chay

1.3: A đoc là [ɔ:] Trong từ một âm tiết tận cùng là “LL”

Examples: All [ɔ:ll] : tất cả Call [kɔ:ll] : goi điện

Tall [tɔ:ll] : cao lớn Small [smɔ:ll]: nhỏ nhắn

1.4: A đọc là [ɔ] (Ngoại lệ: way [wei] : con đường Waste [weist] : lãng phí)

* Trong những âm tiết có trọng âm của một từ , hoặc từ một âm tiết bắt đầu bằng W.

Wash [wɔ∫] : tắm rửa Watch [wɔt∫] : xem

1.5: A đọc là [a:] Tận cùng bằng R hoặc R+ PÂ hoặc trong âm tiết của từ khi A đúng trước R+ PÂ

Departure [di`pa:t∫∂] : sự khởi hành Half [ha:f] : một nửa

1.6: A đọc là [e∂] Trong một số từ có tận cùng là ARE (* Ngoại lệ: are [a:])

Ware [we∂] : hàng hoá Prepare [pri`pe∂]: chuẩn bị

1.7:A đọc là [i] Trong tận cùng - ATE của tính từ

Examples: Itimate [`intimit]: mật thiết Animate [`ænimit]: linh hoạt, sống động

Delicate [`delikit]: tế nhị, mỏng mảnh

* Trong tận cùng - AGE của danh từ 2 âm tiết.

Shortage [`∫ɔ:tid∂]: tình trạng thiếu hụt Damage [`dæmid∂] : sự thiệt hại

1.8: A đọc là [∂] Trong những âm tiết không có trọng âm.

Examples: Aain [∂`gein] : lại, lần nữa Balance [`bæl∂ns] :sự thăng bằng

Explanation [ekspl∂`nei∫∂n]: sự giảI thích Capacity [k∂`pæs∂ti] : năng lực

2 Cách đọc nguyên âm “E”

2.1: E đọc là [e] (Ngoaị lệ: Her [h∂:] : của cô ấy Term [t∂:m] : học kỳ)

* Những từ 1 âm tiết tận cùng bằng 1 hay nhiều PÂ(trừ R).Hoặc trong âm tiết có trọng âm của 1 từ

2.2: E đọc là [i:] Khi đứng liền trước tận cùng PÂ+ E và trong những từ be, she, he, me

Examples: Cede [si:d] : nhượng bộ Scene [si:n] : phong cảnh

Complete [k∂mpli:t] : hoàn toàn Benzene [ben`zi:n] : chất benzen

2.3: E đọc là [i] Trong những tiền tố BE, DE, RE

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Examples: Begin [bi`gin]: bắt đầu Become [bi`kʌm] : trở thành

Decide [di`said] : quyết định Return [ri`t∂:n] : trở vềRemind [ri`maid] : gợi nhớ Reorganize [ri`ɔ:g∂naiz] : tổ chức lại

2.3: E đọc là [∂]

Chicken [t∫ik∂n]: thịt gà Generous [`d∂en∂r∂s] : hào hiệp

Exercise 4/30

1 You can’t possibly expect me to have supper ready by 8 o’clock (question)

There is no question of supper being ready by 8 o’clock

2 It is my opinion that there is no advantage in further discussion (see)

As far as I can see, there is no advantage in further discussion

3 Please excuse Jane’s poor typing She’s only been learning for a month (allowances)

Please make allowances for Jane’s poor typing; she’s only been learning for a month

4 There is no way that young man can achieve success in this test (bound)

That young man is bound to fail in this test

5 Although the dog appeared harmless, it was, in fact, quite dangerous (contrary)

Contrary to (its) (harmless) appearance, the dog was in fact quite dangerous

6 If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have played football for England (represented)

If Smith hadn’t broken his leg, he would have represented England

7 This hotel is inaccessible in winter (possible)

It’s not possible to get to/to reach this hotel in winter

8 As far as I know he is still working in Bristol (knowledge)

To (the best of) my knowledge, he is still working in Bristol

KẾT THÚC BUỔI 4

-Buổi 5 - Bài 2 PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)

