YEARBOOK OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW YEARBOOK OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW VOLUME I – 1999 EDITORS PETAR ŠARČEVIĆ PAUL VOLKEN Professor at the University of Rijeka Professor at the University of Fribourg PUBLISHED IN ASSOCIATION WITH SWISS INSTITUTE OF COMPARATIVE LAW LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND Sellier European Law Publishers Sellier European Law Publishers ISBN 978-3-935808-47-7 Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar © 1999 Kluwer Law International und Swiss Institute of Comparative Law © für den Nachdruck 2007 Sellier European Law Publishers GmbH und Swiss Institute of Comparative Law Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlages unzulässig und strafbar Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen Herstellung: Karina Hack, München Druck und Bindung: AZ Druck und Datentechnik, Kempten Gedruckt auf säurefreiem, alterungsbeständigem Papier Printed in Germany ADVISORY BOARD JÜRGEN BASEDOW Hamburg GENEVIÈVE BURDEAU Paris LAWRENCE COLLINS London, Cambridge HUANG JIN Wuhan HANS VAN LOON The Hague FERENC MÁDL Budapest RUI MANUEL GENS DE MOURA RAMOS Lissabon/Luxembourg YASUHIRO OKUDA Sapporo GONZALO E PARRA-ARANGUREN The Hague/Caracas SYMEON C SYMEONIDES Baton Rouge (Louisiana) PIERRE WIDMER Lausanne ASSISTANT EDITOR AND ADRESSEE FOR MANUSCRIPTS AND CORRESPONDENCE ANDREA BONOMI Swiss Institute of Comparative Law Dorigny, CH – 1015 Lausanne TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ix Abbreviations xi Doctrine Maarit JÄNTERÄ-JAREBORG Marriage Dissolution in an Integrated Europe – The 1998 European Union Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matrimonial Matters (Brussels II Convention) Petar ŠARČEVIĆ Private International Law Aspects of Legally Regulated Forms of Non-Marital Cohabitation and Registered Partnerships 37 Hans Ulrich JESSURUN D'OLIVEIRA The Artifact of 'Sham Marriages' 49 Paul VOLKEN How Common are the General Principles of Private International Law? America and Europe Compared 85 National Reports Gonzalo E PARRA-ARANGUREN The Venezuelan Act on Private International Law of 1998 103 Alfred E VON OVERBECK The Fate of Two Remarkable Provisions of the Swiss Statute on Private International Law 119 HUANG Jin and LÜ Guomin New Developments in Chinese Private International Law 135 László BURIÁN Hungarian Private International Law 157 Karsten OTTE The New German Conflicts Law on Parents and Children 189 News from The Hague Hans VAN LOON The Hague Conference on Private International Law – Work in Progress 205 Forum Andrea BONOMI Mandatory Rules in Private International Law – The Quest for Uniformity of Decisions in a Global Environment 215 Vesna TOMLJENOVIĆ Maritime Torts – New Conflicts Approach: Is It Necessary? 249 Texts, Materials and Recent Developments Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matrimonial Matters ('Brussels II Convention') 299 Protocol on the Interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Communities of the Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matrimonial Matters 319 Proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matrimonial Matters and in Matters of Parental Responsibility for Joint Children 323 Venezuelan Act on Private International Law (Unofficial English Translation) 341 Institute of International Law, Berlin Session, 16 – 25 August 1999 Taking Foreign Private International Law to Account 353 Book Review Internet: Which Court Decides? Which Law Applies? – Quel tribunal décide? Quel droit s’applique? (André LUCAS) 355 Books Received 359 Index 365 viii FOREWORD As we approach the new millennium, the science of private international law is about to take a new direction in its development It is well known that the first millennium was not particularly productive as far as choice-of-law matters are concerned, even though the professio iuris of international inheritance law dating back to that time is still useful today The interest in private international law experienced a sudden surge at the beginning of the second millennium Currently we are at the culmination and perhaps the turning point of the scientific discussion that began in the eleventh century as a halfhearted articulation of an incomplete sentence Ever since, the disturbing question about appropriate application of laws in space has occupied the minds of lawyers, putting them in a restless search for the truth In the