CHÍNH SÁCH VĂN HÓA NHÀ MINH VỚI ĐẠI VIỆT

CHINH SACH VAN HOA CIJA NHA MINH VCH DAI VIET ( - ) NGUYfN VAN KIM* T ap chi Nghien cvtu Lick s^, B6 (406), 2010 da dang bM vig't vdi tieu dg': "Van minh vd de chi - Nhin lai dudng phdt trien cua cdc quoc gia Bdng A" (1) Trong bdi vi^t do, c6 mot quan dilm dU^c dlia ve mfii lien h§ chdt che gii3a nhQng th&nh tilu, di san van hda cua c&c d^chS'tvtag tdn tai lich stt Ddng A vdi so ph4n, dbi song van hda cua cac ddn t^c phUdng Dong Thilc t6' lich svi cho' thd'y, nhilu di san van hda, cdng trinh ki§'n triic k^ vi cua cac d§' ch§' cd ca nguon siic lao ddng, ngudn cua cai ciing bi^t bao tdi nguyen nhdn van cua cac thi tnfdng, quoc gia khu vUc Cung vdi qua trinh b&nh trUdng, md rdng anh hudng chinh tri, c4c dl" c h l cdn siic khai thac, chilm dogt ngudn nhan lUc, vilt liic, tri tu$ cua ckc ddn tdc, huy hoEii n h i l u tijlu, di san vdn hda cua cac qudc gia nh&'t Id cac ntidc lang gilng Ddng A Vao d i u the ky XV, cudc chiln tranh x&m liidc cua nh& Minh, qudc gia Dgi Vi§t da trai qua mot tham hoa vdn hda vd cuoc xam lang vdn hda dd da de lai nhiJng h^u qua nghi§m trong, lau d&i T r i ^ t ngudn n h a n Iiic bao t o n , s&ng tfLO v&n h o a Nh^m e h u ^ bi cho &m nulu xam lui?c nudc ta, tii cuoi trilu T r ^ (1225-1400) v& sud't trilu Hd (1400-1407), trilu (finh phUdng B&c da lien tuc g&y ap lUc v l chinh tri, quan sU, ngoai giao vdi c&c chfiih t h i cdm quyin cua qufic gia Dai Vi$t Nh& Minh d& tao cd, g&y n6n c&c mau t h u i n , xung dfit giGa nudc ta vdi cac nude l&ng gilng Ddng Nam A dong thdi khdng ngilfng dUa nhCng y§u s&ch v l nhan lilc, v&t lUc v& chu quyin bifin gidi (2) De tilh h&nh mdt cufic chifi'n tranh xam lii^c to&n difin v& thUc hi$n &m mUu chiem ddng l&u dai, quan Minh chiem du^c Dfing Dfi, nh& Minh da thiet 14P mdt bfi m&y thfi'ng tri mang tinh ch&'t quan si^ r&t diln hinh D l to chiic, dilu h&nh b^ may dd, ngiidi diing ddu chinh quyen phUdng Bac khfing chi huy d§ng gidi quan l^i, tUdng llnh Trung Quoc m& cdn chieu du, loi k6o cac quan lai, thii lai ban dja Nha RCnh da svi dung ddi ngii "thS quan" v& ca "h&ng quan" de ho tr0 cho vi§c thiic thi c&c chinh s&ch cai trj d6ng thdi sijt dung liic Ilidng de th&m nh&p, n&m b i t hinh thijlc te d c&c dia phUdng Trong suot thdi gian chifim ddng (140614^7), nh& Minh ludn theo dud\ &m mUu khai th&c, trifit c&c ngufin t&i nguyfin, d&c 15ifri& nguon t&i nguyfin nhan v&n nh^m l&m suy giam siic d l kh&ng cua d&n toe ta, hiuy hoai siic ph&t t r i l n cua cac nganh kinh te', cac hoat dfing x& hdi v& vSn hda Tifi'p n& chu tnidng cua cac trilu dai ' PGS.TS Tnidng D?i hoc KHXH&NV - DHQG HN Rghien cihi lach sd" stf 6.201S phong kiln phUdng B&c, cho qu&n tr&n sang xam lu^c nUdc ta, nh& Minh da triln khai vi0c bat giii, chifiu du nhflng ngUdi t&i gidi, ngUdi cd nang liic dac bi$t tren cac linh vuc de diia v l Trung Qufic hoac cUdng fip ho tham gia v&o bp may nd dich, thong tr) (3) Trong sufit th^p nien, ciing vdi viec sii dung vu luc, t r i ap cac t h i lUc "chong dfii", phong tr&o khdi nghia, nh& Minh cdn sul dung toi da chieu thiic "diing l l di thu phuc" hdng th&u nap, loi oufi'n nhiing ngUdi t&i, dUc cdn "n&u minh ndi xdm thdn", "an d^t ndi riing niii" v&o gudng m&y chifi'n tranh Ngay 17-3-1407, vua Minh Vinh L^c (cq: 1403-1425) d& lfinh cho Tdng binh Tan Th&nh hdu TrUdng Phu: "Khi qu&n chifi'm dUdc An Nam, h&y th&m dd rfing rai khdp nudc d l tim ngudi t&i dUc, ho&c cd mdt dilu hay, mot nghl gidi Hay dung l l d l sai khien, tim each dUa ve kinh dd" (4) Ng&y 28-7-1407, Vinh Lac lai sac du TrUdng Phi^, Ta Phd tudng quan Tay Binh hdu Mfic Thanh v& ThU(?ng thU Bo Binh LUu Tu&'n: "D&'t Giao Chi ch&c cd nhiing ngUdi t&i dttc song to&n &n d&t t^i niii rUng, r&nh kinh dien, v&n hay hoc rfing, cd tai hiln lUdng diing ddn; nfing d&n