This page intentionally left blank United States Practice in International Law Volume I: 1999–2001 Sean D. Murphy’s wide-ranging and in-depth survey of U.S. practice in international law in the period 1999–2001 draws upon the statements and actions of the executive, legislative and judicial branches of the U.S. government to examine its involvement across a range of areas. These areas include diplomatic and consular relations, jurisdiction and immunities, state responsibility and liability, international organizations, inter national economic law, human rights, and international criminal law. Available for the first time in one compendium, this summary of the most salient issues (including the Kosovo conflict and the attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon) will be a cen- tral resource on U.S. practice in international law. The volume contains extracts from hard-to-find documents, generous citations to relevant sources, tables of cases and treaties, and a detailed index. Revealing international law in the making, this essential tool for researchers and practitioners is the first in a series of books capturing the international law practice of a global player. SEAN D. MURPHY is Associate Professor of Law at the George Washington University . Before joining the Law School faculty in 1998, Professor Murphy served as legal counselor at the U.S. Embassy in The Hague, arguing several cases before the International Court of Justice and representing the U.S. government in matters before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the Permanent Court of Arbitration, and The Hague Conference on Private International Law. He also served as U.S. agent to the Iran–U.S. Claims Tribunal, arguing cases on behalf of the U.S. government and providing advice to U.S. nationals appearing before that tribunal. From 1987 to 1995, Professor Murphy was an attorney/adviser at the U.S. Department of State, handling environmental, politico-military, and claims matters. His sev eral publications include an article on international environmental liability which won the American Journal of International Law 1994 D´eak Prize for best scholarship by a younger author. In addition, his book Humanitarian Intervention: the United Nations in an Evolving World Order won the American Society of International Law 1997 Certificate for Preeminent Contribution to Creative Scholarship. He is a member of the Board of Editors of the American Journal for International Law. United States Practice in International Law Volume 1: 1999–2001 Sean D. Murphy George Washington University Law School Washington, D.C. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom First published in print format ISBN-13 978-0-521-75070-7 hardback ISBN-13 978-0-511-06869-0 eBook (EBL) © Sean D. Murphy 2002 2003 Information on this title: www.cambrid g e.or g /9780521750707 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. ISBN-10 0-511-06869-7 eBook (EBL) ISBN-10 0-521-75070-9 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. Published in the United States by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Summary of Contents Foreword by Judge Thomas Buergenthal page xii Acknowledgments xiv Table of Periodical Abbreviations xv Table of Cases xvii Table of U.S. Statutes xxi Table of Treaties xxiii I. General International and U.S. Foreign Relations Law 1 II. State Diplomatic and Consular Relations 17 III. State Jurisdiction and Immunities 43 IV. State Responsibility and Liability 95 V. International Organizations 113 VI. International Law and Nonstate Actors 131 VII. International Oceans, Environment, Health, and Aviation Law 163 VIII. International Economic Law 201 IX. International Human Rights 265 X. International Criminal Law 329 