Recently the director released the list of engineers .... have been nominated to lead the bridge project.. --- -- those applicants who have graduated after four years will be considered
Trang 1BÀI 8: RELATIVE CLAUSE
(M nh đ quan h )
A Lụ THUY T
* nh ngh a: M nh đ quan h hay còn g i là M nh đ tính ng , là m nh đ PH , là m nh đ b t đ u b ng
các I T QUAN H (who, which, that, whom, whose,ầ) có ch c n ng nh là 1 TệNH T và đ GI I THệCH
RÕ H N ho c B NGH A cho DANH T đ ng TR C nó
- M nh đ quan h đ c b t đ u b ng m t I T QUAN H (relative pronouns: WHO, WHOM,
WHICH, WHOSE, THAT ) ho c TR NG T QUAN H (relative adverb: WHEN, WHERE, WHY)
Subject + V ( Thay th cho
Ch ng )
Object + M
( thay th cho Tân ng )
Possession + N ( Thay th cho Tính T S h u)
(1) People:
a) WHO: dùng cho ng i, đ ng sau danh t ch ng i đ làm ch ng
Ví d : Her boyfriend, who was afraid, asked her not to go out (B n trai cô y ng i mà đang ho ng s yêu
c u cô không đ c ra ngoài) ==> Who ví d trên là ch ng c a m nh đ quan h
b) WHOM : dùng cho ng i, đ ng sau danh t ch ng i đ làm tân ng cho đ ng t đ ng sau nó
Ví d : She married a man whom she did not know much about (Cô y l y ng i đàn ông ng i mà cô y
không bi t rõ l m) ==> Whom là tân ng c a m nh đ quan h
c) WHOSE: Whose đ c dùng khi danh t đ ng sau nó thu c s h u c a danh t đ ng tr c nó Chú ý danh t đi
sau whose không có The
Ví d : We often do not like people whose ideas are contrary to ours (Chúng ta th ng không thích nh ng
ng i có ý t ng khác v i chúng ta) ==> Whose là đ i t quan h ch s s h u đ ng sau danh t ch ng i people,
có ch c n ng là ch ng trong m nh đ quan h
(2) Things/animals:
a) WHICH : là đ i t quan h ch v t, đ ng sau các danh t ch con v t, đ v t, s v t, làm ch c n ng ch ng ho c tân ng cho đ ng t đ ng sau nó
+ Ví d : This is the sport which I often practice whenever I have free time ( ây là môn th thao mà tôi
th ng t p luy n m i khi có th i gian r i) ==> Which thay th cho danh t ch v t sport và đóng vai trò là tân
ng trong m nh đ quan h
+ Ví d : The shorts which is dark – green is mine (Chi c qu n sooc màu xanh s m là c a tôi).==>
Which thay th cho danh t ch v t shorts và đóng vai trò là ch ng trong m nh đ quan h
b) OF WHICH: là đ i t quan h ch s h u đ c dùng đ ch s h u cho danh t ch v t đ ng tr c, không dùng cho ng i
Ví d : The house whose windows = the windows of which are broken is mine (Ngôi nhà có c a s b v là
ngôi nhà c a tôi)
(3) People and things/animals:
THAT : là đ i t quan h ch ng i ho c v t, đ ng tr c các danh t ch ng i, v t, ho c c ng i c v t đ làm ch
ng ho c tân ng “THAT” – Ch chung chung – KHỌNG XÁC NH - có th thay th cho v trí c a who, whom, which
Trang 2* Các tr ng h p th ng dùng “THAT”
- Khi đi sau các hình th c SO SÁNH NH T Ex: He was the most interesting person that I have ever met
- Khi đi sau các t : only, the first, the last Ex: It was the first time that I heard of it
- Khi danh t đi tr c bao gôm C NG I VẨ V T Ex: She talked about the people and places that she had
visited
- Khi đi sau các đ i t b t đ nh, đ i t ph đ nh, đ i t ch s l ng: no one, nobody, nothing, anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none Ex: These books are all that my sister left me
(4) Các tr ng t quan h : When, Where, Why + M
+ When = in/on/at which : Th i gian
Ex: I don’t know the time She will come back then
I don’t know the time when = on which she will come back
+ Where = in/at which : N i ch n
Ex: a/ The hotel wasn’t very clean We stayed at that hotel
The hotel where we stayed wasn’t very clean
The hotel at which we stayed wasn’t very clean
+ Why = for which: Lý do (th ng đ ng tr c là các t : Purpose, Reason, Cause)
Ex: I don’t know the reason You didn’t go to school for that reason
