YEARBOOK OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW YEARBOOK OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME III – 2001 EDITORS PETAR ŠARČEVIĆ PAUL VOLKEN Professor at the University of Rijeka Professor at the University of Fribourg PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH SWISS INSTITUTE OF COMPARATIVE LAW LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND Sellier European Law Publishers Sellier European Law Publishers ISBN 978-3-935808-49-1 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar © 2001 Kluwer Law International und Swiss Institute of Comparative Law © für den Nachdruck 2007 Sellier European Law Publishers GmbH und Swiss Institute of Comparative Law Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen Herstellung: Karina Hack, München Druck und Bindung: AZ Druck und Datentechnik, Kempten Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier Printed in Germany ADVISORY BOARD JÜRGEN BASEDOW Hamburg GENEVIÈVE BASTID-BURDEAU Paris/The Hague LAWRENCE COLLINS London HUANG JIN Wuhan HANS VAN LOON The Hague FERENC MÁDL Budapest RUI MANUEL GENS DE MOURA RAMOS Luxembourg/Coimbra YASUHIRO OKUDA Sapporo GONZALO E PARRA-ARANGUREN The Hague/Caracas SYMEON C SYMEONIDES Salem (Oregon) PIERRE WIDMER Lausanne ASSISTANT EDITOR AND ADRESSEE FOR MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE ANDREA BONOMI Swiss Institute of Comparative Law Dorigny, CH – 1015 Lausanne ENGLISH REVISION SUSAN ŠARČEVIĆ Faculty of Law, Rijeka TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ix Abbreviations xi Doctrine Harry DUINTJER TEBBENS Judicial Interpretation of the 1988 Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction and Judgments in the Light of its Brussels Matrix: the Convergence Confirmed David GODDARD Rethinking the Hague Judgments Convention: A Pacific Perspective 27 Christoph BERNASCONI Indirectly Held Securities: A New Venture for the Hague Conference on Private International Law 63 Bertrand ANCEL The Brussels I Regulation: Comment 101 Private International Law Issues in World War II Era Litigation Yasuhiro OKUDA The Law Applicable to Governmental Liability for Injuries to Foreign Individuals during World War II: Questions of Private International Law in the Ongoing Legal Proceedings before Japanese Courts 115 Kent ANDERSON Issues of Private International Law and Civil Procedure Arising out of the U.S Civil Suits for Forced Labor during World War II: To What Extent Do U.S Conflict and Procedural Rules Obstruct Private Liability for Wartime Human Rights Violations? 137 Jan VON HEIN The Law Applicable to Governmental Liability for Violations of Human Rights in World War II: Questions of Private International Law from a German Perspective 185 National Reports Gerhard HOHLOCH & Cecilie KJELLAND The New German Conflicts Rules for Registered Partnerships 223 News from The Hague J.H.A VAN LOON The Hague Conference on Private International Law – Work in Progress (2000-2001) 237 Forum Frank GERHARD The Extraterritorial Judicial Penalty – New Instrument for the Transnational Enforcement of Extraterritorial Injunctions? 245 Texts, Materials and Recent Developments Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (‘Brussels I’) 301 Council Regulation (EC) No 1206/2001 of 28 May 2001 on Cooperation between the Courts of the Member States in the Taking of Evidence in Civil or Commercial Matters 333 CHINESE SOCIETY OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW: Model Law of Private International Law of the People’s Republic of China (Sixth Draft, 2000) 349 James A.R NAFZIGER Oregon’s Conflicts Law Applicable to Contracts 391 Book Review Mario GIOVANOLI (ed.), International Monetary Law, Issues for the New Millennium (Petar ŠARČEVIĆ) 419 Books Received 427 Index 431 viii FOREWORD Our main goal, as stated in the first volume, is to make the Yearbook an international podium for the intellectual exchange of scientific and practical ideas between specialists of private international law The intention is to include contributions by scholars from all parts of the world As readers will witness in this volume, the Yearbook is becoming more international; however, contributions from Africa are still missing Hopefully this continent will also be represented in the near future Again we encourage contributions on new developments in private international law in countries and regions around the globe Discussions of important court decisions are particularly welcome As earlier, we closely follow developments at the Hague Conference on Private International Law Regarded as a European institution not long ago, the Hague Conference has