EFEO TRONG LỊCH SỬ KHOA HỌC VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ VIỆT NAM

EFEO TROI^G LICH SlT KlIOA HOC VA COl^G I\G1IE VIET ]^AM NGUVfeN MANH DUNG' Sfl d u n h a p khoa hoc va cdng nghe c u a P h a p v a c Dong Dfldng Ngay sau thyc hidn binh dinh Nam Ky, thye dan Phdp da nhanh ehdng tig'n hdnh nghien eflu v l Ddng Dfldng vdi muc dich la hilu de cai tri hieu qua vd Idu ddi xfl Ddng Dfldng Dflng ve phUdng didn lich sfl KH&CN, ddy Id bfldc ehuyen can ban ciia n i n khoa hpc ban dia phfldng Ddng trflde sy du nhap todn didn, trflc tid'p ciia nin KH&CN Phdp Dilu dUde chi ro quan niem eCia ngudi Phap: - Hieu va ydu clu dupc hieu todn bd sU phat trien cua xfl Ddng An (1); - Bdng mpi phfldng tipn, phUdng phdp, each tid'p can mdi, tdp trung vdo mpi linh vUc eua khoa hpc, nhd't la KHXH&VN, tap trung thyc dia, khao sdt, bao tdn, bao tdng (2) Sau nhflng no Iflc eua Louis Finot vl mpt dy an nghidn cflu v l ehdu A, nhu clu thdnh ldp mpt "Trfldng Vidn Ddng Bde ed' Phdp phai dfldc xdc dinh mdt cdch rd't chinh xac, nhdm cho phdp nd theo dudi cdng vipc nghien eflu bae hpc, ddng thdi vdi vide ddi mdi phfldng phdp Iuan nghien eflu Nhiem vu cang dflde dat boi canh thupc dia thdi dd va dieu dd khdng he ed y gi lam giam nhe nhidm vu dd ea" (3) Theo Giam doc EFEO Louis Finot "Sau nhiing tha't vpng nhiing hoat dpng thai qua ciia •TS Trudng Dai hpc KHXH&NV-DHQGHN mdn t h i n thoai hpc so sanh va sy Iam dung qua mfle cua mdn chu giai Phan ngfl gay nen, ngudi ta da theo ban nang quay trd vl truyin thong de tim d dd'y mot sU chi ddn it tham vpng hdn vd chic chin hdn Song vide nghien cUu thiic te eu t h i ddi hdi mdt dieu khae hdn nhiing sy tU bien liiu Ilnh cua tU duy: nd ddi hdi sU quan sdt kidn tri ciia nha ngdn ngfl hpe va nha dan tpc hpc ddi hoi sy phan tich ti mi, nhflng sy kidn tdn gido va xa hdi, ddi hdi sy xem xet ky ludng nhiing cong trinh kien true cd cham hinh; nd xem nhp vide coi ly thuyet nhfl mdt edng eu de nghien eflu md nam ehdc tay "cai cuoc cua nhd khao cd hpc, cdi compa cua nhd nhan ehung hpc, chide dhg kinh ciia nha nhid'p anh vd chigc ban chai cua nhd in rap Tdt cd nhiing cdng viec khdng phdi Id nhOng cdng viec cua mgt du khdch thodng qua Nhiing kd't qua dd chi thu dUdc trai qua qua trinh lad ddng Hen tuc, ed td ehfle, giong nhu mdt hpc vidn nghidn cflu thudng tryc thi mdi cd the cd dfldc" (4) Sau cdc hoat dpng hpc thuat trude dd (5), eung nhu ke hoaeh hdnh dpng d Phap vd xfl Ddng Dudng, 15-12-1898, Todn quyen Ddng Dudng Paul Doumer eho lap Phdi bp Thudng tryc Khao cd Ddng Dfldng Muc tieu chu dao ban d i u ciia vide lam ndy chinh la de tdp hdp nhflng thdng tin dfl lidu EFE0 h-ong lich sfl hhoa hoc chuyen sdu phuc vu cho mdt cudc khai thac thude dia mpt cdch bdi ban, cd t i m nhin xa vd quy md ldn Vd d l hidn thUc nd, vidn Todn quyin nang dpng va nhieu tham vpng thd'y c l n phai tim hieu mdt each khoa hpc, hp thong vd todn dien v l Iieh sfl, ngdn ngfl, vdn hda cua xfl thude dia Dieu ciia Nghi dinh trdn ghi rd: "Phai bd ed mue dieh; i> Tig'n hdnh nhflng cdng vide khai thae khao sat ve khao co, ngfl ngdn cua bdn dao Ddng Dfldng nhdm tao mpi phfldng tien thudn ldi de tim hieu v l lich sii, cdc di tich vd cac phfldng ngfl xfl; ii> Gdp p h l n nghien cflu hpc thudt chuydn sdu cdc khu vye vd nhflng n i n vdn minh lan cdn nhfl An Dp, Trung Qud'e, Ma Lai " (6) C l n luu y Id, EFEO thUe te eung chi la mot cae ed quan nghien eflu khoa hpe hoat ddng di sdu vdo linh vUc chuydn mdn, bgn eanh dd edn cd quan khdc dUdc thdnh ldp nhu Vign Pasteur Nha Trang, Vipn Ky sinh trung Sdi Gdn, Phdng thi nghidm v l ky sinh trflng Hd Ndi ; vd he thd'ng cdc cd sd gidd due tfl trung hpc, cao ddng dd'n dai hpc D i u ndm 1900, Todn quyin Ddng Dfldng Paul Doumer quyd't dinh doi ten (do Broni thfla Ipnh ky) Phdi bd Khao cd' Trudng Phap qud'e Vidn Ddng Bde cd' (Ecole Fran(;aise d'Extrime-Orient) "Td' chflc tie'p tuc dupe quan ly theo phUdng thflc cua quye't dinh ve the che' vd cua nhflng quy dinh trUdc day lidn quan dd'n chflc nang cua Vidn" (7), vd la mdt nam vidn cua Phdp d nUdc ngoai (Vidn Athenes, Vidn Rome, Vidn Madrid vd Vidn Caire) ehuydn nghign eflu rdng ehfl khdng nghien cflu di san qud'e gia (8) Nhfl vay, tfl buoi diu, EFEO da mang chflc ndng nghign cflu khoa hpe chuygn sau, Ugn ngdnh vd tie'p edn hg thd'ng khu vUc hpe Vipe nghien cflu lieh sfl chdu A cd nhflng khd khdn, ddi hdi ede hpc gia cua EFEO phai tim each tig'p can phu hdp vdi thUe tidn d xfl sd Thanh qua ban d i u eiia EFEO phai k l dd'n edng tdc sUu t i m tU lidu (tieng Khmer), nghidn eflu v l tiln cd, xud't ban d'n phdm Bulletin ve ede linh vye: tdn giao, kid'n true Cham, van hpc dan gian, khao cd hpc, ngdn ngfl Chi rieng ddi vdi khao cd hpc, didu khdc hidn EFEO dd sUu tap dUdc mdt sd' lUdng ldn hidn vdt, tai lipu, bd suu tap v l Ddng Nam A ciia bao tdng Guimet cd mdt p h l n khdng nhd nhd hopt ddng cua EFEO d i u the' ky XX (9) Vdi nhflng cd sd nghien cflu cua minh d k h l p chau A, EFEO dd quy tu dfldc rd't nhieu hpe gia, chuydn gia tdp trung country/area studies nhU Jean Filliozat v l An Dp hpc, Rolf Stein ve Han hpe vd Tay Tang hpe, Bernard Philippe Grosher ve khao CO Angkor, Charles Arehaimbault v l dan tdc hpc, Maurice Durand nghidn cflu ve Viet Nam Giai doan khdi d i u cua EFEO ghi dd'u d'n nhflng ddng gdp eua eac hpc gia, nhflng tdn tuoi ldn ve Ddng phUdng hpc nhfl Paul Pelliot, Henri Maspero, Paul Demieville v l Han hpe, Louis Finot, George Coedes v l khoa • vdn khdc Ddng DUdng, Henri Parmentier ve khao ed hpc, Paul Mus vl lich sfl tdn giao Theo Sde lenh ve vide ehuyin EFEO mpt edng sd cd tfl edeh phdp nhdn ddn sfl 3-4-1920, nhan sy cua Vien gom: Nhan sU ngfldi Au: Giam dd'c, cac vien thudng tryc, tam thdi vd mdt sd^ nhan vien khdc Nhan sy ngUdi ehdu A: ThU ky vd nho si ban xfl, nho si vd giam hoc vidn ngUdi chau a, cdc nhan vidn phuc vu (nhdn vidn chay giay, bao ve, thp lam vUdn, thd khudn vdc ) Giam dd'c EFEO dUpc bd' dung bdng sdc Idnh, nhflng thdnh vidn khac thudc ddi ngu nhdn sy ngfldi Au Todn quyin bd nhiem bdng nghi dinh (10) Rghien curu Lieh sfr stf 2.2015 Ngdy 20-9-1920, Todn quyin Ddng Dudng Nghi dinh v l vigc tai cd cd'u EFEO, dd cd eae dieu khoan lien quan dd'n hoat ddng nghien eflu eiia EFEO: Dilu IS: NgUdi ed hpc hdm gido sfl lieh sfl vd triet hpc Ddng Dfldng tai Vidn Trung hpe Phap dUpe tra lUdng tfl ngan saeh chung Ddng Dfldng, sd dam nhidm vai trd Id ngfldi