Sử dụng phương pháp in vitro đánh giá khả năng tiêu hóa các nguồn thức ăn giàu xơ khác nhau trong khẩu phần lợn thịt

TRNG I HC NễNG LM HU Khoa Chn nuụi - Thỳ y KHO LUN TT NGHIP TấN TI : S dng phng phỏp In Vitro ỏnh giỏ kh nng tiờu húa cỏc ngun thc n giu x khỏc khu phn ln tht Sinh viờn thc hin: Nguyn Th Th Thu Trang Lp: Chn nuụi 46 Giỏo viờn hng dn: GS.TS Lờ c Ngoan Thi gian thc tp: T a im thc tp: Khoa chn nuụi - Thỳ y Trng i hc Nụng Lõm Hu B mụn: Thc n - Dinh dng NM 2016 Lời Cảm Ơn Để hoàn thành khoá luận này, trớc hết xin đợc gửi lời cảm ơn chân thành tới thầy giáo hớng dẫn GS.TS Lê Đức Ngoan thầy giáo ThS Nguyễn Hải Quân, Trờng Đại học Nông Lâm Huế, quan tâm giúp đỡ, tạo điều kiện thuận lợi tận tình hớng dẫn tôi, suốt trình học tập, hoàn thành khoá luận tốt nghiệp Trong trình thực hoàn thành khoá luận này, nhận đợc nhiều quan tâm giúp đỡ quý thầy cô giáo, cán phòng phân tích Khoa chăn nuôi thú y, bạn nhóm đề tài Nhân dịp xin đợc bày tỏ lòng biết ơn sâu sắc đến giúp đỡ Con xin gửi lời cảm ơn đặc biệt đến mẹ, ngời thân bạn bè chia sẻ, động viên chỗ dựa tinh thần vững cho Và cuối cùng, thân có nhiều cố gắng trình thực đề tài, nhng thời gian thực tập có hạn, kiến thức kinh nghiệm hạn chế nên không tránh khỏi nhiều sai sót, kính mong quý thầy cô bạn bè góp ý để khoá luận đợc hoàn thiện Hu, ngy thỏng nm 2016 Sinh viờn Nguyn Th Thu Trang MC LC DANH MC CC BNG DANH MC CH VIT TT AOAC ADG ATTD CCNFSDU CP DF DM DE FCR GE GIT HT IADSA IDF NSP MRT OM SBM SDF TCHQ WBC WHC Association of Official Analytical Chemist (M) Average daily gain (Tc tng trng trung bỡnh hng ngy) Total tract apparent digesbility (t l tiờu húa biu kin) Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses Crude protein (protein thụ) Dietary fibre (x khu phn) Dry Matter (vt cht khụ) T l tiờu húa Feed conversion ratio (h s chuyn i thc n) Gross energy (nng lng thụ) Vi khun E.coli dc ng rut Hi trng Internation aliance of dietary/ Food of supplement associations Insoluble Dietary Fibre (x khú hũa tan) Non-starchpolysaccharide (polysacchride phi tinh bt) Mean retention time (thi gian lu trung bỡnh) Organic Matter (cht hu c) Soy been milk ( bt u nnh) Soluble Dietary Fibre (x tan) Tng cc hi quan Water bouding capacity (kh nng liờn kt vi nc) Water holding capacity (kh nng gi nc) PHN T VN nc ta, chn nuụi ln úng vai trũ rt quan trng sn xut chn nuụi v ang ngy cng tng trng mnh m Theo bỏo cỏo ca Cc Chn nuụi ti Hi ngh ỏnh giỏ tỡnh hỡnh chn nuụi ton quc (9/7/2015) thỡ tng s ln ca c nc hin cú 27,1 triu con, tng 2,8% so vi cựng kỡ nm trc Ln tht úng gúp n khong 80% tng lng tiờu th tht c nc (MARD, 2008) [39] Trong chn nuụi ln, yu t thc n luụn chim t 65-70% c cu giỏ thnh sn phm, ngun thc n cho ln ch yu da trờn cỏc loi ht cha hm lng cao carbohydrate, ch yu l tinh bt (Kopinski v cng s, 2011) [32] Ng cc c coi l ngun nguyờn liu cha nhiu tinh bt d tiờu hoỏ, l thnh phn chớnh cung cp ngun nng lng cho trỡ v sn xut ca ln Tuy nhiờn, ng cc cng rt thớch hp cho ngi, vỡ th ln c coi l cnh tranh vi ngi i vi nhng ngun thc n ny Vỡ vy, vic tỡm ngun thc n giu tinh bt d tiờu hoỏ thay th m bo cõn bng c dinh dng cho ln l rt cn thit Lee Gall v cng s (2009) [37] nhn xột rng, nhng thnh phn thc n thay th phi cú hm lng carbohydrate d tiờu cao, ch yu non-starch polysaccharide v phi ớt thớch hp cho ngi Nhu cu carbohydrate gn lin vi nhu cu nng lng v x khu phn ó cú nhiu gia sỳc d dy n sinh trng rt tt vi khu phn giu non-starch polysaccharide Cung cp x cho ln cng gúp phn m bo quyn v phỳc li ng vt (William v cng s, 2001) [62] vỡ ln cn cú t l thc n tinh v thc n giu x phự hp khu phn Ln tht cú th cú khu phn thc n tinh hon ton nhng phi cú t l x thụ 8-10% m bo tc di chuyn thc n ng tiờu hoỏ quỏ trỡnh tiờu hoỏ xy bỡnh thng, to khuụn phõn (Lờ c Ngoan v D Thanh Hng, 2014) [9] Hn na, s lờn men ca x úng gúp n 30% nng lng trỡ cho ln (Yen v cng s, 1991) [63] Tuy nhiờn, tng hm lng cht x khu phn ca ln lờn mt mc nht nh (trờn 6-7% x