Tài liệu Maternal, Infant, and Child Health in the United States 2010 pdf

March of Dimes Foundation Data Book for Policy Makers Maternal, Infant, and Child Health in the United States 20 ©2009 by the March of Dimes Permission to copy, disseminate or otherwise use information from the Data Book for Policy Makers is granted as long as appropriate acknowledgment is given Prepared by: Office of Government Affairs March of Dimes 1146 19th Street, NW, Sixth Floor Washington, DC 20036 Telephone (202) 659-1800 Fax (202) 296-2964 For additional copies: March of Dimes P.O Box 932852 Atlanta, GA 31193-2852 Phone (800) 367-6630 marchofdimes.com Item number 50-2461-10 The March of Dimes Data Book for Policy Makers: Maternal, Infant, and Child Health in the United States 2010 provides national and state data highlighting infant mortality, birth defects, preterm and low birthweight births, health insurance coverage for women and children, and prevention strategies This easy-to-use resource guide is aimed at public policy makers and others seeking quick facts at their fingertips Readers interested in more detail and regular updates of many of the data presented in this book should visit PeriStats, the March of Dimes interactive data resource at marchofdimes.com/peristats Except where noted, information in this Data Book is for the United States Where possible, data for Puerto Rico are included The March of Dimes Data Book for Policy Makers was produced by Colleen Sonosky, Kate Morrand, and Marina L Weiss of the Office of Government Affairs Rebecca Russell, Todd Dias, Hui Zheng, and Vani Bettegowda of the March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center prepared much of the data Don Komai of Watermark Design and Chintan Parikh from Publishing Resources provided services to assist the March of Dimes with the production of the publication The March of Dimes is a national voluntary health agency founded in 1938 by President Franklin D Roosevelt to support research and services related to polio Today, the Foundation works to improve the health of women, infants and children by preventing birth defects, premature birth and infant mortality through research, community services, education and advocacy The March of Dimes is a unique partnership of scientists, clinicians, parents, members of the business community and other volunteers affiliated with chapters in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico We trust this Data Book and other March of Dimes resources that can be found at www.marchofdimes com (Spanish language site www nacersano.org) will be helpful as we work together toward the day when every baby is born healthy Dr Bruce C Vladeck, Chair National Public Affairs Committee March of Dimes Dr Jennifer L Howse, President March of Dimes About PeriStats PeriStats, the March of Dimes interactive web resource (marchofdimes com/peristats) offers the latest data on maternal, infant, and child health at national, state, and local levels Users – from the general public to policy makers, researchers, providers, and students – will find the site comprehensive and easy to use Look for the PeriStats logo on pages throughout the Data Book for Policy Makers It’s a signal that more detailed – and perhaps more current information is available on the website Updated at least annually, PeriStats covers data for multiple years for topics like birth rates, infant mortality, prematurity, and low birthweight; tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use; cesarean section rates; newborn screening; and health insurance coverage Information by race, ethnicity, and maternal age is also available for many of these indicators Users can compare data for counties, states, and the United States and can choose various output formats, including graphs, maps, tables, and slides which they can use in reports or presentations Together, PeriStats and the Data Book are powerful tools for helping inform policy to improve maternal, infant, and child health in the United States marchofdimes.com/peristats