grown into a worldwide organization with 55 Member States and several applicant countries Although its membership has greatly expanded, this does not mean that conventions are automatically accepted and ratified on a global scale The fate of the future Judgments Convention shows that conflicting interests on crucial issues often stand in the way of progress Despite the present deadlock, the mere fact that a forum has been convened to study the problems and is attempting to reconcile differences, especially those between common law and civil law countries, is of major importance Bilateral dialogues, such as those between EU and US experts, will certainly play a role in resolving the issues at stake Whether this will be achieved now or in the near future does not diminish the value of such efforts For the first time, the same topic – forced labor during World War II – is discussed by scholars from three different continents As the reports show, there has been much activity in this area on the judicial front in Germany, Japan and the US The disputes have also raised a number of difficult private international law issues In light of the pending cases and new decisions, such as that of 19 October 2001 by of the California Superior Court in Orange County, it appears that, after more than 50 years, the courts will continue to be confronted with such issues National and state legislators continue to be active as well The draft Model Law of Private International Law of the People's Republic of China and Oregon’s Conflicts Law Applicable to Contracts are published in the present volume Reports on new developments in other jurisdictions will be included in future volumes As regards the situation in Europe, concurrence between EU and national legislation is still unresolved in the field of private international law One of the best examples is the new EC directive on jurisdiction and enforcement in family matters, on the one hand, and the new German conflicts rules for registered partnerships, on the other We remain committed to informing readers, promptly and accurately, about new developments that are shaping the future of private international law This, of course, is the purpose of the Yearbook Petar ŠARČEVIĆ Paul VOLKEN Book Review currency in the legal sense nor a currency of the participating Member States but rather a unity of account’ (135) or, better to say, a composite currency with the task of stabilizing the effects of exchange rate fluctuations III Central Banks, Supervisory Authorities and Deposit Insurance Part III contains five chapters on the role of central banks and their authorities Since the topics discussed not deal with private international law issues, only the titles and authors are mentioned: ‘Central Bank Independence and Accountability in the Light of EMU’ (René SMITS), ‘Central Bank Reform: The Reserve Bank of New Zealand’ (David E FLINT), ‘The Role of the Central Bank in a Crisis Environment: The Experience of Hong Kong and Taiwan, 1997-9’ (YU Syue-Ming), ‘International Harmonization of Regulatory and Supervisory Frameworks’ (Klaus Peter FOLLAK), ‘Deposit Insurance Schemes: Reconciling Market Discipline with Financial Stability’ (Javier ARRIGUNAGA GÓMEZ DEL CAMPO) IV Impact of Technological Developments The chapters in Part IV deal with electronic money from the North American and Japanese points of view and with real-time gross settlement systems for large-value credit systems While none of these chapters deals with conflicts issues in the event of an international dispute, they provide a valuable description of the relevant systems and their underlying legal principles The three chapters include: ‘Core Legal Principles across Major Large-value Credit Transfer Systems’ (Thomas C BAXTER, Jr and Stephanie HELLER), ‘Electronic Money: A North American Perspective’ (Bradley CRAWFORD QC and Barry SOOKMAN) and ‘Electronic Money in Japan’ (Hideki KANDA) V International Monetary Obligations Devoted primarily to private international law issues, each of the seven chapters in Part V will be discussed briefly The topics covered here are classic in the sense that they have long been a focal point of research by members of MOCOMILA 422 Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2001) Book Reviews In Chapter 21 ‘Interference of Public Law in the Performance of International Monetary Obligations’ by William BLAIR, an international monetary obligation is defined as ‘one which is not purely domestic to a particular country, either because the parties to the obligation are from different countries, or because the obligation is denominated in the currency of a different