thụ) li gõy nhiu bt li nh: gõy no c hc, gim lng n vo dn n khụng m bo nng lng thc n y cho bn thõn vt; gia tng nht ca ng tiờu hoỏ Do ú, hiu bit v thnh phn dinh dng cng nh kh nng tiờu hoỏ cỏc ngun x phi c tỡm hiu k hn na nc ta, mt lng ln cỏc ph phm nh lỏ sn, thõn cõy sn, bó u ph, bó bia v nhiu ph ph phm khỏc l ngun x tim nng cho chn nuụi, ú cú chn nuụi ln Chỳng l nhng ngun x m ngi khụng s dng c Nu nõng cao kh nng khai thỏc cỏc ngun ph phm cụng nụng nghip ny, s s dng tt hn ngun thc n tim nng ny cho chn nuụi Thnh phn cỏc cht dinh dng cỏc ngun x, kh nng tiờu hoỏ cỏc ngun x khỏc ca ln mang ý ngha quan trng Giỳp chỳng ta tỡm ngun thc n thay th tt nht Gn õy, phng phỏp in vitro c bit n vi s mụ phng quỏ trỡnh tiờu hoỏ ca cỏc enzyme, ú tiờu hoỏ hi trng ang c cho l mang li nhiu u im vỡ khụng tn quỏ nhiu thi gian v cú th tin hnh lp li thớ nghim (Boisen v Fernỏndez, 1997) [16] Hin ti, nhiu tỏc gi v ngoi nc ó v ang phỏt trin cỏc nghiờn cu v kh nng tiờu hoỏ cỏc ngun thc n giu x v cỏc nghiờn cu ỏp dng phng phỏp in vitro i vi ln: Boisen v Fernỏndez, 1997 [16]; Lờ c Ngoan, 2001 [7]; Nguyn Th Hoa Lý, Lờ c Ngoan, 2007 [3]; Nguyn Th Hoa Lý, 2007 [4]; Du Thanh Hang v Preston T.R, 2009 [25]; Trn Th Bớch Ngc, 2012 [56]; Maria Sappok, 2012 [40] Xut phỏt t thc tin v nhng nhn nh nờu trờn, chỳng tụi thc hin ti ỏnh giỏ kh nng tiờu hoỏ cỏc ngun x khỏc khu phn ln tht bng phng phỏp in vitro Mc tiờu ca ti l xỏc nh t l tiờu hoỏ in vitro ca mt s ngun x s dng lm thc n cho ln gúp phn xut bin phỏp s dng hp lý ngun thc n r tin khu phn nuụi ln tht PHN TNG QUAN TI LIU 2.1 Tỡnh hỡnh chn nuụi ln v din bin ngun thc n nhp khu Vit Nam Vit Nam, thi gian gn dõy tỡnh hỡnh dch bnh din bin phc tp, cựng vi cỏc khú khn ca chn nuụi thi gian khng hong kinh t ton cu lm cho s lng u ln c nc b gim nh, nhng nh vic nõng cao cht lng ging v k thut chn nuụi m bo nng sut nờn sn lng tht luụn cú xu hng tng lờn Cỏc vựng cú s u ln nhiu l BSH cú 6,82 triu con, chim 25,48% tng n ln c nc; BSCL 3,47 triu con, chim 12,96%; Bc Trung B v Duyờn Hi Min Trung 5,2 triu con, chim 19,43%; ụng Nam B 2,8 triu con, chim 10,46%; Min Nỳi v Trung Du 6,62 triu con, chim 24,73% Cỏc tnh cú s u ln ln trờn triu ti thi im 01/10/2014 l H Ni, ng Nai, Bc Giang Theo s liu ca Tng cc thng kờ chn nuụi (2014) [11] v thng kờ s b 01/10/2015, mc dự s lng n ln cú gim nh qua cỏc nm nhng sn lng tht li tng lờn (Bng 2.2) Bng 2.1 Din bin n ln v sn lng tht ln Vit Nam Ch tiờu 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 01/10/201 S ln (triu con) 27,3 27,0 26,4 26,2 26,7 27,7 Sn lng tht (Triu tn) 3,03 3,11 3,13 3,22 3,33 3,49 Nm (Ngun: Tng cc Thng kờ 2014 v iu tra s b 01/04/2015) [11] Mc dự ó cú nhng thnh tu nht nh cụng tỏc ging, ỏp dng tin b k thut mi chn nuụi, nhiờn chn nuụi ln cỏc tnh Trung B cũn tn ti mt s hn ch, yu kộm S lng c s sn xut ging ln rt ớt v khụng phong phỳ v chng loi Phn ln ging tt c nhp v t hai u t nc ci thin ging a phng Cỏc ging ln ngoi nh: Yorkshire, Landrace, Duroc v Pietran c du nhp v nuụi vi mc ớch nõng cao tm vúc v cht lng n ln, nhiờn t l ln cú mỏu ngoi hin cũn mc khiờm tn, tng n ln nỏi hng nc trờn a bn khu vc Min Trung chim khong trờn 10% tng n nỏi V phng thc chn nuụi, hin tn ti di phng thc chn nuụi chớnh l chn nuụi qung canh, tn dng nụng h vi quy mụ nh; phng thc chn nuụi bỏn cụng nghip quy mụ va; phng thc chn nuụi cụng nghip quy mụ ln, trung Ngun nguyờn liu thc n chn nuụi nc ta (ch yu l nuụi ln) hin ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhp khu Theo s liu thng kờ t Tng cc Hi quan (TCHQ) Vit Nam, nhp khu TCN v nguyờn liu thỏng 5/2015 t 262 triu USD Tớnh chung, thỏng u nm 2015, Vit Nam ó chi hn 1,4 t USD nhp khu TCN v nguyờn liu, tng 18,52% so vi cựng k nm trc Trong thỏng u nm 2015, nhp khu thc n chn nuụi v nguyờn liu ca Vit Nam t mt s th trng cú kim ngch tng trng mnh, th nht l o vi 19 triu USD, tng 3.899,52% so vi cựng k nm trc; ng th hai l Brazil vi 106 triu USD, tng 454,16% so vi cựng k; Tõy