nineteenth century, the teachings of private international law were characterized by great scientific debates about the correct questions to be asked when dealing with cases with foreign elements The twentieth century witnessed extensive codification of conflicts rules at both international and national levels, i.e., in multilateral conventions and national legislation Already called the age of globalization, the twenty-first century is expected to experience significant progress in the unification of substantive law This raises the question whether science has profited sufficiently from private international law so as to allow it to retire We not believe so In the law of international trade and global commercial relations, there is an obvious need for uniform substantive rules throughout the world Nonetheless, it appears that the families, ethnic groups and nations of this earth – from America to the Caucasus, from the Alps to the flatlands – are neither socially nor personally ready to accept systematic uniform treatment of their mutual relations, including both property and personal matters This applies not only in regard to the ethnocultural differences between East and West or North and South Even in the traditional federal States on both sides of the ocean and in our new economic unions as well, it is clear that we are not prepared to give up a certain independence in the nucleus of personal, family and property matters Even in trade and commerce where the need for uniform law has long been undisputed, we are still faced with a great gap between the wishes for uniform law and the reality of unification And in areas where uniform rules already exist, one must realistically admit that legislators cannot away with the conflict of laws technique – whether it is for the purpose of filling gaps or dealing with border areas and peripheral zones It is the hope of the editors and publishers that the present volume will lend the field of private international law a new voice that can be heard throughout the world and used as a sounding board by all The goal of the new Yearbook is to become an international podium for the intellectual exchange of scientific and practical ideas between specialists of private international law Here the concept of private international law is to be understood in its broadest sense, encompassing Books Received DOWNES Noemí, Los contratos internacionales de timesharing: un enfoque internacionalprivatista de la comercialización transfronteriza de la utilización de inmuebles en régimen de tiempo compartido, Colección estudios internacionales, Vol.28, Madrid (Eurolex) 1998, pp 438 EPSTEIN David/SNYDER Jeffrey L./BALDWIN Charles S IV, International Litigation, A Guide to Jurisdiction, Practice, and Strategy, 3rd ed., New York (Transnational Publishers) 1998 FAWCETT James J./TORREMANS Paul, Intellectual Property and Private International Law, Oxford Monographs in Private International Law, Oxford (Clarendon Press) 1998, pp 824 FENTIMAN Richard, Foreign Law in English Courts, Oxford Monographs in Private International Law, Oxford (Clarendon Press) 1998, pp 368 FLETCHER Ian, Insolvency in Private International Law, Oxford Monographs in Private International Law, Oxford (Clarendon Press) 1998, pp 450 FRADA DE SOUSA Antonio, Conflito de clausulados e consenso nos contratos internacionais, Porto (Universidade Cátolica) 1999, pp 379 GARDEÑES SANTIAGO Miguel, La aplicación de la regla de reconocimiento mutuo y su incidencia en el comercio de mercancías y servicios en el ámbito comunitario e internacional, Madrid (Eurolex) 1999, pp 432 GLEICHAUF Jürgen, Das postmortale Persönlichkeitsrecht im internationalen Privatrecht: unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des französischen Rechts, Europäische Hochschulschriften, Bern [etc.] (P Lang) 1999, pp 469 HEIN Jan von, Das Günstigkeitsprinzip im internationalen Deliktsrecht, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 1999, pp XXII-473 HERTZ Ketilbjorn, Jurisdiction in Tort and Contract under the Brussels Convention, Copenhague (DJOF Publishing) 1998, pp 317 HESS Burkhard, Intertemporales Privatrecht, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 1998, pp XIV-614 HILL Jonathan, The law relating to international commercial disputes, 2nd ed., London-Hong Kong (LLP) 1998, pp LXX-801 HOPPE Jeannine, Die Entsendung von Arbeitnehmern ins Ausland: kollisionsrechtliche Probleme und internationale Zuständigkeit: eine