3 Cách đọc “AI”

3.1: AI đọc là [ei] * Khi AI đứng trước 1 PÂ trừ R

Examples: Mail [meil] : thư từ Sail [seil] : bơi thuyền

3.2: AI đọc là [e∂]: * Khi đứng trước R

4 Cách đọc “AU”

4.1: AU đọc là [ɔ:] * Trong hầu hết các từ chứa AU

Audience [`ɔ:di∂ns]: khán giả Daughter [`dɔ:t∂] : con gái

4.2: AU đọc là [a:] Trong một số từ mà ta phải ghi nhớ

Examples: Aunt [a:nt] : cô, dì thím mợ Laugh [la:f] : cười

5 Cách đọc “AW” * Tất cả các từ chứa AW thường đọc là [ɔ:]

Examples: law [lɔ:] : luật pháp Draw [drɔ:] : kéo, lôi, vẽ

Crawl [krɔ:l] : bò, bò lê Dawn [dɔ:n] : bình minh

6 Cách đọc “AY” AY thường được đọc là [ei] trong hầu hết các từ chứa AY

Examples: Clay [klei] : đất sét Day [dei] : ngày Play [plei] : chơi, vở kịch

Tray [trei] : khay Stay [stei] : ở lại Pay [pei] : trả

* Ngoại lệ cần ghi nhớ: Quay [ki:] : bến cảng

Mayor [me∂] : thị trưởng Papaya [p∂`pai∂] : đu đủ

7 Cách đọc “EA”

7.1: EA đọc là [e] Trong các từ như : Head [hed] : đầu, đầu não

Bread [bred] : bánh mì Breath [breθ] : hơi thở

Breakfast [`brekf∂st]: bữa ăn sáng Steady [`stedi]: vững chắc, đều đều

Jealous [`d∂el∂s] : ghen tuông Measure [`meʒ∂] : đo lường

Leather [`leðә] :da thuộc Pleasure [`pleʒә]: niềm vui, niềm vinh hạnh

7.2: EA đọc là [i:] Trong các từ như: East [i:st] : phương đông

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Easy [i:zi] : dễ dàng Heat [hi:t] : sức nóng

Beam [bi:m] : tia sáng Dream [dri:m] : giấc mơ

Breathe [bri:ð] : thở, thổi nhẹ Creature [`kri:t∫ә]: tạo vật, người

7.3: EA đọc là [ә:] Trong các từ như: Learn [lә:n] : học

Earth [ә:θ] : trái đất Heard [hә:d] : quá khứ của hear Earn [ә:n] : kiếm sống Pearl [pә:l] : viên ngọc

7.4: EA đọc là [eә] Trong các từ như: Bear [beә] : con gấu

Pear [peә] : quả lê Tear [teә] : xé rách Wear [weә] : mặc Swear [sweә] : thề

7.5: EA đọc là [iә] Trong các từ như: Tear [tiә]: nước mắt

Clear [kliә] : rõ ràng Beard [biә:d] :râu

7.6: EA đọc là [ei] Trong các từ như: Great [greit]: vĩ đại, to lớn

Break [breik] : làm vỡ Steak [steik] : lát mỏng

Exercise 5/30

1 The workers only called off the strike after a new pay offer

 Only after a new pay offer did the workers call off the strike

2 He was sentenced to six months in prison for his part in the robbery

He received a sentence of six months for his part in the robbery

3 You can eat as much as you like for 5$ at the new lunch-bar

There is no limit/restriction to how much you eat at the new lunch-bar

4 She wore a hearing-aid, even though she could hear the phone ring perfectly well

She wasn’t so deaf/hard of hearing that she couldn’t hear the phone

5 You will never meet anyone more generous than Mrs Jones

Mrs Jones is the most generous person you will/could ever meet/ (be likely) to meet

6 My parents let me go abroad alone for the first time last year

 I was allowed to go abroad alone for the first time last year

7 It was his incompetence which led to their capture

 If he hadn’t been so incompetent they wouldn’t have been captured

8 I’m certainly not going to give you any more money

 I have no intention of giving you any more money

-Buổi 6 - Bài 2 PRONUNCIATION – ĐỌC PHIÊN ÂM - (ÔN TẬP)

8 Cách đọc “EE”

8.1: EE đọc là [i:] Trong các từ như: see [si:]: trông, they

Cheese [t∫i:z] : phó mát Agree [ә`gri:] : đồng ý

8.2: EE đọc là [iә] Khi EE đứng trước tận cùng R của 1 từ.

9 Cách đọc “EI”

9.1: EI đọc là [i:] Trong các từ như: Ceiling [`si:liη] : trần nhà

Deceive [disi:v]: lừa đảo Receipt [ri`si:t] : giấy biên lai

9.2: EI đọc là [ei] Trong các từ như:

Freight [freit] : hàng hoá trên tàu Neighbour [`neibә]: hàng xóm

* Trong các từ như: Other [`aiðә]: cáI này hay cáI kia Height [hait] : chiều cao

9.3: EI đọc là [eә] Trong các từ như::

9.4: EI đọc là [e] Trong các từ như::

Leisure [`leʒә] : sự nhàn rỗi Heifer [`hefә]: bò nái tơ

10 Cách đọc “EX”

10.1: EX đọc là “eks” Khi EX là âm tiết mang trọng âm:

Examples: exercise [`eksәsaiz] : bài tập Excellent [`eksәlәnt]: tuyệt hảo

10.2: EX đọc là “iks”

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* Khi EX là âm tiết không mang trọng âm, đứng trước 1 PÂ:

Examples: Explain [iks`plein]: giảI thích Experience [iks`piәriәns] : kinh nghiệm