Ban Nha vi 18 triu USD, tng 138,2% so vi cựng k; sau cựng l Anh, 883 triu USD, tng 54,8% so vi cựng k Cỏc nguyờn liu cú mc nhp khu ln l ngụ v u tng c tớnh lng u tng nhp khu thỏng 5/2015 t 183 nghỡn tn vi giỏ tr 83 triu USD, a lng nhp khu mt hng ny thỏng u nm 2015 t 732 nghỡn tn, giỏ tr nhp khu t 349 triu USD, gim 0,4% v lng v gim 19,1% v giỏ tr so vi cựng k nm 2014 Khi lng ngụ nhp khu thỏng 5/2015 t 634 nghỡn tn vi giỏ tr t 146 triu USD, a lng nhp khu mt hng ny thỏng u nm 2015 t 2,87 triu tn, giỏ tr nhp khu t 622 triu USD, tng 30,3% v lng v tng 16,8% v giỏ tr so vi cựng k nm 2014 Brazil, Achentina v n l ba th trng nhp khu chớnh ca mt hng ny, chim ln lt 74,3%; 17,9%; 4,4% tng giỏ tr nhp khu ca mt hng ny Vit Nam, ch cú cõy sn l cú mc xut khu khỏ Khi lng xut khu sn v cỏc sn phm t sn thỏng nm 2015 c t 449 nghỡn tn, vi giỏ tr t 131 triu USD a tng lng xut khu mt hng ny thỏng u nm 2015 t 2,41 triu tn vi giỏ tr 725 triu USD, tng 50,9% v lng v tng 44,5% v giỏ tr so vi cựng k nm 2014 Trong thỏng u nm 2015, Trung Quc l th trng nhp khu chớnh chim 89,4% th phn, tng 46,47% v lng v tng 42,8% v giỏ tr Theo Cc chn nuụi (B Nụng nghip v Phỏt trin nụng thụn), hin ti ngun nguyờn liu thc n chn nuụi c nc mi ỏp ng c khong 55-60% nhu cu, cũn li phi nhp khu khong 20% nguyờn liu giu nng lng (ngụ, cỏm mỡ, cỏm go ); 65-70% thc n giu m (khụ u tng, khụ du lc ); 90% cỏc loi thc n b sung Riờng ngụ, loi nguyờn liu chim ti 30% thnh phn thc n chn nuụi ln, g Do sn xut ngụ nm 2015 c nờn giỏ ngụ gim mnh t 4000/kg cũn 3000/kg Ngoi ngụ, cỏm mỡ v cỏm go cng r hn trc nh hng phỏt trin chn nuụi ln Vit Nam nhng nm ti l tng s u ln, nõng cao nng sut, cht lng tht bng cỏch nghiờn cu v a vo nuụi nhng cụng thc lai mi phự hp iu kin nc ta Phỏt trin vựng nguyờn liu trng cõy thc n tng bc ch ng sn xut thc n nc, gim bt s ph thuc vo ngun thc n v nguyờn liu nhp khu Phỏt trin chn nuụi bn vng gn vi s khai thỏc hp lý cỏc li th vựng v iu kin t nhiờn v xó hi (Cc Chn nuụi, 2007 [12] 2.2 c im quỏ trỡnh tiờu hoỏ cỏc cht dinh dng ca ln Ln l loi gia sỳc d dy n, cu to b mỏy tiờu hoỏ t ngoi vo bao gm ming, thc qun, d dy, rut non, rut gi v hu mụn Ln cn khu phn cha nhiu carbohydrate d tiờu, cỏc protein cú giỏ tr sinh hc cao Kh nng tiờu hoỏ ca ln vi cỏc loi thc n thng cú t l t 80- 85% tu loi thc n Tiờu hoỏ thc n ln l quỏ trỡnh lm nh cỏc cht hu c ng tiờu hoỏ nh protein, carbohydrate, m c th cú th hp thu c Tiờu hoỏ cú th din theo cỏc quỏ trỡnh: Quỏ trỡnh c hc: Nhai nut hoc s co búp ca c ng tiờu hoỏ nghin nh thc n; quỏ trỡnh hoỏ hc: L quỏ trỡnh tiờu hoỏ nh cỏc men tit t cỏc tuyn ng tiờu hoỏ; Quỏ trỡnh vi sinh vt: L quỏ trỡnh tiờu hoỏ nh bacteria v protozoa D dy ca ln trng thnh cú dung tớch khong lớt, chc nng nh l ni d tr v tiờu hoỏ thc n Thnh d dy tit dch v cha ch yu l nc vi enzym pepsin v acid chlohydric (HCl) Enzyme pepsin ch hot ng mụi trng acid v dch v cú pH khong 2,0 Pepsin giỳp tiờu hoỏ protein v sn phm l polypeptide v ớt acid amin Rut non cú di khong 18 20 Thc n sau c tiờu hoỏ mt phn d dy chuyn xung rut non c trn vi dch tit t tỏ trng, gan v ty Thc n ch yu c tiờu hoỏ v hp thu rut non vi s cú mt ca dch mt v dch tuyn ty Dch mt c tit t gan cha cỏc tỳi mt v vo 10 thnh phn hoỏ hc ca cht khụ tớnh toỏn t l tiờu hoỏ cỏc thnh phn dinh dng (Nit) 3.6 Phõn tớch thnh phn hoỏ hc Xỏc nh t l thnh phn hoỏ hc cú cỏc ngun thc n: Cỏm go, bt lỏ sn, bó sn, bó u, khụ u nnh, bt cỏ, bt ngụ vi cỏc ch tiờu: m, khoỏng tng s, Ni t, lipid, tinh bt, lignin Phng phỏp xỏc nh m Vic xỏc nh m c tin hnh theo tiờu chun Vit Nam (TCVN)- 4326-2001, AOAC 930.15 Tin hnh: Sy khụ cc nhit 1050C, ngui bỡnh hỳt m v cõn trng lng chộn (Pc) Ly khong 2g mu (dng khụ), cho vo chộn cõn ó sy khụ, cõn trng lng cc cng mu (p1) trc cho vo sy Cho chộn vi mu vo t sy, sy nhit 100-1050C qua ờm, ngui bỡnh hỳt m n nhit phũng, cõn n trng lng mu khụng i chộn vi mu (P2) Tớnh m: m (%) = (P1 P2)/ (P1 Pc)* 100 Phng phỏp xỏc nh khoỏng tng s theo TCVN 4327-93, AOAC 