dai di$n ciia EFEO tai Paris Dilu 19: NhQng ngudi Id cdng tac vidn ciia Vidn Viln Ddng Bde eo tren cac phUdng dign nhU: nghien cflu, thdng tin, trao tdng dflpc phong danh hidu hdi vien thdng td'n Danh hipu Todn quyen trao, theo de xud't cua Gidm ddc vd cd the bi tude theo eung the thfle nhfl trdn Dieu 20: Hdi vien thdng td'n dflpc Giam doc phdn cdng cdng vi0c dflpc hfldng cde quyin lpi ve trp cd'p di dfldng, Iflu tru nhu doi vdi thdnh vidn tam thdi cua Vi$n Nd'u hdi vien thdng td'n Id vidn chflc thupe dia, hp chi dupe bdn giao edng vi0c sau Toan quyen chuin y Dieu 21 Vidn chflc hodc qudn nhdn thupe dia ed t h i dflpc bidt phai tdi EFEO theo di nghj cua Gidm ddc vd b i n g nghi dinh eua Todn quyen de hodn thdnh cac cudc nghidn cflu dde bipt Trong trUdng hdp ndy, mpi ehi phi lien quan de'n chuyd'n edng tae sd Vipn chi tra Dilu 22 Nhan sfl tham gia eac cdng trtnh nghien cflu khoa hpc, edng tae tpi Vidn Todn quyin quyd't dinh (31) Nhu vdy, hoat ddng KH&CN cua todn bp EFEO deu chinh quyen hen bang quan ly, nhidn khdng phai Id can dy trflc tid'p vdo hopt ddng nghien cflu khoa hpc ma da cd dfl d|a cho quan Iy vi md Nhufng dong gop t r o n g hoait d o n g hoc t h u a t cua EFEO Quan niim mdi ve khoa hpc vd hoat dgng khoa hpc chuyen nghiep Vdi cdi nhin vi md, vai trd vd mdi quan h§ gifla nhd nude vd KH&CN, du vdn cdn chiu anh hUdng eua chd' dp thye dan niia phong kie'n, nhUng vdi sy hidn didn cua EFEO da p h l n ndo Idm cho khdng hpc thu^t trd nen sdi ddng, cdi md, da dang, da nguyen hdn Thuc te' Id, dpi ngu nghien eflu khai md cua EFEO d i u Id nhflng tri thflc ehan chinh, nhidt tinh say md vdi Iao dpng nghien cflu khoa hpc sdng tao, nhflng nha hpe thudt thyc sy, khdi nghidp tuoi ddi cdn rd't tre (trung binh khoang 25-27) (12) H i u he't nhflng nhd khoa hpc cua EFEO, cung vdi Idng say md nghidn cflu, da td Id tri thflc chdn chinh, ed p h i m chd't vd ban linh vide bao vd tu ddc lap va quyen ty hoc thudt, dd'u tranh chdng Iai sflc dp vd sy can thidp cua nhd elm quyen Ddng thdi "chinh hp da tao ndn nhflng tien de vl tri thflc ldn vdt chd't eho sy tdn tai lau dai eho phep d i u tfl v l khoa hpc mdt thdi gian dai" (13) Trong muc tfl EFEO, cud'n Bictionnaire des orientalistes de langue franQiise (2012) dd vid't: "EFEO Id mot vidn nghien eflu thupc dia, da khdng thoat khdi hoan eanh ehinh tri Ddng Dudng Tfl nam 1908, Todn quyen Ddng Dfldng da mudn ddt Trudng dudi sfl kiem sodt tryc tid'p, b i t hp phai ty kiem duyet {autocensure), dilu ma hp ludn tim each chdng lai Luc diu, mot so' nhflng bdi binh ludn thdi sfl chinh tri cua edc nha nghien cflu (hi phe phan Id tU thai qua • trop Uberaux), sau din bi cd'm ddng trdn Tap san (BEFEO) Tfl nam 1914, de kiem soat vide dao tao cdc sfl tdng d Cao Mien, roi d Ldo, cdc vidn EFEO dupc ydu clu phai quan ly Hpe vien eao cd'p Bah vd Vien Phdt hpe Phnom-Penh, nhflng to' chflc thdi gian gifla hai cupc dai chid'n tflng Id cdc tidu diem hdi tu chii yd'u cua chu nghia dan tpc Cao Midn EFEO cung da phai hflng chiu nhflng ldi da kieh manh md tfl nhflng gidi quan chflc thudc dia bao thu, nhflng ngUdi cho ring £fEQ frong ljch sfl hhoa hoc nganh Ddng phUdng hpc phai trd lai sU sang ban d i u ciia nhflng nhd nghidp dU (recouvrer la puretd originelle des amateurs) va cdng kich nhflng hpc gia EFEO Vien da dap tra Iai, dupe sy iing hd eua gidi dpi hpe vd sy sat cdnh eiia nhflng ngUdi ban dudng nhu Rdland Dorgeles vd Paul Claudel" (14) Cho nen ed t h i v l sau ndy, ' V l nguyen tic, EFEO [da trd ndn] ddc lap thUc sU hoat ddng khoa hpc Nd khdng chiu su chi phdl cua chinh quyin thude dia ve ke' hoaeh nghidn cflu" (15) Georges Boudarel cung nhdn xet ve thai dp ehinh tri boat ddng hpe thudt EFEO: 'TrUdc nam 1900, chinh quyin qudn sy dd ea tyng vipe dung dan tpe hpe de trd giup cho cdng cudc chinh phyc va binh dinh xfl sd, vd ngdnh Ddng phUdng hpc da dUdc eoi Id mpt ly cua nhflng nhu clu cua chinh quyin, nhUng tfl sau ndm 1900, EFEO dd tao nen mdt budc ngodt (tournant), vide nghidn cflu trd ndn t h u i n tfly hdn (pure) vd khdng bi chinh tri hda (depolitisde)" (16) Thyc td' Id phai tfl d i u thdp nien eua the' ky XDC, phUdng hfldng nghien eflu triet ly tfl nhign {natural philosophy) mdi thyc sU tdch khdi trilt hpc dl hinh khai nidm tfldng tfl khdi nidm "khoa hpe" nhfl hidn Cho dfl khai nidm khoa hpe chi mdi bao gdm khoa hpc ty nhidn Mat khae, vdi y nghia v l khoa hpe hipn dpi, quan nigm v l khoa hpc thue te' cdn Id mdt hinh thdi y thflc xa hdi Dinh nghia ndy nhdm de'n viec xfl ly mdi quan hp gifla cae hinh thdi xa hdi, khoa hpc Id mdt hinh thai y thflc xa hoi quan he vdi eae hinh thai y thflc xa hdi khac Chdng han nhfl quan hd gifla khoa hpe vdi chinh tri, khoa hoc vdi dao dflc, khoa hpc vdi tdn gido, khoa hpc vdi y thflc phap quyen, la nhflng quan h$ ludn phai ban dd'n ehilu ddi cua ljch svt khoa hpc Khoa hpe cd ehfle ndng kham pha ty nhidn vd xa hdi md 21 san phdm cua cdng cudc kham phd dd Id nhflng tri thfle mdi, ludn cd t h i vflpt qua cde edc chudn myc dao dfle dfldng thdi, vfldt khdi nhflng tidu chuin phdp ludt hi^n hflu, vUdt khdi nhflng tin didu tdn gido hodc quan dilm chinh tri dang ngy tri xd hpi, ludn mudn vfldt Idn khung m l u KH&CN hien tdn Tfl y nghia dd, vdi sy du nh^p KH&CN thdng qua EFEO, KH&CN truyen thdng Vidt Nam d i n dMc taeh rdi khdi ddi sdng chinh tri, tfle Id mdt hinh thai y thfle sau sic cua trieu dinh phong kie'n cho du EFEO nhu da trinh bay d tren, cung bi rdng bude bdi nhflng dinh chl*, thilt ch^ chinh tri eiia ehinh quyin dd hp Phap vi khuynh hudng, phUdng phdp, cdch tiep can hay qud trinh phd cdu trUc, tang budc tdi cdu trUc nin khoa hpc truyin thdng VI mdt khuynh hUdng nghidn cflu, thdi ky ndy d chdu Au da diln nhflng ehuyin bid'n v l phfldng phdp nghign cflu, cdeh tid'p edn rd't ro ndt Tinh t h i n thye chflng (Positivist spirit) hay ehu nghia thflc chflng {Positivism) dflpc cho Id diem khdi diu, cln thid't eho mpi khoa hoc hidn dai (17) Tinh t h i n thuc chflng eua Auguste Comte dupe phat trien ludn de v l "Quy Iu|it ba trang thai" (Loi des trois dtats) Theo dd, "Dinh ludt ndy bao hdm r i n g moi mdt nhflng khai nipm chinh, moi ngdnh cua nhflng kie'n thfle cua chung ta da trai qua lidn tie'p trang thdi khdc v l ly thuyd't: trang thdi t h i n hpc hay gia tfldng, trang thai sieu hinh hay trflu tflpng vd trang thdi khoa hpe hay thye ehflng" (18) Quan sat chinh Id "mdn vdt ly hpe xd hdi" {la