CHÍNH SÁCH KINH TẾ CỦA NHÀ MINH ĐỐI VỚI ĐẠI VIỆT (1407 1427)

CHINH SACH KINH TE c t A ]WBLA MI]\H VCtt DAI VIET ( - ) NGUVfiN VAN KIM' V ao the ky XV-XVI, lieh sii the gidi va khu viic chau A da dien nhieu chuyen bien quan trpng Nam 1368, d Trung Qude trieu Minh (1368-1644) lap La mdt trieu dai Han tpc n i m giiia hai tridu ngoai tdc la Mdng - Nguyen (12061368) va trieu Thanh (1644-1911), eac vua Minh titng nudi nhieu tham vpng ve ehinh tri, kinh td vdi cac qud'c gia khu viie Den dau thd' ky XV, nha Minh da khdng ngifng gay ap liie chinh tri vdi nhieu qud'c gia Ddng A ddng thdi tien hanh chien tranh xam lupc Dai Viet Ve cudc xam Iiide eua nha Minh (1407-1427), da cd nhieu bai vidt, ehuyen khao cua cac nha nghien citu nUde, qud'c te' (1) Nham tiep tuc gdp phin lam rd am muu va nhiing hau qua nhieu mat ciia eupc chien, bai vie't se tap trung phan tieh chii trUdng, chinh sach kinh te ciia nha Minh va chinh quyen chidm ddng viee khai thac, bdc lot cae ngudn tai nguyen, ed tai nguyen bidn eua nude ta Dd thiic hien bai viet, eiing vdi vide khai thac tu lieu eac bp ehinh sit Viet Nam nhU: Dgi Viet sd ky todn thit, Dgi Nam thUc luc, Kham dinh Viet sd thong gidm ciidng muc , chiing tdi edn tham khao cae thdng tin Minh thUc luc nhu mpt ngudn tu lieu tham chieu Viec khai thac cae ngudn tu lieu nay, ket hdp vdi nhiing tiju khao citu da dupe edng bd', cd y nghia quan trpng viec lam sang to y tudng va ndi dung cd ban ma chii de nghien citu dat T h i e t l a p m o t h e t h o n g q u a n ly, t h o n g tri tr^ic t i e p Ldi dung tinh the ehinh tri d Dai Viet co nhilu bidn ddng, trieu Trin (1226-1400) suy yeu, trieu Hd (1400-1407), thang 11 nam 1406 nha Minh edn eho quan tap trung d vung bien gidi, chuan bi tran sang xam lupc nUde ta De'n thang 6-1407, sau chidm cae Da Bang, Ddng Dd, pha vd phdng tuye'n Hoang Giang - Binh Than rdi Tay Dd quan Minh da chiem ddng, dat ach cai tri triic tidp len h i u het cac dia phUdng Trong sud't thap nien (1407-1427), nha Minh thiie thi mdt ehinh sach kinh te' tan bao vdi Dai Vi?t Chii triidng dd eiia gidi cam quyen phUOng Bie nhim: Thd nhdt: Khai thac tridt de cac nguon ldi phuc vu eho nhu ciu tieu diing tai ehd ciia bd may xam lupc, chiem ddng; Thd hai: Tan thu cac ngudn tai nguydn, san vat, bCfc thu cac loai thue' de nudi dudng chid'n tranh; Thd ba: Lam suy yeu, huy hoai toan dien nen kinh te' ciia Dai Viet; Vd thd tii: Vd vet cae ngudn liic (d^c biet la nhan liic, eac loai tai nguyen, san vat quy hiem ) de diia ve Trung Qud'c (2) ' PGS.TS Trudng Dai hpe KHXH&NV - DHQG HN Chfnh s^ch hinh te cAa nha minh Dupe sii hau t h u i n cua trieu dinh phUdng Bic, lien tiep eac nam 1371', 1377.va 1378, Champa da md,nhieu ddt tidn pdng phia bic, tham chi edn eho quah tran vao xam chie'm, tan pha Kinh dd Thang Long (3) Hieu ro myc tieu, ban cha't cua cac eupe ta'n cdng tit phUdng Nam, nha Minh da site ldi keo, sii dung the' Iiie bien Champa de viia phan tan lUc lupng vita kiem tda khang liic cua quan dan Dai Viet Ben canh dd, tii nam Vinh Lae thit (1404), de chuan bi eho am mUu xam lUpe va dat ach thd'ng tri lau dai d nUdc ta, ciing vdi viee khoet sau mau thuan Vidt - Cham, mau thuan Tran - Hd, rdi phu nhan sii tdn tai ciia tdn tha't nha Tran nha Minh cdn lien tuc dUa cac yeu sach ve bien gidi nhii ddi da't Ldc Chau, Tay Binh, Vinh Binh va trai Manh Man thudc chau Ninh Viln Nhim tha'p vi thd chinh tri ddng thdi thiic hien am miiu bie'n nude ta quan, huydn t h i n thudc, de che' phiidng Bic edn tii gpi nUdc ta la "Giao Chi" Diu nam 1407, sau chiem ditpc Ddng Dd, nha Minh da thiet lap bd may thd'ng tri difng d i u la Tam ty, gdm: Dd chi huy sxi ty (Dd ty, phu traeh quan chinh), Thifa tuydn Bd' chinh sit ty (Bd' chinh ty, trdng coi dan chinh, tai chinh), De hinh an sat sii ty (hay An sat ty, n i m quyln tU phap va giam sat) cung cae nha mdn ve, sd, chau, huyen Vua Minh liy Dd ehi huy Lii Nghi giii chitc Dd ty, Bic Kinh hanh bp ThUdng thu Hoang Phiic giG hai ty Bd chinh va an sat Tie'p dd, 5-7-1407, ehinh quyen phUdng Bic ciing ddi ten phu, ehdu, 27 huypn ddng' thdi chia cac ddn vi hanh chinh 15 phu va 47 chau dd ed chau Idn 15 phu gdm: Giao Chau, Bic Giang, Lang Giang, Tam Giang, Kie'n Binh, Tan An, Kie'n XUdng, Phung Hda, Thanh Hda, Tra'n Man, Lang Sdn, Tan Binh, Diln Chau, Ngh0 An, Thuan Hda Cac phu deu chiu sii quan ly ciia ty Bd' chinh chau Idn gdm: Oai Man, Phiic An, Tam Dai, Tii Liem, Ldi Nhan Ngoai edn ed eac chau triie thudc phii Nhiing ndi xung ye'u dat 12 ve (mdi ve 5.000 quan) de khd'ng ehe (4) Nha Minh ra't ehii y de'n viec kiem soat ehinh quydn ca'p ed sd la eac ly (tifc lang) va cae phUdng, sUdng d Ddng Quan (5) Tuy nhien, trUde sii phan khang cua nhan dan ta va eac phong trao dau tranh ehd'ng Minh, phai de'n nam 1414 chinh quyen dd hd mdi thiet lap dupe he thd'ng quan ly d cac phu, chau, huydn (6) Nhu vay, sau chiem diidc Dong Dd va nhieu viing lanh thd nUde ta, nha Minh da thiet lap mdt bd may ehinh quyen quan sii quan ly, thd'ng tri triie tie'p gdm 39 ddn luy va 374 tram dieh Diidi sii chi dao cua trieu Minh, ehinh quyln quan sii chie'm ddng da site khai thac eac ngudn liic tii nhien, tan thu thue ddng thdi trien khai ke hoach bdc lot eac nganh kinh te' Che dp thong tri, khai thac, bdc lot kinh te cua nha Minh diidc thiic hien tren mdt quy md rpng Idn va dat de'n mite dp tan khd'e ehua titng tha'y ke tii nen dde lap eua dan tde ta dupe phuc hiing nam 938 (7) Ben eanh dd, de tri ehe' dp thd'ng tri ddng thdi theo dudi cac tham vpng kinh td, nha Minh lap mpt bd may quan ehe chat che, ddng dao Mdt mat, gidi cam quyen phiidng Bac huy ddng so' quan lai ngUdi Trung Qud'c tit Nam Kinh, Bic Kinh dieu xud'ng; tir Van Nam, Liidng Quang cii sang, mat khac edn site chieu du, triet de sit dung sd binh linh, vien chitc, quan lai ngUdi ban dia, tao dpi ngii nguy quan (thd quan), nguy quan (thd binh) ddng dao, hd trd tiidng ddi dac liie