942.05 Lũ nung: Naberthern-Germany Tin hnh: Cõn 2g mu TGS cho vo chộn nung (cho vo t hỳt t n ht khúi hoc t hai giai on: t 250 0C n ht khúi sau ú chuyn sang 5500C), (chộn ó sy khụ, cõn trng lng Pc) a chộn cú cha mu vo lũ nung nung nhit 5500C vũng gi ( tu loi mu) Trc nung, sy cc v cõn trng lng cc sau lm ngui bỡnh hỳt m.sau nung 3h, m lũ nung ngui n khong 200 0C sau ú cho cc vo hỳt m v cõn lng Tớnh hm lng khoỏng tng s: Khoỏng tng s (%) = (P2 Pc)/Pm*100 Trong ú: Pm: Trng lng mu phõn tớch P2: Trng lng chộn + mu sau nung nhit 5500C Pc: Trng lng chộn sy nhit 1000C Phng phỏp xỏc nh hm lng lipid theo TCVN-4331-2001, AOAC 920.39 theo phng phỏp chit Soclex trc tip trờn thit b phõn tớch Sci Fine 32 Tech, hn Quc Vic xỏc nh hm lng lipid thụ TGS c tin hnh theo TCVN-4331-2001, AOAC 920.39 theo phng phỏp chit Soclex trc tip trờn thit b phõn tớch Sci Fine Tech, hn Quc Tin hnh: Sy bỡnh cu nhit 100-105 0C thi gian 3h Gp bỡnh vo bỡnh hỳt m, ngui nhit phũng v cõn trng lng bỡnh (Pb) Cõn khong gam mu cho vo ng cõn mu (ng bng giy chit xut m), t lờn trờn mu mt lp bụng ó kh m.Lp ton b bỡnh mu vo b chng ct mu dietylether cú nhit sụi 40-600C vo h thng chng ct m.Chng ct mu thi gian khong 3h tu tng loi mu Sau ú ly cc chng ct v sy nhit 100-1050C thi gian khong 30 phỳt Gp cc chng ct m vo bỡnh hỳt m ngui v cõn trng lng cc v m thu c (P1) Tớnh kt qa: X(%)= (P1 - Pb)/Pm *100 Trong ú: P1: Trng lng cc + m (g) Pb: Trng lng cc chng ct Pm: Trng lng mu phõn tớch (g) Hoỏ cht: Dietylether nhit sụi 40- 600C Phng xỏc nh hm lng Nit theo TCVN - 4328-2001, AOAC 984.13 Nguyờn lý: Mu c vụ c hoỏ bng acid sulphuric v cht xỳc tỏc (Tng nhit sụi) Cỏc N-hu c c chuyn thnh N-vụ c Tin hnh: Cõn 1g mu TGS (P m) cho vo bp t nhit sụi 380420 C n mu dung dch bỡnh t hỡnh tr sut l c ( khong 1h30 phỳt tu loi mu) ngui, cho them khong 70ml nc ct, a bỡnh t vo mỏy chng ct mu Cho thờm 30ml NaOH 40% (chng trỡnh t ng) vo bỡnh t cú dung dch mu, ly bỡnh tam giỏc cú dung tớch 250ml cha 50ml dung dch H3BO3 hng lng NH3 bay ri chun hm lng NH3 bng dung dch HCl 0,1N vi ch th hn hp tashiro Ti im tng ng, ch th chuyn t mu xanh lcuj sang mu hng tớm 33 Cỏch tớnh hm lng Nit tng s: %N = ((V1 V2)* N* 0,014)/Pm*100 Trong ú: V1 Th tớch ca HCl 0,1N ó tiờu tn chun mu phõn tớch (ml) V2: Th tớch HCl 0,1N chun mu tng (ml) Pm : trng lng mu phõn tớch (g) N: Nng ng lng HCl 0,1N 0,014: Lng Nit tng ng 1ml HCl 0,1N Protein thụ (%) = N(%) * h s (a,b,c) H s a= 5,7 i vi ht ng cc; b= 6,38 i vi sa; c= 6,25 i vi cỏc loi thc n khỏc Phng phỏp xỏc nh hm lng tinh bt: phng phỏp phõn tớch theo mụ t ca Chow v Landhọusser (1994) [21] Phng phỏp xỏc nh hm lng lignin: Sau phõn tớch ADF - S dng tỳi mu ó phõn tớch ADF phõn tớch Lignin Ngõm tỳi mu l thy tinh lớt v ngp vi 72% H2SO4 (khong 250 ml) 3.7 X lý s liu Cỏc s liu thu thp c qun lý phn mm Microsoft Excel, 2007 Cỏc giỏ tr trung bỡnh c so sỏnh theo phõn tớch phng sai (ANOVA) s dng phn mm SPSS 19 34 PHN KT QU V THO LUN 4.1 Thnh phn húa hc ca cỏc ngun nguyờn liu thc n Thnh phn húa hc th hin bn cht thc n v tim nng s dng chỳng Bn cht thc n nh hng n lng n vo, t l tiờu hoỏ, vỡ vy ỏnh giỏ giỏ tr dinh dng ca thc n l rt quan trng Mi ngun thc n cú giỏ tr cỏc thnh phn húa hc khỏc Kt qu phõn tớch thnh c th hin bng 4.1 Bng 4.1 Thnh phn húa hc cỏc ngun nguyờn liu (% VCK) Protein Tinh NSP(*) Mu VCK M Lignin Khoỏng thụ bt Bt lỏ sn 93.3 27.4 11.1 7.6 8.14 30.1 Bt sn 87.9 2.00 1.3 1.8 77.29 24.3 Bó sn 88.3 1.35 0.55 3.24 1.9 56.71 24.3 Bt ngụ 87.6 8.20 4.8 1.5 59.28 5.25 Cỏm go 86.5 12.40 14.3 2.5 6.6 43.48 7.24 Bó u nnh 92.81 19.90 6.5 2.1 3.98 56.33 Bt u nnh 90.23 51.5 0.5 7.3 12.55 16.38 Bt cỏ 90.97 67.1 15.5 1.0 19 0.78 0.1 (*) NSP= DM Khoỏng protein thụ m tinh bt (ng*0.965) ADL Qua bng 4.1 cho thy, loi thc n cú th chia lm nhúm: nhúm thc n khụng truyn thng (bt lỏ sn, bó sn, bt sn) v nhúm thc n thụng dng (bt cỏ, bt ngụ, cỏm go, bt u nnh) Thnh phn húa hc (VCK, CP, EE v khoỏng) ca cỏc loi nguyờn liu nm phm vi