physique sociale), khoa hpe thyc chflng chinh Id tim quy tich khdng doi ciia nhflng thay dd'i, hdng so' cua nhflng bid'n sd "Khoa hpc tfl dd ddn dd'n sy tien lidu, tfl sy tidn lidu ddn dd'n hdnh ddng" Vd chi thyc Rghien ciiru IJch sfl stf 2.2015 sy la khoa hpc chdn chinh nd Id mdt Nhd nghien cflu Vu Ngoc Khanh nhdn khoa hpc thflc ehiing, cd nghia Id nd phai xdt ve dac diem ciia trudng Nho hpc 'Vide dupe thUc nghidm va kiem chflng Chu to' chflc trfldng ldp cho em hpc tap tai nghia thye ehflng Idgich (logical positivism) cdc ldng xa hodn todn dan ty lo lieu Ay (19), chii nghia thyc nghidm (empiricism) la nhflng Idp dan ldp cCia cac dng do, to vd chii nghia thyc dung (chu nghia hdnh ehfle d eae nhd ridng So' lUdng eac trfldng ddng - pragmatism) Id to* gdn kd't d'p rd't nhilu Mpt sd trUdng ed tie'ng tdm, chdt chd vdi Nd cho'ng Iai sfl dp dat chii yeu Id danh vpng cua t h i y hoac nhflng md hinh tien cd trflde, chu nghia tich cua trd nhieu hdn Id trinh dp giao dilu kinh vidn cung nhfl chu nghia td chflc va nen ne'p sinh boat ciia no y ehi, kilu tU tu bidn cac TrUdng hpe ngdy xua gpi Id trfldng, song mon khoa hpc, nhat Id khoa hpc xd hdi thflc chi Id mdt ldp cd nhilu trinh Mpi ludn di khoa hpc ehi thUc sU cd gia dd, gom nhieu the' he hoc sinh va chi cd mot tri da dupe thyc nghidm vd kilm ehflng t h i y giao day Gid gid'c ndi dung, phudng nghidm cln Khoa hpe va tri thfle Idm nin phap deu t h i y quyd't dinh Chd' dp hpc tang eho tri thfle ludn (epistemologie) Cae tap xfla h i u nhU ehi dya vdo cdc khoa kd't qua nghidn eiiu khoa hpe can dUdc thi Idm ehuin dich Khdng dinh thdi gian thdm dinh qua khao sdt, quan sdt thUc hpc tdp, khdng chia bd mdn" (20) nghidm vd kiem chflng qua khdu dieu tra Ciing vdi md hinh gido due, nghidn eflu thyc dia, tai chd; quan sat, thyc nghiem cua E.Possion eho rdng ede trung tdm giao phai tig'n hdnh nhieu Iln, qua cac trfldng due tu nhdn hay 16 Iuyen thi, Id ddo tao hdp, m l u khac nhau, nhUng v l n chi Id quan Iai d Blc Ky khdng h i bi dao Ipn nhflng hd sd dfl hdu Vide kilm chflng Id Phap chid'm Hd Ndi he tho'ng ndy ton tai mdt thao tae cdng phu tid'n hanh tfl nhieu dai ddng vd quan trpng hdn ed sy dilu chinh gdc dp, thyc hidn nhilu phep thfl va cung ve quan ly vd thich nghi dupe (21) Diem dac cln thdi gian Nhflng ludn diem kd't ludn biet la npi dung sdeh Hdn vdn dd cd sy thay sau da thyc nghidm vd kiem ehflng ky doi, dSi mdi v l ndi dung, hinh thflc Nhfl vl cung cln cd dp co dan, rd't cln mdt tu ndi dung thi bdn nhieu hdn ve Uch sfl, dia Iy he thd'ng, tfl phfle hpp Nhin chung, Viet Nam; v l hinh thflc thi eau vdn ngan khuynh hUdng tfl ndy da anh hudng gpn, dl nhd, dd thudc hdn chdng han nhU sau sdc dd'n cac nhd nghien cflu Phap, Viet sa tdn Udc todn bien (1906), Nam quoi: dd cd EFEO dia dugido khoa thU (1905-1906), Trung hge Cho de'n d i u the' ky XX, ehd' dp gido due Viet sa toat ye'u (1911) khoa cii Han hpc vdn cdn tdn tai Viet Nam, chfl Phdp va chfl Quoc ngfl dflde dfla vao chfldng trinh giang day, nhflng mdi d mfle dp sd ddng Vide hinh thdnh mdt nen khoa hpc thyc sy h i u nhfl ehua ed, mpi ngfldi ehi ein tudn thu nhflng giao dilu Nho hpc Ldi bidn soan dya trdn nhflng tfl lidu chinh thong, nhiing sy kien chinh tri ciia vfldng trilu Nhu vdy, ciing vdi nhflng td'm gUdng vl phdm chd't vd nhdn each cua nhd tri thflc, EFEO Cling md mdt ldi di mdi me ve quan diem vd phUdng phdp ludn khoa hpc Theo dd, nhflng nhd khoa hpc cua EFEO da manh dan pha vd cd'u tnic he thd'ng nghidn cflu von cd de xdy dung n i n mdng cho cde ngdnh khoa hpc hien dai d Viet Nam Coi trpng tu lidu thye chflng, thyc dia, vdi sii EFE8 h-ong ljch sfr hhoa hoc lidu thu tich, ldp ludn cln ddn ngudn xud't xfl ehinh xae, d l y dii; vdi tfl lieu khao cd' phai ed nhflng vdt chflng cu the; dan tdc hpe cln dUa tren nhflng kd't qua dilu tra khao sdt da dupc xfl ly (22) Cd the thd'y, trdo lflu khoa hpc ly, tinh t h i n khai sang, ddn chu nhdn quyin, dde biet Id khuynh hudng nghien eflu, phUdng phap nghien cflu tidn tiln d chau Au da dUdc thd hien rd ndt cac nghign cflu Mdt diem nfla Id, hp eung cd gdng tdch biet gifla chinh tri va boat dpng khoa hpc, ban chg' sfl ean thiep cua quan diem chinh tri hay mdt dinh kig'n ed sdn ndo Khac vdi mdt so'tac gia thyc ddn hode but nd ngudi Vigt, edc nha khoa hpc EFEO khdng ehii trfldng tdn tung "sfl mang khai hda" (mision civilisatrice) eua chu nghia thye dan (23) Tren quan digm khoa hpc hien dai, hpe gia EFEO eung Id ngfldi di tidn phong vigc kd't hdp phfldng phdp cd' diln vdi phfldng phap hien dpi nghien eflu khoa hpc, vdn dung each khao sdt khu vyc nhfl todn the mdt khdng gian xa hoi lich siivdn hda, ddng thdi sii dung nhflng thao tac dilu tra phan tich, so sdnh thdng tin dfl lidu d ca t i m vi md l i n vl md Ldopold Cadidre g i n bd vdi nhflng chuydn khao vdi dai da't mien Trung (24); Charles Robequain kinh qua k h l p vung Bde Trung Bd; Pierre Gourou xdng xao khap dia bdn ehdu thd Bde Ky vdi nhflng nghien eflu hd't sfle eu the, ti mi, bdi "Chflng ndo ma thdi dai ciia chung ta cdng ddi hdi nhflng nghidn cflu chinh xde vd ti mi (recherche precise et minutieuse), ehflng ta cdng cam thd'y gia tri cua sfl khao sat tryc tie'p nhflng dia diem vd cdc di tich" (25) Mdt khac, vdi edch tid'p can khu vye hpe (area study) md phai vai thdp nidn sau mdi phd' big'n d Au My, eae nhd nghidn eflu EFEO da sdm tim moi lien he vd tUdng tae gifla eae sy kipn vao khdng gian hd thd'ng td'ng the khu vyc vd chdu luc, vdi nhflng ddc trflng tfldng ding vd khac bidt, eung nhu cd* gdng so sdnh d l tim nhflng ddc tinh tidu bieu nhd't "Viln-Ddng khdng chi Id mdt thudt ngfl dia ly, dd Id mdt thyc the lich sii, mdt ta'm dan ddt nhflng sU kidn hen ddi vdi ma ngUdi ta khdng t h i tdch biet chiing md khdng lam chung trd ngn que quat hodc suy ye'u di " Khdng ehi cd vdy, nghien cflu ve xfl Ddng Dfldng cung khdng bd hep pham vi nhfl hdnh ehinh md ddt Ddng Dudng mra lien he vung, lidn vung vd the gidi (it nhd't Id The' gidi Trung Hoa, The' gidi An Dp) Pham vi nghien cflu v l td't ca mpi khia canh ddi song xd hdi "tfl lich sfl chinh tri, lich sfl cac thid't chd', tdn giao, vdn hpc, khao cd' hoc, ngdn ngfl, ddn tdc " (26) Trong quan diem nghidn cflu, cde hpe gia EFEO (chdng han nhU Paul Mus) rd't chu y dd'n tie'p edn hg thd'ng cd'u true, tfle tie'p cdn td'ng the, todn bd (partir des ensembles et non des individus), nhu mo hinh mdt chide banh (tarte) - td'ng