cho quan xam lupc C h i n h s a c h k h a i t h a c , hoc kinh te Thiic hien chu trUdng cua tridu (finh Minh, 12-10-1406, sau vao Thang Long, quan xam liipe da lot nha tran "bit Rghien ciiu Lich siir 5Q 10.201* eUdp eon gai, ngpc lua, thdng ke liidng chita, chia quan lam vide, chieu tap dan xieu tan, lam kd d lau dai Chiing thidn hoan nhieu trai nhd tudi va thu la'y tien ddng d eac xd, eho ehay tram diia ve Kim Lang" (8) Tif nam 1407, nha Minh da thiic hien chinh sach khai thac, bdc lot kinh te' tnic tidp d nUdc ta, bien nhan dan ta nd le Trong vdng 20 nam, ngudn cua eai eua Dai Viet khdng ngifng ehay sang Trung Qudc! Theo Minh thiic luc, de'n thang 7-1408 nha Minh da dat 12 tri lam chd ddng quan, cai tri cac dia phUdng Dpi quan xam lupc di de'n dau la Tnidng Phu va cac quan lai van, vo cua nha Minh lap tifc cho bat, gidt ngUdi, citdp ciia de'n da'y De eung cd' tiem lye kinh te cua chinh quyen va dpi quan chid'm ddng, eiing vdi eac dia didm ddng quan, TrUdng Phu, Ly Ban, Hoang Phiie, Ma Ky eung ddng thdi lap eac kho tang, ty, cue thud khda De tan thu thue', chiing dat sii kiem soat cac ben thuyen be d 21 dia diem, dat 67 ty Tuan kiem d cac v^ng xung yeu, eCfa sdng, eifa bien Vi the', chi mdt thdi gian tUdng ddi ngin, quan Minh da "chieu an" dUpc hdn 3.120.000 ngudi, b i t dupe hdn 2.087.500 ngudi, trii litdng 1.360 van thach; voi, ngiia, trau bd cdng hdn 235.900 con, 8.677 chide thuydn, hdn 2.539.850 vii (9) Theo xae nhan cua Todn thii thi nha Minh da thu dupe: 48 phu, chau, 168 huyen, 3.129.500 hd, bat giii 112 voi, 420 eon ngiia, 35.750 trau bd, 8.865 chide thuyen (10) Nhu vay, sd lidu thong ke giiia Todn thii va Minh thdc luc cd nhieu diem khae biet Minh thiic luc vidt liic liidng chiem ddng "chieu an" dUdc 3.120.000 ngUdi dd chinh SL£ nha Le xac nhan la 3.129.500 hd Sd lupng ngiidi hi b i t giii, vii khi, voi ngiia giiia hai bd suf eiing cd nhieu diem khac Tuy vay, sd thuyen ma nha Minh thu giii ghi hai ngudn sii lieu la tUdng ddi phii hdp Nam 1410, vdi tu each la Tong binh, ditng d i u ehinh quyen chie'm ddng, TrUdng Phu da eho quan md them ddn dien d cic ndi gin va thu thdc liia d Thai Nguydn, Tuyen Quang, Tam Giang dd tang ngudn dii trii quan liidng NhU vay, cixng vdi sd'thdc san x u i t cae ddn didn, ban la SO lUdng thiie ma quan Minh thu dUde d nUde ta la r i t Idn Sd' liidng thiie dd cd the du chu ca'p eho ehinh quyen chiem ddng cung ddi quan xam lUde ddng dao Vl the, chinh Vinh Lac da truyen lenh cho TrUdng Phu, mpt mat tiet kiem quan lUdng mat khac dinh chi viec tie'p van liidng thao tii Quang Tay sang nUde ta Hdn the', sd' quan lUdng dii dinh tie'p van eho dpi quan chidm ddng Cling dupe ehuyen ngiipe lai thanh, ddn gin nha't, trii tai (11) Trong thdi gian xam lUde niide ta, nha Minh da can thiep true tiep vao cac nganh kinh te trpng yeu nhii: Ndng nghiep, lam nghiep, khai thac khoang san, lam muoi Vdi kinh te ndng nghiep, thang 10-1414, ehinh quyen chie'm ddng da dinh phdp thue': "eii mdi mau rudng thu thang thdc, mdi mau da't bai thu mdt lang td, mdi mdt can td thu mdt tam lua" (12) Ciing nam dd, "Nha Minh b i t khai sd' rudng va da't trdng dau, trung thu lUdng thi^c, td t i m Mdi hp m i u thi b i t khai miu Den sau xet hp khau tang hang nam, dinh sd rudng mdi hd la 10 m i u (nghia la moi m i u chi ed sao, 10 m i u thiie ehi cd miu) Mdi m i u thu thang thdc, da't bai mdi hd miu, thu lang td, mdi can td d§t dUdc ta'm lua" (13) Chinh sach lam thu, tang thu phi ly (mpt thu ba) cua quan dd hp khidn ca vua Minh Vinh Lac Cling cam tha'y "khic bac" (14)! Bdn canh do, vi nhflng muc tieu ehinh tri va quan sii, bpn TrUdng Phu edn ca'm dan chiing tit Dien Chau trd vao (viing xa, khd kidm soat) khdng dUde canh tac Chinh Chfnh sAch hmh t& da nha ^ n h sach dd khdng chi da buy hoai kinh te ndng nghidp va nhidu nganh kinh te khac ma cdn triet ngudn sd'ng can ban cCia cU dan cac tinh mien Trung! Vd chinh sach khai thac cua nha Minh, cae sii than trieu Le cho ring: "Ba'y gid kinh Id deu phu thudc nha Minh, tram hp phai lam sai dich ndp liidng, theo sii sai b i t cua bpn quan thii nhiem Thd quan thi phai ddng thuyen va lap ddn didn de giiip viec cho Tong binh" (15) D l khai thac kinh te, tan thu thud' khda, tit nam 1407, nha Minh da rao riet chi dao viec lap cae kho, tang, ty, cue thud khda Cu the, chinh quydn chidm ddng da thiet lap cac kho, ty Thue' khda tai phu, cue Thud khda tai chau, ddng thdi cung l^p cue Thud tai 20 huyen va dia phUdng (16) Ngay 5-7-1408, Tnidng Phu tidp tuc lenh lap 472 ve mdn, 100 ty T u i n kiem, 92 ve mdn eho ty Thud khda Nha Minh cdn dat 67 ty Tuan kiem (17); lap tram dich diing ngiia, sd chuyen van (18); dat ty De cii ve thue' mudi d eac viing chuydn san x u i t mudi (19) Ve chinh sach kinh te', dac biet la che dd triing thu thud cua ehinh quyen chidm ddng ta thay, ehd dp td thud khdng ehi khic nghidt ma edn rat tiiy tidn Tinh trang lam thu khidn Vinh Lac nhieu lan can thiep, chi dao NgUdi difng d i u trieu Minh cho ring: "Liic mdi dat quan tai huyen Giao Chi, tram ma'y l i n du r i n g nen cd ehinh sach khoan hdng, n h i m khoan va gian de phii tri dan mdi quy phu Dufng tning thu nang, trung thu nang la phUdng sach dudi dan di" (20) Theo Minh thiic luc, Vinh Lae cdn lenh cho Bp Hd ban dinh, hudng chinh quydn chidm ddng den viec thiic thi mdt chinh sach kinh td "khoan hau"! Nhu vay, dudng nhu d day xua't hien "dp ehenh" nha't dinh giQa mdt chii trUdng chung vd kinh t^' cua trieu dinh nha Minh vdi cac chinh sach, bien phap thiie thi cu the cua gidi cim quyen Ddng Quan Theo logic thdng thudng, hien tupng dd cd the gdi nhiing nghi suy ve mpt kha nang cd sii thieu tap trung, thd'ng nha't giiia cac ca'p quan ly Tuy nhien, neu nhin nhan va'n de mdt each tong the, hieu t h i u ban cha't cua cupc chie'n thi nhiing chi d^o thUdng xuyen, eu the eua vua Minh vdi TrUdng Phu va gidi quan lai nha Minh thiic td' ehi la man bao