hilu de thdng minh chinh trUc; ke thU lai cd kha n&ng Axitfc viec, thdng thao sach vd, ngUdi luyfin t&p binh phap vo nghfi mUu tri, dung mao khdi ngfi cao ldn, &n ndi lUu loat, cd sUc vdc dung cam; ke bilt thu&t so am dUdng, ranh y dUdc chdn mach Hay hdi han tim cho duqic, diing le sai khifi'n dl dua v l kinh d^ng" (5) Tuan thii mfinh l$nh a'y, chi mfit thdi gian tUdng dfii ng&n, den ng&y 23-101407 quan chifi'm ddng d& b&t dU(?c 7.700 thO thu cdng v& nghfi nhan TrUdng Phu lfip tiic sai dua so" ngudi n&y sang Kim L&ng (Nam Kinh, Tnmg Qufic) Din ng&y 6-11-1407, quan Minh lai tilp tuc dua 9.000 ngUdi thfing hilu kinh diln, gidi v&n chUdng, thfing thao vi$c quan, am tUdng binh phap sang phUdng Bdc Theo cac t&c gia To&n thu thi: "NgUdi Minh liing tun nhiing ngUdi dn d&t ndi rUng mii, ngUdi cd t&i diic, thfing minh chinh tnic, gidi giang xu&t chiing, thfing kiiih gidi van, hoc rong cd t&i, quen thufic vific quan, chui d?p tinh gidi, ndi n&ng hoat bat, hilu dl luc diln, tudng mao khfii i ^ , khde manh diing cam, quen nghl di biln, khfio cac nghl nung gach, l&m hUdng luc tiic dUa ddn ban than ho v l Kim Lang, trao cho quan chUc, roi cho v l nUdc lam quan phu, chau, huyen" (6) H&n I&, sau nhflng cufic truy bat rao riit cac thd thu cdng, nghfi nh&n tai khfio, nhilu ng&nh san xu&'t ciia nUdc ta da b) suy thoai b) md^t di tri thutc, kinh nghifim san xufi't quy du^c trao truyin qua cac thfi h$ Ciing vdi nhflng to'n thUdng v&n hda v&t t h i , ddi sfi'ng van hda phi v^t thi vi t h i chac chan ciing bj suy thoai nghifim chinh sach trifit nh&n liic, liing bat nhiing ngudi h i l n t&i cua nha Minh Chinh s&ch cUdng c h l v&n hda eua chinh quyfi'n phUdng B&c nh&m v&o cac nghfi nhfin, gidi tri thflc d& l&m suy tfi'n n&ng luc bao t6n, s&ng t^o va d l kh&ng van hda cua mfit dan tfic D I tri chfi' thfi'ng tri dfing thdi theo duoi am mUu dong hda v&n hfia, nhfi Minh da sut dung nhilu phUdng thflc dd cd vific d l cao long "nhan dfle", "tdm vdc v&n hda chinh tri" cua vua Minh! Chinh quyin phfldng B&c mufin thfing qua c&c bifin phap tam 1^, van hda de tao t h i fin dinh, si^ "chinh danh" cho chinh quyin chilm dfing Qua dd, nh& Minh cdn muon kh&ng dinh quyin uy cua dfii qu&n x&m lU^c dfing thdi tflng budc Ifii cu^n nhiing ngudi cd n&ng liic trfin c&c Enh vUc v&o bfi m6y khai thac, chifi'm ddng tren d&t nUdc ta Theo duoi am miiu thfin tinh l&u d&i, tfl nam 1417, nh& Minh d& djnh t h i 1$ Chinh sach vtn h6a ciiii nhb ^ n h h&ng nam cfing nap Nho sinh Theo cac tac gia Ct/dng muc thi: "TrUdc d&y, c&c tnidng hoc d ch&u v& huyfin, hoc sinh v&o hoc khfing cii n&m thang nhilu hay it, chi cdn chon ngudi n&o cd hoc v&h v& hanh kilm, thi sung v&o vi$c cd'ng nap h&ng nam, d l bfi' vao Qufic Tfl Giam Tnidng hpc d phu mfii nftm cO'ng nap ngudi; d chau cfl hai nftm cong nap ngfldi; d huyfin mSi n&m cong nap ngudi Sau dinh lai: Tnidng d phu moi nam cd'ng ngfldi; tnidng d chau nSm cd'ng ngUdi, trudng d huyfin n&m cd'ng ngUdi" (7) Nhu v&y, thdi gian chilm ddng, nh& Minh dS sflc chifiu du v& bSt dem v l Trung Quoc nhilu tri thflc, ngfldi cd kha nang, bifit tai trfin c&c linh vflc Tfl nam 1407 dfi'n 1428, nh& Minh da dem ve nude 16.830 ngudi t&i gidi cua Dai Vifit D l mua chudc dfii ngu tri thflc vfi cac nghfi nhan, nhflng ngUdi cd t&i nang dac bifit, nh& Minh khdng chi thflc thi kfi' s&ch chifiu di^ bdng chfi' bo nhifim, lUdng bfing, m& cdn chu dfi'n vific cung c&p ddy du nhu ylu phdm, v&t dung thudng ng&y Vua Minh nhilu ldn sai c&p ph&t &o bfing, d&y dfip, v&t d i ^ g cho cac Nho sinh v& h&ng quan di tr&nh gi& lanh phUdng Bdc (8)! Tror^ sufit thdi k3^ tri vi, Vmh Lac cung gidi miiu si cdn diing chifiu thu&t "t&m cfing" ddnh vao ldng trdc dn, tinh ham danh, ldi cua ngfldi vdi nhiing cam k i t eat cit, bo dung Thang 11416, nh&n vific qu&n chilm ddng bdt dUdc mfit l u ^ g ldn quan lai cao cdp, v&n vo v& ky iao dUa sang Yen Kinh, Vinh Lac d& chifiu di;i: "Nay cdc ngUdi dfi'n cula khuyit trilu cfi"!