Experiment [iks`perimәnt]: thí nghiệm Expensive [iks`pensiv] : đắt đỏ

10.3: EX đọc là “igz” EX là âm tiết không mang trọng âm, đứng trước 1 nguyên âm hoặc âm H câm

Examples: Examine [ig`zæmin]: sát hạch, kiểm tra Existence [ig`zistәns]: sự hiện hữu

Exhibit [ig`zibit] : trưng bày, triển lãm Exhausted [ig`zɔ:stid] : kiệt sức

11 Cách đọc “EY”

11.1: EY đọc là “ei” Trong các từ như:

11.2: EY đọc là “i:” Trong các từ như: Money [`mΛni:] : tiền

Storey [`stɔri:] : tầng, lầu Key [ki:] : chìa khoá

Exercise 6/30

1 I don’t think there will be any applicants for this post (likelihood)

There is little/no likelihood that there will be applicants for this post

2 It was difficult for Susan to believe the good news (hardly)

Susan could hardly believe the good news

3 You must make allowances for his inexperience (account)

You must take his experience into account/ You must take account of his experience

4 This contract is not binding until we both sign it (bound)

Neither (one) of us is bound by this contract until we both sign it

5 He wasn’t to blame for the accident (fault)

 The accident was not his fault.

6 You shouldn’t take his help for granted (assume)

You should /do not assume (that) he will help you

-Buổi 7 - Bài 3 PHẦN II TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP

I The simple present tense:

1 The form

(+) S + V (-) S + don’t/ doesn’t + V (?) Do/ Does + S + V?

2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened repeatedly (She never comes late)

- To denote long lasting events.(We live in Concord street)

- To denote a true fact (The earth moves around the Sun)

3 The recognition: - now/ nowadays/ today/ this summer/… - always/ usually/ often/ sometimes/occasionally/… - the proof of constant truth

4 Notes: - To denote a plan/ prediction/ timetables/… (The train leaves at 9.00)

- The division of “be”, “have”, “can, may, must”,…

II The present progressive tense:

1 The form:

2 The usage: - To denote happening actions at the time of speaking (She is teaching Maths)

- To denote the intention/ prediction/ plan/…(She is coming soon)

3 The recognition: - now/ right now/ at present/ at this time/ at this moment/…

- follow a command, request,…

4 Notes: - The ING-forms ( getting, running, having, writing, dying, lying,…)

- The omission of the verbs of awareness or sensation as: be/ see/ hear/ understand/ know/ like/want/ glance/ feel/ think/ smell/ love/ hate/ realize/ seem/ remember/ forget/…( use the simplepresent instead )

III The present perfect tense:

1 The form:

2 The usage: - To denote actions that happened in the past but having results, relating, or still

happening at present (We have lived here since 1990)

- To denote actions that happened right before the time of speaking, using “just”

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(She has just come from New York)

- To denote unfulfilled actions with “yet” (He hasn’t come yet)

- To denote past actions; no certain time expression, using “already” (We have already seen that film)

3 The recognition: - just = recently = lately - ever/ never (comments)

- already/ yet/ since/ for/ so far/ until now/ up to now (present)

Notes: - Past participles: (regular verbs adding “ed”./ irregular verbs “learn by heart”)

- The differences between the present perfect and the simple past tense.

- The present perfect progressive is used to denote past actions “happening”, or “will happen The tense is often related to the verbs: live/ learn/ wait/ work/ study/…

→“S + have/ has + been + V-ING”

IV The simple past tense:

1 The form: (pV = the past form of verbs)

(+) S + Pv (-) S + didn’t + V (?) Did + S + V?

2 The usage: - To denote a finished past action (We went to the park together)

- To report past events, past habits, or long lasting action in the past

(She did all the work yesterday./ We used to sit next to each other.)

3 The recognition: - last week/ month/ year/… - yesterday/ ago/ in 1969/ in the past/…

4 Notes: - The past form of the verbs: ( regular “V-ED”/ irregular (2nd column in the irregular

verbs list)) - “ED” pronunciation /id/; /t/; /d/

V The past progressive tense:

1 The form:

2 The usage: - To denote past happening actions (She was watching T.V at 8.00 last night)

- To denote past interrupting actions (She was watching T.V when I came)

3 The recognition: - at 8.00 last night/ at that time/ at that moment/…

- time clause with “when”, “while = as”.

Notes: - actions that alternatively happened, use the simple past only (When I heard a knock at the

door, I came to open it When I opened the door, I saw my mum.)- this is a timed action.

VI The past perfect tense:

1. The form:

(+) S + had + P.P (P2) (-) S + (hadn’t) + P.P (P2) (?) Had + S + P.P (P2)?

2. The usage: - To denote past finished actions that happened and finished before a certain

point of time or another past event (the past of the past tense) e.g: She had sold all the baskets before 9.00 yesterday She had sold all the baskets when we came there yesterday.