ehe, dung tiing day "an nghia" cua trieu dinh phUdng Bic trUde hang boat nhQng chinh sach khai thac, bde Idt tan bao cua quan xam lUdc Chu triidng khai thdc triit di, triet hg tdt cdc ngdnh kinh te, nguon song cua cii ddn Dgi Viet la muc tieu trgng tdm, chi dgo nhdt qudn, chi phdi moi hdnh dgng cua nhd Minh (21) Song song vdi cac chinh sach triing thu, pha hoai ndng nghiep, tan thu ngudn thue nam 1408, chinh quyen dd hd cdn dat Cue khai md vang tai tran: Thai Nguyen, Gia HUng, Quang Oai, Thien Quan, Vpng Giang, Lam An, Tan Ninh; thiet lap ty De eif thi bac tai Van Ddn Ngay 24-10-1409, "Dat cue khai thac vang tra'n Thai Nguyen thudc phu Thai Nguyen, Cue khai thac vang t r i n Gia Hung thudc chau Gia Hiing; Cue khai thac vang tra'n Quang Oai, thudc chau Quang Oai" (22) Ngay 2-8-1416, eho dat hai Cue khai thac vang tai tra'n Vong Giang, Dien Chau, t r i n Lam An, phu Nghe An Theo cac sit gia nha Nguyin thi: "Pham cho da't nao san vang bac, deu lap trUdng cue, dat quan cai quan, mdi nam sai npi quan va quan giii trUdng cue ddc thiic dan dinh khai dao de lay vang bac Khi dan lam xong cdng viec, cae vien quan hdi ddng kiem didm niem phong dl nop Lai bat dan ct tren rifng dUdi bien di bat te, voi, md ngpc trai Liic a'y thud khda eao, ddng gdp nang, siic liie va ciia cai eua dan deu hi kiet qud" (23) Rghien cihi Ijch siir stf 10.201* Trong thdi gian chiem ddng, nha Minh da khai thac tridt de cac ngudn tai nguyen quy^ eiia Dai Vidt Trong 20 nam (14071427), nam nao nha Minh ciing b i t nhan dan ta cdng nap Theo Minh thuc luc, 12-1-1417, "Giao Chi cung ca'p 1.668 tam quyen, 2.000 can sdn, 1.500 can td mde, 2.000 Idng thiiy vii, mdt van quat, 23 loai t r i m hUdng ed t r i m td'c va an tifc hiidng" Ngay 1-2-1418, "Giao Chi dang 1.252 ta'm quyen, 3.000 Idng thuy vii, mdt van quat, 2.400 can sdn" (24) Tidp dd, 12-1-1419, chinh quyen chie'm ddng lai dUa vd nUde 1.288 ta'm quyen, 5.000 can td mdc, 2.000 Idng chim thiiy, mdt van quat, 2.400 can sdn (25) Nam 1424, quan Minh lai diia sang Trung Qudc "1.717 ta'm lua quyen, 3.000 can Sdn, 5.000 can td mde, 3.000 Idng chim thiiy, van quat" (26) NhU vay, chi rieng nam (1417, 1418, 1419 va 1424) quan Minh da dUa ve nUde: 5.925 ta'm Ii^a, 9.800 can sdn, 11.500 can td mdc, 10.000 Idng chim thiiy vu, 40.000 chide quat ciing 23 loai t r i m hUdng! Ciing theo Todn thu, quan Minh cdn siic chieu nap cae hUdng hd, tifc cac hd ehuydn tim kidm hUdng hdu quy (nhU tram hUdng) lam viec cho chiing Minh thdc luc cung nhieu l i n xac nhan vide chinh quyen chidm ddng lap Cue khai thac ngpc trai, lap cac Ci^c khai thac vang (27), ddng thdi mua chupc nhOng ngUdi chuyen tim kiem, khai thac tai nguyen, kim loai quy eung phdi thudc Trong bdi eanh ba'y gid, b i n la khdng it ngUdi da thu dUpc nhiing ngudn ldi nhat dinh tif chinh quyen chiem ddng Nhiing nam 1407-1427, d l chifa ngudn cua cai chiem doat dupe Stt dung cho chidn tranh va dUa vd Trung Qudc, chinh quyen Minh da lap nhieu kho chiia hang tai Ddng Quan va cae phu: Nghe An, Tan Binh, Kien Xitdng Nhin chung, cac cd sd khai thac tai nguyen ma nha Minh thiet lap d Dai Viet da boat ddng lidn t\ic sudt thdi kj^ cai tri De tang ngudn thu, chinh quyen chidm ddng ehi md mang, lap them chit h i u nhU ra't it bai bd cac md, cdng trUdng khai thac Tren thiic td, nha Minh da bii'n Dgi Viet thdnh cdng triidng khai thdc Idn phuc vu cho nhu ciu chien tranh va de nudi dUdng cae nganh san xua't d Trung Qud'c Tai nguyen ma nha Minh dUa ve Trung Qudc chu ye'u la cae nguydn lieu tU nhien hoac dang da chd bie'n nguydn Hdu tinh Ben eanh dd, dd phuc vu cho viee khai thac md va phat trien cac nganh thii cdng, chinh quyen phUdng Bie cdn b i t dem ve nUde mdt dpi ngu thd thii cdng gidi, nhiing ngUdi cd ky nang cao vd khai thac md va luyen kim Khie ghi tdi ac cua quan Minh, Todn thu vie't ro: "Nha Minh khai eac xudng, md vang bac, dem phu dai la'y va b i t voi tring, md tran chau" (28), "Nha Minh md trUdng md ngpc trai, kidm hUdng thdm, san bit chdn trang, hUou trang, voi t r i n g , ddi rua dudi, chim dau ngUdc, viidn bac ma, tran, cac thit dd dang nop" (29) Cac sii t h i n nha Ld cho ring, nha Minh "danh thue nang, bde lot nhieu, nhan dan khdng la'y gi ma sdng dUde"! Cung ehung quan didm dd, cac tac gia Ciidng muc nhan xet: "Bay gid, ngudi Minh yeu sach ddi hdi khdng bidt the nao la ehan Pham nhiing dia phUdng cd hd tieu, hUdng lieu, hUdu t r i n g , voi tring, riia chin dudi, chim vet, vUpn bac m i , tran chiing deu bude dan phai di kiem, di bat dem nop de dUa vd Yen Kinh" (30)! Tha'u hieu ban cha't ciia ke xam lUdc, itng xii vdi phUdng Bic, ddn nam 1427, du nghia quan Lam Sdn da gianh ditdc nhiing t h i n g ldi quyet dinh nhUng dl tranh sii hy sinh, ton tha't eiia nhan dan ddng thdi ciing d l "tit mudn ddi chidn tranh" nen Le Lpi va Bd chi huy nghia quan v i n chu trUdng thiie thi chinh sach ddi ngoai mem deo n h i m mau chdng dudi quan xam lang ve nUdc (31) Chfnh s&cb hinh te ciJa nha ^ n h Vi the bidn va chinh sach khai thac tai n g u y e n bien Trudc nguy cd eua mdt cudc chidn tranh xam lUdc tif phiidng Bic cang ddn gin, tit cum the ky XIV, Hd Quy Ly (13361407) va nhiing ngUdi diing dau trieu Ho (1400-1407) da sdm nhan thay vai trd quan trpng ciia bien, cua giao thdng sdng bien va cac viing cuta sdng, ctta bien viec bao ve an ninh, chu quydn d^t nude Nam 1404, Hd Qu^ Ly sai dao Lien Cang tii Tan Binh ddn giap Thuan Hda dd van chuyen quan lUdng Tide ring, khdng hieu rd nhiing dac diim cua dieu kien tu nhien nen viec bat thanh! Tidp ndi sii nghiep eua cha, dd ehd'ng lai quan Minh, thang 7-1405, Hd Han ThUdng (cq: 1401-1407) da di t u i n du nhieu dia phUdng, xem xet hinh the niii sdng Ong sai ddng coc gd d nhfing ndi xung ydu ma tam la cac ctta biln va vitng sdng cai d l ehan quan xam lupc (32) Theo Minh thiic luc, nam 1408, nha Ho cdn cho trinh sat den tham dd tinh hinh an ninh d viing bien Quang