^, trdm xfit long th&nh, d&ng nfin khuyfi'n khfch D&c fin th&ng cho cde ngUdi l&m chfle mfi C&c ngUdi hay gdng trung th&nh, cdn mdn hdn nfla, kinh cdn gifl tilt cua ngUdi b l tfii, uy I90, vo vl, khifi'n cho d&n chiing diu dUdc yen nghifip sinh song, ciing hudng phiic thai binh thi sfi du^c trdi che chd, c&c ngUdi se dvt(fc phiic lfic doi d&o n ^ din ddi ddi chau, m& tilng tfi't cua cac ngfldi sfi lUu truyin sut sach, m&i m&i khfing cflng^ (9) Vific dioig k l s&ch du dd gidi quan lai cac trilu Trdn, Ho rfii gia each bo' di cac nha mfin quan, d&n l&m vific hay chuyin dua sang Nam Kinh, B&c Kinh (dl giao hu&'n, de dpa ) da gay nfin nhflng tfin thfit ldn v l nhan lUe, nguon sflc bao tfin, truyin ba v& sang tao van hda eua d l t nflde ta Mat kh&c, chinh s&ch dd ciing gay nfin nhflng biln dfing, xung dfit t&m 1^, xa hfii s&u sfic Thuc t l lich sfl cho thfi'y, tinh trang ph&n r& ddi song tfim l^, xfi hpi da diln Dd 1& mfit th&ch thflc ldn vdi Dai Vifit vific bao tfin v&n hda, coi v&n hda nhu th&nh tfi" cfit ylu d l nudi dfldng y chi chiln ddu, khdi d$.y long yeu nflde v& hun due tinh thdn dan tpc Trong boi canh da't nUdc dang trai qua cdn binh lfla, tinh trang thifi'u hut nguon nh&n li;(e, d^c bifit lfi nhflng ngUdi tfii nfing trfin cac linh vflc, da d$t nhflng thach thflc nghiem trgng vific phuc hUng n l n dfic l&p d&n tfic Thuc trang dd 1& ndi lo l&ng, tr&n trd khdn ngufii cua nhflng ngfldi lanh dao cufic khdi nghia Lam Sdn v& chinh quyin Lfi sd sudt nhilu nfim sau dd C h i n h s a c h t&n ph&, h u y difit v a n hoa Thflc hifin am mflu thu tifiu vinh viln n l n v&n hda lau ddi, dac s&c cua d&n tdc ta, tnide liic xudt binh Minh Th&nh T l da tnic tifi'p lfinh cho c&c tUdng cdm qu&n: "Khi tifi'n qu&n v&o An Nam thi chi trfl nhiing ban kinh vfi s&ch v l Thich, D^o khfing huy, cdn t&'t ca cac ban in saeh, cac gifi'y td cho de'n s&ch hpc cua tre thi nhfi't thilt mot manh gi&y, mpt chfl dfi'u phai huy hit Trong nflde fi'y, ehi ed nhflng bia Trung Qufic dung lfin ng&y trUde thi d l l?ti, edn nhflng bia An Nam l&p thi phai ph& eho hit, mfit chfl eiing khfing dfl^c de lai" Rghian curu Lieh siSr sg 6.2015 (10) Chu chfldng dd da dfldc trilu cfinh nha Minh nhilu ldn nhfiii m?nh vdi nhiing ke dflng ddu ddi quan xam lUdc nUde ta Ciing vdi chinh sach t&n buy c&e di san v&n hda, qu&n Minh cung ehu trUdng khdi tim, dem v l Trung Quoc nhiing bo thU tich, t&c phdm qu^ nham trifit tifiu nguon li^c tri tufi v& k$ flc cua mfit d&n tpc Lfinh cua Vinh L^e vdi Tong binh ehinh thao An Nam Thfinh quo'c cdng Chu Nang cho thdy ro quan diem dd: "Qu&n vao An Nam danh chilm cac qufin dp, ph&m tich thu dUpe thfl tjch, ban dfi, dfi'u khfing dfldc buy" (11) m& phai mau chfing dfla vfi' Trung Qufi'c Dfi chu trfldng dd dUdc thUe hifin trifit de, thang nam Mfiu Tu&'t (1418) nhfi Minh sai h&nh nh&n Ha Thanh Y& tifi'n si H^ Thi sang thu Ifi'y c&c s&eh ghi chfip v l sU tich xua cua nudc ta (12) H^u qua lfi, nhifi'u tac phdm quy kho tang tri thflc, van hda Dai Viet da bi thieu buy hoac cudp di nhU: Hinh thU (ddi Ly Thai Tdng), Quic trUu thong li (Trdn Th&i Tfing) fiai Vi^t su* ky (Lfi V&n HUu), Binh gia yeu lUdc (Trdn Quo'c Tufi'n) (13) Qu&n Minh ciing da pha huy nhilu di tfeh ljch sfl - van hda Trong nhiing nam CUOI thdi thufic Minh, trflde sflc tdn cfing eua nghia quan Lam Sdn, difin cuong vi nhflng tham vpng chfnh tri, quan sU bdt thfinh, chinh quyen hfi d& sflc tifiu buy cdc di san vfin hda eua Dai Vifit Cu6i nam 1426, Vfldng Thdng da lenh ph& buy chufing Quy Dien v& vac Pho Minh la efing trinh due dfing nfi'i tilng thudc An Nam tH dqi de l&y dong diic vu Nhilu chua thap thdi L;y, T r l n gan vdi