the vdi mdt hop mat (boite de fromages) vdi nhflng ca thd taeh rdi Mdt ben la chinh t h i thd'ng nhd't roi dUdc taeh rdi ra, edn mpt ben la ede p h l n rdi rac sau dd dfldc tap hdp Iai thdnh mdt td'ng the (27) Vl mdt nghien cflu, EFEO mud'n thoat ngodi p h l n ldi, p h l n trung tdm (core) de vUdn ngoai vi, md rdng toan A chau La mpt cdng cu dd phd bid'n kd't qua nghidn cflu khoa hpc nhU la chudn mUc cua khoa hpc/edng dong khoa hpc (28), "Tdp san BEFEO cd t h i trd thdnh mdt cdng eu so sanh vd tong hpp (instrument de ce travail de comparaison et de synthese)" Vide truyin bd tri thflc d nhflng kdnh thong tin da dang chinh Id bilu hien sinh ddng cua qua trinh du nhdp, phd vd xu hudng ydm the', ehu quan xa hpi ed' I^hian emi Lieh sfl- stf 2.2015 truyen Viet Nam khia eanh cu the, dd ehfnh ndi the hidn sy bid'n dd'i hdat ddng KH&CN, chflng kien sfl tien bd eua boat ddng hpc thudt theo phfldng hfldng phUdng Tdy, Id nen tang ban d i u eho sU ddi ciia xu hudng bao chi Viet Nam sau ndy vi cpng dong khoa hpc vd khoa hpc chuan dinh Nhflng dieu kien thdnh l^p EFEO da dUde Gidm dd'c Louis Finot trinh bay ehi tilt so chuyen san eua trfldng nhdn dip ky nipm Iln thfl 20 ngdy thdnh Idp trudng (29) Trong tdp chuyen san ndy cdn cd ca nhflng ban bdo edo v l cdc cdng vide da hodc dang dupc thyc hi^n d vdo thdi diem Iue bd'y gid NhQng hpc vien khde cung da dupe thdnh ldp tai chau A nhfl: "Nhd Phap - Nh§t" d Tokyo ho^c 'Trung tdm nghidn cflu Han hpc ciia trfldng Dai hpc Paris d Blc Kinh" Nhflng khdng mdt vidn ndo phdt trien dupc trdn todn dia bdn chau A ca v l mdt nghidn cflu phoi hpp, ca ve mat xii ly tfl lieu bdng nhflng ky thudt eye ky hi^n dai nhu EFEO dd lam vd da dUde ndi khac hpe t$p "Nhflng nam cudi thd' ky XIX [Louis Finot] la dilm xud't phat cua cac tu tudng vd phUdng phdp mdi doi vdi viee nghidn cflu v l Ddng A TrUdc dd'y, ngudi ta thudng b i n g Idng vdi nhdn thflc cua minh v l nhflng vung ndy dUdc rut qua cae tdi Heu thdnh vdn Ngudi ta da d i n nhan thd'y r i n g phUdng phdp chic chin nhd't d l hilu dfldc qud khfl eiia mot dan tpe nhd't la bfldc di ban d i u de dat tdi mue dich a'y la cd dUdc mpt sy hieu bid't sau sic ve hidn tai cua dan tdc d'y bdi vi chi cd eai hidn tai dd mdi bing tu hodc tie'ng vpng - tra lai m l u sdc - hodc tid'ng ndi ciia qua khfl ma cdi hidn tai dang tie'p noi" (30) Vdi linh vfle nghien eflu trai rdng ve dia ly, EFEO trd thdnh ndi gap gd Iy tfldng cho cac vidn nghign cflu ehuydn sdu Sau dflpc thdnh lap, EFEO c6 try sd ehinh ddng d Vidt Nam Vdi sfl mpnh khai thac, sflu t i m va bao ton, nhflng boat ddng khdi d i u ciia EFEO rd't d'n tUdng qua nhiing ngudn sfl Hdu quy hid'm cd gid tri nhdn van eao cd dUdc: co vdt hien da vd dang dupc trflng bay nhieu bao tdng khlp ba nudc Viet Nam, Ldo, Campuchia, nhflng kho sach khd'ng lo bdng nhieu thfl tiing, bdng nhilu phUdng ngfl khae nhau, vd nhflng thflde phim, anh tU Hpu ma thd' hd quan thu bao tdng ngdy dd va dang c6 gdng bao quan va khai thac la minh chiing eho sy Idm vigc cln m i n vd rd't nghidm tuc eua cac nha nghidn cflu Iuc bd'y gid Song song vdi cdng tac khai thdc vd sflu t i m nhflng nguon suE Hpu, EFEO cdn dl nghi Idn Todn quyen Ddng Dfldng cho thflc thi nhiing bipn phap bao quan vd triing tu eae di tich, ldnh cdm xud't khiu, budn ban eae loai eo bdng mpi chd't Hdu Trudng Vien Ddng Bde cd' cung dd trinh ldn Toan quyin Ddng Dudng ky eho xd'p hang hdn mdt ngan di tieh lich st( nhU khu di tich chua Hudng, din Qudn Thanh, din Ngpe Sdn, ehua Trd'n Qudc, chfla Ly Qufic Sfl, chua Mdt Cdt, den Bach Md, chua Ba Dd Nhieu khu di tich dUde trung tu nhfl Vdn Mie'u Qudc tii gidm dupe trung tu nam 1918-1920, chua Mdt Cdt (ndm 1922), ehua But Thap vd chua Phat Tich Bde Ninh (ndm 1930) (31) Thye td' Id, h i u hd't eae nhd nghidn eflu ddu nhdn thd'y t i m quan trpng hd't sflc ldn Iao cua khoa hpc, nhd't Id nd mang tinh dot pha, d i n ddt nhflng nghign cflu chuydn bidt, va dUa dd'n su phat triln Idu dai, ben vflng Ben canh nhflng boat ddng b l nd'i neu trdn, EFEO edn xud't ban nhieu tdp sdch cd gia tri nhu chuydn de ve Phdt gido thdnh nhilu tdp ciia Paul Mus, Vdn hda Hba Binh vd Bac Scm cua Madelaine Ckilani, Tdn gido vd Tin ngudng cua L.Cadidre, Vdn hoc cua ETEe ljch s ^ hhoa hoc M.Durand, chuydn khao nh\i NhOng ngadi ndng ddn dong bdng Bac Bp cua Herre Gourou, Kinh ti ndng nghiip d Bdng DUcfngciia Yves Henry Nhieu cdng trinh cua cdc hpe gia nhfl Louis Finot, Henri Parmentier, George Coedes dd dupc dich sang tid'ng Vidt cung nhfl nhilu ngdn ngfl khac, trd thdnh tai U^u "gdi diu gifldng" m6i nghidn cflu vl A chdu xa xUa Cdc cdng trinh nd'i tiing cd t h i kd de'n nhfl Histoire ancienne des etats hindouises d'Extreme-Orient Id tdi lidu tham khao bd ich cho gidi nghidn eflu Vidt Nam cung nhU gidi nghien cflu quoc td' Trudng Viln Ddng Bde cd cdn eho mdt thudng ky Hen tuc tfl so - nam 1901 tdi Bulletin de I'ecole Franc^aise d'Extrime Orient - BEFEO dl ddng tai cdc cdng trinh nghign cflu (32) Hipn nay, EFEO da ed nhilu cdng trinh xud't ban rd't cd gia tri cho mdt bpn dpc Vi$t Nam vd nUdc ngodi (33) Nhin mdt each tdng thg, phfldng hfldng nghien eflu khoa hpe d Vigt Nam dd bid'n ddi theo tfl bien nidn, thyc chflng va khuynh hudng ty vdi ba dai didn tidu bieu Id Sfl ky Trung Hoa, trfldng phdi nghien cflu EFEO vd nen tan hpc tfl cua Hoa Ky Ddi vdi xu hudng thfl hai (EFEO), eac hpc gia ngfldi Phdp vd ngfldi Viet dupe ddo tao hay ldm vide EFEO da dat nhflng vien gaeh hd't sflc viing chdc cho nin tang nghien cflu KHXH&NV Viet Nam (34) Cd t h i ndi, ngdy trinh dp KH&CN da tie'n rd't xa, nhd't Id ly thuyet, phfldng phap va tfl Hgu phue vu cho vide nghien eflu eae ngdnh KHXH&NV trdn thg' gidi ndi ehung vd d Viet Nam ndi rieng Nhflng nhin chung, di san dd sd, t i m cd cua EFEO niia d i u thd' ky XX dat nen mdng cho sy hinh thdnh vd phat triln cua cde ngdnh khoa hpe xd hdi ndi ridng cua Viet Nam qua hon mdt t h i ky lich sii Dd cung chinh la khoa hoc chudn dinh ma cac t h i hd hpc gia ndy tao cdch day dd hdn mdt thd' ky ddy cln ndi thdm v l khia canh ly ludn Trong edng trinh eua minh, Thomas Kuhn eho r i n g khoa hpc chudn dinh Id mdt boat dpng khoa hpe ma cac nha khoa hpc ehlc c h i n phai danh h i u he't thdi gian vdo d6 Khoa hpc ehuin dinh thudng "chd'n ap" cdi mdi cd nguy cd ldm lung lay nhflng tin nidm n i n tang Nhflng giai doan "khae thudng" dd diln sy thay dd'i niem tin eua cdng dong khoa