Ddng khien quan Minh phai de phdng cin mat (33) D l tang citdng site manh cua thuy quan Ho Han ThUdng cdn Idnh cho ddng thuyen s i t , dat hieu la "Tai lUdng cd lau" Day la loai thuyen tren bic tre lam dUdng di lai, ben dUdi thi cit hai ngUdi cheo mdt mai eheo De che m i t quan Minh, nha Ho l i y ten la thuyen van chuyin lUdng nhiing thiic cha't la thuydn chien, dUdc thiet ke eho viec chien dau (34) Han la nhiing tran chien Bach Ding, Van Ddn chon viii cac doan thuyen chien, thuyen lUdng v i n la ndi am anh vdi quan Minh nen sang xam lUde nUdc ta, Tdng binh Tnidng Phu va cac quan van, vd nha Minh luon phai lo itng phd vdi thiiy quan ciia nha Hd va sau la liic lUdng thuy binh eua nghia qudn Lam Sdn (35) 37 Nhan thtfc rd vai trd v& vi the bien nUdc ta, nam 1407, eiing vdi cac hudng tien cdng tif phia Bic, nha Minh da eho mot eanh quan theo diidng bien tien vao, chiem ddng viing c^a bien Ky La thudc huyen K^ Anh, Ha Tinh hdng ehan dudng nit lui cua quan quan nha Ho Ngay sau dd, TrUdng Phu hen cho quan danh vao Vinh Ninh (Vinh Ldc, Thanh Hda) Quan Minh da b i t Hd Quy Ly d bai Chi Chi, b i t Ta tUdng quoc Hd Nguyen Triing d ciia biln Ky La, b i t Hd Han ThUdng va Thai tit Nhud d mii Cao Vpng (Ha Tinh) Ngay 5-7-1407, tite sau chiem dupe Kinh Thang Long, nha Minh da lap tttc thidt lap 67 ty Tuin kilm t^i 23 cuta sdng va 14 cuJa biln cac viing duyen hai (36) Trong thdi gian 1407-1427, quan Minh cdn thiet lap thdm 17 ty Tuin kiem t ^ cac chau, huyen viing chau thd sdng Hdng de khd'ng chd cac diidng ndi kdt giiia cac tuydn sdng n i m sau dSt hdn vdi viing euta sdng, cifa biln (37) La ngUdi ditng d i u luc lUdng chiem ddng, TrUdng Phu va cac tUdng linh cim quyen ra't chii y den viec kiem soat cac tuydn giao thUdng biln cung nhU boat dpng kinh td bien Ngay sau binh dinh xong nUdc ta, nha Minh da cho lap eac ben kiem soat thuyen be d 21 dia phUdng ddng thdi tning thu 8.865 thuyen cac loai (38) Cung can phai ndi them la, nhiing ddi tupng ma ehinh quyen chiem ddng chu tnidng dUa sang Trung Qud'c, chiing da tim bat nhieu nghd nhan, thp ddng thuyen gidi Hdn thd, quan Minh cdn b i t ca vd hp dUa sang Yen Kinh, Trung Qudc de lam lao dich cac xudng ddng thuyen (39)! D l khai thdng ddng thdi md rdng tuydn giao thUdng bien tif viing Quang Tay, Quang Ddng (Trung Qudc) den Dai Viet, 5-31408, Hoang Phiic, ngUdi ditng d i u ty Bo ehinh cho ring, "Quan dan tinh Quang Tay van lUdng bing dUdng bd r^t gian nan, nen 3S Idnh Quang Ddng cho van ehuyen bing dudng biln 20 van thach litdng diia sang Giao CW" (40) Ngay 4-7-1408, TrUdng Phu da thiet lap dupe 31 tram dich bing ngiia nhung "tif phu Nam Ninh de'n Long Chau dudng thuy dai, nen tang tram dich cho thuyen, ciing dat sd van chuyen" (41) Theo didu tra eua y, tit chau Kham (Quang Ddng) theo dudng chau Van Ninh de'n Ddng Quan phin nhidu di theo dUdng sdng biln Dudng bd dai tdi 291 dam, so vdi dudng eii tif Khau On thi gin hdn tram nen dat titng tram de di lai cho tien Nhan tha'y vai trd cua tuye'n giao thdng thuy, vua Minh chii trUdng: "tif Van Ninh, Ddng Trieu, Chi Linh deu dat tram dUdng thuy; cdn tif Tif Sdn, Gia Lam deu dat tram di bing ngiia" (42) Thiic hien chu trUdng dd, nam 1415, nha Minh da quydt dinh md dudng thuy di qua viing Vinh An, Van Ninh, dat tram ddn chuyen dUdng thuy de'n Kham Chau ddng thdi dat tram ehay ngiia ddn thang Hoanh Chau (43) Trong nhan thilc cita chinh quyen phitdng Bac, Dai Viet la mdt viing da't "d xa ngoai bai bidn" (44) (J dd, nhidu eiia bidn gan vdi he thd'ng giao thdng thuy vung chau thd sdng Hdng Day la tuyen giao thUdng huyet mach ehay xuyen qua mdt vung giau tiem nang kinh td, cU dan trii mat La cita ngo giao thiidng qude td quan trpng bac nha't ciia Dai Viet, nha Minh da sdm dat cae ed quan kiem soat, khd'ng chd d viing vinh Bic Bd dd ed Van Don Van Ddn trd mdt nhiing tieu diem ma chinh quydn dd hp chii trpng quan ly, bdc lot De tang cUdng kiem soat, nha't la n h i m day manh viee thu thue va khai thac san vat dia phUdng, nha Minh thidt lap nhieu cd quan chiic nang d viing biln dao Ddng Bie Tir mot trang thdi Ly, trpng trdn thdi Trin, ddn thdi thudc Minh, Van Ddn bi ddi mdt ddn vi hanh chinh ca'p Rghien c i ^ Ijeh siSr sg 10.2014 huyen Nam 1406, Vinh Lae cdn thidt lap d Van Ddn ty Thi bac Theo quy dinh, ty Thi bac ed chitc nang "nim giii mpi vide trao ddi, trieu ed'ng ciia eac nude hai ngoai" ddng thdi dam traeh "viee ngan ca'm thdng thiidng vdi cae nude, tning thu thud hang hoa, can dw budn ban" (45) Nam Vinh Lae thit (1408), nha Minh dat them ty Tritu phan trang, tifc cd sd danh thud budn ban d Van Don Tiiy theo ehiing loai, gia tri hang hda ma ngUdi budn ban phai chiu mite thud tif 1/5 de'n 2/3 gia tri hang hda Thang 11 nam dd, chinh quyen chidm ddng cdn "Dat them ty Dd cii thi bac tai Van Ddn; lai, mue, De cit mdi chitc mdt vien Dat hai ty De cit thi bac tai phu Tan Binh va Thuan Hoa Dat ba Cdng triidng thud triTu phan tai Van Ddn, Tan Binh, Thuan Hda" (46) Nam 1409, liic liidng chiem ddng dat them 12 ty Tuan kilm d cac ndi, dd cd Tuan ty Van Ddn d viing huydn dao Vdi muc tieu khai thac eac ngudn tai nguydn qu;^ cua viing biln dao Ddng Bie, nam 1418, nha Minh eho lap trUdng sd thu ngpc trai, huy ddng de'n hang nghin eU dan dia phUdng, dem md trai la'y ngpc! Nhu vay, sud't thdi gian tit nam 14071427, la mdt viing giau tai nguyen nen Van Ddn la dia ban khai thac, bdc lot ehu ydu eua chinh quyen phong kien phUdng Bic Trong thdi gian dd, mdt so' hoat ddng giao thiidng qud'c te v i n didn va d mite dp nao Van Ddn v i n la mpt nhiing cita ngo giao thUdng ehinh yeu Theo Minh thiic luc, nha Minh eung ra't ehii y ddn sii hien dien eua liic lUdng thUdng nhan ngoai qudc vd'n sinh sd'ng hay thiidng den budn ban vdi nudc ta Vi nhiing moi Idi kinh te, ehinh quydn dd hd v i n chu tnidng tri mdt sd boat ddng giao lUu qude te (47) Trong thdi gian tit nam 1407-1427, chinh quyen dd hd ludn thiic