mfit thdi dai phi^c hUng van hda qufic gia Dgi Vifit cung hi buy hogi Bai thd cua Lfi Th&nh Tdng khdc d msit sau bia chua Dpi cfi cau: "Minh khau tdn, tU di canh" (GiSc Minh t&n bao khifi'n ehua ehiln bifi'n doi) (14) cho thdy rd tham hpa v&n hda dd Theo duoi tham vong mau chdng xda bd cac d&'u tich, di san vfin hda truyin thing cua dan tde ta, nha Minh d& cho thifi't l&p tren nhieu vung, miln nhflng "thiet chl van hda" mdi, mang d&m d&'u &h, dae trUng van hda phUdng Bac Ng&y 28-8-1407, theo ldi tdu t n n h cua ty Bfi^ chfnh vl: "tuc d&n An Nam chi chufing phfip Phu (Ph&t gi&o), khfing bie't cting thdn, nen l^p cac dan t l cae thdn gio, may, sfi'm, mUa, sfing, niii, x& tde, d l bilt each cdu bao phuc" (15), vua Minh Vinh Lgc da lfinh eho quan chilm ddng x&y nhilu d&n xa tdc, den mifi'u Th&ng 9-1414, tudng Minh 1& Hoang Phiic cdn lfinh "truyfi'n bang eho cac phu, ch&u, huyfin dUng V&n Milu v& cae d&n thd xa t&c, thdn gid, than m&y, thdn mii, thdn sdng va nhflng than khdng thd de t l le thfldng xuyfin" (16) Mpt chinh sach ap chfi', cfldng che mfi thflc van hda Trung Hoa da difin tren ddt nflde ta Nhfl vfiy, cung vdi vific tan pha, xfim hai nhieu din milu, lang tdm dac bifit la khu lang mfi cua cac trieu dai Ly, Trdn, Ho lihfi Minh cdn tgo dflng d nhieu dia phfldng nhiing "thi^c the van hda" mdi Trong vdng th^p nien, chinh quyin chilm ddng da lfip mdi 444 d&n tr&ng, dd cd 148 d&n xa tac, 148 dan thd c&c thdn gid, m&y, mUa, s&m sfit; 46 dan thd h&ng qu&n va 102 d&n thd d cac thfin l&ng (17) Ngo&i ra, chinh quyin dfi hfi cdn x&y dUng mdi nhilu chua, qu&n, din, mifi'u, lfip cae nha mfin ehuyfin trach vific truyen b& tu tudng, tdn gi&o Theo An Nam chi nguyin, nh& Minh d& x&y dUng tong cdng 861 ngdi chua, mieu, den thd tU, dd cd 469 ngfii chfla, 92 quan thanh, 48 ngfii dfi'n v& 252 tda milu Cac nha mfin hfin quan d i n cong vific t l ll, thd eflng vfi truyin b& tfin gi&o cung dUdc khdn trUdng xay di^ng (18) Hilu ro nhflng mm nguy, th&ch thflc va ea nhflng "khoang t r ^ n ^ v l van hda ma Chfnh s6ch v6a hfia ciJa nha Sinh quan Minh gSy dfii vdi su nghifip phuc d&n tfic nfin khfii luia ehiln tranh vdn edn diln d nhieu ndi, ddu n&m 1427 Le L ^ da khdn tnidng cho tu siia lai nhilu di tfch lich sui, qudn t h i v&n hda hi buy hogi Thfi^u h i l u nhiing khdt vong v&n hda, t&m hon vfi tinh cam cua nhan dan ludn hudng v l nhflng gia tri ngufin cdi, ludn tdn vinh v& ngfldng vpng td' tifin nen nhflng nam ddu cua chinh t h i mdi, Le Thai To' (eq: 1428-1433) da cho dflng lgi nhilu ngoi ehua, lang mifi'u, den thd, dong thdi "tfly tflng lang mifi'u ma c&'p eho so* phu phue dich v l vific thd cung" (19) Song song vdi c&c hogt dfing dd, chfnh quyfi'n Lfi sd cung cfi'm nhflng ke vu c l (b& dong, b& cfi't chuyfin l&m t& thu^t, phao tin d l xao dfing ldng ngfldi); t& dgo, dflng thu&t phap de mfi hoge, "mU(?n tilng t& thdn, tung nhflng ldi nham nhi de l&m dao dfing, mfi hogc long ngudi" (20) Trong ddng mach tU dd, vific Hfi Han ThUdng tiing sai ngUdi giet Trdn Dfle Huy, ke chuyen dung phUdng thuftt "ban dfim danh mo l&m phfip ky binh, nhu cd mufin nghin ngUdi hd reo danh nhau, lgi di kh&p c&c x&, l&'y trdm ten cua nhiing ngUdi di tudn bifin v&o sfi' quan" (21) 1& mdt hfinh dfing ndm logic chung the hifin thai dp kifin quyfi't cua cac trifi'u Trdn, Hfi ciing nhu Lfi sd nhdm ng&n chan mflt cufic chifi'n tranh t&m 1^, bao vfi an ninh v& mfii tnidng v&n hda d&n tfic Cuoi thdi thupc Minh, c&c gi& tri cua mfit nfi'n v&n hda truyin thd'ng kfi't luyfin vdi tinh thdn yeu nflde, long tU h&o dan tfic da trdo dang tren khap dfi't nUdc Mfla Xufin n&m 1428, n&m Thu&n Thifin thfl nhdt, gifla bdn b l cdng vific nhflng Lfi Th&i Td' d& sai cac quan chia di cflng t l d lang tdm eua cac vua trieu dai trUdc, c&c vi thdn linh den milu v& sdng nui linh