' T d n g q u a t Moi quan he ciia Champa vdi the gidi ben ngoai tii thoi xa xifa, xem xet tren tai lieu chQ viet cua ban than no, cung da cho thay STi khac nhau giQa cac vung, bdc va n
Trang 1CIIAMPA v d l TIIE GICH BIEX DOIVG v A A ] \ » d CO XlfA
LUONG NINH'
l ' T d n g q u a t
Moi quan he ciia Champa vdi the gidi
ben ngoai tii thoi xa xifa, xem xet tren tai
lieu chQ viet cua ban than no, cung da cho
thay STi khac nhau giQa cac vung, bdc va
nam, giiia cac thcJi, nhiing nhan dinh khac
nhau giiia cac hoc gia, trong do, cuoc thao
ludn soi noi nhat la xoay quanh bia Vo Canh
6 vung nam-Nha Trang Sap xep lai, hieu
diing va ro la mgt mong muon ciia bai nay
Dieu do ciing dat ra nhiing van de can ly
giai, vi nhiJ anh hiicfng cua van hoa An Dp co
nhat thie't phai co va co gi khac nhau giiia
viing nay va viing khac hay khong, tai sao?
Cac bia chU Phan (Sanskrit) phat hien c!
vung Bac mien Trung Viet Nam vao cuo'i
the ky XIX, da diidc cac hoc gia hang dau
ciia Phap doc va nam 1888, da ra mat cong
trinh "ViiOng quoc cd Champa" ciia A
Bergaigne Sau do ft lau, mdi phat hien bia
Vo Canh tai lang V6 Canh, dia diem giiia
rupng, each Thanh pho' Nha Trang 6km ve
phia Nam, Louis Finot nghe dia danh la, da
hoi dan, viet lai cho dung bang tieng Viet
"Vo dau nga, Canh dau nang" roi de'n mot
s6 bia khac nam tren ruong lua va cay co b
Phan Rang Sau do la viec giai ma chii
Cham CO ciia E.Aymonier, de nam 1891 ra
mSt cong trinh "Nghien cHu udn iih&c
Charn\ V6i cac hpc gia, chii Phan da kha
quen nhiing v6i bia Vo Canh, viet chii
Phan I Sanskrit van con la de tai thao luan
cho de'n ngay nay
2 Bia Vo C a n h va v a n k h a c viing
N a m C h a m NhCfng hpc gia chii yeu dau tien gidi thieu, luan ban ve bia Vo Canh:
A Bergaigne J.A 1888, ngiipi dau tien gidi thieu, phien am va dich mot ph^n (nhiing chd doc ro), ngiidi dUdc tran trpng
"nhd" dpc, hdn 20 nam lau va triidc mpi ngUdi: ChQ Vo Canh cd xuat xfl Nam An Dp, tao them phan hieu ve Vudng quo'c Champa:
- Louis Finot-Gidi thieu tiep xua't xQ.mo
ta va dich, BEFEO 1915,
- Majumdar R.C: Champa-History and Culture, Lahore 1927: ban rpng ve Lich sU
va van hda Champa, qua gidi thieu nhieu bia, in ca phan Skr va dich;
Nikalanta Sastri BE 1935: tan ddng Bergaigne: chii Vd Canh cd gd'c la Nam An;
- B.C Sircar 1939: lai ban tiep ve Vo Canh;
- Emile Gaspardone: J.A 1953' lien he qua sach sii chii Han - Sri Mara vdi Si( Man
- Chhabra-Delhi 1965: ban them ve chii
Vo Canh;
- Claude Jacques, BEFEO, 1969: binh luan chii ye'u nhiing chd khiem khuyet ciia
A Bergaigne Theo Bergaigne, chii Vd
Canh gid'ng chii Rudradaman d Girnar va Vasisthiputra d Kanheri, the ky II CN, vay
khong the' mupn hdn the ky III; nhieu ngUdi tan thanh, cung cho la chii Vo Canh gid'ng chii Nam An
Trang 2- Nhung R.CMajumdar vAn giii y kiS'n
rieng, chiing minh rang nd cd net khac hai
van khac noi tren, ma gid'ng chQ Bac An,
chii khdng phai Nam An nhu cd ngUdi
tudng nghi; hdn niia, theo dng, khong chi
chii Vo Canh ma "ngay ca cac dat thuc dan
dau tien d Dong Dudng deu la goc Bac An
Mot vai ngudi hdi: bia cd chac la in situ
hay duoc lam va mang tU ndi khac den?