thi nhieu bidn Chfnh s^ch hinh te c^a nha Sinh phap de nam dde quyen nhGng nganh san xua't chinh cd the dem lai nhieu ngudn Idi 'Idn Tieu bieu sd dd la ehinh sach thau tdm, nam ddc quyen vd san xuit muoi cac bd sxi tridu Le va trieu Nguyen eiing nhu Minh thiXc luc ed nhidu ghi chdp eu thd vd viec san xua't, sit dung, budn ban muoi Todn thii titng ghi ro each khai thac mud! cua quan Minh: "trUde he't sai vien Cue sit va vien Phd dd'c thiic dan na'u muoi, mdi thdng dupe bao nhieu diia de'n ty De cif thu giii cac vidn ndi quan md ngiidi budn bd tidn Iinh gia'y kham hdp eiia ty Bd' chinh Gia'y kham hdp Idn thi lay 10 can mudi, giay kham hdp nhd thi la'y can rdi mdi dUde dem ban Ne'u khdng cd (gia'y kham hdp) ma ban mudi thi i^ii tdi) nhU luat na'u lau Lai ca'm ngUdi di dudng, le ehi dupe dem bat mudi va Ip niide mam ma thdi" (48) Nhidu kha nang, n i m dUde quydn kidm soat ngudn mud! ddi dao tit phUdng Nam nen nha Minh da de chinh sach tra lUdng eho quan lai d cac dia phUdng Trung Qudc bing mudi Theo gia quy ddi thdi ba'y gid, cit mdi dan mudi (1 dan bang 200 can) bang da'u gao (49) Vidt vd ngudn cung ca'p mudi doi dao eua Dai Viet, Minh thiic luc cho rang, "xd san xuit mudi hang nam Cac xit khac nhu Lao Qua mang vang de'n ddi mud'i Mdnh theo ndp eU, sai ngUdi di trdng coi vide mau dieh" (50) Dieu chic chin la, ed cha't lupng cao nen ngudn mudi san xua't d viing bidn Dai Vidt ludn diide gidi quan lai Trung Qud'c eoi trpng va nhap vdi khoi lUdng Idn vd thi trUdng Trung Qud'c Thdi bay gid, thi trUdng khu vilc ciing ra't ua diing loai mudi san xua't d nUdc ta Vi the', nha Minh thiidng dem mudi trao ddi nhU mdt vat ngang gia vdi cac loai hang hda khac Chinh quyen chidm ddng cdn thiidng xuyen cho thUdng nhan khu viic cd t h i diing kim loai quy nhu vang, bac de doi 3S la'y mudi Nhan tha'y nhiing mdi Idi Idn cd the thu dupe tii mudi, nam 1407 nha Minh chi dao vien Ngoai lang bp Hd la Hoang Thdng Ly - chuyen trdng coi nganh mudi, cho ngiidi ngoai qude tii vimg bien gidi phia tay sang Dai Viet dung vang ddi la'y mudi (51) Minh thiic luc xac nhan: "Ty Bd' Chinh Giao Chi tau ring, da trieu tap thiidng gia den, hiia cho dung vang, bac, tidn ddng de ddi mudi Rdi bd Hd quy dinh lang vang ca'p 30 dan mudi, lang bac, hoac 2.500 ddng tien ca'p dan" (52) Theo dd, ehinh quydn chie'm ddng quy dinh cii lang vang ddi diide 30 dan mudi, lang bac (hoac 2.500 ddng) ddi dUpe dan mudi La'y muoi lam "ban vi" cd the suy ra, gia vang ga'p 30 Ian gia bac Do thu dUpe nhidu ngudn ldi tir mudi nen nha Minh dae biet quan tam de'n viec kiem soat vung san xuat, quy trinh san xua't, viec trao ddi, mua ban, sii tham gia eua gidi thitdng nhan, eae tuye'n budn ban ciing nhU ngudn Idi thu diidc tif loai san v&t De tang eUdng kiem soat nganh san xua't mudi, 5-7-1407, nha Minh dat ty Dd cii Diem khda va trifdng Diem khda d Quang Tit va Dai Hoang Tie'p dd, 410-1407, lai tie'p tue dat ty De cii vd thue' mud'i, gdm cac chitc De cif, ddng De cit, phd De cif, lai mue mdi vi tri mpt ngiidi Den 5-2-1409, dat them cdng trUdng mudi tai An Lao, An Hda (An Hiing), Chi Phong, Ddng An thupe ty Dd cif Diem khda "Giao Chi" (53) Tara thang sau, 2410-1409, nha Minh lai thidt lap them edng triidng san xuat mud'i tai Chi Nga, Trudng La, Dan Hiep Cac edng trUdng ddu chiu sii kidm soat cua ty D^ cit Diem khda Tiep dd, nha Minh ciing dat Cue thue khda tai chau Quy Hda, ty Tuan kiem tai eiia quan Thach Lim dl hd trd cho viee kiem tra, gidm sat Nam 1417, lap them kho, ty De cit mudi, kho muoi va edng Rgliien ciiru Lieh sir s610.2014 \ trudng mudi (54) Nam sau, chinh quydn chidm ddng lai cho lap them ed sd kham nghiem, phan phat mudi, kho va sd kiem soat mudi tai sdng Ld, tnic thudc ty Dd cut mudi "Giao Chi" (55) NhU vay, theo Minh thiic luc, khoang thap nien, nha Minh da thidt lap it nha't la 10 cdng trUdng khai thac mudi dpe theo viing duyen hai nUde ta, tit vung biln phia bic den cac tinh mien Trung ddng thdi lap cd sd kiem tra (xet nghidm), phan phat mudi va nhidu kho chita mudi Cd t h i k h i n g dinh ring, thdi gian xam lUde nUde ta, it cd nganh kinh te nao lai hi tridu dinh nha Minh ciing nhif ehinh quyen chidm ddng kilm tra, giam sat g i t gao nhu nganh mudi Cae bd sit trieu Le Trung HUng, trieu Nguyen eiing nhii Minh thiic luc ddu cd nhidu ghi chdp eu t h i ve vide san xua't, sit dung, budn ban muoi Theo dd, ehinh quydn dd hd khdng chi kilm tra git gao quy trinh san xua't, budn ban mudi ma cdn dat cd chd phan loai, ca'p gia'y phep (giiy kham hpp) budn ban mud! cho tifng loai thUdng nhan Ai khdng ed giiy phdp ma budn ban thi bi trpng tdi Didu chic chin la, dii nha Minh nghiem ca'm viec san xua't, budn ban mud'i nhUng vi^e lam mudi quy md nhd, budn ban "phi quan phUdng" v i n diln De tan thu, n i m ddc quydn ve mudi ddng thdi ngan ehan kha nang tie'p van eho eac liic litdng khdi nghia, nha Minh cdn dd quy dinh ngUdi di dudng khdng dUpc dem qua bat muoi va Ip nUdc m i m (56)! Ciing vdi mudi, chinh quyen chidm ddng cdn tan thu thue ea Theo ldi ta'u trinh eua Bd Hd, vua Minh da eho ehinh quyen chidm ddng dUde thu loai thud vdi mife cit mdi quan tien (quy ddi tit sd lUdng ca) thi b i t nap da'u gao (57) Theo giai thich ciia ngudi diing d i u trieu Minh thi chinh sach thu thud nang ne, phien nhieu' dd chi la giai phap tam thdi Sau quan lUdng diy du thi se trd l^i thu thud ca b i n g tien de "khdi tha't tin vdi dan"! Ben canh vi?c kiem soat nganh san xudt mudi, thu thud mudi, thue ca, niidc mam chinh quyen chidm ddng eung ra't chii y de'n cac ngudn ldi thu diidc tif biln dac biet la ngpc trai (tran chau) Trong Todn thii, cac sii gia nha Le da nhieu l i n viet ve viec khai thac ngpc trai cua nha Minh va chinh quydn chie'm ddng d v i n g bien nUde ta Ciing vdi viec lap Cue khai thac md vang (Kim trudng cue) d tra'n, thang nam 1418 nha Minh lap Trudng sd thu ngpc trai (Chau triidng cue) Tidp dd, 23-8-1419, nha