Contents Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Objectives for 2010 On an average day in the United States Quick stats for the United States Infant and Maternal Mortality Infant Mortality in the United States Infant Mortality and Race/Ethnicity of Mother Leading Causes of Infant Mortality 10 Maternal Mortality 12 Birth Defects Incidence of Birth Defects 16 Birth Defects Monitoring Programs 18 Newborn Screening 20 Newborn Screening: Categories of Disorders 22 Preterm and Low Birthweight Births Preterm Births 26 Prematurity and Low Birthweight 28 Risk of Preterm Births 30 Prematurity and Race/Ethnicity of Mother 32 Costliness of Preterm and Low Birthweight Babies 34 Prevention Importance of Prenatal Care 38 Patterns of Prenatal Care 39 Benefits of Folic Acid 40 Smoking During Pregnancy 42 Alcohol and Other Drug Use 44 Obesity 46 Childhood Immunization 48 Health Insurance Health Insurance and Access to Care 50 Health Insurance Coverage for Women of Childbearing Age 52 Health Insurance Coverage for Children 54 Medicaid’s Role in Maternal and Child Health 56 Children’s Health Insurance Program 58 Medicaid and CHIP: Eligibility and Enrollment 60 State Data State Infant Mortality Rates, 2003-2005 Average 65 Live Births, by State, 2006 68 Newborn Screening Requirements, by State, 2009 70 Preterm and Low Birthweight Births 72 Prenatal Care 84 Health Insurance 90 Immunizations 11 Newborn Screening Terms: A Glossary 112 Contents (continued) Data Sources 116 Figures and Summary Tables Infant Mortality, 1950-2005 Infant Mortality, by Region, 2005 Infant Mortality, by Race/Ethnicity of Mother, 2005 Infant Mortality, by Hispanic Ethnicity of Mother, 2005 Leading Causes of Neonatal and Infant Mortality, 2005 11 Maternal Mortality, by Race, 1970-2006 13 Hospital Costs of Birth Defects, 2004 17 State Activities in Birth Defects Monitoring, 2009 19 Organizational Location of Birth Defects Programs, 2009 19 Funding Sources for Birth Defects Programs, 2009 19 State Newborn Screening Requirements, 2009: A Summary 21 Preterm and Very Preterm Births, 1996-2006 27 Percent Distribution of All Preterm Births, 2006 27 Incidence of Preterm and Low Birthweight Births, 2006 29 Low and Very Low Birthweight Births, 1996-2006 29 Preterm and Very Preterm Births, by Age of Mother, 2006 31 Preterm Births: Singleton, Twin, and Higher Order, 2006 31 Preterm and Very Preterm Births, by Race/Ethnicity of Mother, 2006 33 Preterm and Very Preterm Births, by Hispanic Ethnicity of Mother, 2006 33 Average Length of Stay and Average Medical Costs Among Preterm and Term Births, 2005 35 Conditions with the Highest Inpatient Hospital Costs, 2007 35 Awareness of Folic Acid Benefits Among Women of Childbearing Age, 1995 and 2008 41 Pregnant and Nonpregnant Women Reporting Smoking During the Past Month, 2007-2008 43 State Medicaid Coverage: Smoking Cessation Treatments for Pregnant Women, 2006 43 Women Ages 18-44 Reporting Binge Drinking During Past Month, 2003-2008 45 Obesity Among Women Ages 18-44, 1998-2008 47 Children with No Usual Source of Medical Care, by Type of Insurance Coverage, 2006-2007 51 Women Ages 15-44, by Type of Health Insurance Coverage, 2008 53 Women Ages 15-44 Who Are Uninsured, by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 53 Children Under Age 19, by Type of Health Insurance Coverage, 2008 55 Children Under Age 19 Who Are Uninsured, by Race/Ethnicity, 2008 55 Medicaid Enrollment and Expenditures, by Enrollee Characteristics, 2006 57 Family Planning Waiver Programs, by State, 2007 57 Children’s Health Insurance Program Enrollment, 2001-2008 59 States with Presumptive or Continuous Eligibility Under Medicaid and CHIP, 2007-2009 61 State-by-State Data and Tables State Infant Mortality Rates, 2003-2005 Average 65 Infant Mortality Rates, by States, 2003-2005 Average 66 Live Births, by State, 2006 68 Newborn Screening Requirements, by State, 2009 70 Preterm Births, by State, 2006 72 Late Preterm Births, by State, 2006 74 Very Preterm Births, by State, 2006 76 Low Birthweight Births, by State, 2006 78 Very Low Birthweight