Untersuchung anhand praktischer Vertragsgestaltungen, Berlin (Duncker & Humblot) 1999, pp 284 JAMETTI GREINER Monique, Der Begriff der Entscheidung im schweizerischen Zivilverfahrensrecht, Basel-Frankfurt a.M (Helbing & Lichtenhahn) 1998, pp XLVIII-364 360 Books Received KANNENGIESSER Matthias N., Die Aufrechnung im internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrecht: mit vergleichender Darstellung ausgewählter europäischer Aufrechnungsrechte, Studien zum ausländischen und internationalen Privatrecht, Vol 63, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 1998, pp XVII-232 KANNENGIEßER Matthias N., Die Aufrechnung im internationalen Privat- und Verfahrensrech, mit vergleichender Darstellung ausgewählter europäischer Aufrechnungsrechte, Beiträge zum ausländischen und internationalen Privatrecht, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 1998, pp XVII-232 KRAFFT Jean-Philippe, 'Exorbitante' Gerichtsstände im internationalen Zivilprozessrecht der Schweiz: insbesondere nach dem Lugano Übereinkommen, Entlebuch (Huber) 1999, pp XXXVII-379 KROPHOLLER Jan, Europäisches Zivilprozeßrecht, Kommentar zu EuGVÜ und Lugano-Übereinkommen, 6th ed., Heidelberg (Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft) 1998, pp 629 KUHN Hans, Der Renvoi im internationalen Erbrecht der Schweiz Eine Analyse internationaler Erbfälle im Verhältnis der Schweiz zu Deutschland, Frankreich, Italien, Österreich, dem Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Griechenland, England und den Niederlanden, Zürich (Schulthess) 1998, pp L-405 LEVANTE Marco, Wohnsitz und gewöhnlicher Aufenthalt im internationalen Privat- und Zivilprozessrecht der Schweiz, St Gallen/Lachen (Dike Verlag) 1998, pp XXXVI-29 MARQUES DOS SANTOS António, Defesa e ilustraçao direito internacional privado, Lisboa (Coimbra Editora) 1998, pp 226 MÄRKL Petra, Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in Rußland, Internationale und nationale Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Russischen Föderation und Fragen des anwendbaren Rechts, Heidelberg (Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft) 1998 MISTELIS Loukas A, Charakterisierungen und Qualifikation im internationalen Privatrecht: zur Lehre einer parteispezifischen Qualifikation im Kollisionsrecht der privaten Wirtschaft, Studien zum ausländischen und internationalen Privatrecht, Vol 73, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 1999, pp XXV-311 NITZINGER Elisabeth, Das Betreuungsrecht im internationalen Privatrecht, Europäische Hochschulschriften, Bern [etc.] (P Lang) 1998, pp 184 NYGH Peter, Autonomy in International Contracts, Oxford Monographs in Private International Law, Oxford (Clarendon Press) 1998, pp 300 361 Books Received ONTIVEROS PAOLINI Gerardo, Derecho internacional privado, Caracas (Marga Ed.) 1998, pp 418 PANKOWSKA-LIER Beata, Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in Polen, Heidelberg (Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft) 1998 PATAUT Etienne, Principe de souveraineté et conflits de juridictions (étude de droit international privé), Paris (L.G.D.J.) 1999, pp VIII-517 PICONE Paolo, La riforma italiana del diritto internazionale privato, Padova (Cedam) 1998, pp 697 PIKÓ Rita, Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in Ungarn, Heidelberg (Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft) 1998 RACINE Jean-Baptiste, L'arbitrage commercial international et l'ordre public, Paris (L.G.D.J.) 1999, pp XV-623 SCHRÖDER Jochen, Internationales Vertragsrecht: das Kollisionsrecht der transnationalen Wirtschaftsverträge, 2nd ed., Köln (RWS Verl Kommunikationsforum) 1998, pp XXXIV-203 SCHÜTT Heinrich, Deliktstyp und internationales Privatrecht: dargestellt an grenzüberschreitenden Problemen der Arzthaftung, Bern [etc.] (P Lang) 1998 SCHÜTZE Rolf A., Rechtsverfolgung im Ausland, 2nd ed., Heidelberg (Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft) 1998, pp 376 SOURJIKOVA-GIEBNER Valentina, Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Ukraine, Internationale und nationale Schiedsgerichte, Heidelberg (Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft) 1998 SPAHLINGER Andreas, Sekundäre Insolvenzverfahren bei grenzüberschreitenden Insolvenzen: eine vergleichende Untersuchung zum deutschen, USamerikanischen, schweizerischen und europäischen Recht, Studien zum ausländischen und internationalen Privatrecht, Vol 64, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 