hpc chuygn mdn se dupe gpi la cdc eude cdch mang khoa hpe Khoa hoc chudn dinh Id cdng viec nghien cOu dUOc tii'n hdnh tren nin tdng vUng chdc cua mdt hay nhiiu thdnh tUu khoa hoc trade ddy, nhvCng thdnh tUu md cdng dong khoa hoc ndo thaa nhdn la du de lay ldm xudt phdt diim cho thiic tiin nghiin ciiu tiep theo (35) Xdt dudi gdc dd tig'p e^n ndy, EFEO d khia canh ndo dd thdi ky ddi dupe eoi Id nhdn td "eai mdi", "cai di thfldng" (anomalies), bi khoa hpc ehuin dinh chinh Id cde edng dong khoa hpe eua nhflng gidi si phu Nho giao phd phan, dd'u tranh, ldn an Sy thdm nhdp ngdy cdng sau vl chinh tri, kinh td' da kieh thich sy du nhdp manh me cua khuynh hfldng vd md hinh KH&CN cua ngfldi Phdp He qua Id chiing bi cdng ddng khoa hoc truyen thdng ban dia phan flng cho du ban thdn nhflng "hpc gia" eung ehiu anh hudng tfl tudng khai sang Phap Sy ehd xdt cua tinh t h i n khoa hpe, phfldng phap tfl duy, nghien cflu cu - mdi da tao nen mdt thdi ky h i t sflc sdi ddng ddi sd'ng khoa hpc cua Viet Nam diu t h i ky XX tren eac linh vUc tfl sii hpc, vdn, thd xa hpi eu - mdi eua edng cudc "thyc dan map md" (colonisation ambigue) (36) Dieu cln ndi Id qud trinh dd khdng diin cupc each mang thuc sU v l khoa hpc ed Rghien curu luch sfl- stf 2.2015 26 the dupc nhin nhdn: i> Xa hdi ban dia sdm ha'p thu vd tie'p bien nhanh chdng thdnh tyu ciia van minh trdn n i n tang hilu bid't tfl mot qud khfl ldu ddi (37); u> Chinh gidi nghien cflu nflde da tim thd'y tinh t h i n khoa hpc ndm ngoai ddi song chinh tri (du hinh thflc) dl cd vu eho trdo lflu tfl tfldng mdi, ngdy cang nhdn nhflng khuyd't dilm ciia boat ddng KH&CN cu ngdy cdng td lae hdu, tri trd, bao thii; iii> Nen khoa hpc mdi eung dupc kd' thfla tren nen tang, can ban Dong thdi nhflng thdnh tuu ciia EFEO giai doan trd thdnh kho tdng tri thflc vd gid Id "diem xud't phdt^' cho thd'he Vipt Nam hpc tid'p theo Tiep bie'n vdn hda giita cdc muc vd cdng dong khoa hpc chuan Nhieu hpc gia thudc trudng phai EFEO ddi vdi chinh quyen Phdp dfldc coi Id "phln tfl than Annam" (Annamitophile) - Paul Mus (1902-1969) (38), hay mdt Annamitisant - L.Cadidre Tdc gia ngudi Nhdt Izutsu ea ngdi Paul Mus Id mdt "sidu nhdn", mdt nhflng thien tdi bim sinh cd mdt nang lfle ddc bidt ve tU sang tao vd y tudng ddc ddo, tdm Iai la mdt ngudi todn dipn (39) Vdi nhflng nghien cflu ciia minh, nhd't la edng trinh ciia Paul Mus - Vietnam: Sociologie d 'une guerre, Georges Condominas coi dng nhu "mdt nhflng nha Ddng phUdng hpe vi dpi nhd't hidn {un des plus grands orientalistes d'aujourd'hui)" (40) Cdn vdi L.Cadidre, sinh nam 1869, 23 tud'i dd'n Vidt Nam vd dd cho dd'n ma't (nam 1955), hdn 63 nam dd vdi dng 'Tdi hieu ngudi Vidt, bdi le tdi da nghign cflu nhflng gi lign quan dd'n hp Vi da nghidn eflu vd hieu ngfldi Vipt ndn that tinh tdi yeu md'n hp Tdi yeu mdn hp vi tri thdng minh, nhay bdn suy nghi Toi yeu md'n vi nhflng dflc hanh tinh thin Tdi yeu md'n vi tinh tinh cua hp sau eung tdi yeu men vi hp khd Bid't bao khd ai, bid't bao nang nhpe Ilm than; nhflng khdn eung ddi phai cam chiu da danh nhflng thudng dinh menh k h i t khe vd tinh" (41) Vdi L.Cadidre "xin dflde sdng nhflng euoi ddi trgn dd't nflde Viet Nam md tdi hdng men ygu" dng da Id mpt "Annamitisant" vd hdn the nfla VI chuyen mdn hpe thudt, EFEO da dl lai nhflng dd'u d'n sdu ddm gidi nhflng hpe gia cdnNhidn dpi d i u tidn nghien cflu khoa hpe xd hdi Viet Nam nhu Pham Quynh, edng tdc vign eua EFEO, Sd Cudng Lg Dfl phu trdch kho sach Nhdt Ban d Thfl vien EFEO Nhflng ngfldi ldm vide true tie'p d EFEO va Id tac gia ed viet bai nghien cflu tdp san ciia Vien nhfl Nguygn Vdn To, Nguyen Van Khoan, T r i n Vdn Gidp, Nguyin Van Huyen vd T r i n Ham Td'n, Cdng Vdn Trung vd Trin Huy Ba, sau dd Id Ung Qua, Hd Die Hdm, Ddm Quang Tan, TrUdng Vinh Tdng, Ta Trpng Hidp Cd t h i ndi, nhieu hpc gia Vidt Nam khdng trflc tid'p edng tdc vdi EFEO nhUng chiu nhilu anh hudng cOia trudng phdi ve mdt phUdng phdp ludn, edng vide sUu tim tu lieu va trich din, cac ludn diem khoa hpc ve nhd nflde cd dpi Vidt Nam, nhflng tflu khao ed hpe khao sdt di tich vd khai qudt di chi, cae vd'n de dia ly Hch sfl, van hda, tdn giao, nghidn cflu vdn ban thfl tich, tim hilu mdt so' cde nhan vdt Iieh sfl, tdc phdm sfl hpc, van hoc cd diln Trong sodd, chflng ta thd'y cd nhdm Tri tdn, cde hpc gia Hodng Xuan Han, Nguyen Thidu Lau, Ddo Duy Anh (42) "Ngay tfl bud'i sd khai, cac nha bac hpe Viet Nam da gdp phan ehii ylu vdo EFEO Bdng chflng xdc thflc Id ba ngfldi Viet (Sdn Didp, Nguyen Khic Hul, Trin Ban Hanh) dd trinh bay bdo cdo tai Dai hdi qud'c td' Iln thfl nhd't vl nghign cflu Viln Dong nam 1902" (43) EFEO h-ong Bch siSr hhoa hoe Nhfl vdy, edc hpe gia ngfldi Vipt dflpc ddo tao bdi ban sau dd eung Idm vide vdi nhflng nha nghien cflu ngfldi Phap dd sdm khing dinh dfldc vi tri hpc thudt ciia minh Trong dd, ngUdi ta khdng chi thdy cdc cdng trinh cua cdc nhd nghien cflu ngudi Phap ma cdn dflpc bilt din nhilu cdng trinh tieu bieu cda cae hpc gia Viet Nam ndi danh dd nhfl Tran Van Giap nghign eflu viPhgt gido, Nguyin Vdn Huygn veNhd sdn cua cdc ddn tgc thieu so Viet Nam (44), Nguyin Vdn To', Nguyin Vdn Khoan vdi nhieu ehuyen khao khac v l dinh, chfla, cd tich, v l nin vdn minh Champa (45) Chinh nhflng hpc gia dd cung da ddo tao ca mot thg' hg nhflng hpc trd xud't sle, ddng gop to Idn vao n i n KH&CN dfldi chg' dd mdi sau ndy V l quan didm nghign cflu, cac hpc gia EFEO n i m b i t cai tdng the - chfl khdng cd y di vdo nghign cflu toan bp eae vd'n de eung nhfl cai tinh dae thu eiia ede n i n van hda ehdu A, ndn EFEO da trd thdnh ndi gdp gd flu vipt vd rdng md ddc bidt doi vdi cde vien nghidn cflu ehuyen sau, Id cai Id da ddo tpo cae nhd nghign eflu bde t h i y ngfldi Phdp (md hidn v l n dang hoat ddng Iinh vUc nghien cflu khoa hpc nhdn vdn d ehdu A) 'Tfl Viet Nam, EFEO phat trien mang lUdi hoc thu^t qud'c t l vd gifl vai trd chu dao" (46) Chinh cac bde t h i y ndy dd tieh Iuy nen khdi tfl lieu hien cd eiia EFEO vd hp cdn tieh Iuy nfla thdng qua cae thd'h$ mdi edc nha nghien cflu (47) Muc tieu chu dpo cua EFEO la tid'n hdnh nghidn cflu, trpng tdm ve khao cd, ngfl ngdn toan Ddng Dudng vd md rdng d i n nhdm tim hieu v l Hch sfl, di tieh, phUdng ngfl xfl, gdp p h l n nghidn cflu hpc thudt chuyen sdu cac khu vyc vd nhflng n i n vdn minh lan cdn nhU An Do, Trung Qudc, Ma Lai bdng mpi phUdng tidn 27 thudn Idi nhd't, dd c6 sfl hd trp ciia chinh