Minh lap Cue khai thac ngpc trai tai chau Tinh An, dat mdt vien Dai sit de trdng coi viee khai thac, mua ban ngpc trai d trung tam kinh te ddi ngoai quan trpng c a c sxi gia tridu Nguyen xac nhan: "Hai phan Tinh An va Van Ddn san nhieu ngpc trai Ngudi Minh lap nen tritdng sd dl coi giii vide lat lUdm ngpc trai Hang ngay, chiing b i t de'n hang nghin ngUdi dan lam vide liic dieh a'y" (58) Sau bao tap chien tranh qua di, vin de ngpc trai v i n la chu de gay nhitc nhdi quan hd Dai Viet - Minh NSm 1453, bang giao hai nUdc, nha Minh vin tiep tuc dUa va'n de ngoc trai trude viec cU dan nude ta theo nghe truyen thd'ng tidp tue khai thac ngpc trai d viing bidn Ddng Bie (59) De giii mdi hda hieu vdi phUdng Bic (hoac cd thd chi la mdt giai phap tinh the quan he ngoai giao) ndn nam 1459 chinh quyen Ld sd da ed dpng thai vide "bd viec md ngpc trai" Tuy nhien, den nam 1471, Minh thiic luc lai nhic de'n vide md ngpc trai va khuyen cao eU dan v i n g Ddng Bic khdng diipc khai thac d viing "hd tran chau"! Chinh quydn nha Ld da phu nhan vide dd Tuy nhidn Todn thit, ve eac sii kien chinh nam 1486, v i n thay ehep ve viec "ca'm md ChJnh sdch hinh te cAa nha Sinh trdm ngpc trai" NhU vay, vide khai thac ngudn tai nguydn quy cua cU dan viing biln dao Ddng Bac vSn ludn la mot nhiing va'n di tdn tai lau dai quan he hai niide K^t l u a n - Cudc xam lUdc nha Minh vdi Dai Viet la mdt cudc chidn tranh Idn, mdt cudc xam liidc toan dien, the hien ro miiu dd hiiy diet, ddng hda cua dd chd phiidng Bic Vi the, va'n dd ein phai diide nhin nhan, phan tieh d nhidu ehilu eanh Trong vdng thap nien, eupe chidn tranh xam liidc eua nha Minh da "gay nen nhGng eha'n dpng nang ne ve chinh tri" (60) vdi xa hdi Dai Viet Tren phUdng didn kinh td, nhd Minh dd bii'n nin kinh ti'nddc ta tit nin kinh te'cua mdt qud'c gia tii chu thdnh mdt nin kinh ti' le thugc; tit mgt nen kinh te phdt triin thdnh mgt nen kinh ti' bi suy thodi trdm trgng Tuan thu cac mue tieu ehinh tri eiia ehinh quydn trung Udng, ehinh quydn dd hd vifa thiic hi$n phUdng cham khai thac, bde lot vifa triet ta't ca cae nganh kinh te cua Dai Vidt Chinh quydn chie'm ddng da tap trung khai thac triet d l cac nganh san xua't ed ban, cae loai tai nguyen, khoang san cd the dem lai ngudn ldi Idn Trong sud't thap nidn, chinh quyen phUdng Bic da tap trung eao dd vao viec vd v6t tai nguyen chit khdng he cd y dinh phat trien mdt nganh kinh te hay ky thuat nao Viee khai thac d at cae ngudn tai nguyen, dae biet la cac tai nguyen tU nhien quy hiem, san vat cua hau hdt cae dia phUdng da lam bien doi c^u tnic, hoat ddng kinh td, mdi trUdng sinh thai eua Dai Viet - Vd quy md, chinh sach kinh td' ciia nha Minh luon gin hen vdi cac chinh sach xam lUde, nd dieh ve chinh tri Cudc ehie'n tranh xam lupc triln khai trdn pham vi rdng Idn nen chinh sach khai thac, ap che kinh td cua nha Minh eiing thiie.thi d ta't ea cac dia phUdng Ngay sau tran sang xam lUdc, ehinh quyen chie'm ddng da lap tiic thidt lap mdt he thdng eac cd sd kilm soat, tram thu thud, cd sd khai thac d nhiing vung giau tiem nang, cd kinh te' cdng thiidng phat trien Tnidng Phu va gidi quan lai nha Minh Cling mau chdng thidt lap he thdng kidm tra chat che d hau khap eac tuye'n giao thUdng nudc, qud'c td trpng ye'u Muc tieu cua chinh sach nham n i m ddc quyen ve kinh te ddng thdi ngan ehan mpi kha nang giao liiu, ehuyen van quan liidng giCa cac viing, trung tam kinh te' Ngoai miiu dd ve kinh te, cae ehu tnidng, chinh sach dd cdn nhim bao vay, cd lap, ngan ehan eac phong trao phan khang, eac cudc khdi nghia yeu nudc cua quan dan Dai Viet - Trong sud't 20 nam nha Minh da thiie thi d nudc ta la mdt chinh sach kinh td nha't quan Ve ca'p dp, chinh sach dd dUde thiie hien thd'ng nha't tii trieu dinh Nam Kinh Bic Kinh den gidi cim quyen Ddng Quan cung nhu chinh quyen chiem ddng d cac dia phiidng Vd thdi gian, ehinh sach dd dupe thiic hien mdt each lien tuc, he thd'ng bao gdm giai doan trUde ehie'n tranh, chidn tranh va sau ehie'n tranh Vi nhiing muc tieu chie'n tranh cung nhu de bay td sii "trung thanh" tuyet ddi, mud'n "lap quan cdng" vdi vua Minh nen nhGng ke dGng dau ehinh quyen dd hd da day nhidu chinh sach de'n mite eiing ciic! Trong qua trinh dd, nha Minh khdng ehi bdc lot kinh td ndng nghiep, thu cdng nghiep, thUdng nghidp ma edn triet de khai thac eac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien ed tai nguyen bien Ciing vdi viee phong tda cac cita sdng, cifa bien nham kiem soat he thd'ng giao thiidng, thu thud thiidng nghiep, nha Minh edn tap trung kiem soat chat che nganh san xua't mudi va bat hang nghin eU dan vung bien dao Ddng Bac lan md ngpc trai, khai thac 42 R g h i ^ eijru Ljeh sit s610.2014 - Hau qua eiia chinh sach nd dieh, bdc lot cua nha Minh gay vdi Dai Viet la ra't lau dai Trong tac pham ba't hii "Dai cao binh Ngd", Nguyen Trai tGng khang dinh: "Situ cao thud nang, nui chim he't thay sach khdng/ Ke tim vang pha niii, dai bun, lan ldi ndi lam chUdng/ NgUdi md ngpc gidng day quang bien, lam mdi lu giao long/ Nhieu dan, dat cam bay hUdu den/ Hai vat chang ludi b i t chim tra/ De'n cd cay sau bp cung ching dUpe trpn ddi/ Ngiidi gda bua khd'n eung khdng mpt yen on/ Hiit mau mu sinh dan, quan gian ae mieng rang nhdn beo/ Diing cdng trinh tho mdc, nha cdng tu dinh thii nguy nga/ Chdn chau huyen bao tang siiu dich/ Ndi xdm lang lang le cifu canh/ Tat c^n niidc Ddng Hai khdng rifa sach nhd/ Chat bet triic Nam Sdn khdng ghi tay tdi ac" (61) Vd tdi ac cua quan xam lUpc nha Minh, Ngd Sy Lien va cac sit t h i n nha Ld nhan dinh: "Xet sud't cae cudc loan lac cdi nUde Viet ta, chiia bao gid de'n tdt cung nhii vay Cae lan da'y nghiep dd vUdng chUa bao gid khd khan den nhU vay" (62)! Trong bdi canh: "san vat cua da't nudc trd'ng rdng, tieu dung cua dan thidu thdn" (63), tha'u h i l u nhGng tdn tha't ciia chien tranh, ndi khd dau tan eiing cua dan ehung nen sau danh dudi quan