thieng C&c sfl gia eua vua Le d& khdn c&o vdi cac vi tien hiln, thdn linh ve vific nUdc nha da dfldc binh yfin, giang Sdn khdng cdn bi gi&y xfic bdi qu&n xam lUde B^n the' ky sau thani hpa vfin hda qu&n Minh g&y ra, t&e p b i m Lich triiu hien chUOng looh-ehi, muc Vdn tich chi, nh& b&c hpc Phan Huy Chfl nh&n xfit: "Dfi'n Ly - Trdn noi tri, v&n v^t md mang, v l tham dinh thi cd nhflng s&ch diln chfldng dieu lufit, v l ngfl c h l thi cd cac t h i ehilu sac thi ca Tri binh ddi ndi, v&n nha du dieu Huong ehi, Nho si ddi nfio eiing ed, van chfldng nd nhfl riing, s&ch vd ng&y c&ng nhilu, n l u khfing trai qua binh lfla m& tro t&n, thi hdn 1& tr&u kfio phai mfit, nh& ehdt phai ddy cucTi ddi Trdn bi ngn giac Minh, thU tich da m&t mfit ldn trudc Othi nha Minh Nhu&n Hfi thdt thu, tudng Minh la TrUdng Phu ldy ca sdeh vd CO kim dUa v l Kim Lang" (22) Theo hpc gia Lfi Quy Dfin thi sau d&nh dud'i du^c quan x&m l&ng v l nUdc, chfnh quyin Lfi sd da sflc thu thfip lgi cac thfl tich, tfl lifiu nhflng "mfldi phdn chi cdn dUdc b^n n&m phdn" (23) Dd 1& mfit ton thfi't het sflc nSng ne vdi di san v&n hda d&n tpc! T h i e t lgp cd sd d&o t a o , d o n g h o a van hoa Cling vdi vifie theo dufii cac tham vong v l kinh tfi', ehinh tri, nhfi Minh cdn t&p trung vao vific thUe thi chfnh sach dfing hda v&n hda (assimilation) cua qufi'c gia Dai Vifit Trilu dinh nhfi Minh vfi chfnh quyin ehilm ddng da bat nh&n d&n ta tfl bd phong tuc, t&p quan cfi truyin von dung chfla nhifi'u gifi tri, d|tc tinh cua nen vfin minh Ddng Nam A d l tu&n theo nhflng phong ti^c, tap qu&n phfldng B&c Trong nhiing toan tinh chfnh tri, gidi cdm quyfi'n phUdng Bac ludn hifiu rd rang, d l thflc thi chinh s&ch dfing hda vfin hda doi vdi mdt d&n tdc von cd sinh lflc va kh&ng lflc van hda mgnh me thi dieu cdn t h i l t 1& phai thflc thi nhilu bifin ph&p dfing bd va phai cd k l s&ch lau Rghien cihi Ljch siV stf 6.2015 d&i Vinh Lac tiing lfinh: "Giao Chi mdi quy phu, nfin thi h&nh chinh s&ch khoan h&u, khfing nfin kh&c bac, cdn ch&m chude dl [dan chung] cd cufic sfi'ng togi nguyfin, ddn ddn chdn hilng l l nghia d l gi&o hfia" (24) Thi^c hifin chu trUdng dd cua nhfi Minh, ehfnh quyen dfi hfi d5 thUe thi mfit chinh saeh cUdng e h l vfin hda dm vdi tfi't ca c&c vflng mien v& giai tdng x5 hfii Sli dung bo may bgo lUc cua chinh quyin quan sU, nha Minh c&m nhfin dan ta khdng dUdc nhudm r&ng den, di tdc chdm d&o, cdt tdc, mac v&y theo Ifii truyen thfi'ng m& phai dl tfic dai, tfi't tdc, mftc qudn dfii Thue hifin k l sach vfla trifit tifiu vfla dong hfia van hda, tudng Minh 1& Tham nghi Banh Dgo Tudng tflng "xin vdi vua Minh d^t trfldng hpc d cac phu, ch&u, huyfin, tim hdi nhiing ngfldi hpc v l nghl thdy ciing, thdy thuoc, thay chua v& dao si, trao cho quan chfle de gifl vific day hoe d c&c trUdng Lgi c&'m trai, eon g&i khfing dUde c&t tfie; ph\i nfl phai m&c ao ngftn, qudn d&i, theo y nhfl thdi ftn mac d Trung Qufic" (25) Nhft Minh bat gidi quan lai phai dfii kh&n ddu riu, co &o viln trdn cd vat, ao dfii vgt bdng td lua, h&i Ing cao cd day that Doi vdi hpc sinh eung phai dpi khan ddu riu, CO ao viln mau lam cd vgt, hai ong cao ed dfiy thdt Tdng ldp vifin chfle d xa nhfl xa chinh, quan lang, lgi giam thi mac ao co viln, ddu dpi khftn, chfin di bfti, rieng vdi ph\i nfl thi phai biii toe diing lua den bpc ddu, tai deo thoa, mac &o rfing quan dai, gi&y dfip bdng vai hay da, cdm eSt tdc, de lfi chan v& khfing dfldc diing s&c huyen, s&e vfing, sdc tfa (26) Th&m hilm hdn, chinh quyfi'n phfldng Bdc bdt nhfin dan ta thay dli ea phong tuc, tang ma Phfi Ly vdn ty Bd" chfnh la Lfi Vfin Chfnh tiing t&u vdi vua Minh: "Ngfldi Giao Chi t&p quen phong ti^c man di, cha me chfi't chi mfic fio den; tho quan, sinh vifin, thfl lgi cha me chfi't ciing khfing xin nghl vific efl tang Xin diing