quyin Phdp vd chinh quyin bao hp thupc dia Phfldng tidn day chinh la cdc phfldng phap nghidn cflu tidn tid'n, nhieu cdch tid'p cdn hdn, cung vide quy che' hoat ddng cua EFEO Cd the nhin nhan sy bid'n ddi khung m l u hpe thudt ciia Viet Nam dfldi sy du nhdp KH&CN ciia ngudi Phap nhU bang khia canh khac vdi each tid'p can hd th^ng cd'u true cd the phdn tich ma tran md hinh KH&CN thdng qua nhdn xdt md hinh cua EFEO bang Nhu vdy, sfl du nhdp KH&CN eua ngUdi Phap thdng qua EFEO, eung vdi cdng cudc chinh phuc Viet Nam, todn bd paradigm xa hdi cd truyin Vipt Nam da d i n bid'n ddi Mdt xd hdi mdi da dupe cd'y ghdp, lai ghdp, d nhieu khia canh ndm ngodi f mud'n chu quan ciia nhieu phia Loi sdng, sy tid'p giao khoa hpe mdi thflc sy hinh thdnh vdi ciing ngdn ngfl khoa hpe ehung, hda nhdp vdo cpng dong KH&CN khu vyc (48) Tuy nhidn cln khdng dinh la sy tid'p bie'n dd chi dflng lai d p h l n trung tdm (core), tfle chi ddi vdi dpi ngu tinh hoa ngudi Phdp (cd ddc quyin hpe thudt), cung nhu sau Id mdt sd' it ngudi Vidt (cd t h i tfl sau 1919) Nen KH&CN Viet Nam didn qua trinh tiep giao manh me nhflng sy bien chuyen edn chdm chap vdi sy dung kdo (cua ehinh ban than EFEO), gifla sfl tham nhdp ed ban chd' eiia ngoai bidn (periphery) vao ndi vi (49), sy gidng CO ciia sy ehuyen ddi khung mdu Dieu cung dUdc phan anh Iinh vflc gido dye nhU Nguyin Van Td mo ta ldi hpc d TrUdng Thdng ngon "is dd'y, toan Id ngudi Phap day hpc, chi trfl cd cu giao chfl Nho vd cu gido day chfl Phap tid'ng ta la ngudi Nam" Hpc cot the' ndo "de cd thd chdng di ldm thdng ngdn cho ngfldi Phdp dupe" (50) Rghi6n a h i Ljch siir stf 2.2Q15 Bangl Trift 1J Impacts Tri^tlJ Outcomes Tri^t \f Outputs Hf quan dilm Cfie khung mfiu KH&CN (cu-mdi) Nin KH&CN lac hfiu, xa h^i n6ng nghifp, Nin KH&CN tien tig'n xfi hoi cong nghifp, tUsan phong ki^n Khfing trfii v6i quan diem chinh thfing Mcr rong sang moi Bnh vi^c, nghi tif (51) Chi nghien cihi khuon kho dinh sSn H$ chuin mUc Thu t^i vfin than, thien kinh van quyin, Nho hoc Moi nguai cfl trinh df e6 th^ ti^n hfinh nehien cihi, Um cai mfli Phuong phap nghien ciJtu li§n ngdnh, Tifp cf n khu vvc, tihk nuflc quan ly vi mo KH&CN Duy tfin Nghien ciiu khoa hoc chuyen nghifp To" chiic khoa hoc ti^ trj Hf khfii nif m Nho einh, si tui, sCi sach Tii Thu, Ngi Kinh, khoaciJi K^ sU, hf thfl'ng giao di^c, cao dfing d^i hoc.fi'nphim khoa hoc Bi&n nien, thuc li^c, giao diiu nha nilfic toAn tri hoat dfing KH&CN Bang DUdng phUcfng hpc vfi trfi thfinh cai ten quen thudc phan danh myc tham khao cua nhieu sach, bfii viet ve khao cd vfi lich sil A chau Vi&n Vi^n Dong Bac co cung c6 nhflng anh hfldng quan trpng doi vdi cgc st( gia Vi|t Nam the kyXX (10) Sfic lenh cua Tong thong Cong hofi Phap ve viec chuyen Vi$n Viln Dong bac co Phap thfinh mpt cong sd c6 tu each phap nhan dan sy (3-41920), J.1103, Cdng bdo Dong DiiOng nfim 1920 (11) Nghi dinh cua Tofin quyen Dong DUdngv^ vi|c tai cd cfi'u Vi^n Vien DSng bac cd Phap (20-91920), Cong bdo Dong Diicfng nfim 1920 (12) Francois Pouillon (ed.), Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue franqaise, Editions Karthala, 2012, tr, 373 (13) Lich si mdt the ky nghiin cthi Viin Viin Ddng Bde co Phdp tgi Viit Nam Nxb T n thflc, Hfi Npi, 2014, tr 39 (14) Francois Pouillon (edi.), Dictionnaire des orientalistes de langue franchise, Editions Karthala, 2012, tr 373 (15) Catherine C16mentin-0jha, Pierre-Yves Manguin, Un siecle pour I'Asie L'ecole francaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1898-2000, Les feditions de Pacifique, EFEO, Paris, 2001, tr 34 (16) G Boudarel, Sciences sociales et contreinsurrection au Vietnam, trong: Le mai de voir, P 1976, d^n theo: Laurent Dartingues, Histoire EFE0 h-ong lich sit hhoa hoc d une rencontre rates et histoire a parts inegales Essai sur le discours orientaliste a propos du Vietnam 1860-1940, Paris, 2012, tr 130 Cin noi them lfi, ban than BEFEO giai dogn diiu cung cho thdy Bfl quan tam d^n chinh tri Nhung sau 1900, ngfldi ta khong eon thSTy dfi'u hieu cua nhflng lien h? tn^c tiep gifla quyet djnh chinh tri (decisions politiques) vdi nghi§n cflu xa hoi, lich sij[ (17) Tinh t h i n thyc chflng khfli d i u t^ Rene Descartes vfi dUpc t h ^ h? tiep theo bd sung nhfl Francis Bacon, Samt-Simon, dflde hoan thi?n vfi h? thdng hoa bfli nhfi xa hpi hpc Phap Auguste Comte Sau eon dupc phat trien va bd sung nhU Pareto, Durkheim hay nhom Vienna Circle (Ao) (18) Cours de philosophic positive P a n s : Herman, 1975, tfip 1, tr 21 (19) Tinh t h i n cd ban cua logical positivism lfi khoa hpc lfi cai gi cd t h i kilm chflng dupc, bfing quan sat, dfl li^u, theo mpt so quy lufit NhQng gi khdng t h i kiem chflng dUpc mot each logic lfi sieu hinh hpc, hay "nguy khoa hoc" (pseudo-science) (20) Vu Ngpe Khanh, Tim hieu nin gido due Viet Nam trade 1945 Nxb Giao due, Hfi Noi, 1985 tr 71-72 (21) Emmanuel Possion, Quan vd lgi d mien Bde VietNam Nxb Dfi Nfing, 2006 (22) E Gaspardonne: Biblographie annamite, BEFEO 1934 (23) T r u i n g hpp nhU Yersin da ddng gdp to ldn cho nen KH&CN Vi?t Nam (24) Lfi mpt hnh mye ngUdi Phap, tfi't nhien L.Cadidre yeu nudc Phap, nhung trpn dfli g^n bd vdi Vi^t Nam, "thfin Vi?t Nam" Dilu nfiy khie'n dng khac hfin vd dang quy neu so vdi nhflng ngUfli Phap "thflc dfin" khac Danh gia mdt eon ngflfli, nhfi't lfi mpt nha khoa hpc e i n efin efl vfio nhflng tU tuflng, vipc lfim, truflc tac cua chinh ban thfin ngUfli dd, c i n phai nhin nhfin tren cd sfl mpt "Tfl phfle" nhu Edgar Morin keu gpi Cd the xem Nguyin Manh Dung "Lidopold - Michel Cadidre Nhfi nghiSn cflu ti§u bieu the ky XX" Tap chi Nghien ciiu Lich sti, so (430)2012, tr 70-76, (25) Lettre de M.E Senart BEFEO, 1901, tr (26) "L'Extreme-Onent n'est pus seulement une expression giographique, c'est une r6alit^ historique, une trame de Faits connexes qui ne se peuvent dissocier sans en demeurer mutilds ou, amoindris" Avertissement BEFEO,1901, tr I, II 31 (27) Vincent Lemieux, Un homme et une oeuvre: Paul Mus, classiques.uqac.ca, tr 10 (28) Cho tfli nfim 1942, nhfi nghien ciiu ngflSi My Robert K.Merton dUa bd'n chu£n mUc cho cpng dong khoa hpc: (1) Tinh cong d6ng ((3ommunalism); (2) Tinh bien (Universahsm); (3) Tinh khdng vi ldi (Disinterestedness) vfi (4) Tinh hofii nghi (Organised Skepticism) Vao khoang thfip nien 1970, cpng dong khoa hoc bd simg th§m ehu^n mUc thfl (5) Tinh dpc dao (Originality), tfl day dfldc viet tfit lfi