1998, pp 393 SYMEONIDES Symeon C./COLLINS PERDUE Wendy/VON MEHREN Arthur, Conflict of Laws: American, Comparative, International, St Paul Minn )West Publishing) 1998, pp 940 TRUNK Alexander, Internationales Insolvenzrecht: systematische Darstellung des deutschen Rechts mit rechtsvergleichenden Bezügen, Tübingen (Mohr Siebeck) 1998, pp XXV-463 UDE Lojze/WEDAM-LUKIĆ Dragica, Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Republik Slowenien, Nationale und internationale Schiedsgerichte, Heidelberg (Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft) 1998 362 Books Received VERNY Arsène, Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit in der Tschechischen Republik, Heidelberg (Verlag Recht und Wirtschaft) 1998 WEINBERG DE ROCA Inés Mónica, Derecho internacional privado, Buenos Aires (Depalma) 1997, pp XVIII-293 ZIEGEL Jacob S (ed.), New developments in International Commercial and Consumer Law (Proceedings of the 8th Biennial Conference of the International Academy of Commercial and Consumer Law), Oxford (Hart) 1998 363 INDEX Accessory choice of law 257, 286–287 Actor sequitur forum rei China 141 Adoption 69, 71, 207, 241 Adults, protection of – Hague Conference 206, 208–209 Aliens law and 'sham marriages' 50–51 Amoco Cadiz (case) 288–291 Amsterdam Treaty (note **), 32 (note 90) Analogy 42–43 Annulment of marriage jurisdiction 6–10 recognition of judgments 19 Anti-trust legislation Swiss courts 126 Arbitral awards (Foreign) recognition in Venezuela 115 (note 39) recognition in China 152–153 Arbitration Venezuela 106 international commercial – 153 Chinese Arbitration Law 153 Argentina Draft Statute on PIL 105 Assignment of receivables Hague Conference 207, 211 UNCITRAL 210 Austria non-marital cohabitation (PIL aspects) 43 'sham marriages' 67 escape clause 127– 128 torts 259 Aviation Chinese PIL 150 Bareboat charters 242, 266–267, 280 – registration 267–269 Belgium new PIL code 42 non-marital cohabitation (PIL aspects) 42 Better law approach 129 Bribery legislation against – 124, 125, 238 Brussels Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (27 September 1968) 3, 4, 6, 240 lis pendens 16, 18 automatic recognition 20 Internet 356 Brussels II Convention 1–36, 113, 299–318 entry into force (note 2) negotiations relationship to other conventions 27 – 31 transitional provisions 28 material scope 29 protocol on the interpretation by the European Court of Justice 31–32, 319–322 proposal for a Council Regulation (EC) (note **), 323–340 Bulgaria Hague Conference on PIL 212 Capacity Venezuelan PIL Act 112 Change of connecting factor 197 Characteristic performance 236 Swiss courts 128 Chinese PIL 146 Hungarian PIL 180 Characterization 42, 43, 272, 279 Hungarian PIL 168–169 Child Abduction 15, 207, 209–210 Children Venezuelan PIL Act 113 German PIL 189–203 Index Consumer protection 122, 232, 233 Contestation of the child's origin German PIL 199 Contracts Venezuelan PIL Act 113 Chinese PIL 137 (note 5), 145–147 Hungarian PIL 176–182 on Internet 356, 357 Convention on the Simplification of Procedures for the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance Payments (note 10) Court of Justice of the European Communities 66, 357 Brussels Convention 18 Brussels II Convention 31–32, 319–322 principle of proportionality 233 Croatia maritime torts 276, 284–285 Cultural property protection 122, 238 Currie, Brainerd 231, 237 (note 70) Dépeçage 128, 132, 218, 227 Venezuelan PIL Act 109 Hungarian PIL 178 Dependent actions Brussels II Convention 15, 16 Discretionary decision of the court and foreign mandatory rules 246–247 Discrimination on ground of nationality European Convention on Human Rights 80–82 Dissolution of Marriage see 'Divorce' Divorce jurisdiction (Brussels II Convention) 6–10 law applicable 7–8, 33 (note 90), 35, 36 (note 101) domestic legislation recognition of foreign judgments 19–24 divorce of a sham marriage 53 Venezuelan PIL Act 112 Swiss PIL 131 Chinese PIL 150 Domicile interest of – 194–195, 199 Hague Conference 205, 210 see also 'Parental responsibility' China courts 138–139 arbitration (CIETAC) 153, 154 maritime torts 147–148, 292 Chinese PIL 135–156 sources 136–141 domestic legislation on PIL 136–138 case law 138–139 international conventions 140 international customs 141 model law 155–156 Choice of forum 144 Choice of Law Hungarian PIL 176–180 implied – 177 see also 'Party autonomy' Choice-of-law rules bilateral – 217, 226–229 Close connection foreign