I don’t know the reason why you didn’t go to school
Câu 1 Most of the products and goods are traded online are sold directly by the owner
Câu 2 Recently the director released the list of engineers have been nominated to lead the bridge project
Câu 3: Dietary supplements come from plants are generally known to be safe, but some may interfere with a
wound’s capacity to heal
1 M nh đ quan h xác đ nh (Defining / Restrictive Relative Clauses)
- M nh đ quan h xác đ nh có ch c n ng xác đ nh danh t đ ng tr c nó N u b m nh đ này câu th ng không đ ngh a, do đó m nh đ này là m t thành ph n quan tr ng c a câu
Ví d : The man who is talking to Mary is my husband (Ng i đàn ông đang nói chuy n v i Mary là ch ng
c a tôi) ==> M nh đ “who is talking to Mary” là m nh đ quan h xác đ nh có ch c n ng xác đ nh danh t ti n
ng the man N u b m nh đ này, ng i đ c không bi t danh t đ c p đ n ai
2 M nh đ quan h không xác đ nh (Non-defining / Non-restrictive Relative Clauses)
- M nh đ quan h không xác đ nh có ch c n ng cung c p thêm thông tin cho danh t đư xác đ nh đ ng tr c nó N u
b m nh đ này câu v n đ y đ ngh a
- M nh đ quan h không xác đ nh luôn ng n cách v i m nh đ chính b ng d u ph y
Ví d : Peter, who had an accident two days ago, is now very week (Peter, ng i b tai n n hai ngày tr c,
hi n nay r t y u) ==> M nh đ “who had an accident two days ago” là m nh đ quan h không xác đ nh có ch c
n ng b xung thông tin cho ti n ng đư xác đ nh Peter N u b m nh đ này câu v n đ y đ ngh a
Trang 3
- M nh đ quan h không xác đ nh đ c dùng trong các tr ng h p sau:
(1) Dùng v i danh t riêng
Ví d : Last year, I went on holiday in Paris, which is the capital city of France (N m ngoái tôi đi ngh
Paris – th đô c a n c Pháp)
(2) Dùng v i danh t ch nh ng đ i t ng duy nh t nh the sun, the earth, the moon, my father/my motherầ
Ví d : My mother, who is an accountant, is now retired (M tôi – m t k toán viên – hi n đã ngh h u)
(3) Dùng v i danh t đư đ c xác đ nh, th ng dùng v i các t ch đ nh nh this, that, these, those ầ
Ví d : This house, which I bought two years ago, is now almost double in price (C n nhà này – đ c tôi
mua hai n m v tr c – hi n đã g n nh t ng giá g p đôi)
(4) Khi đ i t quan h đi kèm v i các t ch s l ng nh : all of (t t c ), some of (m t vài), many of (nhi u), most
of (ph n l n), none of (không), half of (m t n a), each of (m i)ầ
Ví d : I bought a lot of books, all of which are about wildlife (Tôi mua r t nhi u sách – t t c các cu n sách
đó đ u vi t v thiên nhiên hoang dã)
3 M nh đ quan h b ngh a cho c câu (sentence relative clause)
- M nh đ quan h lo i này không b ngh a cho danh t tr c nó mà b sung thông tin cho toàn b m nh đ chính
- M nh đ này đ c đ t sau m nh đ chính và ng n cách v i m nh đ chính b ng d u ph y
- i v i m nh đ lo i này ch dùng đ i t quan h which không dùng các đ i t quan h khác
Ví d : He passed the exam, which surprised everyone (Anh ta đ trong kì thi đó và đi u này làm m i ng i
ng c nhiên)
C Nhìn (ONLY) (FOR) THOSE ( WHO)
+ Only THOSE
+ For THOSE
+ THOSE who
==> (Only/For) THOSE (Who)
Câu 1 Priority will be given to - who do not have any previous experience in this field
Câu 2 - those applicants who have graduated after four years will be considered for the position
Câu 3 ầầ.those who are determined to attend the seminar, tickets are available at the HR Department
D GI I T TRONG M NH QUAN H (RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH PREPOSITIONS)
- Khi chuy n gi i t lên đ ng đ u m nh đ quan h (cách dùng này mang tính trang tr ng và l ch s ) chúng ta ch có
th dùng đ i t quan h whom (cho ng i), which (cho v t)