country’ (395) BLAIR focuses on situations where ‘the law of a particular country is invoked to prohibit or curtail the repayment of an international financial obligation’ (396) According to the author, international creditors have used various legal techniques to avoid negative effects from unilateral actions by the debtor’s state (397) For example, in cases where a legal barrier has been imposed on the repayment of a financial obligation, American courts raise the question ‘where the obligation was located’ (398) This is in accordance with the act of state doctrine, which says that a state is not entitled to ‘exercise jurisdiction over assets outside its territory’ On the other hand, English courts first inquire about the governing law and then the place of performance of the obligation concerned If repayment is illegal at the place of performance, the obligation will not be enforced (398) Furthermore, as the author points out, four issues are interconnected: act of state, situs, the governing law and the place of performance BLAIR analyses several other factual situations in detail: moratorium, prohibition on payment, exchange controls and Article VIII 2(b) of the IMF Agreement, expropriation, court orders and freezes imposed pursuant to sanctions As regards expropriation, a distinction is made between cases where a foreign bank has closed a branch office and is liable to repay money on deposit at that branch and those where the expropriation of a branch office is ‘valid under the lex situs’ and ‘has the effect of transferring or extinguishing the deposit’, thus precluding ‘any claim against the bank’s head office’ (407) In regard to freezes imposed pursuant to sanctions, we agree with BLAIR that sanctions ‘may affect international monetary obligations in a number of ways’ (410) As his contribution shows, it is questionable whether UN sanctions imposing freezes on bank accounts achieve the intended global effect Experience has shown that there are numerous abuses in the implementation and enforcement of such sanctions Like some other matters relating to international financial transactions, international discipline has yet to be achieved Chapter 22, ‘Foreign Currency Obligations in Domestic Law’ by Jacob DOLINGER, deals with the evolution of statutory foreign currency obligations in Brazilian law Since 1933 Brazil has had a legal prohibition declaring any stipulation of payment in gold or a foreign currency null and void Analyzing the Brazilian court practice, the author shows that today the courts not agree on whether to accept the validity of a foreign currency clause In light of the high inflation in Brazil, this is especially true when foreign currency clauses are used as a corrective price index Nonetheless, the Provisional Presidential Measure of 1995 provides that ‘a payment of pecuniary obligations enforceable in Brazil shall be done in REAL [Brazilian national currency], at its nominal value’ (422) Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2001) 423 Book Review Discussing foreign exchange obligations from the comparative point of view, DOLINGER comes to the conclusion that in cases of foreign currency obligations involving depreciation of the national currency, the ‘best approach is the ad hoc one, which avoids definite rules and makes the date of conversion dependent upon the precise facts of each case’ (432) In Chapter 23 ‘The Scope of Lex Monetae in International Transactions: A United States Perspective’, Michael GRUSON raises the question whether ‘a court, when enforcing a contract which by its terms is performable in a currency other than the currency of the forum, [must] give effect to the monetary laws of the country in which that currency is legal tender’ (433) Discussing this issue from the US point of view, GRUSON concludes ‘that no US federal court and no New York state court has had the opportunity to decide whether it would apply the foreign monetary laws of a foreign currency to an agreement governed by the law of a state of the United States but to be performed in such foreign currency (444) While he does not deny the possibility that US courts could apply the lex monetae doctrine as a mandatory conflict of laws rule, he finds that changes in connection with the introduction of the Euro in New York, Illinois and Californian legislation make its application questionable In his opinion, ‘New York, California and Illinois would have been better advised if they had adopted a statue recognizing lex monetae as a mandatory conflict of laws rule’ (445, note 70) In regard to the application of lex monetae as a third-country public policy, he comes to