3. The recognition: - when-clause/ after/ before/ already/ since/ for/…

- The past perfect progressive “S + had been + V-ING”

VII The simple future tense:

1 The form:

(+) S + will/ shall + V (-) S + will/ shall + V (?) Will/ Shall + S + V?

- “shall” is restrictedly used only for I/We with the formal senses

- The negative forms “will not = won’t”, “shall not = shan’t”

2 The usage: - To denote future actions (They will build more hospitals)

- To denote future plan/ idea/ timetable/…(The car will start in-time)

3 The recognition: - someday, tomorrow,…/ - next week/ month/ year/

4 Notes: “shan’t” is not used in conditional sentences./ “shall” is used as a suggestion/ invitation/… Exercise 7/30

1 Our hotel booking hasn’t been confirmed

 We haven’t received confirmation of/about our hotel booking (yet).

2 The sales man told me that my new car would be delivered next Wednesday

 According to the salesman my new car would/will be delivered next Wednesday

3 The Yeti has very rarely been seen at this altitude

 There have been very few sightings of the Yeti at this altitude.

4 It’s not certain that Jones will get the job

 It is open to question (as to) whether Jones will get the job.

5 Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made

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 No sooner had the announcement been made than everyone started complaining

6 As I get older, I want to travel less  The older I get the less I want to travel.

7 A house in that district will cost you at least 100,000$

 You won’t be able to buy/get a house in that district for less than/under $100.000

8 Alan worked too hard at the office, and this led to his illness

 Alan’s illness was caused by/ due to/the result of his working too hard at the office.

-Buổi 8 - Bài 4 PHẦN II TENSES – ÔN TẬP VỀ NGỮ PHÁP

VIII Various forms of the future tenses:

1 The future progressive tense:

1.1 The form:

(+) S + will be + V-ING (-) S + won’t be + V-ING (?) Will + S + be + V-ING? 1.2 The usage: - To denote timetables/ intentions/ plans/… using “at”

e.g: She will be watching T.V at 8.00 tonight.

We will be staying at REX hotel at 5.00 next Sunday’s morning.

- To show the future happening actions with “when”

Eg She will be sitting at the gate when we come tomorrow.

2 The future perfect tense:

2.1 The form:

2.2 The usage: - To denote planned actions with “by”, “by the time”, “by then”

e.g: She will have finished the course by the next Friday/ by then.

- To show a future schedule-finished action e.g: The bridge will have been used by the next Autumn.

3 Other forms:

a The simple present tense: To denote a timetable, or a plan…

e.g: A: When does he leave? B: He leaves tonight

b The present progressive: To denote an intention.

e.g: A: When are you leaving? B: I am leaving this afternoon.

c The “be + going to inf” form: To denote an intention or a near future action, an arrangement.

e.g: She is going to celebrate her 34th birthday They are going to get married.

NOTES: CHÚ Ý THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES

Simple present tense

- simple present tense./ - present perfect tense

- present progressive tense./ - simple future tense

- “be going to V” form./ - simple past tense (certain point of past time).Simple past tense

- simple past tense./ - past progressive tense

- past perfect tense./ - “would + V” form

- “be going to + V” past form./ - simple present tense (showing the truth).Present perfect tense Simple present tense

ADVERBIAL CLAUSES Main clause Adverbial clauses (of time)

Present tenses Present tenses When/ whenever/ as/ while/ before/ after/ as soon as/…

Past tenses Past tenses When/ while/ as/ till/ until/ just as/ since/…

Future tenses Present tenses No sooner than/ hardly…when/ as long as/…

Exercise 8/30

1 Mr Bill managed to repair the garage roof only because his neighbor helped him (without)

Without the help of his neighbor, Mr Bill would/could not/never have repaired the garage roof.

2 Nobody is infallible (mistakes)

We all make mistakes/ Everyone makes mistakes/Everyone can make mistakes.

3 The last Olympic Games were held in Seoul (took) The last Olympic Games took place in Seoul.

4 He talked about nothing except the weather (sole)

His sale topic/subject of conversation was the weather.

5 In the end, I felt I had been right to leave the club (regrets)

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 I had no regrets about/on/over leaving the club in the end

6 It is stupid of you to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan (idiot)

You are an idiot to refuse Richard’s offer of a loan.

7 The company has decided to replace this model (intention)

It’s the company’s intention to replace this model.

8 In the next few years we’ll probably hear a lot more about environmental pollution (likely)

We’re likely to hear a lot more about environmental pollution in the next few years.

PHẦN III PHRASES VS CLAUSES – CỤM TỪ & MỆNH ĐỀ

Buổi 9 - Bài 5 SUBORDINATE CLAUSES WITH CONJUNCTIONS – MĐ PHỤ VỚI LIÊN TỪ

1 The implication:

not only _, but also = not only , but _ as well

Hoặc: Subject + not only + verb + but also + verb L

u ý: sau but also/ sau not only.