Births, by State, 2006 80 Preterm Birth Rates, by State, 2006 82 Children’s Health Insurance Program, by Type of Program, 2009 83 Births to Women Who Received Early Prenatal Care, by State, 2006 (1989 Birth Certificate Revision) 84 Births to Women Who Received Early Prenatal Care, by State, 2006 (2003 Birth Certificate Revision) 85 Births to Women Who Received Late or No Prenatal Care, by State, 2006 (1989 Birth Certificate Revision) 86 Births to Women Who Received Late or No Prenatal Care, by State, 2006 (2003 Birth Certificate Revision) 87 Births to Women Who Received Adequate or Adequate-Plus Prenatal Care, by State, 2006 (1989 Birth Certificate Revision) 88 Births to Women Who Received Adequate or Adequate-Plus Prenatal Care, by State, 2006 (2003 Birth Certificate Revision) 89 Women Ages 15-44 Without Health Insurance, by State, 2006-2008 Average 90 Children Under Age 19 Without Health Insurance, by State, 2006-2008 Average 92 Income Eligibility Thresholds for Pregnant Women and for Children Under Medicaid, by State, 2009 94 Income Eligibility Thresholds for Pregnant Women and for Children Under CHIP , by State, 2009 96 Presumptive and Continuous Eligibility Under Medicaid and CHIP, by State, 2007-2009 98 Medicaid Enrollees, by Select Characteristics, by State, Fiscal Year 2006 100 Medicaid Expenditures, by Enrollee Characteristics, by State, Fiscal Year 2006 102 Stand-Alone and Medicaid Expansion CHIP Enrollees, by State, 2007-2008 104 Children’s Health Insurance Program Federal Allotments, by State, Fiscal Year 2009 106 Federal Matching Rates for Medicaid and CHIP, by State, Fiscal Year 2010 108 Births Funded by Medicaid, by State, 2003 109 Medicaid Coverage of Smoking Cessation Treatments, by State, 2006 110 Percent of Children 19-35 Months with Up-to-Date Immunizations, 2008 111 Maternal, Infant, and Child Health Objectives for 2010 n Healthy People 2010, a series of national health objectives to be achieved by the year 2010, was released by the U.S Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) in January 2000 These objectives are being used as a benchmark for measuring progress in health promotion and disease prevention n The broad goals of this initiative are to increase the quality and years of healthy life and eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health status n A number of the Healthy People 2010 objectives concern maternal, infant, and child health Among them are efforts to: q q q n Reduce rates of infant and maternal mortality, preterm and low birthweight births, and birth defects Increase the proportion of women receiving early and adequate prenatal care Ensure appropriate newborn screening and follow-up testing and care Many relevant objectives are referred to in this data book More detailed information about the initiative is at the website healthypeople.gov E v e r y y ea r s , H H S assesses and r epo r ts on scientific insights and l essons l ea r ned f r om the past decade , a l ong with new k now l edge of c u r r ent data , t r ends , and inno v ations H ea l th y P eop l e 2 wi l l r ef l ect assessments of ma j o r r is k s to hea l th and we l l ness , changing p u b l ic hea l th p r io r ities , and eme r ging iss u es r e l ated to o u r nation ’ s hea l th p r epa r edness and p r e v ention F o r info r mation on the de v e l opment of the r e v ised o r new ob j ecti v es set fo r H ea l th y P eop l e 2 , see hea l th y peop l e go v / hp 2 / On an average day in the United States 11,686 1,487 babies are born babies are born preterm (less than 37 completed weeks gestation) 964 babies are born low birthweight 329 babies are born with a birth defect* 237 babies are born very preterm 173 babies are born very low birthweight 78 (less than 2,500 grams, or 1/2 pounds) (less than 32 completed weeks gestation) (less than 1,500 grams, or /3 pounds) babies die before reaching their first birthday * Based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate of at least 120,000 babies born annually with major structural birth defects Note: Numbers are