XI. Use of Force and Arms Control 387 XII. Settlement of Disputes 461 XIII. Private International Law 481 Annex 491 Index 495 v Contents ForewordbyJudgeThomasBuergenthalpagexii Acknowledgmentsxiv TableofPeriodicalAbbreviationsxv TableofCasesxvii TableofU.S.Statutesxxi TableofTreatiesxxiii I.GeneralInternationalandU.S.ForeignRelationsLaw 1 Overview1 U.S.InfluenceonInternationalLaw2 SecretaryofStateAlbrightontheRuleofLawinU.S.ForeignPolicy2 SenatorHelmsontheUnitedStatesandtheUnitedNations4 U.S.ForeignAssistanceasaMeansofConflictManagement7 EffectivenessofU.S.HumanitarianAssistancePrograms8 U.S.DepartmentofState1999Reorganization9 InternationalandForeignRelationsLawInfluencesontheUnitedStates10 InterpretationofTreatyObligationsinLightofForeignCourtDecisions10 Treaty ObligationsasEvidenceofFederal Preemption11 FederalForeignRelationsLawPreemptionofStateLaw14 II.StateDiplomaticandConsularRelations 17 Overview17 RecognitionofStatesandGovernments17 U.S.ReactiontoRight-WingParty JoiningAustrianGovernmentCoalition17 U.S.ReactiontoMilitaryCoupinPakistan19 U.S.andOASReactiontoIrregularElectioninPeru21 ResumptionofU.S.DiplomaticRelationswiththeFRY23 PersonaNonGrata25 ExpulsionofRussianDiplomatsforSpying25 ExpulsionofCubanDiplomats forSpying26 ConsularAffairs27 ExecutionofParaguayanNationalAfterConsularNotificationError27 ExecutionofCanadianNationalAfterConsularNotificationError31 ExecutionofGermanNationalsAfterConsularNotificationError32 EffectofLaGrandCaseforMexicanonDeathRow38 ViolationofViennaConventionasBasisforSuppressionofEvidence40 ViolationofViennaConventionasBasisforTortClaim42 III.StateJurisdictionandImmunities 43 Overview43 Jurisdiction44 ExtraterritorialApplicationofU.S.CriminalStatutes44 ExtraterritorialApplicationofU.S.StatutestoMaritimeZones47 ExtraterritorialApplicationofFloridaStatutetoNonresidents49 U.S.andEUNegotiationsRegardingthe“Helms-Burton”Act50 JurisdictionoverSalvageofRMSTitanic54 OwnershipofSunkenSpanishWarships57 vi Contents vii ForeignSovereignImmunitiesAct60 Background60 ProceduralAspectsoftheFSIA60 Individuals asForeignSovereigns61 CorporationsasForeignSovereigns62 WaiverofImmunity64 CommercialActivityException65 ExpropriationException67 TortiousActivityException68 ArbitrationException69 TerroristState Exception70 Counterclaims84 ImmunityofForeignStateAssetsfromAttachmentorExecution85 DiplomaticorConsularImmunities86 WaiverofGeorgianDiplomat’sImmunityfromU.S.CriminalJurisdiction86 ImmunityProvidedVisitingPeruvianOfficialChargedwithTorture88 ImmunityasHeadofState89 ImmunityasHeadofStateforZimbabwe’sPresidentMugabe89 ActofState Doctrine91 TaxRulingbyBrazilMinisterasanActofState91 IV.StateResponsibilityandLiability 95 Overview95 RulesofStateResponsibility95 U.S.CommentsonILCDraftArticlesonStateResponsibility95 PaymentofCompensation98 PersonsofJapaneseAncestryInternedDuringtheSecondWorldWar98 BombingofChineseEmbassyinBelgrade99 CollisionwithItalianSkiGondola102 ProvisionofCompoundInterestUnderInternationalLaw102 EspousalofClaims105 CompensationforU.S.NationalsPersecutedbyNaziRegime105 StateDepartmentDiscretiontoEspouseU.S.National’sClaim107 FacilitatingPaymentbySriLankatoU.S.Investor110 Facilitating PropertyRestitutioninCentral andEasternEurope111 V.InternationalOrganizations 113 Overview113 UnitedNations113 PaymentofU.S.ArrearstotheUnitedNations113 EmploymentofU.S.NationalsatUNOrganizations119 U.S.SupportforImmunityofUNSpecialRapporteur120 U.S.SupportofUNSanctionsbyHighSeasInterdiction124 U.S.SupportforDeploymentofPeacekeeperstoEast Timor125 U.S.ViewonFunctionsoftheDepositaryofaTreaty128 BarringofFRYRepresentativeattheUNSecurityCouncil129 VI.InternationalLawandNonstateActors 131 Overview131 NonstateGoverningAuthorities131 StatusofPalestineLiberationOrganizationattheUnitedNations131 U.S.