qufic trilu [Trung Quoc] da dinh v l tang lfi, ban h&nh dan gian d l tuan h&nh Cae t h i quan, sinh vifin, thU lai ed cha me chit, phai bo chfle dich, chiu tang, ngfi hdu ddn ddn tfl bd t^p tuc man di" (27) Theo dd, nhfi Minh bat nhan dan ta phai chiu ba n&m efl tang nhu phong t\ie cua ngfldi H&n! Song song vdi e&e chfnh s&ch nfiu tren, di ddy nhanh &m mflu dfing hda, trifit tieu tflng phdn n l n v&n hda truyin thfi'ng eua nUdc ta, th&ng n&m 1414 tfldng Minh lft Ho&ng Phuc cdn d l nghi vua Minh cho l&p vfin mifi'u va c&c d&n thd thdn xfi tac, niii sfing, gifi mUa d cac phu, ch&u v& huyfin theo thdi t i l t cflng te (28) Trong c&eh nhin eua trilu (finh phfldng Bdc, chinh s&ch dd 1& d l "md mang, lfim sgch yfiu khi, biln doi phong tuc nUde man da" (29)! Theo dufi'i miiu toan thdn tfnh l&u dai, nh& Minh chu trUdng sdm d&o tao mot dpi ngii tri thflc mdi th&n Minh Ngay sau chilm ddng nflde ta, vua Minh da lfinh cho e&e qu&n, huyfin md tnidng hpc Nho giao dfing thdi tuyln cfl ddi ngu giang vifin tfl Trung Qufic dua sang giang day tnic tilp c&c trudng hoc vfla mdi thilt l^p- Muc tifiu e&n ban m& chfnh quyin phUdng Bfic mud'n nhftm d i n 1& truyin bd vftn hda, tU tudng Trung Hoa; dfio tao mdt dpi ngu tri thflc, quan lai ngfldi ban dia v& cai doi phong tuc, v&n hda nflde ta theo phong hda phUdng Bac Theo ldi tfiu cua quan Bo^ chfnh ty, tfl n&m Vinh Lgc thfl (1407) trd di, nh& Minh d& ddy mgnh vific md c&e trfldng hpc theo md thfle Trung Qufic Chinh quyin chiem dfing cho rdng: "Giao Ch&u bdy lau im hm t&p tiic man di, bfin dftt len trfin hfi't cong vific phat dfing vftn hpc vft sfla dli phong tuc Dung trfldng hpe d gdn k l nhiing phu Giao Chi, lfla id'y tihiing ngfldi tudn tu d&n gian eho v&o l&m sinh (30) Theo lfinh cua bfi Ll, bfit ddu tfl nfim Chinh sAch van hfia cAa nha ffl'inh Vinh Lac thfl (1410), vdng th&ng, c h l dfi cae trfldng hoc diu phai tu&n theo quy c h l cua Trung Qufic Trong cac trfldng hpc, chinh quyen chifi'm ddng rdt chfl J dfi'n vifie tuyln dung eon em eua cae "thi quan", cflng nhiing ngfldi tre tuoi tufi'n tfl nh& dan sung lfim sinh vifin De tSng nguon lflc dong thdi d l thuc d&y am mflu dong boa, nhft Minh cung chu trfldng chieu du mpt so' tri thfle Nho gi&o ngfldi Vifit cflng tham gia "dgy e&c si tut bilt l l nghia cua Trung Qufi'c, bifi'n doi tuc Di, ngo hdu sau n&y dfio tao dUdc ngUdi cho nha nudc dung" (31) Mua ddng, thang 10 (1414) "nh& Minh md hoc hifiu v& sflc tim hdi nhflng ngfldi Nho hoc, thdy thuoc, thdy tfldng so", nhft sfl, dgo si, lfinh cho cae phu, ch&u, huyfin ldy le m& thfinh t&m thinh mdi" (32) Mat kh&c, gidi edm quyin Trung Hoa cdn dfla sang nUde ta nhilu sach kinh, tgo dd cho nen van hda phUdng Bac (ma trung t&m la nhiing trifit lufin vft tu tudng Tfing nho) x&m nhfip v&o ddi sd'ng x& hfii v& n l n v&n hda phfldng Nam Theo An Nam chi nguyen, thdi gian chifi'm ddng, quan Minh dfi cho diing 161 trUdng hpc dd hang phu cd 14 trUdng, h&ng chau 34 trudng, hang huyfin 113 trUdng Tai e&e trudng hoc, nha Minh lo chu c&'p mpi m$t d l ngudi hgc "cham lo, chuyen chu v&o vific hgc t&p", "mau chdng t&i" Nhdm t r i l n khai mpt each he thong chinh sdch dong hda ve giao di^c, v&n hda, ng&y 11-6-1416, Vinh Lgc tilp tuc lfinh thilt l|kp cac ty Nho hgc Am dUdng hpc, Y hgc, T&ng cang, Dgo ky tai cdc phu, chau, huyfin thufic Giao Chi Cu the, nha Minh d& lap 12 ty Nho hpe tgi eae phu (33); 19 ty tgi c&c chfiu (34) v& 62 ty tgi cac huyfin (35) Bfin egnh dd, chinh quyin phfldng Bfic cdn Iftp: ty Am dUdng hpc tgi cac phu (36); 14 ty tai cac ch&u (37); 26 ty tgi cac huyfin (38) Ngo&i ra, nhft Minh Iftp 49 ty Y hgc tai eae phu, eh&u, huyfin; ty T&ng canh d c&c phu (39); 16 ty TSng chinh tgi cac chau (40), v& 56 ty Tang hfii tgi c&c huyfin, Ciing vdi do, chinh quyen chilm ddng cdn l^p ty Dgp ky d