approximations Source: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006 final natality data and 2005 period linked birth/infant death data Prepared by the March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center, 2009 March of Dimes Children’s Health Insurance Program Federal Allotments, by State, Fiscal Year 2009 State FY2009 CHIPRA FY2009 Spending Remaining Allotment to Date Available from the FY2009 Allotment Alabama $ 140,300,600 $ 71,056,418 $ 69,244,182 24,565,200 10,419,103 14,146,097 Arizona 171,133,218 149,074,041 22,059,177 Arkansas 133,752,696 50,409,786 83,342,910 California 1,552,909,600 799,172,168 753,737,432 Colorado 100,696,200 100,696,200 Connecticut 45,644,506 45,644,506 Delaware 15,096,397 15,096,397 District of Columbia 14,180,255 14,180,255 Florida 356,095,478 356,095,478 Georgia 302,054,500 175,553,509 126,500,991 Hawaii 20,888,564 20,888,564 Idaho 44,514,800 44,514,800 Illinois 344,561,804 198,658,964 145,902,840 Indiana 137,584,700 137,584,700 Iowa 65,255,300 34,057,616 31,197,684 Kansas 57,163,700 37,854,500 19,309,200 Kentucky 126,013,800 67,371,232 58,642,568 Louisiana 207,402,800 94,386,000 113,016,800 39,271,706 16,895,000 22,376,706 Maryland 194,773,700 86,201,000 108,572,700 Massachusetts 321,658,700 147,552,000 174,106,700 Michigan 221,124,200 146,173,055 74,951,145 Minnesota 83,960,234 48,613,498 35,346,736 Mississippi 192,938,900 81,428,000 111,510,900 Missouri 158,829,000 81,870,388 76,958,612 Montana 32,989,000 14,489,345 18,499,655 Nebraska $ 41,955,100 $ 22,516,181 $ 19,438,919 Alaska Maine 106 March of Dimes State FY2009 CHIPRA FY2009 Spending Remaining Allotment to Date Available from the FY2009 Allotment Nevada $ 61,397,036 $0 $ 61,397,036 14,844,500 14,844,500 New Jersey 505,395,000 219,570,000 285,825,000 New Mexico 280,720,000 104,817,382 175,902,618 New York 433,472,600 433,472,600 North Carolina 241,660,100 136,117,313 105,542,787 North Dakota 15,821,554 7,885,338 7,936,216 Ohio 285,275,100 157,285,194 127,989,906 Oklahoma 151,399,600 70,828,185 80,571,415 Oregon 100,197,900 100,197,900 Pennsylvania 310,308,900 167,008,303 143,300,597 Rhode Island 69,525,150 28,195,000 41,330,150 South Carolina 106,862,800 106,862,800 South Dakota 20,655,800 10,862,735 9,793,065 Tennessee 156,629,000 156,629,000 Texas 867,350,000 946 867,350,000 Utah 65,264,100 65,264,100 Vermont 9,498,700 9,489,700 Virginia 175,860,300 96,877,519 78,982,781 Washington 94,285,111 94,285,111 West Virginia 43,263,469 25,009,711 18,253,758 Wisconsin 204,275,500 69,563,162 134,712,338 Wyoming 11,326,700 11,326,700 111,800,000 New Hampshire Puerto Rico TOTAL 111,800,000 $ 9,372,603,578 $ 3,427,772,592 $ 5,944,822,932 Source: U.S Department of Health and Human Services, “FY 2009 CHIPRA Allotments,” (June 19, 2009), available at http://insurekidsnow.gov/stateallotmenttable.html Notes: The remaining available from the FY2009 allotment represents the FY2009 CHIPRA allotment minus the spending to date (as of 6/19/09,) which includes the states’ allotments under the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act, any FY2006 redistritubuted funds, and any shortfall funds the state received The total CHIPRA allotment does not include funding to the territories March of Dimes 107 Federal Matching Rates for Medicaid and CHIP, by State, Fiscal Year 2010 Federal Percentage Federal Percentage State Medicaid CHIP State Medicaid CHIP Alabama 68.01 77.61 New Hampshire 50.00 65.00 Alaska 51.43 66.00 New Jersey 50.00 65.00 Arizona 65.75 76.03 New Mexico 71.35 79.95 Arkansas 72.78 80.95 New York 50.00 65.00 California 50.00 65.00 North Carolina 65.13 75.59 Colorado 50.00 65.00 North Dakota 63.01 74.11 Connecticut 50.00 65.00 Ohio 63.42 74.39 Delaware 50.21 65.15 Oklahoma 84.43 75.10 D.C 70.00 79.00 Oregon 62.74 73.92 Florida 54.98 68.49 Pennsylvania 54.81 68.37 Georgia 65.10 75.57 Rhode Island 52.63 66.84 Hawaii 54.24 67.97 South Carolina 70.32 79.22 Idaho 69.40 78.58 South Dakota 62.72 73.90 Illinois 50.17 65.12 Tennessee 65.57 75.90 Indiana 65.93 76.15 Texas 58.73 71.11 Iowa 63.51 74.46 