mandatory rules 244–246 Closest connection 229 Venezuelan PIL Act 113 Austrian PIL Statute 127–128 Chinese PIL 146, 147 Rome convention 180 maritime torts 269, 275, 281, 287, 296 Codification of PIL Hungary 161–164 Venezuela 103–117 Codigo Bustamente 255 (note 19), 272 (note 110) Cohabitation, see 'Non-Marital Cohabitation' Collisions (between vessels) 270–278 in territorial waters 271–272 on high seas 272–274 Comity, theory of – 92, 93, 96, 238 Common enterprise (in torts) 258 Common nationality or domicile of the parties 256, 274 of ships (collision) 275 Consumer contracts 224, 233 Hungarian PIL 179 on Internet 356, 370 366 Index duty of co-operation 240 European Parliament relationship with the Hague Conference on PIL 214 European Union family law issues 1–36 Council resolution on 'sham marriages' 65–66 application of foreign mandatory rules 240, 246 conflicts rules for torts 255 (note 19), 259 (note 49), 260 (note 56) Euros register (draft) 266 European Union Convention on Jurisdiction and the Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments in Matrimonial Matters see 'Brussel II Convention' Exception clause see 'Escape clause' Exchange control Swiss courts 126 Exclusive jurisdiction Brussel II Convention 7, 13, 16 (note 39), 17 Venezuelan courts 116 Chinese courts 143 Expectations of the parties 229, 236, 244 Family Matters EU 1–36 Venezuelan PIL Act 112 Chinese PIL 150–151 Flag of convenience (FOC) 252, 265– 266, 280, 281, 282, 291 Flag, law of the – see 'Lex bandi' Flexibility in conflict of laws 252, 358 Foreign judgments see 'Recognition and enforcement of – ' Foreign law proof of – 36 (note 101), 170– 171 application of – 108, 117 Venezuelan PIL Act 117 Foreign PIL Institute of International Law 353–354 Form of acts Venezuelan PIL Act 114 – of spouses Venezuelan PIL Act 110–112 Double actionability rule English torts 272, 278 Droits acquis Venezuelan PIL Act 109, 110 Eingriffsnormen 120, 219 see also 'Mandatory rules' Electronic commerce 355 Electronic data interchange Hague Conference 207 Employment contracts 224, 233, 281, 286–287 Enforcement of foreign judgments see 'Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments' England mandatory rules 220, 222 torts 254 maritime torts 263 (note 67), 271, 275 Entscheidungseinklang 239–242 Environmental damage 206, 288 Equality of men and women Dutch nationality law 58 (note 31) Escape clause 166, 174, 218, 229 comparative law 127, 128 Swiss PIL 127–130 , 258 (note 41), 259 (note 49) Swiss case law 130–132 torts 257, 258, 260 maritime torts 277–278, 287, 295–296 Estonia Hague Conference on PIL 212 EU Convention on the Simplification of Procedures for the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance Payments (1990) 4, (note 10) European Convention on Human Rights discrimination on ground of nationality 80–82 European law principle of subsidiarity 33 (note 92) free movement of persons 34, 73 principle of proportionality 233–234 367 Index Hague Convention on the Recognition of Divorces and Legal Separations (1 June 1970) 5, 16 (note 39), 19, 20, 23 (note 60), 34 Member States (note 11) Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Traffic Accidents (4 May 1971) 255 (note 20), 260 (note 53) Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Product Liability (2 October 1973) 255 (note 20) Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Maintenance Obligations (2 October 1973) 35 (note 98), 132, 191 revision 207, 211 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Agency (12 March 1978) 221 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (25 October 1980) 15, 219, 209–210 database 210 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and to their Recognition (1 July 1985) 46 mandatory rules 47, 220 Hague Convention on the Law Applicable to Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (22 December 1986) 46, 127 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in respect with Intercountry Adoption (29 May 1993) 69, 207, 241 Hague Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children (16 October 1996) 5, 11–14, 26, 27, 34, 205 Harmony of decisions 239–242 Heimwärtsstreben 166 History of PIL 87–102 Forum non conveniens 16 (note 39), 133 (note 53) Forum shopping Brussel II Convention 7–10 France torts 260 (note 53) maritime torts 263 (note 67), 271 (note 105), 291 Fraude la loi Venezuelan PIL Act 109 Swiss PIL 131 Hungarian PIL 175 Free movement of persons under EC law 34, 73 Freedom