ca cỏc cụng b trc ú (NIAH, 2001 [49]; Ninh Th Len v cng s, 2008) [5] Ngoi tr bt u nnh v bt cỏ, hm lng CP ca bt lỏ sn (27,4%) v b u nnh (19,9%) cao hn cỏc thc n cũn li Nh vy, hm lng protein thụ cao bt lỏ sn v bt u nnh chng t chỳng cú tim nng lm ngun thc n thay th cỏc ngun protein truyn thng lm gim giỏ thnh thc n Ngoi tr bt cỏ, cỏm go v bt ngụ, kt qu phõn tớch cho thy bó u nnh, bt lỏ sn v bó sn l nhng nguyờn liu thc n rt giu NSP Bó u 35 nnh cú hm lng NSP rt cao (56,33%), hm lng tinh bt bt sn ln hn bó sn nhng NSP li ging Kt qu nghiờn cu ny phự hp vi cỏc cụng b trc õy v hm lng NSP Cỏc tỏc gi (Creswel v cng s, 2002 [23]; Trn Th Bớch Ngc, 2012) [56] cụng b giỏ tr NSP ca cỏc ph phm nụng nghip dao ng 19,7 - 57,2%; cỏc thc n giu protein cú giỏ tr NSP thp hn 0,1- 12% T kt qu phõn tớch cho thy, bó u nnh v bt lỏ sn l ngun NSP quan trng t cỏc thc n khụng truyn thng cho chn nuụi ln 4.2 T l tiờu húa hi trng cỏc ngun nguyờn liu T l tiờu hoỏ in vitro l mt ch tiờu quan trng nhm ỏnh gớa giỏ tr dinh dng thc n Kt qu v t l THHT ca thớ nghim ny c trỡnh by bng 4.2 Bng 4.2 T l tiờu húa in vitro ca cỏc ngun thc n (giỏ tr trung bỡnh lch chun ) Ch tiờu VCK (%) CP (%) Nguyờn liu Bó u nnh 17,8 6,24 75,30 1,92 Bó sn 27,66 0,55 35,26 0,49 Lỏ sn 31,5 1,49 50,55 2,31 Bt sn 40,59 5,25 59,15 4,82 Cỏm go 39,41 1,04 73,07 0,46 Khụ u nnh 70,79 0,73 91,82 0,20 Bt ngụ 23,73 1,96 76,81 0,60 Bt cỏ 46,63 6,62 68,67 3,89 Ghi chỳ: CP: protein thụ, VCK: vt cht khụ T l tiờu húa VCK ca cỏc loi thc n nhỡn chung thp hn t l tiờu húa CP Giỏ tr t l tiờu hoỏ in vitro ca VCK dao ng 17,8 70,79%; v CP dao ng 35,26 91,82% Khụ u nnh cú t l tiờu húa VCK v CP cao nht (tng ng 70,79 v 91,82%) Bó u cú t l tiờu húa VCK thp nht nhng t l tiờu húa CP li ngang bng vi bt ngụ, sau ú n lỏ sn v bt sn iu ny chng t bó u l ngun thc n tim nng cho vic thay th cỏc ngun thc n giu protein truyn thng Lỏ sn, bt sn cng l ngun thc n cú t l tiờu húa CP khỏ cao Nh vy tim nng s dng chỳng thay th cỏc ngun thc n giu protein 36 truyn thng m khụng lm gim t l tiờu húa l rt ln 4.3 T l tiờu húa hi trng cỏc khu phn T l tiờu húa in vitro khu phn cú ý ngha quan trng la chn khu phn tt nht v phự hp nht, mang li hiu qu chn nuụi m li gim c giỏ thnh thc n Kt qu v t l tiờu húa in vitro khu phn c th hin bng 4.3 di õy VCK CP Bng 4.3 T l tiờu hoỏ hi trng ca cỏc khu phn (%) Bó u Bó sn i chng Lỏ sn SEM a b b ab 74,7 64,22 63,83 70,77 2,21 a b ab a 52,11 40,72 46,15 48,95 2,23 P 0,01 0,01 *Chỳ thớch: VCK: vt cht khụ; CP: protein thụ, P: xỏc sut sai khụ; SEM: Sai s giỏ tr trung bỡnh Nhng giỏ tr cú cựng s m khỏc l sai khỏc thng kờ (P24%) v cú th coi l nhng nguyờn liu giu NSP - Ngoi tr khụ u nnh, giỏ tr t l tiờu hoỏ in vitro vt cht khụ v protein thụ cỏc nguyờn liu u thp, nhiờn, giỏ tr cỏc ch tiờu núi trờn bt sn v bt cỏ mc trung bỡnh - S dng bó u nnh khu phn ó ci thin ỏng k t l tiờu hoỏ hi trng vt cht khụ v protein thụ Cú th, õy l khu phn cú nh hng tt n sc sn xut ca ln 5.2 Kin ngh Nờn ỏp dng hn na nhng phng phỏp phõn tớch tiờu húa phũng thớ nghim nhm gim c nhiu chi phớ v thi gian nghiờn cu nh nghiờn cu thớ nghim trc tip trờn vt Cỏc ngun thc n khụng truyn thng giu x cn phi cú nhiu nghiờn cu v phõn tớch hn na v kh nng tiờu húa cng nh kh nng s dng chỳng b sung vo khu phn thay th cho nhng ngun protein truyn thng gim giỏ thnh thc n ng thi gii quyt s cnh tranh thc n cht lng cao vi ngi 38 TI LIU THAM KHO Phn Ting Vit 1: Nguyn Xuõn B, Lờ c Ngoan (2002) Xỏc nh giỏ tr dinh dng v phng phỏp x lý thõn cõy ngụ i vi trõu bũ Tha Thiờn- Hu Kt qu nghiờn cu khoa hc cụng ngh nụng lõm nghip 2000- 2002 Nh XBNN, 2002; tr.135-139 2: Trn C v Nguyn Khc Khụi (1985) C s sinh hc v bin phỏp nõng cao nng sut ln Nh xut bn Nụng Nghip, H Ni 3: Nguyn Th Hoa Lý, Lờ c Ngoan (2007) Nghiờn cu s dng lỏ sn KM94 khu phn ln tht nuụi nụng h tnh Tha Thiờn-Hu T/c NN&PTNT, 103(1), trang 82-84 yu hi tho 3/2001 tr 187-194 4: Nguyn Th Hoa Lý (2007) nh hng ca cỏc mc protein khỏc t bt cỏ, bt