CUDOS Cd the xem Robert K Merton, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1942 (29) Tfip san TrUflng Viln Ddng Eac ed Phap (BEFEO) t^ip 21 Hfi Noi, 1922, tr.27l (30) Christiane Pasquel Rageau, TrUcfng Vien Dong Bde co Phdp hay ngdnh Ddng phiCOng hge sdi dgng d Phdp, tldd (31) Trong khoang thfli gian cac den Po Nagar fl Nha Trang Po Garai fl Phan Rang, ThatLuong fl Vientian (Lao) deu dupc thuc hipn d6ng loat (32) EFEO cdn lflu trfl ra't nhilu cac loai bao, tap chi vfi tap san khoa hpc quoc te, "cd tfli 460 t#n cac a'n p h i m dinh ky chfl La tinh vfli hdn 30.000 sd", dd i n pham dinh ky tieng Viet cd 48 ten, dUdc dong thfinh khoang 6.000 tSp" Tran Thi Kilu Nga, Gid tri cUa cdc dn phdm dinh ky thuoc tu lieu EFEO tgi Thii vien Khoa hoc Xd hgi, Thdng tin Khoa hpc Xa hdi, sd' 6-2013 Nhflng a'n p h i m khac Excursions et Reconnaisances, Journal Asiatique., cac tap san tgp chi khoa hpc ndi tieng nhfi't dfldc EFEO lflu trfl CO the ke lfi: Bulletin de I eeole d 'Extreme-Orient, Revue Indochinoise, Bulletin des Amis du Vieux Hue, Bulletin des etudes Indochinoises (33) Nhflng cdng tinh tieu bieu nhfl£)ia ly hdnh chinh Kinh Bde (1996), ChU htiy Viet Nam qua cde triiu dgi (1997); Vdn tha Ddng kinh nghia thuc (1997); L't/niuers des Truyen Nom (1998); NhOng vd'n de vdn bdn hge quan trung tU minh cUa Nguyin Trdi (1999); Dia danh vd tdi lieu lUu trU vi ldng xd Bac Ky; ddng gdp tich cflc vfio viec dich vfi xua't ban mdt sd' ^n p h i m nhfl: Ve vdn hda vd tin ngUdng truyen thong ngUcfi Viit cua Leopold Cadiere (1998), Tii vt/ng cdc phiic/ng ngU E-De cua Dofin Vfin Phiic (1998), dfl an Ifln da va Kgfai&n cmi Lich s& sd 2.2015 dang trien khai nhU Vdn khde tren bia, Dong Khdnh dm dti chi (34) Trong nhiJng cdng trinh eua hp chung ta tha'y diy fip nhiing trang tfl lieu, song cung lam ngufli dpc nhieu thfiy phien ha, nfing ne, rSi rfim qua u chi tiet vu vfit Theo do, chfing hgn nhu phong cach/trfldng phai nghien cflu "tfl a, tfl b" ctia cac hpc gia EFEO, trflflng hdp G.Coedds vfli cong trinh noi tifing cua minh Histoire ancienne des etats hindouises d'ExtremeOrient, cd t h i thay "Coedes luon ludn nhfl muon dung chiec t f n h lup de soi nhin vfio tiing chi tiet nho nhfit nhCt, tijfng chan td ke toe an nau cac tfl lieu thu tich mtnh vfin bi ky, mdt m | t da k h i n g dinh tinh nghiSm tuc bfie bpc hfin lfim cua nhfi hpc gia qua trinh di tim sfl thfit lich sfl, nhflng mfit khfic cung co the Ifim cho npi dung cudn sach doi trfl nen nfing vfi roi, kho dpc va khd nfim b i t doi vfli mpt dpc gia neu khdng co chuyen mon hofic long kien nhin" G.Coedds: Cd si cdc quoc gia An Do hda d Viin Ddng, Nguyen Thfla Hy dich, Nxb The gifli, Hfi Ndi, 2008, Lcii gifli thipu (35) Thomas Kuhn: Cdu trtic cdc cugc cdch mang khoa hoc, Chu Lan Dinh dich, Nxb Tri thflc, Hfi N6i, 2008, tr 41-42 (36) Pierre Brocheux et Daniel Hdmery Indochine • La colonisation ambigue, 1858 • 1954, dditions La D^ (37) Da cfl nhllu cong trinh nghien cflu ve moi quan hp Phap-Vipt giai dogn truflc Phap chinh thflc xam Iflpc Vipt Nam (gifla t h i ky XIX) nhu C.Maybon, Histoire moderne du Pays d Annam (1592-1820), etude sur les premiers rapports des europeens et des Annamites et sur I 'etablissement de la dynastie Annamite des Nguyin, Pans, Ijibrairie Plon, 1919; F.Mantienne, Les relations politiques et commerciales entre la France et la peninsule Indochinoise (XVH siecle), Les Indes savantes 2001; Pichon, J.L., France - Indochine Au eoeur d'une rencontre 1620-1820, edtions du Jubil^, 2005; cac cong trinh cua A.Launay, Louvet (38) Ban than Paul Mus tu nh^n minh Ifi b^ng hfiu cua Nguyin Vfin Khoan, Nguyen Vfin To, T r i n Vfin Giap va cung het Ifli ca ngdi cac hoc gia Vipt Nam nfiy (39) "Paul MuB, ecrit-il, etait un homme extraordinaire, u n de ces genies naturellement doues d'une exceptionnelle capacity d'idSeG creatrices et originales" Vincent Lemieux, Un homme et une oeuvre: Paul Mus, classiques.uqac.ca, tr (40) G.Condominas cdn dfinh nhflng Ifli ca ngpi ddl vfli Paul Mus nhfl "Homme de science et homme d'action, eelui-ci apportant d celui-ld une experience directe des faits sociaux et un eclairage qui enrichissaient considerablement sa vaste erudition, tel etait Paul Mus" G Condominas, Paul Mus, sociologue, C.I.S 1970, tr 63, 68, 294 (41) Uy ban Vfin hfla Hdi d i n g Giam muc Vi|t Nam - Toa Tong Gifim myc Giao phfin Hue, CLB Phaolo Nguyen Vfin Binh: Thdn thi'vd sU nghiep cua Leopold-Michel Cadiere (1869-1955), Nxb, Tri Thflc, Hfi Npi, 2011, tr 146 (42) Xem them Lycee Albert Sarraut 19401941, IDEO, Hanoi, 1941 (43) Lich si mgt theky nghiin ctiu Viin Viin Ddng Bde cd Phdp tgi Viet Nam Nxb Tri thflc, H& Npi, 2014, tr 70 (44) Ching hgn n h u Nguyen Vfin Huydn, sinh nfim 1908 tgi Hfi Ndi mpt gia (finh tri thflc Nfim 1926, ong tfli Phap hpc ve vfin vfi lu^t, Nfim 1934, Nguyin Vfin Huyen trfl thfinh ngfldi Vipt Nam d i u tien bao vp lulin an tien si tai Dgi hpc Sorbonne vfli de tfii Les chants alternes des garcons et des filles en Annam (Hat doi dap nam, nfl nien An Nam) Nfim sau, Nguyen Vfin Huy§n v l Viet Nam vfi giang day tai dcole du proteetorat Nfim 1938, ong lfim viec EFEO (45) Nguyin Vfin Trflcing: TrUdng Viin D6ng Bde cd Phdp - Mot nhip cau van hoa Viet Nam vdi thi gidi, Tgp chi Han Nom, 2000 (46) Lich si mgi theky nghiin cvtu Vien Viin Ddng Bde eo Phdp tai Viet Nam Nxb Tri thflc, Hfi Npi, 2014, tr 70 (47) Truflng luon ludn cd y thflc dd'i mfli v^ thich flng thflflng xuydn vfli nhflng dilu ki?n nghien cflu ve chau A mfi viec nghien cflu nfiy da dflde coi nhfl Ifi mpt dflng gop vfio cong vi^c nghien cflu v l ngufli tren the gifli nfiy EFEO ludn di trflflc sU vSn ddng ciia lich sfl vd sfl tiln trien cua the gifli hien dai mfi ngfiy v i n tiep tuc cd nghiep cua minh nhfl trflflc EFEQ frong lieh siSr h h o a h o c Thifa hudng mdt qui che hfinh chinh da dupc 8v(a dd'i nfim 1988, vai trd cila thfl vi^n cua Trflcing se phai dflpc tfing cflcing de thflc hipn chflc nfing thdng tin tdt hdn vd cho phep ngfldi ta sfl dung dupc d i y dil hdn nhiing n g u i n tfii li^u dfi dfldc tich luy fl day k l ca tfii lieu fl dang nguyen thuy ciing nhu nhflng thU tich cd ho^c khdng mang tinh chat tri tup hay cac npi dung cua cac ban bao cao Nfim 1906 ngfldi ta da de ngh) thfinh l§p mpt trung tam v l tu lipu Paris - nhflng nhfl dng Louis Finot da de cfip vfi dfi giai thich rd cudn ljch siJt dgi cUdng nfim 1920 rkng