cdp phii (41); 15 ty Dao chfnh d edp chau v& 37 ty Dao hfii d cfip huyfin (42) Trong hogt dfing cua cac tnidng dao tao dpi ngu "Nho, y, ly, sfi" ", cung xufi't hifin vdn dfi' la, phdn dfing gidi quan lai, giang vifin tfl Trung Qufic dfla sang nflde ta lfi ngudi V&n Nam, Ludng Quang Theo nh&n xfit cua cac hpe gia nh& Minh thi: "Bpn hp chfla vao qufi'c hpc, nhflng tinh nguyfin lam quan phUdng xa nfin dUpc ban chfle Hp thilu sfl dgy d bfic dgi hpc, lai khfing dfldc e&e ty khao thi v l tfii nang, bdi v&y chan dfin khfing bilt e&ch, xfl tgi hinh khfing rfinh lufit, nfi'u ehd nam mdi khao d l thang hoac trufi!t, thi sfl hfl phfi cang ldn Nen lfinh sau den nhfim chfle hdn n&m, phai dfldc khao hgeh nghiem minh bdi Tudn vu An s&t, Gi&m s&t, Ngfl sit tai c&e ty Bfi' chinh An s&t Cftn cfl v&o th&nh tich lifim hay tham fi, efi kha nftng hay khfing, d l thftng tru&t, ngo hdu cd t h i khuyfi'n khfch, trflng phgt" (43) D I khdc phi^c tinh trgng do, nhfi Minh d& dat chfi' dp khao hach kha chat che Tfl nam 1419, Vinh Lgc cdn cho in va dfla sang nflde ta nhilu bg s&ch "kinh dien" cua Nho hpc Trung Qud'c nhfl: Tfl thfl {Bqi hqc, Trung dung, Ludn ngiJt, Mqnh Tit), Ngu kinh (Pick, Thi, ThU, iM vk Xu&n Thu) Vua Minh tiing cho rdng: "Nghla 1^ tinh tu;^ cua th&nh hien d ca sdch n&y Dd th&t 1& c&n ban cho ngfldi theo hge Cdc ngUdi nfin t h i theo y chi cua trdm, hieu du nhflng ngfldi theo hgc hfi't ldng giang lu&n, nghifin ciiu chfl dflng nfin coi dd chi 1& ldi ndi sudng mfi thdi Din d&y vua Minh sai Giam sinh Dudng Nghia sang Nam, ban phat saeh vd ndi trfin eho nhflng ngfldi Nho hge d e&c ch&u, huyfin Lai sai e&c thdy chiia truyin 10 b& kinh Ph^t d e&c Tfing, Dgo ty Cdn cae si^ tich cua nflde ta tfl ddi Trdn trd v l trflde dfi'u tich thu dfla ve Kim Lang" (44) Trong t h i cufic chfnh tri thdi bdy gid, mfit bfi p h ^ gidi hfing quan, Nho si xu thdi cung da sang Trung Quoc xin ve nhilu bfi sach Theo Minh thUc liic, ng&y Canh Ddn (24-51422), "Cac thdy trd tai Giao Chi gom cdc phu Tuyen Hda, Thai Nguyfin, Trdn Man, Phung Hda, Thanh Hda, T&n An cung cac eh&u huyfin tnic thudc dfi'n kinh khuyet cong e&c san v&t dia phUdng vfi xin ban e&c sach Ngii kinh, TH thii, Tinh ly dqi todn, Vi thien am chaf (45) Ng&y 26-7-1425 (Hong Hy thfl nh&'t), ty Bfi" chinh Giao Chi tau: "Tfl nam Vinh Lgc thfl 13 lap c&c trfldng Nho hpc tgi c&c phu huyfin, tfl dd dfi'n trieu (finh chfla bo giao quan din day, thfinh phdn giang hudn phdn nhilu 1& d&n Ctia phfldng, ft ngfldi thfing hilu kinh diln C&e hgc sinh bifi't dpc sach nhflng diing ngfin ngfl kh&c, lfi ph&p cung khfing chat che; cd chftm ve vific hge nhflng ehfla t&p phong hda Trung Quoc Nfin bfi' thdy giao din day theo dfldng chinh hpc dl hudng ddn ngUdi d&n dia phUdng theo dfldng mo phgm diing d&n V&y ldy vific giao due, ngfiy thang h&'p th\i biln thdi tyc man di dfi'i sang phong tuc Hoa Hg thi dd lfi difi'u tot dep" (46) Vua Minh da lfinh cho bfi Lai tuyln ngfldi dl bfi' nhiem Trong qua trinh dd, nha Minh lufin diing kfi' s&ch "di Di tri Di" d l g&y chia re, tao nen mdi hfin thfl gifla cac cpng dong dan tgc (47) Ciing vdi vific md tnidng, trieu (finh phUdng Bde cdn chu tnidng chifiu nap mfit so ngUdi tre tufi'i dl dUa sang Trung Quoc lUu hgc Theo cac tae gia Todn thii, tfl nfim 1417 nha Minh da de dinh lfi mfii nam cong cac Nho hpc, sinh vien sung vao Qufic Tfl Gi&m C&e sfl gia nh& Nguyin cho r5ng: "Trflde dfiy, e&c trudng hpc d chau v& huyfin, hge sinh v&o hge khflng cfl n&m th&ng nhilu hay ft, chi cdn chpn ngfldi n&o cd hpe Rghito curu Ljch sA stf 6.2015 v&'n v& hanh kifim, thi sung vfio vific cong ngp hang nam, de bo v&o Qufi'c T i Giam" (48) Nhflng cd lfi quy dinh dfi khdng du mgnh va ngfldi hgc khdng du sd" nfin nhfi Minh d l quy dinh mdi Theo dd, nhfi phu hgc mfii n&m ngUdi, nh& ch&u hpc nfim