–TaiwanRelations132 viii Contents SovereignImmunityAccordedtoAmericanInstituteinTaiwan134 TaiwanTreatyObligationsasDerivedfromPRC135 Capacityof HongKongtoEnter IntoTreatyRelations 136 SecondWorldWarEraClaimsagainstNonstateActors136 Background136 ClaimsagainstGermanIndustryandGermanBanks137 ClaimsagainstAustrianIndustry145 ClaimsagainstInsuranceCompanies145 ClaimsagainstSwissandAustrianBanks147 ClaimsforConfiscatedArt150 ClaimsagainstJapaneseCompanies152 Individuals157 U.S.–EU“SafeHarbor”DataPrivacyArrangement157 VII.InternationalOceans,Environment,Health,andAviationLaw 163 Overview163 LawoftheSea163 ExtensionofU.S.ContiguousZone163 U.S.–MexicoContinentalShelfBoundaryinGulfofMexico164 HighSeasFishingGenerally165 ConservationofFishintheWesternandCentralPacificOcean167 AmendmentofU.S.–Canada1985PacificSalmonTreaty169 U.S.SanctionsagainstJapanfor Whaling170 AmericanIndianWhalingRights173 InternationalEnvironmentalLaw174 RejectionofKyotoProtocoltoClimateChangeConvention174 WTODecisionsonShrimp/TurtleImportRestrictions177 SigningofPersistentOrganicPollutantsTreaty180 InternationalHealthLaw182 PermittingPatentInfringementstoCombatAIDSinAfrica182 U.S.FundingtoCombatAIDSGlobally184 GuatemalanSuitagainstU.S.TobaccoCompanies186 WHO ReportCondemningU.S.TobaccoCompanies 187 RetentionofSmallpoxVirus189 AirandSpaceLaw190 AdmissibilityofU.S.–EU“Hushkits”DisputeBeforeICAO190 InterpretationofWarsawConventioninU.S.Courts192 AerialIncidentofftheCoastofChina195 PrivatizationofINTELSAT199 VIII.InternationalEconomicLaw 201 Overview201 InternationalFinance201 RestructuringProposalstoAddressGlobalEconomicTurmoil201 DebtReliefforHeavilyIndebtedPoorStates205 WorldBankFinancingforRelocatingChineseFarmersinTibet207 UnsuccessfulU.S.OppositiontoIBRDLoanstoIran210 BilateralTrade210 USTRReportonForeignTradeBarriers210 U.S.–PRCTradeRelations211 U.S.–JordanFreeTradeAgreement215 U.S.–VietnamTradeAgreement217 PresidentDenied“Fast-Track”TradeNegotiatingAuthority219 [...]... With international law increasingly playing an important role in U.S law, and with the United States continuing to play a central role in the development of international law and institutions, it is impossible to capture in a single volume all U.S practice in international law that arose during 1999–2001 Nevertheless, this volume seeks to capture the essential trends and themes of U.S practice during... 48 United States v Cebrezos-Barraza, 40 United States v Chanthadara, 40 United States v Chaparro-Alcantara, 41 United States v Corey, 46 United States v Curtiss-Wright, 356 United States v Davis, 49 United States v Devine, 486–487 United States v Doe, 41 United States v Duarte-Acero, 277 United States v Emuegbunam, 41 United States v Flores, 278 United States v Gatlin, 46 United States v Garza, 278 United. .. United States v Pizzarusso, 45 United States v Raven, 358 United States v Robel, 356 United States v Santos, 41 United States v Sealed 486 United States v Stein, 341 United States v Toscanino, 280 United States v Truong Dinh Hung, 356 United States v United States District Court (Keith), 356 United States v Vasquez-Velasco, 46 United States v Verdugo-Urquidez, 280, 304, 358 United States v Yousef, 46 United. .. Titan, Inc v Guangzhou Zhen Hua Shipping Co., Ltd., 70 United Kingdom v United States, 486 United States v Aluminum Co of Am., 45 United States v Alvarez-Machain, 304–06 United States v Approximately $24,829,681.80 in Funds, 341 United States v Benitez, 277 United States v Bin Laden, 353, 356–9 United States v Bowman, 44–46 United States v Bustos de la Pava, 41 United States v Bustos-Useche, 49 United States. .. United States v Iran (A/28) (IUSCT), 475–76 United States v Jiminez-Nava, 41 United States v Juvenile (RAA-2), 40 United States v Klimavicius-Viloria, 