the conclusion that, pursuant to section 187(2) of the Restatement of Conflict of Laws, a US court would probably give effect ‘to the monetary laws of the country of the contract currency defining legal tender if the place of performance of the agreement in question were in that country’ (450-451) In his opinion, lex monetae is a ‘sound legal concept’ (456) Contrary to the Swiss PIL Act, which makes a clear distinction between lex monetae, lex causae and the statute of payment, the author regards the lex monetae principle ‘as a mandatory exception to the conflict of laws rule that parties to a contract are free (with certain limitations) to stipulate the law governing their agreement’ (456) However, he leaves no doubt that ‘a US court would in a proper case apply the lex monetae doctrine to a contract in which the law of the contract differs from the law of the currency’ (456) Chapter 24 by Luca G RADICATI DI BROZOLO focuses on conflicts problems: ‘Conflict of Laws Issues of International Payments’ According to the author, legal scholarship and court decisions are rather scarce in this field The analysis is limited to two types of payment transactions: credit transfers initiated by the debtor and debit transfers initiated by the creditor Both can be performed either as paper-based or electronic computer-based transactions From the author’s point of view, private international law has a ‘central role in the context of international payments’ (460) because no set of international rules, not even the UNCITRAL Model law on international credit transfers of 1992 regulates this subject matter sufficiently enough to eliminate conflicts problems Since rules on conflicts of jurisdiction are national and vary from state to state, it is 424 Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2001) Book Reviews not surprising that there is no single solution for jurisdictional problems in this area The analysis is restricted to the Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters of 27 September 1968 and the ‘parallel’ Lugano Convention of 16 September 1988, which provide for a choice between the domicile of the defendant and the place of performance of the obligation in question This in itself allows plenty of room for jurisdictional disputes because ‘the place where an obligation is to be performed varies considerably from one legal system to another’ (464) To avoid such conflicts, the author suggests that, in the context of international payments, it would perhaps be best to limit the forum to that of the defendant The second part of the article focuses on the conflict of laws rules proposed by UNCITRAL and the Rome Convention of 19 June 1980 on the law applicable to contractual obligations According to the author, none of these rules is suitable to meet the special requirements of international payment transactions Furthermore, in his opinion, no single law is likely to be ‘unanimously recognized as the most suited to govern payments’ (473) Not surprisingly, RADICATI DI BROZOLO raises the question whether it would be better to harmonize conflicts rules or substantive law Opting for the latter solution, he favors the harmonization of substantive law by means of international conventions Written by John L TAYLOR, Chapter 25 is entitled ‘The Governing Law in Legal Agreements used by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in its Banking Questions’ As the title indicates, this chapter sheds light on considerations taken into account by the EBRB when selecting the law to govern its agreements As a rule, the contractual approach was chosen by the EBRB in accordance with the general practices in project financing, the aim being to make its project financing agreements comprehensive and self-containing The decision was also taken not to chose the local laws of the borrower since they were usually new and thus ‘more suited to a command economy’ (485) As for loan and guarantee agreements concluded by the EBRD with sovereigns, they were governed by public international law, which is the usual practice of similar international banking institutions As regards non-sovereign operations in respect of loan and guarantee agreements, the EBRD practice has been to submit such agreements to English law and in rare occasions to New York law English law has also been agreed to govern in instances where the EBRD was involved in underwriting operations On the whole, it can be said that this chapter provides interesting insight into the decisionmaking process of the EBRD when determining the governing law of legal agreements In Chapter 26 ‘Money and Arbitration’, Dominique B CARREAU deals with