ngfldi, nha huyfin hgc mfii n&m ngfldi Sau dd nha Minh lgi quy dinh nh& phu hgc mSi nfim ngfldi, nh& eh&u hge nam ngudi, nha huyfin hoc n&m ngUdi (49) Sfi^ sinh vifin dU^c lUa d l dfla sang Trung Qufic, v&o Qud'c Tut Gi&m tdng hpc Trong so nhflng ke dfldc lfla chgn tiln cong ddu tien ed Hofing Tfing Nho, nufii cua vien tudng nhfi Minh - Ho&ng Phuc (50) Theo Cao Hiing Trflng, thdi thufic Minh cd tdt ca 161 ngfldi dfldc dUa sang Trung Quoc theo dgng "cd'ng sinh" Con sfi dd chdc chdn cd nhifi'u sfl khac biet so vdi thflc te' bdi lfi chi rifing nam 1425, nha Minh da dfla 82 cfiiig sinh dfi'n Bac Kinh Vdi cac cfing sinh, vua Minh tutng chi dgo Thugng thu hfinh tgi bfi Le 1& Lfl Chdn rdng: "Giao Chi each kinh sfl hang van dam, phai xa lia th&n thfeh den day Cdn phai gi&o di^c dung each, nfi'u chiing ham hpc, cd k;^ vpng th&nh t&i; ngfldi vfi cac hpc quan phai biet y muo'n cua trdm v l v&'n de V l y phi^c hang nam cap phdt nhfl lfi tgi Van Nam" (51) Thfim chf, thang Gifing nftm 1426, vua Minh edn lfinh cho bp Lfi md khoa thi hfldng d l chpn hpe trd (52) Nhfl vfiy, chi trflde phai nit quan v l nflde mdt thdi gian ngftn, nhfi Minh vfin nufii tham vpng d&o tao, t u y l n dung mfit dpi ngu quan lgi thfin Minh nham thflc hifin am mflu thfin tfnh lau dai Ldi k e t v a m p t v a i suy n g h i - VI chinh s&ch thfi'ng tri eua nh& Minh vdi nflde ta, Anh dan tfie, Danh nhdn vfin hda Nguyen Tr&i (1380-1442) khdc ghi tfii ac: "Tdt can niidc Bdng Hai khdng riia sqch nha/Chdt hit true Nam Sdn Qifahsach vfin h6a ci^a nba Qiinh khong ghi tdy tqi dc" (53) Nh& sul hpc Ngd Sy Lifin tiing vifit: "L&ng mac hoang phfi', x& tdc gd cho thd chui, cho hUdu chgy, thfinh b&i hoang cho chim do, rflng r&m cho ho bao nau minh Roi gi&c chia ehau, d&t huyfin, dap luy, d&o hao, ddng qu&n tr&n gifl d i n hdn hai mfldi nam, thay doi phong ti^c nflde ta theo tde d&i rang trdng, biln ngfldi nudc ta ngfldi Ngfi Than di! Hpa logn tpt eung d i n mflc nhU v^y" (54)1 Vi ngufin nh&n lflc nflde thilu hut bdi tdn th&'t cua chien tranh, chfnh s&ch chieu du, b&t gifl ngfldi tfii cua nh& Minh nfin cugc khang chiln chfi'ng Minh cdn dang diln ra, lfinh tu cufic khdi nghia Lam Sdn va sau dd chinh 1& dfle Lfi Thai T l da phai nhilu ldn "nhfln minh edu hiln, do'c ldng trgng si, eung mflu vific ldn, dfi cflu vdt d&n sinh Ai t i l n cul dUde ngUdi mUu tri diing luge hdn ngfldi ho&c ngfldi nao tfl tiln cii minh thi d i u lfim quan cao, tfldc trpng" (55) Trong nhflng nfim ddu nam gifl vfldng quyin, vua Le Thai T l da "Hg lfinh cho cac Id tiln cfl nhiing ngfldi h i l n tai ehinh trflc, tri dung anh kifit, cho gpi tdi tra ldi eae cau hdi, roi cfi't nhdc stt dung Ai ehe d&'u thi hi xii tfli trudt giang" (56) Trflde thi^e trgng "nhfin tai nflde trfl'ng rong", n&m 1429 ngfldi dflng ddu trieu Le lai tilp tuc "ban chifi'u cdu hifi'n" td long mong mufl'n mau chfing cd dugc nhilu ngfldi hifi'n tfii cflng ch&m lo vific nflde (57) Vdn d l dSt vdi chinh quyfi'n Le sd 1&, khflng chi thifi'u hi^t ngufin nhfin lflc m& "phdn ldn cac tri thflc Nho giao xudt hifin khoang thdi gian 1430-1440 lft nhflng ngfldi dfldc d&o tgo vfio thdi qu&n Minh chifi'm ddng m& chu ylu lfi d nhiing d;a phfldng ndi nha Minh t h i l t l&p c&c trfldng hge" (58) Dd 1& b&i to&n khfing d l tim ldi giai vdi ehinh quyfi'n Lfi sd d&c bifit la nhflng nam ddu mdi khfii phuc lai dflgc n l n dpe lfip - Chinh s&ch dfi hfi, thfi'ng tri cua nhfi Minh sud't hai th&p nifin d& d l lgi nhflng h|iu qua vfin hda, x& hdi nghiem trpng, l&u d&i Vdi v&n koa Bqi Viet, gidi cdm quyen phUdng Bac viOi thUc thi chinh sdch huy diit vi/a triit de trien khai cdc bien phdp cudp hoc, cUdng chivd dong hoa Thflc hifin tfl tfldng chu dao nh&m biln nude ta th&nh qu&n huyfin cua Trung Qufic, biln nhan dan ta thdn d&n cua nha Minh (59), trifi'u