Eg He is not only handsome but also talented./ Beth plays not only the guitar but also the violin

tinh từ tinh từ danh từ danh từ

He writes not only correctly but also neatly./ Maria excels not only in mathematics but also in science Adv adv ngừ giới từ ngừ giới từ

Paul Anka not only plays the piano but also composes music

động từ động từ

b As well as

subject + verb + as well as + verb

Eg Robert is talented as well as handsome./ Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin

He writes correctly as well as neatly / Marta excels in mathematics as well as in science

Adv adv ngừ giới từ ngừ iới từ

Paul Anka plays the piano as well as composes music

c Both and

Eg Robert is both talented and handsome./ Beth plays both the guitar and the violin

He writes both correctly and neatly./ Marta excels both in mathematics and in science

Adv adv ngừ giới từ ngừ giới từ

Paul Anka both plays the piano and composes music

2 The norminal clause: Mệnh đề danh từ (tương ứng như danh từ, có thể làm S, C, O trong câu)

a That – clauses: Theo sau các động từ có ý giải thích với that, có thể đảo lên đầu câu làm chủ ngữ.

Eg The reason she left was that she dissatisfied with her work

= That she dissatisfied with her work was the reason she left

b Wh – clauses: Đây là hình thái mệnh đề danh từ khá phổ biến, thường theo sau các ngoại động từ,

ngoại động từ đa, đặc biệt ở cấu trúc câu gián tiếp

Eg He didn’t know what to do first They told them how to deal with the problem

Ha asked where he was going She wanted to know what time the next train arrived

c Whether/ if – clauses: Dùng với cấu trúc câu hỏi nghi vấn ở câu gián tiếp.

Eg She asked if I could answer the phone They wanted to know whether the train was any late

Exercise 9/30

1 Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test

 As long as you (can) keep/stay calm, you will/should/ought to pass your driving test.

2 Immediately after his appointment to the post, the new editor fell ill

No sooner had he been/was he appointed to the post than the new editor fell ill.

3 The protest has been so vociferous that the committee has had to reconsider

 There has been such a vociferous protest that the committee has had to reconsider.

4 You think that fat people are always jolly but you are wrong

 Contrary to your belief/opinion, fat people are not always jolly.

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5 My boss works better when he’s pressed for time

 The less time my boss has, the better he works.

6 The patient recovered more rapidly than expected

 The patient made a more rapid/a quicker/faster recovery than expected.

7 There isn’t a pair of thermal socks left in the shop, Madam

 We are completely (sold) out of thermal socks, Madam.

8 Their chances of success are small  It is not very) likely (that) they will succeed.

-Buổi 10 - Bài 2 PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF PURPOSE – CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH

1 The phrases of purpose: to V/ so as to V/ in order to V và dạng phủ định

Eg To be better at English, he attended an evening class = He attended an evening class to be better atEnglish In order to be better at English, he attended an extra-class

He attended an extra-class so as to be better at English

2 The clause of purpose with “so/ therefore”

S + V, so S + V hay S + V, therefore S + V

Eg It rained so heavily, so we cancelled the trip

He learned hard, therefore he got better and better grades

3 I haven’t eaten this kind of food before

=> This is the first

4 The architect has drawn plans for an extension to the house

=> Plans

5 It isn’t necessary for you to finish by Saturday

=> You

6 “ How many survivors are there?”, asked the journalist

=> The journalist wanted to know

7 It was such rotten meat that it had to be thrown away

=> The meat was

8 It is essential that Professor Van Helsing is met at the airport

=> Professor Van Helsing

9 You can’t visit the USA unless you have a visa

=> If you

10 “ Can I borrow your typewriter, Janet”? asked Peter

=> Peter asked if

11 She started working as a secretary five years ago

=> She has

12 She knows a lot more about it than I do

=> I don’t know

13 My French friend finds driving on the left difficult

=> My French friend isn’t

14 They think the owner of the house is abroad

=> The owner

15 We didn’t go on holiday because we did not have enough money

=> If we

16 The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was rough

=> The sea was too

17 The mechanic serviced my car last week

=> I

18 I’m always nervous when I travel by air

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24 Apples are usually cheaper than oranges

=> Apple are not

25 I advice you to put your money in the bank

=> You’d

-Buổi 11 + 12 - Bài 3 PHRASES AND CLAUSES OF CONCESSION – NHƯỢNG BỘ

1 Phrases of concession with: despite / in spite of

Despite/ In spite of + danh từ/ ngữ danh từ

Eg Despite his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman

In spite of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university despite her bad grades

Jane will be admitted to the university in spite of her bad grades

2 Clauses of concession with: although, even though, though

Although/ Though/ Even though S + V, S + V = S + V although/ though/ even though S + V

Eg Although he has a physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman

Jane will be admitted to the university even though she has a bad grades

Eg He promised to call me, but till now I haven’t received any call from him, though

In spite of the bad weather, we are going to have a picnic

The child ate the cookie even though his mother had told him not to

Although the weather was very bad, we had a picnic

The committee voted to ratify the amendment despite the objections

Though he had not finished the paper, he went to sleep

She attended the class although she did not feel alert

3 Clauses of concession with: despite/ in spite of the fact that

Note: In spite of the fact that the weather is bad, we are going to have a picnic.