Minh vd nUdc, len ngdi d Ddng Kinh, Le Thai To va ehinh quyen Ld sd da phai nhieu lin ban chidu, thiic thi chinh sach nhim khoan thU site dan, mau ehdng eha'n hiing nen kinh te dat nude (64) Dd la nhGng chinh sach Idn, nd liie vUdt bac eua mpt tridu dai mdi Tuy v^y, phai ra't nhieu nam sau thi tdi ae va nhGng vd't thUdng ehien tranh ma quan xam lUdc nha Minh gay vdi da't nUdc ta mdi ed the p h i n nao dupe ban g i n ddi sd'ng kinh td, xa hdi Dai Viet CHU THICH (1) Co the xem nhQng c5ng trinh nhU: Nguyin Trai: Du dia chi, trong: Nguyin Trdi todn tap tdn bien, tap 2, Nxb Van hoc - Trung tam Nghien ciiu Quoc hoc, Ha Noi, 2001; Cao Hung Triing: An Nam ehi nguyen; Nguyin VSn Nguyen: Ta'u, bieu ddu tranh ngoai giao cua Nguyin Trdi, Nxb, The gi6i Ha Noi, 2003; Dao Duy Anh: Ddt nUdc Viet Nam qua cde ddi, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hufi', 1997; Phan Huy Le - Bui DSng Dung - Phan Dai Doan - Pham Thi Tam - Trin Ba Chi: Mgt sd trdn quye't chidn ehien lUdc tick si? ddn tgc, Nxb Quan dpi Nhan dan, 2004; Phan Huy Le - Phan Dai Doan: Khdi nghia Lam Son 1418-1427, Nxb, Quan dpi Nhan dan, Ha Noi, 2005; Hpi Sii hpc Ha Noi: Khdi nghia Lam Sdn vd thdnh lap vUdng trieu Le, Nxb Ha Npi, 2008; A.B.Woodside: Vietnam and the Chinese Model, Harvard University Press, 1971; Kremers JohnWhimore: The Development of Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam, Cornell University Press, 1968 (2) Ngay 12-5-1406, de chuin bi cho cufic xam lUdc Dai Viet, Vinh Lac da 16nh tuyen 5.000 quan ky binh va bp binh cl Sd Ho ve, 70.000 quSn Van Nam, Quy ChSu, Tii Xuyfin, thao luy^n tai Van Nara Ngay 18-5-1406, Vinh Lac lai huy dpng them 80.000 quan cua Chiet Giang, Phiic Ki6i, Giang Tay, Quang Dong, Quang Tay, Ho Quang tap trung c( Quang Tay Ngay 1-6-1406 vua Minh tiep tyc huy dpng van ky binh tinh nhu^ ciia 20 v^ nhu Tra'n Giang, To Chau, Tran Hai, Kim san hd, hai san quy Dieu chic chin la, quan xam lupc da thu dupe nhilu mdi lpi Idn tG eac linh viic kinh te' Nhii vay, nha Minh va chinh quyen chiem ddng da ed nhan dinh ehinh xac ve vai trd, vi thd' eua eac boat dpng kinh te bien, cae tuydn giao thUdng tren bidn ddi sd'ng kinh te - xa hdi nudc ta Ciing vdi viec mua ehudc, bat giG nhflng ngiidi di bien gidi, dua nhidu nghe nhan ddng thuyen sang Trung Qudc thi viec thu giG, triet pha cae phifdng tidn di biln, tan thu eac ngudn liic tG bien da lam suy thoai nhieu nganh kinh te truyen thd'ng eua Dai Viet Chuih s d c h h i n h te cAa n h a Slinh Sdn de "doi i | n h chinh phat" Ngoai ra, nha Minh dieu dpng 45.000 thd quan ciing vdi liic lU^ng quan That tinh nhu€, t r a n g kien cac quan That chi huy Ta't ca dupe dieu den Quang Tay chuin bi cho cupc xam ludc Theo do, viec cung cdp hSu cdn phin Idn dudc lay tU Quang Tay Ngoai ra, theo yeu cau ciia Moc Thanh, nha Minh cho chuyen 22 vgn thgch lUdng dd'n chau Mong Tu va Lam An d^ng thcfi cho chuyen muoi khai thac tai gieng muoi Van Nam de'n Mong TU va huy dpng van quan de van chuyen quSn luong Ciing vdi muoi d V5n Nam, nha Minh c h u i n bi muoi til Quang Dong (Bing Tucing, Long Chau thupc phu Thai Binh) Xem Minh thuc luc: Quan he Trung Qudc - Viet Nam the'ky XIV-XVII, tap 1, Nxb Ha N6i, Ha N6i, 2010, tr 220-221 & 230-231 (3) Ngo Sy Li§n va cac sit than nha L§: Dg.i Viet su! ky todn thu, tap 1, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha N5i, 1993, tr.l54 Xem Nguyin Van Kim: Dai Viet boi cdnh lieh si, chinh tri Dong A the'ky XV; trong: Viit Nam the gidi Bdng A • Mgt cdch tie'p can Lien ngdnh vd Khu vUc hgc, Nxb Chinh tri Qu6'c gia, Ha Npi, 2011, tr.179-214 (4) Minh thUc luc, t i p 1, sdd, tr.260-266 Tuy nhien, theo Khdm dinh Viet si? thdng gidm cUdng muc thi nha Minh d^t 17 phu va chau: Giao Chau, Bic Giang, Lang Giang, Lang Sdn, Tan An, Kien XUdng, Phung Hoa, Kien Binh, Tra'n Man, Tam Giang, Tuyen Hoa, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Nghe An, Tan Binh, Thuan Hoa va ThSng Hoa 17 phii diu chiu sii quan ly cua ty Bo chinh chau gom: Quang Oai, Tuyen Hoa, Quy Hda, Gia Binh va Diln Chau Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyin: Khdm dinh Viit sii thdng gidm cUdng muc, tap 1, Nxb Giao Di^c, Ha Npi, 1998, tr.734 (5) Nguyin Quang Ngoc (Chu bien): Tien trinh lich sii Viit Nam, Nxb Giao due Ha Npi, 2001, tr.l09 (6) Phan Huy Le: Chinh sdch hg cHa nhd Minh; trong: Lich sit va Van hoa Viet Nam , sdd, tr.263 (7) So vdi cupc chie'n tranh xam liidc cua de chg'Mdng - Nguyen thd'ky XHI thi thbi gian chie'm d6ng, xam lUdc cua n h a Minh vdi Dai Vi§t nhi^u hdn ga'p l i n Ne'u so vdi cupc khang chie'n chong Thanh the ky XVIII thi thdi gian keo dai ga'p 20 l i n Nhu vay, so vdi cac cupc chien tranh xam lUdc trtidc va sau thi cupc xam ludc ciia nha Minh vao dau the ky XV la Mu dai va cd mflc dp tan bao nha't C6 the coi day "la cupc B i c thupc Idn thd hai" lam bie'n doi sau s i c xa hpi Dai Viet Xem Nguyen Quang Ngpc (Chii bien): Tien trinh lich sd Viet Nam, sdd, tr.108 (8), (28), (29) Bai Viet sii ly todn thU, tap 2, sdd, tr.215 (9) Minh thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr 298 Con so 472 ve mdn cho quan dan tiic 472 cd quan quan sU va dan sii, gom: Do ty, ty Bo chinh an sat ty, 10 ve, Thien hp set, 15 phu, 41 chau, 208 huyen, ty Thi bac, 100 ty Tuan kiem, 92 cue thue khda (10), (13), (15), (39), (43), (61) (62) Bai Viet sU ly todn thu, tap 2, sdd, tr.219, 236, 231, 233, 237, 283-284, 288 (11), (16), (17), (18), (20), (22), (33) Minh thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr.248, 266-267, 269-270, 270-271, 293, 329, 235 (12), (23), (30), (42), (44), (58) Khdm dinh Viet Si? thong gidm cUOng muc, tap 1, sdd, tr 755, 755, 764, 756, 749, 764 (14) Vinh Lac cho r i n g : "Giao Chi mdi quy phu, dan phan Idn bd n g h i cu, cac nguoi nen danh thue va sUu dich nhe, khuyen khich lara nong, tr6ng dau nuoi t i m ; thi hanh chinh sach khoan hau, khong nen k h i c