the problem of the currency of the contract and the mandatory nature of the lex monetae principle In his opinion, ‘arbitrators are in a position not markedly different from that of domestic judges’ (493) Accordingly, arbitrators must honor the parties’ choice of the currency of the contract and give effect to the monetary Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2001) 425 Book Review decisions of the state whose currency has been contracted In view of their binding nature, the monetary decisions of that state must prevail Among other things, the question is raised whether currency amounts in a judgment may be expressed in a foreign currency While France belongs to the countries whose judgments can be rendered only in the national currency, the author remarks that it is questionable whether this practice will be retained when the Euro becomes the sole currency enjoying legal tender status after January 2002 The U.S also belongs to these countries; however, court decisions are cited showing that a decision may be rendered in a foreign currency in exceptional cases In the United Kingdom, decisions may be rendered in a foreign currency ever since the decision of the House of Lords in Miliangas v George Frank (Textiles) Ltd [1976] AC 443 In Italy it is also possible to render decisions in a foreign currency This was confirmed by the Italian Supreme Court, which stated that the enforcement judge ‘could not modify the arbitral award rendered in that national and international currency by exchanging it into Italian currency’ (498) In regard to the cogent nature of the lex monetae principle, the author concludes that, ‘in monetary matters, international arbitrations not enjoy any greater discretion than domestic courts’ (502) Chapter 28 by Franz ZEHETNER, entitled ‘The Euro and the Future of Index Clauses’, is devoted to the use of index clauses in international commercial transactions Above all it deals with the problem of converting currencies of the Member States of the European Monetary Union into Euro and the impact of such conversions on existing index clauses Since it deals primarily with substantive law solutions, it is not discussed further Finally, the excellent organization of this book deserves praise In addition to the highly informative contributions on a wide range of topics relating to international monetary law, the book also serves as a reference tool GIOVANOLI’s introduction also contains three annexes providing information on the chairmen of MOCOMILA, the present members of MOCOMILA and observers, and former members of MOCOMILA, as well as a bibliography of the contributors Particularly useful are the table of cases (xxvii-xxxv), table of legislation (xxxviixlvii) and table of treaties, conventions and other instruments (xlvii-li) In closing it is a pleasure for me to recommend this excellent book to all those interested in monetary law, in its broadest sense Petar ŠARČEVIĆ 426 Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2001) BOOKS RECEIVED ANCEL Bertrand/LAQUETTE Yves, Les grands arrêts de la jurisprudence française de droit international privé, 4th ed., Paris (Dalloz) 2001, pp 820 AUDIT Bernard, Droit international privé, 3rd ed., Paris (Economica), 2000, pp VIII – 973 BARNETT Peter, Res Judicata, Estoppel, and Foreign Judgments, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2001, pp li – 346 BRAUN Heiner, Joint Ventures im amerikanischen und deutschen internationalen Privatrecht: Inhalt und Grenzen des Vertragsstatuts, Frankfurt a.M.- Bern (P Lang), 2000, pp 181 BUCHER Andreas/BONOMI Andrea, Droit international privé, Bâle-GenèveMunich (Helbing & Lichtenhahn) 2001, pp XXI – 356 CADUFF Jlona, Die Feststellung des anwendbaren Rechts im Prozess (Art 16 IPRG): ein Leitfaden für die Abwicklung von Verfahren mit internationalen Sachverhalten, St Gallen-Lachen (Dike Verl.) 2000, pp XXX – 207 CALVO CARAVACA Alfonso-Luis, Conflictos de leyes y conflictos de jurisdicción en Internet, Madrid (Colex) 2001, pp 172 CANNONE Andrea, L’affidamento dei minori nel diritto internazionale privato e processuale, Bari (Cacucci) 2000 Cheshire and North’s Private international law, 13th ed., London (Butterworths), 1999, pp CXVIII – 1069 DUTREY GUANTES Yolanda, El contrato internacional de factoring, Madrid (Universidad Complutense), 2000, pp 368 FERNÁNDEZ ARROYO Diego P., Derecho Internacional Privado Interamericano Evolución y perspectivas, Buenos Aires (Rubinzal – Culzoni) 2001, pp 117 FERNÁNDEZ CAMPOS José Carlos, Sistema del Comercio Internacional, Madrid (Civitas) 2001, pp 384 FERRARI Franco, Il factoring internazionale: commento alla Convenzione Unidroit