The child ate the cookie despite the fact that his mother had told him not to

Exercise 10/30

1 Their problems are all self-inflicted (making) Their problems are all of their own making.

2 The travel agent was able to offer a 50% reduction on holidays to the Costa Brava (half)

The travel agent was able to offer half-price holidays to the Costa Brava.

3 If you take that job, you’ll have to get up at 6 a.m every morning (mean)

 Taking that job will mean (that) you’ll have to get up at 6a.m every morning.

4 The only thing they could do was to look for a new flat (alternative)

They had no alternative but to look for a new flat.

5 His last letter to me was written three years ago (heard)

I haven’t heard from him for 3 years/I last heard from him 3 years ago.

6 If only one could rely on what she says (pity)

It’s a pity (that) one/we cannot rely on what she says.

7 An open fire can’t be compared to central heating (comparison)

There is no comparison between an open fire and central heating.

8 I remember very few things about my childhood (scarcely)

I can scarcely remember anything /a thing about my childhood.

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-Buổi 13 - Bài 4 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

I CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN CƠ BẢN – MAIN FORMS: (gồm 3 loại)

1 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1- REAL CONDITION)

a form: If S – V(hiện tại), S will V = S will V if S – V(hiện tại)

b usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại hay tương lai

- gọi là câu điều kiện có thực

c examples: - If it stays nice, we will go out = We will go out if it stays nice

d notes: Unless = If not

- If you don’t study harder, you will fail the exam = Unless you study harder, you will fail the exam.

- He will fail the exam unless he is more industrious = He will fail the exam if he isn’t more industrious

2 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2- UNREAL PRESENT CONDITION)

a form: If S – V(quá khứ/ riêng với to be = were với mọi chủ ngữ), S would V

b usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại vì điều kiện ở mđ đk chỉ là giả định

- gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại

c examples: - If it were nice, we would go out = In fact, it is not nice so we don’t go out anymore

d notes: có thể đảo were lên đầu thay cho if

-If I were ten years younger, I would marry her = Were I ten years younger, I would marry her.

3 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 3: (CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3- UNREAL PAST CONDITION)

a form: If S had P.P, S would have P.P

b usage: - kết quả ở mệnh đề kết quả không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ vì điều kiện ở mđ đk chỉ là giả định

- gọi là câu điều kiện không có thực ở quá khứ

c examples: - If it hadn’t been for your help, we would not have overcome those problems = In fact, weovercame those problems, thanks to your help

d notes: có thể đảo had lên đầu thay cho if

-If I had been there, I would have helped her = Had I been there, I would have helped her.

BÀI TẬP THỰC HÀNH

1. If I a lot of money now, I a new car

A have/will buy B have / would buy C had/ will buy D had/ would buy

2. If I you, I do that

3. If I were offered the job, I think I it

4. I would be very surprised if he

5. Many people would be out of work if that factory down

6. 6 If she sold her car, she much money

7. They would be disappointed if we

8. Would John be angry if I his bicycle without asking?

9. She terrible upset if I lost this ring

10. If someone in here with a gun, I would be very frightened

11. What would happen if you to work tomorrow?

12. We‘ll get wet if we out

13. If I go shopping, I some food

14. If I find it, I you

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15. What would you do if you a million dollars?

-Buổi 14- Bài 5 CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN – CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1 Dùng “or else”/ “otherwise”/ “or”

Examples: - Cut your hair, or they won’t let you in (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t let you

in, hoặc Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in)

- Cut your hair, otherwise they won’t let you in (= If you don’t cut your hair, they won’t

let you in, hoặc Unless you cut your hair, they won’t let you in)

2 Special uses of “if” clauses – Một số cách sử dụng của mệnh đề “If”

If you will /would.

Eg If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here

I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me

If you could + verb in simple form.

Eg If you shouldn’t know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number

If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me

Eg Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me

Should it be cloudy and gray, the ground hog will supposedly wander around for food - a signthat spring is near

3 Special conditions:

even if + negative verb

You must go tomorrow even if you aren’t ready

Whether or not + positive verb

He likes watching TV whether or not the show is god

unless + positive verb = if not

If you don’t start at once, you will be late = You will be late unless you start at once

But for that + unreal condition

Her father pays her fees, but for that she wouldn’t be here ( but she is here)

present would V

My car broke down, but for that I could have come in time

past would have V-ed

otherwise + conditional sentence

Her father pays her fees, otherwise she couldn’t be here

present would V

I used a computer, otherwise it would have taken longer

past would have V-ed

Provided/ providing (that)

You can camp here provided (that) you leave no mess

Suppose/ supposing ? = what if ?