bac, c i n nen cham chudc de cd cupc song toai nguyen, dan dan ehan hUng ll nghia de giao hoa; bdi vay cac ngUdi phai tan chUc" Minh thuc luc, tap 2, sdd, tr.6 (19) Ty De cii la ten goi mot cd quan chuyen traeh ve mot cong viec chuyen mdn d cae dia phUdng Vi nhu Ty De cii thi bac chuyen quan ly viec buon ban d cua song, bien, Ty De cit diem khda chuyen lo viec san xua't, van chuyen, budn ban muoi; Ty D l cii Nho hoc lo viec thiet lap, md rong trudng sd, td chtfc khda hpc NgUdi dUng dau cd quan gpi la "De cii" (21) Tnidc nhiing "chien cdng" ciia chinh quyen chiem dong, Vinh Lac bieu dUdng: "Bpn Phu tuan theo menh cua trSm, phan dung mUu, giet bat bpn dd, binh dinh mot phUdng, cong dd cd the gpi la hiing vi, phi thUdng vay! Cdng cua ngiidi se dupc vinh viln ghi sii sach khong bao gid iu md, Hdn Phuc Ba (Ma Vien) cung khdng hdn vay" Minh thiic luc, tap 1, sdd, tr.298 (24), (25), (37), (52) Minh thUc luc, tap 2, sdd, tr.48, 40, 44, 21 (26), (27), (50), (54), (55) Minh thUc luc, tap 3, sdd, tr.96; 63, 66&67, 286, 46, 51 (31) Nam 1427, ciing vdi nhiing cupc ta'n cong tieu diet quan Minh, Le Ldi va Bo chi huy nghia quan Lam Sdn ciing da thUc hien chinh sach ngoai giao mem deo de tranh tdn thiidng cho qudc dan R g h i ^ curu Ljeh s& s g T O g g i ^ Khi canh quan cua VUdng Thdng rdt ve niidc, Le Ldi da sai; "dem td bieu va phiidng vat (hai tupng ngUdi b i n g vang thay cho minh, mpt chiec Iu hiidng bac, mpt ddi binh hoa bac, 300 tam lua thd, 14 ddi nga voi, 20 Ip hUdng xong ao, van nen hUdng, 24 khdi tram hUdng va tdc hUdng) eiing vdi bpn chi huy VUdng Thong sai ve, deu len dudng dUa ve Yen Kinh", Bgi Viet siC ky todn thU, tSp 2, sdd, tr 281 Trong so nhflng vat pham chuyen sang nha Minh sau chiln tranh ke't thuc, ngUdi ddng d i u trieu dgi L l sd da cho chuyin sang Bac Kinh: ngUdi vang, chiec lit hiidng bang bac, doi binh hoa bang bac, 30 ta'm lua ta (thd quyen), 14 doi nga voi, 12 binh hitdng xong (huan hiidng), 20.000 hiidng vong (tuyIn hUdng), 24 can tram hUdng va tdc hiidng Xem Khdm dinh Viet sii thdng gidm cUdng muc, tap 1, sdd, tr.825 (32) Minh thUc luc xac nhan: "Phia Nam song Phii Ludng deu dong cpc go; tap trung cac thuyen be vung nUdc dSng sau cpc, cac ciia song cung ddng cpc go d l d l phong cong kich" Minh thUc luc Tap 1, Sdd, tr.241 (34) Khdm dinh Viet si? thdng gidm cUdng muc Tap 1, Sdd, tr.719-720 Minh thUc luc viet: "Trudc day tai cac ciia song, ciia bien giac (tdc quan nha Hd - TG) deu dong cpc ngan, lai dung da't da lam chudng ngai Do Phu dilu quan tii song Hoang Giang, A Giang, ciia he Dgi An den Phuc Thanh rdi tif song ddn cua bien T h i n Dau, di chuyin den dau deu pha chiidng ngai vat t i c nghen, phai ma't tren 10 mdi de'n Thanh Hda." Minh thuc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr.330-331 (35) Thang 7-1425, de hd trd cho cSnh quan cua Tu Trin Nguyen Han va ThUdng tudng Le Nd d Bd Chinh, Le Ldi da sai Le Ngan "dem 70 chiec thuyin chidn tii Nghe An vUpt bien vao hpi quan v6i cac tudng T r i n Han de tilu giac Den day, cac dao quSn a'y te tUu dong dii, quan thiiy va quan bp cCing tilp dng, ta'n cdng hai TSn Binh va ThuSn Hda d i u dUdc ca"Khdm dinh Viet sd thdnggidm eUdngmuc, t§p 1, sdd, tr.785 (36), (38), (40), (41), (46), (47) Minh thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr.268-270, 267-268, 292, 297, 315, 239 (45) Minh si - Chiic quan D i n theo Nguyin HOu Tam: ThUdng cdng Vdn Ddn qua ede nguon SI? lieu Trung Quo'c, trong: Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hpc, Trudng DH KHXH & NV: ThUdng cdng Vdn Bon - Lich si?, tiim ndng vd cdc mdi giao lUu vdn hda Ha Npi, 2008 tr.263 (48) Dgi Viet sd ky todn thU, tap 2, sdd, tr.236237 "Gia'y Kham hdp" la loai gia'y chdng nhan cd dong da'u, dupc chia lam hai niia, ngUdi dUdc ph6p cdm mpt niia, de kham xet, cd thd rap lgi xem diing da'u hay khong (49), (51) (53) Minh thUc luc, tap 1, sdd, tr,233, 289, 319 (56) Bgi Vi^t sU ky todn thU, tap 2, sdd, tr.236237 "Gia'y Kham hdp" la logi gia'y chiing nhgn co dong da'u, dUdc cat lam hai niia, ngucli d u ^ phep cam mpt nda, de kham xdt, cd thg rap lgi xem dung da'u hay khong (57) Chinh quyen chilm ddng d l nghi: "Giao Chi mdi npi phii, kho cd the t^n t h u to t h u l ma sii cung ling cho quan va ngUa thi can ra't nhilu, nSn tam thdi thu thue ca, cd mot quan tien thi b i t nap hai da'u gao de chi dung", Dap !ai, vua Minh "phu du": "Trim ngh! dan Giao Chi kho vi loan giac, nen phat binh dilu phat, dang nen giam nh^ thue, bdt sUu dich de dan dUdc yen nghi; lam met dan, them phi tdn la dieu ba't die di T h u l ca bat ngp tien vdn gian tidn, bat tinh de ddng gao la vi$c lam bdi nhu c l u tam thdi; bp Ho cac ngUdi hay vilt van t h u bd cao ro rang, vong mdt vai nam, quan dung day du, se siia ddi lai nhU cu" Vua Minh ndi them: "Trim thay ddi trUdc, c6 nhflng vi§c bao la tam thdi, nhUng rdi vSn thi hanh trd vinh vien, dd la mdi te ciia quan ty Cac ngudi n i n la'y lam ran, diing quen siia ddi de khoi t h a t tin vdi dan"! Minh thUc tuc, tap 1, sdd, tr.319-320 (59), Trong ldi ta'u gdi l§n vua Minh, quan trS'n thu Quang Ddng cho r i n g , cU dan vCing Ddng Bie nudc ta thudng sit dung logi t h u y I n ba cpt budm qua lai md ngpc trai TrUdc ta'u trinh do, vua Minh de dpa: Tuy chi la "viec nhd" nhUng "lam to'n thUdng ddn dgi the", cd the "biln t h a n h dai hpa"! Xem Minh thUc luc Tap 3, Sdd, tr.64 (60) OW.Wolters: Su thinh tri ve vdn hda c&a Viet Nam the'ky XIV; trong: Nhiing vdn de lich si Viit Nam, NguySt san Xua & Nay - Nxb Tre, Ha Noi, 2001, tr 147 (63) Phan Huy Chii: Lich triiu hie'n chUdng logi chi - Qudc dung chi, tap 2, Nxb Giao Due, Ha Noi, 2007, t r l l (64) Theo Todn thU thi Le Thai Td da ban chilu: "Cac thii t h u l nhU to rudng, vang bac, dim pha, bai dau ca nudc, d i u t h a cho nam khong thu Nhflng ngudi gia cac Ip tfl 70 tudi trS len dUdc m i l n sai dich" Bgi Viet sU ky todn thii, tgp 2, sdd, tr.293