sul factoring internazionale (con la collab di Francesco CORTESI, Alessandro RIZZIERI, Marco TORSELLO), Padova (CEDAM) 1999 GEISLER Stephan, Die engste Verbindung im Internationalen Privatrecht, Berlin (Duncker & Humblot) 2001, pp 365 GIOVANOLI Mario (ed.), International Monetary Law Issues for the New Millennium, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2000, pp li – 538 Books Received HARTENSTEIN Olaf, Die Privatautonomie im Internationalen Privatrecht als Störung des europäischen Entscheidungseinklangs: neueste Entwicklungen in Frankreich, Deutschland und Italien, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 2000 HUGUENIN Anne-Sylvie, L'application du contrôle des changes étranger par le juge national : étude comparée de l'article VIII (2)(b) des Statuts du F.M.I., de la théorie américaine de l'Act of State et de la loi suisse de droit international privé, en particulier les articles 13 et 19 LDIP, Zurich (Schulthess) 2000 KOPPENSTEINER Hans-Georg (ed.), Österreichisches und europäisches Wirtschafts-privatrecht Teil 7, Internationales Privatrecht, Wien (Verl der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) 2000, pp 214 NELLE Andreas, Anspruch, Titel und Vollstreckung im internationalen Rechtsverkehr, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 2000, pp XXXII – 625 NEMETH Kristin, Kollisionsrechtlicher Verbraucherschutz in Europa: Art EVÜ und die einschlägigen Verbraucherschutzrichtlinien, Wien (Manz) 2000 RAMMELOO Stephan, Corporations in Private International Laws A European Perspective, Oxford (Oxford University Press) 2000, pp xlvii – 349 SACCHETTI Lamberto, Il nuovo sistema dell'adozione internazionale: legge 31 dicembre 1998, n 476, Rimini (Maggioli) 2001 SANCHO VILLA Diana, La transferencia internacional de la sede social en el espacio Europeo, Madrid (Eurolex) 2001, pp 364 SCHNYDER Anton K./LIATOWITSCH Manuel, Internationales Privat- und Zivilverfahrensrecht, Zurich (Schulthess) 2000, pp XXXV – 321 SIEHR Kurt, Internationales Privatrecht Deutsches und europäisches Kollisionsrecht für Studium und Praxis, Heidelberg (Müller) 2001, pp LXX – 648 SOUTO Cláudio, Introdução crítica ao direito internacional privado, 2nd ed., Porto Alegre (Fabris) 2000, pp 224 SPÜHLER Karl (ed.), Aktuelle Probleme des nationalen und internationalen Zivilprozessrechts, Zurich (Schulthess) 2000, pp 131 UHL Laurenz, Internationale Zuständigkeit gemäss Art Nr des Brüsseler und Lugano-Übereinkommens, ausgeführt am Beispiel der Produktehaftung unter Berücksichtigung des deutschen, englischen, schweizerischen und US-amerikanischen Rechts, Frankfurt a.M.-Bern (P Lang), 2000, pp 271 428 Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2000) Books Received WALTER Gerhard/BAUMGARTNER Samuel P (eds.), Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments outside the scope of the Brussels and Lugano Conventions, The Hague (Kluwer Law International) 2000, pp XII – 580 WEBER Peter Johannes/WEBER Marc/SEITZ Riccardo/KÜNZLE Hans Rainer (eds.), Liber discipulorum et amicorum, Festschrift für Prof D Kurt Siehr zum 65 Geburtstag, Zurich (Schulthess) 2001, pp VI – 321 WEINTRAUB Russell J., Commentary on the conflict of laws, 4th ed., New York (Foundation Press) 2001, pp XVIII – 810 Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2000) 429 INDEX Accessory choice-of-law torts 204, 211-212 Act of State doctrine 168-169, 423 Acta iure imperii torts committed during World War II 126, 130-133, 205-206, 208, 212, 215, 218 judicial penalties 269 Actor sequitur forum rei Hague draft 40-41, 60-61 Astreintes 262-263, 266-268, 279-281 Austria Lugano Convention 13-14, 16-17, 19-20 governmental liability 210-212 Bankruptcy Lugano Convention 12-13, 18-19 interests in securities 76, 93-98 EC-Regulation No 1346/2000 94 (note 52), 96-97 Unidroit draft on mobile equipment 94-96 Brazil foreign currency obligations 423-424 Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (27 September 1968) 1-25 interpretation 2-3, contracts 425 employment contracts 21-23 lis pendens 8, 113 enforcement proceedings 271-278 and ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 103-114 Characteristic performance ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 109 Characterisation human rights violations 205-207 registered partnership 229 judicial penalties 265-270 China See ‘People’s Republic of China’ Choice of forum Lugano Convention 16-17 Hague draft on jurisdiction 38-40, 46-47, 59-60 Comity doctrine 167-168 Consumer contracts Lugano Convention 20-21 ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 107 Contracts Brussels Convention 10 Lugano Convention 10, 15-16 ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 108-110 Hague draft on jurisdiction 38-45 applicable law (Oregon) 391-418 Currency 422-426 Dépeçage 212-214 Discrimination on grounds of nationality EC Treaty 23-24 Doing-business jurisdiction 42, 50, 57, 145, 155 Due process ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 111-112 personal jurisdiction (US courts) 144, 155 and application of lex fori 175 E-commerce 29, 35, 45-48 EC-Regulation No 1347/2000 (‘Brussels II’) on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and in matters of parental responsibility for children of both spouses (29 May 2000) 111 EC-Regulation No 44/2001 (‘Brussels I’) on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters (22 December 2000) 25, 101-114, 265-300, 301-332 Index interpretation 267-270 civil and commercial matters 269-270 arbitral proceedings 282-283 contracts 108-110 consumer contracts 107 employment contracts 105-107 jurisdiction for enforcement proceedings 271-278 lis pendens 113 grounds for non-recognition 106, 296-300 enforcement 103-105 judicial penalties 265-300 EC-Regulation No 1206/2001 on cooperation between the courts of the Member States in the taking of evidence in civil and commercial matters (28 May 2001) 333-347 EFTA States Lugano Convention 3, 9-21 Employment contracts Brussels Convention 21-23 ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 105-107 England Lugano Convention Mareva injunction 256, 291-295 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 425 European community law non-discrimination on grounds of nationality 23-24, 286-287 European Convention on State Immunity (16 May 1972) 215-217 European Court of Justice Brussels Convention 2, 4, 2124, 108-110, 269, 276, 284 Lugano Convention 5-6, 21-24 European Monetary Union 421 Exorbitant jurisdiction 56-57 Extraterritorial injunctions 245-300 Financial standards 419 Forced and slave labor (World War II) 137-183 432 Foreign sovereign immunity Japan 121, 134 United States 152, 168-169 Forum non conveniens Hague draft 38 ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 113-114 US courts 153-155 Forum shopping 270, 291 Germany World War II era litigation 185-221 law applicable to torts 200-202 governmental liability 185-221 registered partnership 223-235 Governmental liability Japan 115-135 Germany 185-221 applicable law 123-134, 200-218, 205-217 Greece torts in World War II 188-189 Hague Conference on Private International Law draft convention on judgments 27-62, 237-239 draft convention on securities 63-100, 240-241 work in progress 237-244 Hague Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (1907) 119, 122 Hague Convention on the Service Abroad of Judicial and ExtraJudicial Documents in Civil and Commercial Matters (15 November 1965) 241, 252 (note 15) Hague Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil and Commercial Matters (18 March 1970) 241, 252 (note 15) Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (25 October 1980) 243-244 database (INCADAT) 243-244 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in respect with Intercountry Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2000) Index Adoption (29 May 1993) 241, 242-243 Hague (draft) Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters 27-62, 237-239 contracts 38-45 consumer contracts 45-48 choice of forum 38-40 torts 48-53 restitution claims 53-55 trusts 55 exorbitant jurisdiction 56-57 forum non conveniens 38 Hague (draft) on Indirectly Held Securities 63-100, 240-241 scope of application 74-76 connecting factor 77-92 insolvency 93-98 Harmony of decisions 16, 214 Horei 119, 124-129, 133 Human rights violations 52, 133, 137-183, 185-221 Indirectly held securities Hague draft 63-100 Insolvency proceedings see ‘Bankruptcy’ International law claims because of violation of 146, 149, 161, 171-172 compensation claims 190-191 jurisdiction to prescribe and to enforce 207-208, 248-262 judicial penalties 248-265 International Law Association 419 International monetary law 419-426 International monetary obligations 422-426 Interpretation Brussels Convention 2-3, ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 267-270 Japan torts in World War II 115-135 Horei 119, 124-129, 133 Judicial penalties 245-300 under international law 248-262 jurisdiction 271-278 recognition 279-283 Juge naturel, doctrine of 101-103, 114 Jurisdiction Lugano Convention 13-14, 15-16 Hague draft 27-62, 237-239 ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 105-110 US courts 144-156, 181 torts in World War II 144-156, 181 registered partnerships (Germany) 233-234 exclusive jurisdiction 247, 254, 272, 273, 276, 285 judicial penalties 271-278 