of expression (Internet) 355 Functional approach in PIL 231 General Principles of PIL 85 –102 Germany new conflicts rules on parents and child 189–203 new conflicts rules on torts 254, 259 (note 48), 260 case law on maritime torts 271 (note 105), 275 'sham marriages' 67 Globalisation 102, 209, 242, 355 Greece maritime torts 281 Habitual residence of spouses (Brussels II Convention) 6, (note 18) of a child (German PIL) 191 Hague Conference on Private International Law recent developments 205–214 membership 212–213 website 214 parental responsibility 11 unmarried couples 37, 40, 45–46 Hague Convention on International Sales of Movables (15 June 1955) 27 Hague Convention concerning the Powers of Authorities and the Law Applicable in respect of the Protection of Minors (5 October 1961) 132 (note 53), 191, 205, 535 368 Index (CIDIP-II, Montevideo 1979) 117 (note 42) Inter-American Convention on the Domicile of Natural Persons in PIL (CIDIP-II, Montevideo 1979) 111 Inter-American Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts (CIDIP-V, Mexico 1994) 108 (note 20), 125 mandatory rules 110, 222 Interest analysis 231, 235–242 governmental interest analysis 237, 261 interests of the parties 236 States' interests 237–239 International Jurisdiction see 'Jurisdiction' Internet PIL Aspects 211–212, 355–358 Inter-Nordic Convention comprising private international law provisions on marriage, adoption and guardianship (1931) 20 (note 51), 29 Interpretation Brussels II Convention 2–3 (note 1), 31–32, 319–322 Ireland recognition of foreign divorces 22–23 Islamic law 212 Issue-by-issue approach 227 Italian PIL mandatory rules 220 (note 27) torts 254, 256 (note 27) maritime torts 280–281 Jurisdiction divorce, separation, annulment of judgments (Brussel II Convention) 6–10 parental responsibility (Brussel II Convention) 10–15 termination or dissolution of registered partnership (Netherlands) 41 Venezuelan PIL Act 114, 115 China 141–144 Savigny, Friedrich Carl von 86, 88, 101, 102, 216 Statutists, theory of the – 88–91 French school (Dumoulin, D'Argentré) 91 Dutch School (Huber) 92 Story, Joseph 92–101 Waechter, C G von 97–101 Holy See treaties with the – 31 Homosexual couples 44 Hungarian PIL 157–187 historic development 158–161 codification process 161–164 maritime torts 254 Hungarian Supreme Court 159 Immorality of the contract 234 Incorporation principle of – (Hungary) 162 Institute of International Law torts 254 (note 19) environmental damages 292 foreign private international law 353–354 Intellectual property Internet 355, 356 Inter-American Children's Institute 213 Inter-American Convention on Conflicts of Law Concerning Commercial Companies (CIDIP-II, Montevideo 1979) 112 Inter-American Convention on Extraterritorial Validity of Foreign Judgments and Arbitral Awards (CIDIP-II, Montevideo 1979) 116 Inter-American Convention on General Rules of Private International Law (CIDIP-II, Montevideo 1979) 105, 108 (note 20), 117 (note 42) Inter-American Convention on Personality and Legal Capacity of Legal Persons in PIL (CIDIPII, Montevideo 1979) 112 Inter-American Convention on Proof and Information on Foreign Law 369 Index rules against 'sham marriages' 62–63 rules protecting seamen 281 environmental law 288, 292 see also 'Mandatory rules' Lois de police 120, 218 see also 'Mandatory rules', 'Lois d'application immédiate' Lugano Convention on Jurisdiction and the Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (16 September 1988) 241 Maastricht Treaty Maintenance obligations 191 Swiss PIL 132 Chinese PIL 150, 151 Hague Conference 207, 211 Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao 216 Mandatory rules 215–247 of the forum (Hungarian PIL) 162, 174, 218– 220 foreign 119–127, 221–222, 234– 247 Swiss PIL Statute 119–127 internationally mandatory rules, concept 223– 234 Venezuelan PIL Act 110 arbitration 123 (note 18) Interamerican Convention on the Law Applicable to International Contracts 110, 222 rules against 'sham marriages' 62–63 Swedish rules on the joint home 47 collective labor agreement 286 see also 'Lois d'application immédiate' Maritime law general or uniform maritime law 250, 251, 273–274 maritime PIL 251–252 Chinese PIL 147–148 Maritime torts 249–297, 252, 253, 262 Marriage 'sham marriages' 49–83 institution of – 51–55, 79–80 Dutch Conflicts of Law Act 62 Jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters Hague Conference 206, 207–208, 241 Jurisdiction to prescribe in public