Ví d : + He is the man who / whom / that you have spoken TO (Gi i t đ ng sau đ ng t ) ==> He is the man
TO WHOM you have spoken (Gi i t đ ng đ u m nh đ quan h )
+ The man WHOM Mary is talking TO/ABOUT is Mr Pike
==> The man TO/ABOUT WHOM Mary is talking is Mr Pike
+ The book WHICH I sent FROM HN was very beautiful
==> The book FROM WHICH I sent HN was very beautiful
+ The room WHICH the young boy lived IN was untidy
==> The room IN WHICH the young boy lived was untidy
+ The man to whom I talked at the party is a well-known singer ( Ng i đàn ông tôi đã nói chuy n cùng t i
b a ti c là m t ca s n i ti ng)
+ The house in which our family live is very small (Ngôi nhà n i c gia đình tôi đang sinh s ng r t nh )
*** Chú ý:
- Khi gi i t đ ng cu i m nh đ quan h là thành ph n c a m t c m đ ng t (phrasal verb) thì ta không chuy n
đ c gi i t lên đ ng đ u m nh đ
Ví d : This is the book which I am looking for ( ây là cu n sách tôi đang tìm)
Trang 4- Gi i t + WHOM/WHICH: Trong tr ng h p NG T c a m nh đ quan h có gi i t , ta đem gi i t đ t ra
tr c m nh đ quan h (tr c whom, which thôi nhé!!!)
Câu 1: Any concems regarding your natural gas appliances should be directed to the manufacturer-retailer - which you purchased the natural gas appliance
Câu 2: Electronic delivery methods such as e-mail and fax are the most common waysầầ which internation
communications are made these day
E L c b I T QUAN H (WHICH, WHOM, THAT) - Khi nó làm TỂN NG (Còn CH NG
thì KHỌNG L C B đ c) và phía tr c nó KHÔNG CÓ d u PH Y và GI I T
VD1: This is the book which I buy
==> Ta th y which là TỂN NG và phía tr c nó KHÔNG CÓ d u PH Y và GI I T
==> This is the book I buy
VD 2: This is my book , which I bought 2 years ago
==> Tr c ch which có d u ph y nên không th b đ c
VD 3: This is the house in which I live
==> Tr c which có gi i t in nên c ng không b which đ c
VD 4: This is the man who lives near my house
==> Who là ch t (c a đ ng t lives) nên không th b nó đ c
6 F Chú Ủ cách dùng c a các c u trúc m đ u cho m nh đ quan h : all, most, none, neither, any, either,
some, (a) few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, the rest + of which/whom/whose + N
VD: Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers
I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer
Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class
They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use
There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before
Câu 1: There were more than 100 graduate students in attendence at our internship fair, many of ầầ.had prior work
experience
(A) who (B) whom (C) them (D) that
Câu 2: GasCo sell more than 8 milion gallons of oil a year, half ofầầ.is consumed in the United States alone
A many B which C each D whose
1 Customers - wish to retum merchandise within 7 days of purchase must present the valid receipt to the store
(A) who
(B) when
(C) what
(D) whom
2 Many branch offices were established in the suburbs 10 years ago, - which time the volume of traffic was also steadily increasing
(A) at
(B) over
(C) across
(D) during
3 The Victoria Hotel, we stayed during our summer vacation, will be torn down for extensive renovations
(A) when
(B) where
(C) in that
(D) in it
Trang 54 Anyone ầầầ experiences complications with the new software is encouraged to bring this matter to Mr Gruber’s attention
in room 210
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whom
(D) whose
5 of the products and goods ầầ.are traded online are sold directly by the owner
A they
B those
C that
D these
6 Recently the director released a list of engineers ầầầhave been nominated to lead the bridge project
A which
B who
C what
D they