jurisdiction to prescribe and to enforce 207-208, 248-262 Lex cartae sitae 77-78 Lex concursus 96, 97 Lex fori cumulative application in torts (Japan) 129, 133 procedural rules 156, 261 due process limitations 175 acta iure imperii (Germany) 218 contracts (Oregon) 392, 396 Lex loci celebrationis Japan 128 (note 40) Germany 228 Lex loci delicti Japan 124, 127, 128-129 Germany 200-202 torts in World War II 119, 135 in occupied territories 128-129, 173, 202-203 Lex monetae 421, 424-426 Lex rei sitae securities 77-82, 86, 95 Lis pendens Lugano Convention 7-9, 17-18 ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 113 Loi d’application immédiate 220, 262 Lotus case 250-252, 257 Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforce- Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2000) 433 Index ment of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (16 September 1988) 1-25 interpretation 1-25 civil and commercial matters 11-12 bankruptcy 12-13, 18-19 maintenance obligations 13-14 contracts 15-16, 425 consumer contracts 20-21 torts 19-20 choice-of-forum 16-17 lis pendens 7-9 recognition and enforcement 14 and the ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 103-114 Mandatory rules torts 50 monetary law 424, 425 Maintenance registered partnership 231-232 Mareva injunction 256, 291-295 Monetary sovereignty 420 Most significant relationship torts (United States) 172-173 restitution claims 173-174 governmental liability (Germany) 208-212 Name registered partnership 232-233 New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitration Awards (10 June 1958) 37, 39 Norway Lugano Convention 18-19 Offsetting 70 (note 17) Oregon law applicable to contracts 391-418 Pacific countries and the Hague draft 27-62 Partnership see ‘Registered partnership’ Party autonomy securities 84-85 434 torts (Germany) 204 registered partnership 230, 231 Peace treaties with Japan 116, 120-121, 157-158 with Germany 159-160, 193-195 Penalty See ‘Judicial penalty’ People’s Republic of China model PIL law 349-390 Pledge of securities 73 Political question doctrine (nonjusticiability) 165-167, 183 Prescription Japan 124, 133 United States 160-164, 182 Germany 218-219 PRIMA (place of location of the relevant intermediary) 79-92 Property regime registered partnership 231 Property rights securities 69 (note 15), 74-76 Proximity, principle of - 204, 209, 212 Public international law See ‘International law’ Public policy bankruptcy 95 ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 111 State immunity 123, 132 - and mandatory rules 220 recognition of judicial penalties 296-300 Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments Lugano Convention 14 Hague draft 27-62, 237-239 ‘Brussels I’ Regulation 103-105, 111-112, 279-300 Germany (torts) 220-221 Germany (registered partnership) 234-235 - of judicial penalties 279-283 Registered partnership Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2000) Index Germany 223-235 dissolution 229 jurisdiction 233-234 recognition of foreign decisions 234-235 Renvoi Germany 226 Restatement of the Law, Second, of the Conflict of Laws (1971) 396, 399-402, 404, 414 Restatement of the Law (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law (1987) 248-249, 262 Restitution claims Hague draft on jurisdiction 53-55 United States 162 Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (19 June 1980) assignment of receivables 80 (note 37) monetary obligations 393, 425 Securities Hague draft 63-100, 240-241 indirect holding system 66-73 intermediaries 71, 79-92 Security interests 73 (note 23) Slave labor See ‘Forced labor’ Soft law financial standards 420 State immunity doctrine Japan 119, 123, 129 Germany 214-217 Statute of limitation see ‘Prescription’ Succession registered partnership 232 Switzerland Lugano Convention 8-9, 11-13, 15-16, 17-18, 20-21 Taking of evidence abroad 258-260 Torts Lugano Convention 19-20 Hague draft on jurisdiction 48-53 committed during World War II 115-221 United States 162, 172-173, 182 Germany 200-204 See also ‘Human rights violations’ Trusts Hague draft on jurisdiction 55 UNCITRAL Model law on international credit transfers (1992) 424-425 UNIDROIT (draft) Convention on International Interest in Mobile Equipment 94-96 Principles of International Commercial Contracts 283, 393 Uniform Commercial Code 396 United States World War II era litigation 137-183, 189-190 personal jurisdiction of US courts 111-112 jurisdiction of State and Federal courts 145 Oregon (contracts) 391-418 Louisiana 391 (note 4) Unjust enrichment see ‘Restitution’ World War II victims 115-221 Yearbook of Private International Law, Volume (2000) 435