international law 245 Korea Hague Conference on PIL 212 Labor accidents (on vessels) 279 Labor contracts see 'Employment contracts' Law of the group (in torts) 258 Legal Persons Venezuelan PIL Act 112 Hungarian PIL 162 Legitimacy of children 190 Legitimization of children and Dutch nationality law 70 foreign legitimization in German PIL 200–201 Lex bandi 252, 278–285 see also 'Ship nationality' Lex fori Hungarian PIL 166, 184, 185 mandatory rules 218–221 collisions on high seas 272–274 Lex loci delicti commissi Chinese PIL 147 Hungarian PIL 159, 182, 183 as connecting factor for torts in general 253–255 alternatives to – 255–261 collisions between vessels 271 sea pollution 293–294 Lex maritimae 250 Lex mercatoria 358 Lex rei sitae Hungarian PIL 159 Limping family relations 5, 241 Lis alibi pendens 239 in matrimonial proceedings (Brussel II Convention) 15–19 initiation of proceedings 18 Brussels Convention (1968) 16, 18 Lisboa Rules 277 Lois d'application immédiate 120, 218 Venezuelan PIL Act 114 370 Index New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 152 New York Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance (20 June 1956) 207, 211 Non-Marital Cohabitation PIL Aspects 37–48, 40–44, 46–48 national legislation 38 Nordic Member States of the EU declaration to the Brussels II Convention 29– 31 Norme di applicazione necessaria 219 see 'Mandatory rules' Norway non-marital cohabitation 38 Obligations Venezuelan PIL Act 113 Ordre public 120 'sham marriages' 61–62, 79 'sham' recognition of a child 71–72 Venezuelan PIL Act 109 Hungarian PIL 159, 160, 172, 185 German PIL 192 surrogate matherhood 199 and mandatory rules 229–230 see also 'Public Policy' Origin of the child see 'Paternity' and 'Maternity' Overriding statutes 219 (note 23), 224 (note 36) Parental responsibility procedural aspects 4, 5, 25 (note 65) concept of – 14 jurisdiction 10–15 recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments 24–27 Parent-child relationship German PIL 200 Partnership, see 'Registered partnership' Party autonomy registered partnership 41 Venezuelan PIL Act 113 Chinese PIL 136 (note 5), 145–147 Venezuelan PIL Act 112 Chinese PIL 150 as a preliminary question 189–190 Marriage dissolution 1–36 see also 'Brussel II Convention', 'Divorce' Marxist approach to PIL 160 Maternity establishment of – 198–199 Matrimonial property relations Sweden 42 Mexico Civil Code 105 Model Law on PIL China 154, 155 Most significant relationship 255, 261, 277, 282, 358 Name of a child German PIL 202–203 Nationality law and 'sham marriages' 55–59, 71 and international adoption 68 recognition and legitimization of children 70–72 registered partnerships 72–74 New York Convention on the Nationality of Married women (1957) 55 Nationality, – of the ship see 'Ship nationality' Negotiable Instruments Chinese PIL 148 Negotiorum gestio Venezuelan PIL Act 114 Netherlands registered partnership (PIL aspects) 41 marriages PIL Act 62 'sham marriages' 49–83 aliens law 50–51 nationality law 55–59, 69–71 conflicts rules for torts (proposal of 1996) 256 (note 30), 259 maritime torts 260 (note 53), 276, 277, 295 New York Convention on the Nationality of Married Women (1957) 55 371 Index Public International Law and PIL 141, 239, 245 Public policy recognition of foreign divorces 23 Hungarian PIL 172–174, 186 See also 'Ordre public' Quebec (Code civil) escape clause 257, 258 (note 41) mandatory rules 220 Real estate jurisdiction (China) 143 Reciprocity 238 Venezuela PIL 115 Chinese PIL 152 Hungarian PIL 159, 170 Recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments 239, 240 termination or dissolution of registered partnership (Netherlands) 41 marriage dissolution (Brussels II Convention) 19–24 parental responsibility 19, 24–27 automatic recognition 20–21, 25 grounds of non-recognition (Brussel II Convention) 21–22, 25–26 public policy 23 non-review as to substance 24, 26 Venezuelan PIL Act 115, 116 China 152–153 Hague Conference 206, 207–208, 240 Recognition of children and Dutch nationality law 70 Refugees 214 Registered partnership national legislation 38 PIL aspects 37–48 , 41, 44–45, 47–48 recognition of foreign registered partnerships 41 Dutch legislation 54, 72–74, 75 registered 'sham' partnerships 72–74 Hague Conference 213 Renvoi 239 Hungarian PIL 159, 162, 176–180 Rome Convention 224, 225 Restatement (Second) on Conflict of Laws 225 torts 259–260 maritime torts 277, 286, 295 contracts on Internet 355, 357 see also 