7 Dietary supplementsầầ come from plants are generally known to be safe, but some may interfere with a wound’s capacity
to heal
A whatever
B whichever
C what
D which
8 Job candidates ầầ are presently unemployed or are studying to obtain a degree must furnish this information on their application forms
A which
B who
C whom
D whose
9 Gecko is an organizationầầ.missions to provide financial relief to families left homeless by natural disasters
A which
B whom
C that
D whose
10 Any contract ầầ.is not signed by the members of the Board of directors would have no legal power even though its terms may have already been executed
A whom
B who
C which
D what
11 The director develop a list of criterias for development,ầầ.he feels will boost the company’s prestige
A that
B who
C which
D what
12 XXX employed eight certified agents, all ofầầwere trained at the same institute in ABC
A their
B whom
C this
D what
13 Conference attendees ầầ confirm their attendence early will be eligible for preassigned seating
A whose
B what
C who
D whom
14 At a meeting yesterday, we studied the most recent budget proposal,ầầthe board thinks will help pull the corporation out of debt
A whether
B where
C which
Trang 6D that
15 Changes in our organizational structure have created ways for employees to explore opportunities ầầ.were previously not available
A those
B there
C what
D that
16 Mr.A collected a list of employees ầầ were unable to attend the official company picnic
A whose
B what
C who
D whom
17 The company is requesting that high-level executives complete a surveyầầ.details what their main tasks consist of
A whose
B what
C which
D whom
18 The package ầầwas sent to Mr.J was returned to us when the mail carrier could not locaye the address on the shipping label
A when
B who
C that
D what
19 GasCo sell more than 8 milion gallons of oil a year, half ofầầ.is consumed in the United States alone
A many
B which
C each
D whose
20 A dinner will take place next Friday to honor Richard, ầầầhas been a great asset to this bank for over thirty years
A who
B which
C of which
D whose
21 Nearly half of the customers -responded to the survey said that Austraclear delivered services that were above their expectations
A Who
B Whose
C They
D What
22 Mr.McKenầầầ has been working on the campaign longer than anyone else will take charge of the project
A who
B which
C that
D whose
23 The Garden Show, ầầ.annually demonstrates the newest technology in horticulture, draws over 5000 attendees during its week-long run
A when
B which
C where
D whose
24 An employeeầầầ.performance during a specified period is satisfactory is entitled to a wage increase based on current pay standards
A who
B which
C whom
D whose
25 An investment ầầ gradually increases in value over the years can be more profitable than more short-term
(A) that
(B) they
(C) what
Trang 7(D) when
26 Customers - purchase their orders from the website of Westminster Books receive an automatic discount of at least 10% (A) who
(B) whom
(C) whomever
(D) whose
27 Karen Solden will replace Harold Walker, - is being promoted to a higher position in the company
(A) he
(B) who
(C) his
(D) whose
28 The main artists - paintings are being sold at the Garrett Gallery are Elaine Crick, Jason Chambers
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) their
(D) whom
29 Those ầầầwish to get the best deal from their shopping are advised to compare product features
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) which
(D) whom
30 Customersầầầ.products are provided through an existing arrangement should contact us immediately
(A) who
(B) which
(C) whose
(D) that