Suppose the plane is late? = what will happen if the plane is late?

What if I’m-

or

If only + simple present / will V = hope that s will v

If only he comes in time / If only he will head your advice

If only + simple past/ past perfect = wish that

If only he didn’t smoke (but he doesn’t) If only she had come in time (but she didn’t)

if only + would verb - chỉ khi, mong sao

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4 Mixed conditions: Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp đăc biệt.

a For a true action: Với khả năng thực tế, câu mệnh lệnh.

Eg If she comes, call me (= Maybe she is coming or she has promised to come)

If the weather stays fine, we can arrive on time (= The weather is now fine and there’s no sign

of the bad changes)

b For a suggestion: Với lời đề nghị, khuyên răn.

Eg If she comes, you should call me (= I suggest calling me when she comes)

You’d better cancel the project if it is possible (= It’s best for you to cancel the project)

c For a present subjunction but past unfulfilled result Với giả định hiện tại mà kết quả không thể

xảy ra ở quá khứ Điều giả định này luôn đúng ở hiện tại

Eg If I were you, I would have agreed with him yesterday (The action hadn’t been done in the pastbut the subjunction is at present Mãi mãi tôi vẫn không thể là cậu được, đây là thực tế nên không cầnchuyển điều kiện về quá khứ hoàn thành)

c For a past subjunction but present unfulfilled result Với giả định quá khứ mà kết quả không thể

xảy ra ở hiện tai Điều giả định này được coi là quá khứ của quá khứ, nhưng kết quả là phi lý

Eg If I had been there last time, I would agree to lend him the money (The action hasn’t been done up to now, this is only my regret Sự tiếc nuối của tôi khi nghe bạn thuật lại vụ việc giả định của tôi rơi vào hoàn cảnh quá khứ, nhưng kết quả này đã không xảy ra trước đó

Give the correct form of verbs in these sentences

1 If Jonathan met his uncle yesterday, he (know) the truth about his parents

2 Supposed that there (be) no money, how would people live?

3 He will be playing in the garden with his friends now if he (finish) _his work

4 His parents (not be) disappointed if he had passed the entrance examination

5 I (buy) a new house if I have much money next year

6 Providing that he didn't tell lie, many friends (believe) in him

7 Linda will go to visit Vietnam next year on condition that she (save) now

8 Our life (be) improved unless there were no technological development

9 If you has been learning English for a long time, you (communicate) with the foreigners

10 If Jimmy went to Moscow last week, he (visit) many famous sight-seeings

11 Unless he was not working at midnight yesterday, he (sleep) now

12 He prepared for his exam very carefully Otherwise, he (not, pass) that important exam

13 He finished his home assignment If not, the teacher (be) very angry

14 Were he to remember her birthday, she (not, say) goodbye to him

15 Should you work hard, you (not, succeed)

16 I have to inform him the news If not, he (be) very bad-tempered

17 John would have been staying with us this month if he (not, have) a bad quarrel with myyounger brother

18 Had she returned home from her business trip, she (visit) me tomorrow

19 The temple would be in better condition now on condition that it (rebuild) _ for many years ago

20 If my father went to Manchester last week, he (visit) Real next week

Subject verb noun

The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam

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to have / get st done

Eg Mary got the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.)

Mary had the car washed (The car was wash by somebody.)

I have the laundry washed (the laundry is washed by someone)

to want / like something done

Eg - What do you want done to your motorbike? - I’d like it repaired and cleaned

- I want it repaired and cleaned

to make sb do st = to force sb to do st

Eg The robber forced the teller to give him the money

= The robber made the teller give him the money

to make sb do st = to cause st +P2

Eg Working all night on Friday made me tired on Saturday

The hurricane caused many water front houses damaged

b.

to make sb / st + adjective

Eg Wearing flowers made her more beautiful

to find + sb/ sth + adjective (P1- P2)

Eg I found her quite interesting to talk to My sister found snakes frightening

We found the boy frightened

c Let

let sb do st = to allow/ permit sb to do st

Eg John let his daughter swim with her friends (John allowed his daughter to swim with her friends.)

(John permitted his daughter to swim with her friends.)

The teacher let the students leave class early./ The policeman let the suspect make one phone call

Dr Jones is letting the students hand in the papers on Monday

Mrs Binion let her son spend the night with a friend./ We are going to let her write the letter

Mr Brown always lets his children watch cartoons on Saturday mornings

d Help

to help sb do/ to do st

Eg John helped Mary wash the dishes Jorge helped the old woman with the packages (to) find ataxi The teacher helped Carolina find the research materials

Eg This wonderful drug helps (people to) recover more quickly

Eg The body fat of the bear will help (him to) keep him alive during hibernation

Exercise 11/30

1 The rail workers do not intend to call off their strike

 The rail workers have no intention of calling off their strike.