Utah 71.68 80.18 Kansas 60.38 72.27 Vermont 58.73 71.11 Kentucky 70.96 79.67 Virginia 50.00 65.00 Louisiana 67.61 77.33 Washington 50.12 65.08 Maine 64.99 75.49 West Virginia 74.04 81.83 Maryland 50.00 65.00 Wisconsin 60.21 72.15 Massachusetts 50.00 65.00 Wyoming 50.00 65.00 Michigan 63.19 74.23 Puerto Rico 50.00 65.00 Minnesota 50.00 65.00 Mississippi 75.67 82.97 Missouri 64.51 75.16 Montana 67.42 77.19 Nebraska 60.56 72.39 Nevada 50.16 65.11 Source: Department of Health and Human Services, 2009 108 March of Dimes Births Funded by Medicaid, by State, 2003 State Percent State Percent Alabama 46 Nevada* 32 Alaska 55 New Hampshire 23 Arizona 50 New Jersey* 26 Arkansas 52 New Mexico* 67 California 45 New York 40 Colorado 37 North Carolina 48 Connecticut 28 North Dakota 30 Delaware 41 Ohio 32 District of Columbia 34 Oklahoma 50 Florida 50 Oregon 43 Georgia 50 Pennsylvania 31 Hawaii 27 Rhode Island 37 Idaho 40 South Carolina 55 Illinois 40 South Dakota 36 Indiana 41 Tennessee 46 Iowa 28 Texas* 49 Kansas 40 Utah 30 Kentucky 44 Vermont 48 Louisiana 59 Virginia 28 Maine 47 Washington 46 Maryland 34 West Virginia 50 Massachusetts 29 Wisconsin 38 Michigan 35 Wyoming 46 Minnesota 37 Puerto Rico n/a Mississippi 60 United States 41 Missouri 45 Montana 35 Nebraska 40 Notes: Asterisked data from 2002 2003 data unavailable for this state n/a = state did not respond to survey Source: National Governors Association, 2008 March of Dimes 109 Medicaid Coverage of Smoking Cessation Treatments, by State, 2006 Pharmacotherapya Counselingb State Alabama State Pharmacotherapya Counselingb – – Montana N, Rx – Alaska N, Rx I Nebraska – – Arizona Rx I Nevada N, Rx – Arkansas N, Rx I New Hampshire N, Rx California N, Rx G, I New Jersey Colorado N, Rx G, I – n/a Delaware N, Rx D.C G, I Rx – New Mexico N, Rx G, I New York N, Rx G – North Carolina N, Rx – N, Rx – North Dakota N, Rx G, I Florida N, Rx G, I Ohio N, Rx – Georgia – – Oklahoma N, Rx I Hawaii N, Rx – Oregon N, Rx G, I, T Idaho – n/a Pennsylvania N, Rx G, I Illinois N, Rx – Rhode Island N, Rx G, I Indiana N, Rx G, I South Carolina N, Rx G, I n/a I South Dakota Rx – N, Rx – Tennessee – – Kentucky n/a G, I Texas N, Rx – Louisiana N, Rx – Utah N, Rx G, I, T Maine N, Rx I Vermont N, Rx – Maryland N, Rx I Virginia Rx G, I Rx G, I Washington Rx I Michigan N, Rx – N, Rx I, T Minnesota N, Rx G, I Wisconsin Rx G, I Mississippi N, Rx G, I Wyoming – – – n/a Puerto Rico n/a n/a Connecticut Iowa Kansas Massachusetts Missouri a West Virginia Pharmacotherapies consist of nicotine replacement treatment such as gum and the patch (N), and prescription or nonprescription medications (Rx) b Counseling consists of Group Counseling (G), Individual Counseling (I), and/or Telephone Counseling (T) — indicates no treatments covered by Medicaid under this category n/a = not available Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2008 110 March of Dimes Percent of Children 19–35 Months with Up-to-Date Immunizations, 2008 State Polioa 4:3:1:3:3 Varicellac Seriesb State Polioa 4:3:1:3:3 Varicellac Seriesb Alabama 92.1 76.3 92.9 Nebraska 92.5 74.8 89.2 Alaska 91.9 76.2 77.8 Nevada 89.9 70.1 86.8 Arizona 92.4 79.2 91.1 New Hampshire 95.0 85.0 91.3 Arkansas 91.6 78.0 90.0 New Jersey 89.6 72.8 85.9 California 95.7 80.6 92.4 New Mexico 91.3 79.1 89.3 Colorado 94.9 80.7 90.1 New York 94.6 76.2 88.2 Connecticut 99.5 72.5 93.2 North Carolina 94.6 72.4 92.3 Delaware 91.8 73.0 94.4 North Dakota 95.1 74.2 85.0 D.C 89.7 78.6 90.4 Ohio 96.5 82.9 93.3 Florida 92.9 81.8 90.7 Oklahoma 88.4 73.6 90.5 Georgia 93.1 72.7 90.6 Oregon 94.8 72.3 90.4 Hawaii 92.8 78.3 92.6 Pennsylvania 94.1 80.4 92.4 Idaho 91.8 65.9 80.7 Rhode Island 97.1 79.5 93.0 Illinois 92.4 78.1 88.3 South Carolina 94.6 78.8 89.2 Indiana 95.2 78.4 87.9 South Dakota 94.5 80.8 90.1 Iowa 92.3 77.3 87.8 Tennessee 94.6 83.1 92.7 Kansas 95.4 78.2 90.1 Texas 92.1 78.6 93.1 Kentucky 94.1 76.8 87.7 Utah 89.0 78.1 92.7 Louisiana 97.0 83.0 95.0 Vermont 91.3 74.4 77.0 Maine 95.4 76.2 90.1 Virginia 89.9 73.2 93.0 Maryland 95.6 82.6 92.2 Washington 88.7 77.7 86.8 