31 Unauthorized entry into the building is not permitted,except to guestsầầ have obtained a special security
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) which
(D) whom
32 Emma Jean, was nominated for an Employee of the Month Award for her exceptional work
A who
B anyone
C whom
D which
33 You will need to take the time to evaluate your own needs in order to determine the purposes for - you will use the software
(A) what
(B) which
(C) whom
(D) where
34 The names of upper management toầầầ you must report will be provided in order to get budgets approved for projects (A) whom
(B) whoever
(C) what
(D) where
35 A password ầầầầis provided to you will enable you to access some important student information
(A) when
(B) who
(C) which
(D) whom
36 - those applicants who have graduated after four years will be considered for the position
(A) who
(B) Only
(C) which
(D) whom
37 ầầ.those who are determined to attend the seminar, tickets are available at the HR Department
(A) For
Trang 8(B) whose
(C) what
(D) their
38 If coming from Salt Lake City, take the Bonneville Speedway (Exit #4), - is the first exit west
(A) what
(B) which
(C) where
(D) who
39 Employees - are experiencing technology-related problems may ask for help by placing a call to the IT team between 9 a.m and 6 p.m
(A) who
(B) whose
(C) which
(D) what
40 The ISC has a conference room, can accomodate up to 10 people for small group meetings or classes
a.Where
b.Which
c.That
d.Who
41 The receptionist , ầầ.answered the phone, told me that the director was out
A who
B whose
C that
A whom
42 The woman - Ann must take care of is very poor and old
A whom
B that
C who
D whose
43 Venice,ầầ was built on water, is a city in Italy
A.where B.that C.who D.which
44 - who has questions regarding the hospital bill, pricing information or insurance coverage can contact our customer service representative
(A) Others (B) They (C) Herself (D) Anyone
45 The northeast is one of the best regions in to start a new business, according to business and enteprise north east statictics
A what B which C where D whose
46 Eli Clare, -latest book was published by Local Home Press, is nominated for the 2010 Lambda Literary Award (A) whatever (B) whom (C) what (D) whose
47 The head of human resources posted a list of all the employees - are transferred to another department next week (A) whose (B) who (C) where (D) when
48 Ms Kennedy was given the responsibility for managing the downtown building project, which by the board of directors
(A) is overseeing (B) was overseen (C) has been overseeing (D) be overseen
49 Nearly half of the customers -responded to the survey said that Austraclear delivered services that were above their expectations
A Who B Whose C They D What
Trang 9C RỎT G N 2 CỂU Cị CỐNG CH NG :
V i 2 câu cùng ch ng , ta có th rút g n b t m t ch ng nh sau:
+ CH NG: Ving
+ B NG: V3/Ved
1 I saw Mr Tam, I ran away/ WHEN I saw Mr Tam, I ran away
> Seeing Mr Tam, I ran away/ WHEN Seeing Mr Tam, I ran away
2 His novel was written in 2000 It was the best-seller at that time/ WHEN His novel was written in 2000 It was the
best-seller at that time
> Written in 2000, his novel was the best-seller at that time/ WHEN Written in 2000, his novel was the
best-seller at that time
1 Rút g n b ng cách dùng participle phrases (V-ing): N u đ ng t trong m nh đ quan h th CH NG
(active), ta dùng Ving thay cho m nh đ đó
Ex: The man who is standing there is my brother
= = > The man standing there is my brother
The woman sitting next to you is my mother
(Ng i ph n đang ng i c nh b n là m tôi).
Do you know the man winning the English contest?
(C u có bi t ng i đàn ông đã đo t gi i trong k thi ti ng Anh là ai không).