EFEO cung da big't chuyin tfl cai mfi minh cd thfinh mot trung tfim ve tu lipu Chnstiane Pasquel Rageau, TrUcfng Vien Ddng Bde cd Phdp hay ngdnh Ddng phuang hoc s6i dgng d Phdp, tldd (48) Ching hgn nhU to' chflc efic t r i l n lfim, hdi chp fl Hfi Npi, Paris nhfing thfip nifin d i u thIkyXX (49) V l \f thuyet trung tam-ngogi vi c6 the tham khao them Wallerstein I., The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century New York: Academic Press, 1976; Marshall G.,A Dictionary of Sociology Oxford's Dictionary of Sociology, Second Edition, 1998; Ngd Dflc Thinh: "Ly thuyg't "Trung tam vfi ngogi vi" nghien cflu khdng gian vfin hda", Tgp chi Vdn hod ddn gian, 1-2007 (50) 10 thi'ky bdn lugn vi vdn chUOng (tfl t h i ky X den nfla d i u t h i ky XX), t | p Phan Trpng Thflflng, Nguyin Cijf, Vu Thanh, T r i n Nho Thin sUu t i m , tuyen chpn vfi gifli thipu, Nxb Giao dpc, Hfi Npi, 2007, tr 429 (51) Chiing hgn nhfl Y khoa, Lufit khoa (52) Cd t h i xem them v l khung phan tich ve gi4o dye vfi khoa hpc Vu Cao Dfim: Nghich lich vd lot thodt Bdn vi triet ly phdt trien khoa hoc vd gido dtfc Viit Nam Nxb The gifli, Ha Noi, 2014 (53) Vu Cao Dfim: Nghich lich vd I6i thodt Bdn vi triet ly phdt trien khoa hge vd gido due Viet Nam Nxb The gifli, Hfi Npi, 2014 (54) Td Duy Hdp: Khung mdu hge [Paradigmatology] - Ti ly thuyel den van dung, http7/vanhoanghean.com.vn/goc-nhin-vanhoa3/nh%El%BB%AFng-g%C3%B3cnh%C3%ACn-v%C4%83n-h%C3%B3a/khung-mauhoc-paradigmatology-tu-ly-thuyet-den-van-dung To Duy Hpp: Lyy thuyet vd khung mau ly thuyet Xo hgi hoc diiOng dgi Tgp chi Xd hgi hoc, so 4-2005 (55) Chfing han nhfl Phong trdo Tha mdi ldng mgn 1932-1945, nfl dflpc danh gia thflc si^ la mpt cupc cich mang thi ca; da thi^c hien mdt bflflc tong hdp het sflc quan trpng gifla nhfing thfinh tflu cua thi ca phfldng Tay (chii y l u Ifi thd lang man vfi tfldng trUng Phfip), thi ca phUdng Ddng (chu y l u lfi thd Duflng Trung Quoc) vdi t r u y i n thdng thi ca dan tdc Chinh nhfl bflflc tdng hpp dd mfi thi ca Vipt Nam da tie'n nhanh tren duflng hi^n dgi hfla Cd t h i xem Phan Cti Di tuyen tap, t^p 3, Nxb Giao dye, Hfi Npi, 2006, tr (56) 10 theky bdn lugn vi vdn chUOng (tfl t h i ky X den nila d i u t h i ky XX), t^p 2, Phan Trpng Thflflng, Nguyen Cfi Vu Thanh, T r i n Nho Thin sUu t i m , tuyen chpn va gifli thidu, Nxb Giao dye Hfi Npi, 2007, tr 421 (57) Day cung lfi mot y tflflng nghidn cflu thti vi, cd le nfl c i n dflpc nhin nh^n sudt chieu dfii lich Sli quan h# Phap-Vipt Nam tfl the ky XVI (58) Le Thfinh Khdi: Lich si Viit Nam ti nguon gdc din giia thi'ky XX, Nxb T h i gifli, Hfi Npi, 2014, tr 486, 487, 490, 533 (59) Nhieu ngufli cho Ifi vipc Phap lap cd sfl cdng l^p gifio dye cho nfi gifli lfi cudc cdch mang mdi gido due Ddng DUcfng tgp chi ngfiy 192-1914 nh&n x6t "Hien fl Hfi Ndi Hai Phong vfi Nam Ky dau d i y cung da cd trflflng nfi hpc, cd bfi dam Lfing Sa Ifim ba gifio Nhfing truflng fi'y chfing qua Ifi trflflng Au hpc, dgy cho gai Annam hoc may, ve, theu vfi bidt it nhieu chfi Qudc ngfi ma thoi" [...]... tinh vfli hdn 30.000 sd", trong dd i n pham dinh ky tieng Viet cd 48 ten, dUdc dong thfinh khoang 6.000 tSp" Tran Thi Kilu Nga, Gid tri cUa cdc dn phdm dinh ky thuoc tu lieu EFEO tgi Thii vien Khoa hoc Xd hgi, Thdng tin Khoa hpc Xa hdi, sd' 6-2013 Nhflng a'n p h i m khac Excursions et Reconnaisances, Journal Asiatique., cac tap san tgp chi khoa hpc ndi tieng nhfi't dfldc EFEO lflu trfl CO the ke lfi:... Gaspardonne: Biblographie annamite, BEFEO 1934 (23) T r u i n g hpp nhU Yersin da ddng gdp to ldn cho nen KH&CN Vi?t Nam (24) Lfi mpt hnh mye ngUdi Phap, tfi't nhien L.Cadidre yeu nudc Phap, nhung trpn dfli g^n bd vdi Vi^t Nam, "thfin Vi?t Nam" Dilu nfiy khie'n dng khac hfin vd dang quy neu so vdi nhflng ngUfli Phap "thflc dfin" khac Danh gia mdt eon ngflfli, nhfi't lfi mpt nha khoa hpc e i n efin efl... Huydn, sinh nfim 1908 tgi Hfi Ndi trong mpt gia (finh tri thflc Nfim 1926, ong tfli Phap hpc ve vfin vfi lu^t, Nfim 1934, Nguyin Vfin Huyen trfl thfinh ngfldi Vipt Nam d i u tien bao vp lulin an tien si tai Dgi hpc Sorbonne vfli de tfii Les chants alternes des garcons et des filles en Annam (Hat doi dap nam, nfl thanh nien 6 An Nam) Nfim sau, Nguyen Vfin Huy§n v l Viet Nam vfi giang day tai dcole du proteetorat... nhfl Y khoa, Lufit khoa (52) Cd t h i xem them v l khung phan tich ve gi4o dye vfi khoa hpc trong Vu Cao Dfim: Nghich lich vd lot thodt Bdn vi triet ly phdt trien khoa hoc vd gido dtfc Viit Nam Nxb The gifli, Ha Noi, 2014 (53) Vu Cao Dfim: Nghich lich vd I6i thodt Bdn vi triet ly phdt trien khoa hge vd gido due Viet Nam Nxb The gifli, Hfi Npi, 2014 (54) Td Duy Hdp: Khung mdu hge [Paradigmatology] -... bien van h6a (59) Trong qua trtnh dd'u tranh, bdn canh khai nipm "ddc lap", "ty do" cdn cd duy tan, bie'n phdp, ddi mdi Qud trinh gidnh ddc lap, ty do chflng kid'n sy trudng thdnh, chin mudi v l khoa hpc, v l tU duy ly ludn, cap Khung m i u mdi Su tdn tai ciJa hai Ui3L khung m i u : xu hiH^g chuydn sang khung miu miVi gia vai trfl chii dao nhdt xu the' thdi dai ciia Viet Nam EFEO trong do la mpt hidn... nhieu mdl quan tam hdn chd quan 1^ vl md (53) Trong sud't thdi Phap thudc, nen KH&CN vdn chi dijfng d kieh ban thfl hai cua trid't Iy quan hg gifla KH&CN Nhu da trinh bdy d tren, trong qud trinh du nhdp KH&CN eua ngudi Phdp thdng qua EFEO thyc td' da cd ddi mdi khung miiu trong nhdn thfle vd hdnh ddng thflc tien cua ngUdi Viet Dfldng thdi, xd hdi Vipt Nam bi phan thdnh hai xu hfldng cd ddc trung ddi... Viln Ddng Eac ed Phap (BEFEO) t^ip 21 Hfi Noi, 1922, tr.27l (30) Christiane Pasquel Rageau, TrUcfng Vien Dong Bde co Phdp hay ngdnh Ddng phiCOng hge sdi dgng d Phdp, tldd (31) Trong khoang thfli gian do cac den Po Nagar fl Nha Trang Po Garai fl Phan Rang, ThatLuong fl Vientian (Lao) deu dupc thuc hipn d6ng loat (32) EFEO cdn lflu trfl ra't nhilu cac loai bao, tap chi vfi tap san khoa hpc quoc te, "cd... nhin nh^n trong sudt chieu dfii lich Sli quan h# Phap-Vipt Nam tfl the ky XVI (58) Le Thfinh Khdi: Lich si Viit Nam ti nguon gdc din giia thi'ky XX, Nxb T h i gifli, Hfi Npi, 2014, tr 486, 487, 490, 533 (59) Nhieu ngufli cho Ifi vipc Phap lap cd sfl cdng l^p gifio dye cho nfi gifli lfi cudc cdch mang mdi trong gido due Ddng DUcfng tgp chi ngfiy 192-1914 nh&n x6t "Hien fl Hfi Ndi Hai Phong vfi Nam Ky dau... 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