lỏ sn, bt lỏ khoai lang khu phn n kh nng sinh trng v hiu qu kinh t ca ln lai F1(B x MC) nuụi nụng h 5: Ninh Th Len, Trn Quc Vit, Lờ Vn Huyờn, Li Th Nhi (2010) Xỏc nh Thnh phn húa hc, t l tiờu húa tng s v giỏ tr nng lng ca mt s loi thc n cho ln tht nuụi ti Vit Nam 6: Dng Thanh Liờm, Bựi Huy Nh Phỳc v Dng Duy ng (2006) Thc n v dinh dng ng vt Nh xut bn Nụng Nghip, TP H Chớ Minh, Vit Nam, 445 trang 7: Lờ c Ngoan (2001) Nhng nghiờn cu mi v s dng sn lm thc n gia sỳc Sn Vit Nam: Hin trng nh hng v gii phỏp phỏt trin nhng nm u th k XXI K yu hi tho 3/2001 tr 187-194 8: Lờ c Ngoan (2002) Cõy dõu: ngun thc n gia sỳc cú giỏ tr cao Tp Chn nuụi, nh XBNN, 2002; s 7(49); tr 17-21 9: Lờ c Ngoan, D Thanh Hng (2014) Giỏo trỡnh Dinh dng vt nuụi Nh xut bn HH, nm 2014; 210 trang 10: Ngụ Hu Ton (2006) ỏnh giỏ gỏ tr dinh dng ca mt s loi thc n giu Protein v xỏc nh nhu cu lisine tiờu húa/nng lng trao i cho ln Mún Cỏi nuụi ti Min Trung Lun ỏn Tin s nụng nghip, Hu, tr.7-64 11: https://www.gso.gov.vn/ 12: Cc chn nuụi (2007) ỏn i mi chn nuụi ln 2007- 2020 B Nụng 39 Nghip v Phỏt trin Nụng Thụn Phn Ting Anh 13: BachKnudsen, K.E & Hansen ,I (1991) Gastrointestinal implication in pig of wheat and oat fraction.1 Digestibility and bulking properties of polysaccharides and other major constituents Brisish Journal of Nutrition 65, 217-232 14: Bach Knudsen, K.E (1997) Carbohydrate and lignin contents of plant materials used in animal feeding Animal Feed Science and Technology 67(4), 319-338.; Theander, O., Aman, P., Westerlund, E., Andersson, R & Pettersson, D (1995) Total dietary fibre determined as neutral sugar residues, uronic acid residues, and Klason lignin (The Uppsala Method): Collaborative study Journal of Association of Official Analytical Chemists Int 78, 1030-1044 15: Bach Knudsen, K.E & Jứrgensen, H (2001) Intestinal degradation of dietary carbohydrate-from birth to maturity In: Lindberg, J.E & Ogle, B (Eds.) Digestive Physiology of pigs.pp 109-120 CABI Publishing, New York 16: Boisen, S., and J A Fernỏndez (1997) Prediction of the total tract digestibility of energy in feedstuffs and pig diets by in vitro analyses Anim Feed Sci Technol 68: 277-286 17: Caspar Wenk (2001) The role of dietary fibre in the digestive physiology of the pig Animal Feed Science and technology, 90: 21-23 18: Cervantes-Pahm, S F (2011) In vivo and in vitro disappearance of energy and nutrients in novel carbohydrates and cereal grains by pigs PhD Dissertation University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 19: Chebut C., E Albina., J.L Doublier, and G Lecannu (1990) Action of guar on the viscosity of digestive contens and on the gastrointestinal mụtr function in pig Digesstion, 46: 205-213 20: Cho, S., J J W DeVries, and L Prosky (1997) Dietary Fiber Analysis and Applications AOAC Int., Gaithersburg, MD 21: Chow S P and Landhọusser M S (1994) A method for routine measurements of total sugar and starch content in woody plant tissues Tree Physiology 24, 1129 1136 40 22: Cornu, A., Besle, J.M., Mosoni, P & Grenet, E (1994) Lignin-carbohydrate complexes in forages; structures and consequences in the ruminal degration of cell wall carbohydrates Reproduction, Nutrion and development 34, 385398 23: Creswell, J W (2002) Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative approaches to research Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Pearson Education.) 