'Choice of law' Paternity recognition of – 190, 192–198 judicial establishment of – 71, 190, 191, 192–198 Persons Venezuelan PIL Act 112 Peru conflicts rules 105 Hague Conference on PIL 213 Piercing the corporate veil 290–291 Poligamous marriage Dutch nationality law 58 Pollution vessel source – 288–296 Preliminary question Venezuelan PIL Act 109 valid marriage as a – 189–190 Principles of International Commercial Law Venezuelan PIL Act 113 UNIDROIT Principles 241 Privacy, protection of – Hague Conference 207 Private International Law (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1995 torts 254 mandatory rules 220, 222 Privilegium germanicum 184 Proof of Acts Venezuelan PIL Act 114 Proof of Foreign Law Venezuelan PIL Act 117 Proper law of torts 278 Property Venezuelan PIL Act 113 Chinese PIL 145 Proportionality principle of – 233–234 Proximity principle of – 217, 236, 244 372 Index PIL aspects 61–63 criminal law 63–65 European Community 65–66 comparative law 67–68 Ship nationality as a connecting factor 252, 262–270 concept 264–265 accidents on vessels 278–285 see also 'Lex bandi' Slovenia non-marital cohabitation 38 Sonderanknüpfung 120 see also 'Mandatory rules' Sources of conflicts rules 85–86 Venezuela 107 China 136–141 Soviet Union 'sham marriage' 67 Statutes on PIL 85–86 Venezuela PIL Statute 103–117 Swiss Statute 119–133 Chinese Model Law 166 Hungarian PIL Code 157–187 Italian Statute 220 (note 27), 254, 256 (note 27) Statutists 88–91, 102 Submission Venezuelan PIL Act 115 See also 'Choice of forum' Subsidiarity principle of – 33 (note 92) Substantial contact test 282–283 Succession Venezuelan PIL Act 114 Chinese PIL 143, 151 Hague Conference 207 Supreme People's Court (China) 139 Surrogate matherhood 199 Sweden non-marital cohabitation 38 PIL aspects 41 reform of international family law 41–42 registered partnership (PIL aspects) 45, 47 Swiss PIL Statute 119–133 mandatory rules 119–127, 220, 221 Venezuelan PIL Act 108 Hungarian PIL 159, 160, 169–170, 179 German PIL (filiation) 191, 192 Restatement (Second) on Conflict of Laws (1971) 357 contracts 225, 227 torts 255 (note 21), 261 Rio de Janeiro Rules 277 Rogatory letters Venezuelan PIL Act 116 Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (19 June 1980) 10 (note 23), 35, 240 closest connection 128, 180, 217, 228–229 mandatory rules 220, 221, 244–247 party autonomy 224, 225 consumer contracts 180, 181, 224, 233, 281 employment contracts 224, 233, 281, 286–287 scope of the applicable law 227 (note 41) mandatory rules 219, 221, 244–247, 286 contracts on the Internet 356 Rome II Convention on the law applicable to torts (proposal) 255 (note 19), 256 (note 30), 259 (note 49), 260 (note 56) Rumanian PIL Statute 254 Sea pollution see 'Pollution' Seamen, injuries or death of – 278–287 Self-limiting rules 231 Separation of spouses Brussels II Convention 6–7, 12, 17 jurisdiction 6–10 recognition of judgments 19 Venezuelan PIL Act 112 'Sham marriages' 49–83 and (Dutch) aliens law 50-51 and (Dutch) nationality 55–59 Dutch 'Sham Marriages Act' 59–61, 74–75 373 Index Unfair competition Hague Conference on PIL 207 UNIDROIT Principles 241 Venezuela PIL Act 113 Uniformity of decisions 239–242 Unilateral choice of law torts 294 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (1982) 264 (note 69), 268 (note 93) United Nations Convention for Registration of Ships (7 February 1986) 266 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (20 November 1989) 205 United States torts 261 maritime torts 263 (note 67), 271 (note 105), 279 (note 143), 281–284 Unjust Enrichment Venezuelan PIL Act 114 Unmarried couples Dutch nationality law 58 Hague Conference 207 see 'Non-Marital Cohabitation', 'Registered Partnership' Venezuela PIL Act 103–117, 341–352 arbitration 106 Vested rights 86, 102, 216 escape clause 127–133, 229, 258 torts 254, 256, 260 288 (note 184) Territoriality doctrine of – 91, 98 and Internet 357 Torts Venezuelan PIL Act 114 Chinese PIL 147 Hungarian PIL 182–187 general conflicts rules 253–262 lex loci delicti commissi 253–255 alternatives to lex loci delicti commissi 255–261 maritime torts 249–297 Internet 356, 357 Transitional provisions Brussels and Brussels II Conventions 28 Tronc commun (application of the same rules of different laws) 276 Turkish PIL Act torts 259 Ukraine Hague Conference on PIL 212 UNCITRAL assignment of receivables 210 relations with the Hague Conference on PIL 213 Undue Payment Venezuelan PIL Act 114 374