2 Rút g n b ng cách dùng past participle phrase (V-ed): N u đ ng t trong m nh đ quan h th B NG
(passive) ta dùng V3/Ved
Ex: The books which were written by To Hoai were interesting
= = > The books written by To Hoai were interesting
The film made by him won many prizes
(B phim c a ông ta đ t nhi u gi i th ng).
The building built many years ago collapsed
(Tòa nhà đ c xây d ng nhi u n m v tr c đã đ ).
3 Rút g n b ng To-V: Dùng khi danh t đ ng tr c có các ch sau đây b ngh a: the only, the first, the second, the last, so sánh nh t, m c đích
Ex Tom is the last person who enters the room
= = > Tom is the last person to enter the room
John is the youngest person who takes part in the race
= = > John is the youngest person to take part in the race
4 Cách làm d ng BT này nh sau:
- Xem đáp án th ng có 2 d ng:
+ D ng v THÌ: Ch a 1 thì b t kì trong đáp án
+ D ng v BI N TH c a NG T : Ch a các BI N TH c a NG T đó (Ving, To V, Vs, V)
==> Thì ph i:
- Xác đ nh xem câu có NG T hay ch a:
- N u câu CH A Cị NG T : Chia đ ng t theo 12 thì + K t h p xét C + B :
+ Ch đ ng: đ ng sau ch tr ng có TỂN NG (DANH T )/C M DANH T
+ B đ ng: ng sau ch tr ng có By, To V, nói chug TH NG là Gi i T )
Trang 10- N u câu có NG T R I + KHỌNG Cị LIÊN T N I GI A 2 NG T ị mà TR C CH
TR NG là 1 DANH T /C M DANH T ==> Ch c ch n NG T trong đáp án thu c lo i M QH RỎT G N
- N u CH NG: Ving - ng sau ch tr ng TH NG là N, C m N, Tân ng (# gi i t )
- N u B NG: V-ed - ng sau ch tr ng TH NG là gi i t (B NG c a thì ti p di n: Being V3/Ved)
- 1 S NG T KHỌNG CHIA B NG TRONG TOEIC C N NH :
+ Specialize (IN): CHUY N V
+ Result IN = LEAD TO: D N N
+ Result FROM = BE CAUSED BY: NGUYÊN NHÂN B I
+ Inquire: YÊU C U, ọI H I, CÂU H I
+ Consist OF: BAO G M
+ Ngoài ra còn có: Dine, Eat, Appear, Arrive, Become, Come, Disapear, Happen, Remain, Stay, Exist, Take
p lace,ầ
1 Attendance is mandatory for the staff meeting ầầầầ for next Tuesday in the council hall
(A) has been scheduled
(B) schedule
(C) will schedule
(D) scheduled
2 The Perfect Pet Parlor is a chain of stores - a large selection of pet food and pet accessories at a reasonable price with excellent sales support
(A) sell
(B) sells
(C) sold
(D) selling
3 All commutersầầầầ the main highway to get to the center of the city will face delays of up to hour today
A.use
B.used
C.using
D.will use
4 as Executive Transportation is a premier limousine company ầầầ the Houston metropolitan area
A Serving
B Served
C Server
D Serves
5 However, no liability can be accepted by INTERWORLD for loss or damage - by any passenger or inconvenience experienced due to a delay for whatsoever reason
(A) incur
(B) incurred
(C) incurring
(D) to incur
6 Welton Textiles Inc made a net profi of $500 million, it to fund Its expansion across the continent
(A) allowing
(B) allows
(C) allowance
(D) allowably
7 Ace Supplies, a Paris-based firm - in office supplies, announced its plan to relocate its
(A) is specializing
(B) specializes
(C) specialize
(D) specializing
8 A letter by a copy of the press release was mailed to the public relations department yesterday
A accompanies
B accompanying
C accompanied
D will accompany