2 Mrs Scott is proud of her cooking

Mrs Scott prides herself on her cooking/on being a good cook.

3 It was the goalkeeper who saved the match for us

 If it hadn’t been for the goalkeeper we could/would have lost the match.

4 It wasn’t a bit surprised to hear that Karen had changed her job

It came as no surprise (to me) (to hear) that Karen had changed her job.

5 You can try to get Tim to lend you his car but you won’t succeed

 There’s no point in) (you/your) trying to get Tim to lend you his car/to borrow Tim’s car.

6 John didn’t celebrate until he received the offer of promotion in writing

 Not until John (had) received the offer of promotion in writing did he celebrate.

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7 I don’t really like her, even though I admire her achievements

Much as I admire her achievements, I don’t really like her.

8 It’s thought that the accident was caused by human error

 The accident is thought/believed to have been caused by human error.

-Buổi 16 - Bài 7 COMPARISON – SO SÁNH

1 Các cấp so sánh thông dụng với tính từ và trạng từ: (so sánh bằng, hơn, hơn nhất)

1.1 Positive degree: so sánh bằng as + adjs + as

Eg: - She is as tall as my wife - Peter was as hard-working as I was (me).

1.2 Comparative degree: so sánh hơn

1.2.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết adjs-ER + than

Eg: - Lan is shorter than Na - She was better at English than we were (us)

1.2.2 Multisyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết more + adjs + than

Eg: - She was more hard-working than us - We are more intelligent than him.

1.3 Superlative degree: so sánh hơn nhất

1.3.1 Monosyllable-adjectives: với tính từ đơn âm tiết the adjs-EST

Eg: - Nam is the best in our class - She was the kindest lady I’ve ever met.

1.3.2 Multisyllable- adjectives: với tính từ đa âm tiết the most + adjs

Eg: - Sharol was the most intelligent in my group

- She is the most hard-working girl I’ve ever known.

Notes: For adjectives ending in “er”, “y”, “ly”, or the irregular cases:

Adjective Comparative Superlative Adjective Comparative Superlative

pretty prettier the prettiest far farther/ further the farthest/ furthest

1.4 Parallel: so sánh song song và so sánh thăng tiến

- “The… the”: The older she gets, the wiser she become.

- And: It’s getting darker and darker She has now more and more free time.

- Gerunds/ infinitives: Riding a horse is not as easy as riding a bike.

It’s nicer/ better/ more fun to go with someone than to go

alone 1.5 Like/ alike: Tom is very like Bill Tom and Bill are alike.

1.6 Like/ as: He swims like a fish You look like a ghost Do as I told you.

1.7 Like + N/ as + N: He worked like a slave (He worked very hard/ He wasn’t a slave).

He worked as a slave (He was a slave in fact).

1.8 The adjectives: The rich, the poor,…

2 Practice test:

1 Sarah is at chemistry than Susan

2 I don’t work so hard my father

3 Sam is the student in my class

4 No one in my class is beautiful her

5 Going by train isn’t convenient as going by car

6 The test is not difficult it was last month

7 Peter usually drives Mary

8 She cooked than you

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9 This film is interesting than that film

10 My salary is his salary

11 He works we do

12 No one in this class is Jimmy

13 Apples are usually oranges

14 I know him than you do

15 you are, you concentrate

-Buổi 17 - Bài 8 SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES – GIẢ ĐỊNH

1 The use of “as if/ as though”

a The present sense:

S + verb (simple present) + as if/ as though + S + verb (simple past)

Eg The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer (It is not winter.)

hiện tại giả định quá khứ

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling (She didn’t study modelling)

He acts as though he were rich (He is not rich)

b The past sense:

S + verb (simple past) + as if/ as though + S + verb (past perfect)

Eg Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize (She didn’t win the grand prize.) Past simple past perfect

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost (She didn’t see a ghost.)

Past simple past perfect

He looked as though he had run ten miles (He didn’t run ten miles.)

Past simple past perfect

2 The use of with and hope:

Eg I hope that they will come ( I don’t know if they are coming.)

We hope that they came yesterday ( We don’t know if they came.)

a The future sense: Would / could + verb or were + Ving.

S+ wish + (that) + S* + could/ would/ were + verb/ ing

V-Eg We wish that you could come to the party tonight (You can’t come.)

I wish that you would stop saying that (You probably won’t stop.)

She wish that she were coming with us ( She is not coming with us.)

b The present sense:

S + wish + (that) + S* + verb in simple past

Eg I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework ( I don’t have enough time.)

We wish that he were old enough to come with us ( He is not old enough.)

They wish that they didn’t have to go to class today ( They have to go to class.)

c The past sense:

S + wish + (that) + S + past perfect/ could have + P2

Eg I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday ( I didn’t wash the clothes yesterday.)

She wish that she could have been there ( She couldn’t be there.)

We wish that we had had more time last night ( We didn’t have more time.)

Notes He wished that he could come to the party next week.

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