49 United States v Leon, 47 United States v Li, 41 United States v Locke, 11, 13, 14 United States v Lombera-Camorlinga, 40 United States v Luna-Rodriguez, 40 United States v Martinez-Hidalgo, 49 United States v Nai Fook Li, 41 United States v Page, 41 United. .. actively engaged in the use of international law and international institutions to advance the interests of the United States The Clinton administration focused strongly on use of international law and institutions to promote the economic interests of the United States, both in containing severe global market turmoil during this period and in aggressively fighting foreign trade barriers The administration... Records United Nations Security Council Official Records United Nations Treaty Series United Nations Yearbook United States Reports U.S Code of Congressional and Administrative News United States Code United States Code Annotated United States Code Appendix United States Constitution Department of State Dispatch United States Law Weekly United States Treaties and Other International Agreements United States. .. La Rosa v United States, 277 Ignatiev v United States, 42 Immunity of Special Rapporteur of the Commission of Human Rights (I.C.J Advisory Opinion), 124 Industria Panificadora, S.A v United States, 42 INS v Abudu, 313 INS v Stevic, 311 INS v St Cyr, 312 Intercargo Ins Co v China Airlines.Ltd, 195 Int’l Ass’n of Indep Tanker Owners (Intertanko) v Locke, 12 Int’l Ass’n of Indep Tanker Owners (Intertanko)... of International Law Africa American Review of International Arbitration Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law Australian Yearbook of International Law Berkeley Journal of International Law Board of Immigration Appeals Brooklyn Law Review British Yearbook of International Law Code of Federal Regulations Columbia Journal of Environmental Law Congressional Record Connecticut Journal of International. .. RELATIONS LAW INFLUENCES ON THE UNITED STATES Interpretation of Treaty Obligations in Light of Foreign Court Decisions In various cases in U.S courts during 1999–2001, U.S courts showed sensitivity to norms emanating from international treaties to which the United States was a party, pursuing interpretations that, among other things, were consistent with opinions rendered by foreign courts For instance, in . page intentionally left blank United States Practice in International Law Volume I: 1999–2001 Sean D. Murphy’s wide-ranging and in- depth survey of U.S. practice. 329 Overview329 LawEnforcementGenerally329 TransmittaltotheSenateofLawEnforcementTreaties329 RelevanceofTortureConventiontoU.S.ExtraditionProcess332 U.S.AssistanceRegardingProsecutionofChileanFormerPresidentPinochet335 CombatingBriberyofForeignPublicOfficials337 U.S.SanctionsagainstInternationalNarcoticsTraffickers338 MultilateralListingofStatesasMoneyLaunderingHavens340 OECDListingofStatesforUnfairTaxPractices341 InternationalTraffickinginPersons;EspeciallyWomenandChildren343 InternationalTraffickinginStolenCulturalProperty345 AdoptionofConventiononCybercrime347 Terrorism349 U.S.AnnualReportonGlobalTerrorism349 U.S.DesignationofForeignTerroristOrganizations350 LawEnforcementEffortsinResponsetoEmbassyBombings351 LockerbieBombingTrialinTheNetherlands359 ConventionsontheSuppressionofTerroristBombingsandFinancing366 LawofWar369 U.S.AdherencetoInternationalHumanitarianLaw369 U.S.SupportforICTYbyDetainingBosnianSerbIndictees371 ICTYOrderforDisclosureofInformationbyNATO/SFOR372 U.S.SurrenderofIndicteetoICTR375 U.S.SupportforICTY/ICTRThroughRewardPrograms377 CallforWarCrimesTrials ofIraqiLeaders377 SierraLeoneAmnestyandSpecialWarCrimesCourt379 SigningofTreatyEstablishingInternationalCriminalCourt381 U.S.ViewoftheCrimeofAggression386 XI.UseofForceandArmsControl