Massachusetts 98.2 83.9 95.3 West Virginia 94.5 78.0 89.3 Michigan 93.8 76.8 87.4 Wisconsin 94.1 83.6 88.3 Minnesota 96.0 77.4 90.1 Wyoming 90.7 67.6 84.6 Mississippi 93.7 76.5 92.1 Puerto Rico n/a n/a Missouri 91.7 76.0 88.1 United States 93.6 78.2 Montana 88.5 65.5 77.7 n/a 90.7 a Polio = three or more doses of poliovirus vaccine 4:3:1:3:3 series is four or more doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP), three or more doses of poliovirus vaccine, one or more doses of measles containing vaccine, three or more doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, and three or more doses of Hepatitis B vaccine c Varicella = one or more doses of varicella at or after child’s first birthday, unadjusted for history of varicella illness n/a = not available b Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009 March of Dimes 111 Newborn Screening Terms: A Glossary Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders Phenylketonuria (PKU) (>1 in 25,000) Inability to process the essential amino acid phenylalanine, which accumulates and damages the brain Can lead to severe mental retardation unless detected soon after birth and treated with a special formula and a low-protein diet Maple syrup urine disease (1 in 75,000) An inherited disorder resulting in lack of the enzyme that recycles the vitamin biotin May cause frequent infections, uncoordinated movement, hearing loss, seizures, and mental retardation Undiagnosed and untreated, can lead to coma and death If condition detected soon after birth, problems can be prevented with oral high-dose biotin Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) (>1 in 25,000) A group of inherited disorders resulting from deficiencies of hormones produced by the adrenal gland Severe forms of CAH, if undetected and untreated, cause life-threatening salt loss via urine Treatment includes hormone replacement Galactosemia (>1 in 50,000) Lack of the liver enzyme needed to convert galactose, a major sugar in milk, into glucose (blood sugar) Galactose then accumulates in and damages vital organs, leading to blindness, severe mental retardation, infection, and death Milk and other diary products must be eliminated from the baby’s diet for life This greatly improves the outlook for affected infants, but risk of mild developmental delays remains Hearing impairment (>1 in 5,000) Among the most common abnormalities present at birth Without early testing, most babies with hearing loss are not diagnosed until age two or three By then, they often have delayed speech and language development Early diagnosis allows use of hearing aids by six months, helping prevent serious speech and language problems Cystic fibrosis (>1 in 5,000) A common inherited disorder, resulting in lung and digestive problems, and death by age 35, on average Early diagnosis and treatment may improve the growth of babies and children with CF *The symbols < and > denote “less than” and “greater than”, respectively Terms are ordered in accordance with the table on page 21, which summarizes state requirements March of Dimes 113 ® ® Data Sources Data Sources Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2009 March of Dimes HCUPnet tabulations using the 2007 Nationwide Inpatient Sample http://hcupnet.ahrq.gov [Accessed October 16, 2009] Braveman, P and others 1989 “Adverse Outcomes and Lack of Health Insurance Among Newborns in an Eight-County Area of California, 1982-86.” New England Journal of Medicine 321(8): 508-13 American Academy of Pediatrics Newborn Screening Task Force 2000 “Serving the Family from Birth to the Medical Home Newborn Screening: A Blueprint for the Future.” Pediatrics 106(2) Supplement, pp 389-427 The Task Force was funded by and convened at the request of the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration Canfield, M and others 2006 “National Estimates and Race/Ethnic-Specific Variation of Selected Birth Defects in the United States, 1999-2001.” Birth Defects Research (Part A) 76: 747-756 American College of Medical Genetics 2004 “Newborn Screening: Toward a uniform Screening Panel and System ftp://ftp.hrsa gov/mchb/genetics/screeingdraftforcomment pdf [July 2005] Avchen, R.N and others 2001 “Birth Weight and School-Age Disabilities: A Population-Based Study.”American Journal of Epidemiology 154(10): 895-901 Ayadi, M.F and others 2006 “Costs of a Smoking Cessation Counseling Intervention for Pregnant Women: Comparison of Three Settings.” Public Health Reports 121: 120-26 Bernstein, A 1999 Insurance Status and Use of Health Services by Pregnant Women March of Dimes www marchofdimes.com/files.bernstein_ paper.pdf Bettegowda, V and others 2008 “The relationship between cesarean delivery and gestational age among US singleton births.” Clinics in Perinatology 35(2):309-23, v-vi Bhutta, A.T and others 2002 Cognitive and Behavioral Outcomes of School-Aged Children Who Were Born Preterm: A MetaAnalysis.” Journal of the American Medical Association 288(6): 728-37 116 March of Dimes Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1992 “Recommendations for the Use of Folic Acid to Reduce the Number of Cases of Spina Bifida and Other Neural Tube Defects.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 41 (RR-14): 1-7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998 “Maternal Mortality – United States, 1982-1996.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 47(34): 705-7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999a “Achievements in Public Health, 1900-1999: Healthier Mothers and Babies.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 48(38): 849-58 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1999b “Ten Great Public Health Achievements – United States, 1900-1999.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53(3): 54-57 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2006 “Improved National Prevalence Estimates for 18 Selected Major Birth Defects – United States, 1999-2001.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 54(51&52): 1301-1305 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998-2008 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Data prepared by the March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center, 2009 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2008 “State Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco-Dependence Treatments – United States, 2006” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 57(05): 117-122 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009 “National Immunization Program Estimated Vaccination Coverage with Individual Vaccines and Selected Vaccination Series Among Children 19-35 Months of Age by State and Immunization Action Plan Area – US, National Immunization Survey, 2008.” www.cdc.gov/nis/datafiles.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009a Information on state activities in birth defects surveillance Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2009 “FY 2009 CHIPRA Allotments” (June 19, 2009), available at http://insurekidsnow gov/stateallotmenttable.html Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2009a Medicaid Statistical Information System State Summary Datamart Fiscal Year 2006 Quarterly Cube Data prepared for the March of Dimes Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2009b FY 2008 Number of Children Ever Enrolled Year 2008 www.cms.hhs.gov/schip/ enrollment Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services 2009c State Children’s Health Insurance Program: Plan Activity as of April 1, 2009 http://www.cms.hhs.gov/ LowCostHealthInsFamChild/downloads/ SCHIPStatePlanActivityMap.pdf Chollet, DJ and A.M King, 1998 Understanding Individual Health Insurance Markets Henry J Kaiser Family Foundation, Menlo Park, California Congressional Research Service 2007 State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) Coverage For Pregnant Women Under the Section 1115 Waiver Authority and SCHIP Unborn Child State Plan Amendments Washington, D.C Davidoff, MJ and others 2006 “Changes in the Gestational Age 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