24: Du Thanh Hang (1998) Digestibility and nitrogen retention in fattening pigs fed diferent levels of ensiled cassava leaves as a protein source and ensiled cassava root as energy source Livestock Research for Rural Development Volume 10 25: Du Thanh Hang v Preston T.R (2009) Taro (Colocacia esculenta) leaves as a protein soucre for growing pigs in centrel Viet Nam Livestock research for Rural development Volume 21, Article 164 26: Elhardallou, S.B & Walker, A.F (1993) The water-holding capacity of three starchy legumes in the raw, cooked and fibre-rich fraction forms Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 44(2), 171-179 27: Glitsứ, L.V., Brunsgaard, G., Hứjsgaard, S., Sandstrửm, B & Bach Knudsen, K.E (1998) Intestinal degradation in pigs of rye dietary fibre with different structural characteristics British Journal of Nutrition 80, 457-468 28: GSO (2011) General Statistics Office of Viet Nam www.gso.gov.vn 29: Hửgberg, A & Lindberg, J.E (2004a) Influence of cereal non-starch polysaccharides and enzyme supplementation on digestion site and gut environment in weaned piglets Animal Feed Science and Technology 116 (1-2), 113-128 Hửgberg, A & Lindberg, J.E (2004b) Influence of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on digestion site and gut environment in growing pigs.Livestock Production Science 87 (2-3), 121-130 30: Iiyama, K., Lam, T.B.T & Stone, B.A (1994) Covalent cross-links in the cell wall Plant Physiology 104, 315-320 31: Jứrgensen, H., Zhao, X.Q & Eggum, B.O (1996) The influence of dietary fibre and environmental temperature on the development of the 41 gastrointestinal tract, digestibility, degree of fermentation in the hindgut and energy metabolism in pigs.British Journal of Nutrition 75, 365-378 32: Kopinski, J.S., Kinh, L.V & Duc, N.D (2011) Utilisation of local ingredients in commercical pig feeds Http://acial.gov.au/files/node/13368/ulisation_of_local_gredient_in_comercical_ pig_21430.pdf 33: Kunzek, H., Kabbert, R & Gloyna, D (1999) Aspects of material science in food processing: Changes in plant cell walls of fruits and vegetables Z Lebensm Unters Forsch A 208, 233-250 34: Le Goff, G., Van Milgen, J & Noblet, J (2002) Influence of dietary fibre on digestive utilisation and rate of passage in growing pigs, finishing pigs and adult sows Journal of Animal Science 74, 503-515 35: LeGoff G and J.Noblet (2001) Comparative total tract digestibility of dietary energy and nutrients in growing pigs and aldults sowsn J Animal Science 79: 2481-2427 36: Len, N.T., Hong, T.T.T., Ogle, B & Lindberg, J.E (2009a) Comparison of total tract digestibility, development of visceral organs and digestive tract of Mong cai and Yorkshire ì Landrace piglets fed diets with different fibre sources Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 93(2), 181- 191 Len, N.T., Ngoc, T.B., Ogle, B & Lindberg, J.E (2009b) Ileal and total tract digestibility in local (Mong Cai) and exotic (Landrace x Yorkshire) piglets fed low and high-fibre diets, with or without enzyme supplementation Livestock Science 126(13), 73-79 37: Lee Gall M, Warpechowski M, Jaguelin-Peyraud Y and Noblet J, (2009) Influence of dietary fibre level and pelleting on the digestibility of energy and nutrients in growing pigs and adult sows Anim 3: 352-359 38: Longland, A C (1991) Digestive enzyme activities in pigs and poultry.Pages 13-14 in In Vitro Digestion for Pigs and Poultry M F Fuller, ed C.A.B International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK 39: MARD (2008) Livestock development strategy to 2020 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi, Vietnam 40: Maria A Sappok (2012) In vitro fermentation capacity hindgut microbiota 42 in pigs in relation to dietary fibre PhD Thesis, Wageningen University Netherlands 41: McDonald, P., Edwwards, R.A, Greehagh, J.F.D & Morgan, A (2002) Animal Nitrion.6th Edition Longman Scientific and technical NewYork 42: Michel P , A Rerat (1998) Effect of adding suger beet fibre and wheat bran to a starch diet on the obsorption of glucose, amino nitrogen and volatile fatty acids in the pigs Repro Nutrition development, 38: 49-68 43: Monro, J A (1992) A nutritionally valid procedure for measuring soluble dietary fiber Food Chem 47:187-193 44: Mosenthin R., Hambrecht E and Sauer W.C., R Blank., J Huisman, MZ Fan (2000) The concept of digestible amino acids in diet formulation for pig, In: Liverstock Production Science,band 64, Helf 20: 265-280 45: Montagne, L., Pluske, J.R & Hampson, D.J (2003) A review of interactions beetween dietary fibre and intestinal mucosa, and their consequences on digestive health in young non-ruminant animal Animal Feed Science and Technology 108 (1-4), 95-117 46: Noblet J., K.E Bach Knusen (1991) Comparative digestibility of wheat, maize and sugar beet pulp non-stract poluysaccharides inadult sows and growing pigs In Paplace J.P., C Fevrier, A barbeau(Eds), Proceeding of the seventh international symposium on Digestive physology in pigs, EAAP publication, No.88, pp: 571-574 47: Noblet J and X.S Shi (1993) Comparative digestibility of energy and nutrion in growing pigs fed adlibitum and adult snows fed at maintenance Liverstock Production Science, 34: 137-152 48: Noblet, J., and Y Jaguelin-Peyraud (2007) Prediction of digestibility of organicmatter and energy in the growwing pig from an in vitro method Anim Feed Sci.Technol 134: 211-222 49: NIAH (2011): Compossition and Nutrion value of Animal Feed in Viet Nam National Institure of Animal Husbandry, Agriculture Publishing House, Ha Noi, Viet Nam 50: Rainbird, A.L & Low, A.G (1986) Effect of various types of dietary fibre on gastric emptying in growing pigs British journal of nutrion 55, 111-121 51: Regmi, P R., N S Ferguson, and R T Zijlstra (2009) In vitro digestibility 43 techniques to predict apparent total tract energy digestibility of wheat in grower pigs J Anim Sci 87: 3620- 3629 52: Regmi, P R., W C Sauer, and R T Zijlstra (2008) Prediction of in vivo apparent total tract energy digestibility of barley in grower pigs using an in vitro digestibility technique J Anim Sci 86: 2619-2626 53: Souffrant, W.B (2001) Effect of dietary fibre on ileal digestibility andendogenous nitrogen losses in the pig Animal Feed Science and Technology 90(1-2), 93-102 54: Shi X.S., and J Noblet (1993) Contribution of the hingut to digestion of diet in growing pigs and adult s: Efect of diet composition Liverstock Production Science, 34: 237-252 55: Theander, O., Aman, P., Weterlund, E., Andersson, R & Petersson, D (1995) Total dietary fibre determined as neutral sugar residue, uronic acid residue, and klason lignin Collaborative study Journal of Association of offical Analytical chemisstry 78, 1030-1044 56: Tran Thi Bich Ngoc (2012) Utilisation of fibre-rich feedstuffs for pigs in Viet Nam Doctor thesis Swedish University of Agriculture Science 57: Trujillo, J.H.A (2009) Alternative feedstuffs for swine in colombia: What are our opptions? Revista Colombianade Ciencias Pecuarias 22, 278-286 58: Urriola, P E., G C Shurson, and H H Stein (2010) Digestibility of dietary fiber in distillers coproducts fed to growing pigs J Anim Sci 88:2373-2381 59: Van N H., Ba, N.X & Loi, B.V (2008) Evaluation of nitritive value of ensiled cassava residue as feed for ruminant Hue University Jounal of Science 46 www.hueuni.edu.vn/portal/data/doc/tapchi/46_17.doc 60: Vervaeke,I.J., Direick, N.A., Demeyer, D.I and Decuypere, J.A (1989) Approach to the energetic importance of fibre digestion in pig II An experimental approach to hindgut digestion Anim Feed Sci Technol., 23: 169-194 61: Wenk C., U Zurcher (1990) energestische Vewertung nhungsmittelindustrie beim schwein Arch, Animal Nutrition, 40: 423-430 62: Williams BA, Verstegen MWA and Tamminga S, Fermentation in the monogastric large intestine: its relation to animal health Nutr Res Rev 14: 44 207-227 (2001) 45 63: Yen, J.T., Nienabe, J.A., Hill, D.A & Pond, W.G (1991) Potential contribution of absorbed volatile fatty acids to whole-animal energy requirement in conscious swine Journal of Animal Science 69, 2001-2012 64: Zebrowska T., AG Low, H Zebrowska (1983) Studies on gastric digestion on protein and carbohydrate, gastric secretion and exocrine pancreatic in the growuing pigs British J.Nutrion, 49: 401-410 46