- Kho bia 16n, nang va vdc dang, kieu
each bia bi vd vat nghieng tren mat rdng,
chu: khac da tinh den ca chd siit vd, n h i l u
chfl phai viia dpc vUa lan sd ngon tay mdi
th^y dUdc, nen chac han la bia dUdc lam cl
chinh ndi thay nd (L.Finot) NhQng ngUdi
k l trgn day la cac hpc gia ngiidi An Dp hay
ca ngoai An Dp, dUa ra y kie'n cua minh va
thao luan xem bia Vd Canh gid'ng ky tii bia
nao ciia An Do da biet tii trUdc, de tii do
dinh nien dai va xuat xii ciia bia Vd Canh
- Dang chii y la bai viet cua Louis
Finot-Giam doc Vien Vien Dong ciia Phap, ngUdi
"quan ly" bia Vd Canh, da mo ta bia, dia
diem phat hien, phien am va dich ra tieng
Phap, dUa theo Gaspardone, da doan rang
vua Sri Mara ndi cl day ciing la Pham Su
Man-vua Phii Nam, nen lang Vd Canh
(Nha Trang) tii dau han la da't Phu Nam
ma Champa da chiem Day la mdt Vudng
trieu Phat giao, diia vao ldi van, cd tii
gatagati, ham y luan hoi Co le do uy tin,
dia vi ciia minh ma da qua niia the ky,
nhiing y kien ciia dng van dUdc nhieu ngUdi
coi trpng Tuy nhien, sii the da khac, khi
xua't hien bai ciia Jean
Filiozat-L'Inscription dite Vo Canh, BEFEO 1969
Bai nghien ciiu cua J^Filiozat, Giao su Cao
hpc Phap coi nhU da co the ket thiic cuoc
thao luan ciic ky uyen bac, keo dai hdn niia
the ky cua gidi hoc gia toan the gidi, da
thiic sU thuyet phuc moi ngUdi 5 sii sau sSc,
gia An D6 va dac biet, chiing minh, bac bd
cac y kie'n ciia Louis Finot Dudi day la torn tat bai viet ciia J.Filiozat:
"Hdn niia, hp phu nhan viSc bat bupc
dung Sanskrit lam ngon ngii chung trong
cac quan he chung giQa cac vung An Dp vdi nudc ngoai O An Dp, vao nhiing the ky dau
Cdng nguyen, Skr bat dau thay the cho Prakrit trong cac van ban chinh thiJc hoac
di kem vdi no hay trgn lan ky tii cua nd vdi Prakrit Cac ban van trS nen lai tao Day Cling la thdi dien r a hien tUdng trong vSn hpc Phat giao ve sau (trii trUdng hdp truyen thd'ng viet hang Pali cua Theravada)
da khien cho tam thdi xua't hien Phan Phat
giao lai tao Edgerton trong nghien ciiu v^
Skr Phat giao da khong ke d§'n van khac
skr lai va ngoai Phat giao, d l xua't gia thi§'t
ve sii Phan hoa tie'n trien cac van ban Phat
giao th^o each dan thUdng An Dp, lai tii coi
la mdt nghien cQu r^t dang tin (1) Gia thiet nay khong that Lam sao mdt bai skr sai ldi lai cd the cd uy tin nao do d que hUdng cua skr ma khap ndi dUdc hoc tap ngQ phap, diidc truyen day va sang lpc bcli dpi ngii cac hoc gia uyen tham? Neu trong thdi gian dien r a chuyen nay,- dng ay mong mud'n tao r a mot ky vong ldn hdn cho cac
ban van P h a t giao, khi dang Phan hoa chung, thi ong da de dang Phan hoa toan
bd That la rat tU nhien nhan tha'y trong mot thdi gian ma Prakrit ngay cang tr6 nen
it kha nang dUdc th^ hien trong mpt ngdn ngQ chung Chi c6 skr la mpt ngdn ngii dep Trudc khi sii dung tieng Ba Tu, roi den tieng Anh, thi Sanskrit tuy khong phai la ngdn ngQ cua tat ca mpi ngudi, nhUng la ngdn ngQ duy nhat d An Dp cua nhQng ngUdi cd hoc va'n va cd ciing mdt hinh thiic gid'ng nhau khdp ndi, dUdc dinh hinh, truyin day theo truyen tho'ng Ngay ca khi mud'n diing kieu dan da, thi cung khong cd Ilia chpn nao khac, mdi khi c^n cd su thong
Trang 3hieu ndi nay vdi ndi khac trgn mien da't
Indo-Aryen NhUng trong sU sCf dung dan
da.nhiing hinh thUc quen thudc cua ldp
thudng dan an cung phai pha trpn vdi
Sanskrit co dien trong ngon ngQ cua nhQng
ngUdi khdng hi tach rdi khdi viec SL( dung
no Trong cac ban van lai tao ma tinh cha't
van chUdng thudng dUdc ghi nhan, ho trinh
bay van chUdng bang chQ lai thdng dung
chii khdng phai thii van chUdng tii tao
thie'u uy tin can c6, khong tUdng xUng vdi
ngon tQ dUdc dung thuc trong cac quan he
chung, cung khdng phai ngdn ngQ co dien
dUdc giang day
(J xQ sd Drauida, ben ngoai truyen tho'ng
van khac Prakrit, bat dau vdi van khac cua
Asoka d Maisur keo dai de'n sU thay the
Prakrit ciia Sanskrit bdi chinh quyen vua
Pallava, cac van khac cd nha't deu dUdc viet
bang chQ TamouL Sanskrit khdng thay xua't
hien, cung khdng c6 ca trong cac ban van
chUdng Ciing cd mpt loai Sanskrit lai
tamoul hay Sanskrit Malayalam, gpi la
Manippiravallam, nhUng day la thQ tieng
Idng ky thuat, chu ye'u cua ngudi Vaisnaua
muon, dUdc cac si nhan nam vQng ca hai
ngon ngQ va ca nhQng ai khong cd kha nSng
so sanh cac chQ lai tao d nhiing the' ky dau
Cong nguyen Ta't ca nhQng dieu nay cd the
giai thich dUdc Neu Sanskrit lai tao la ke't
qua ciia mpt sU bie'n Phan hda ciia Prakrit
thudng diing bdi sU hd trd ciia ciia mot ngdn
ngQ chung toan An Dp, thi trong cac mdi
quan he chung tren toan viing lanh thd, han
la Sanskrit khong the xua't hien d viing
Dravida, ndi khdng cd Prakrit thdng thudng,
hdn nQa cung cdn d ca nudc ngoai, ndi khdng
he c6 mpt ngdn ngQ An Dp nao 6 Dong
Dudng va Indonesia, ndi ma anh hudng An
Dp dUdc du nhap bdi nhQng ngUdi An thupc
cac viing miln khac nhau, ndi cac ngdn ngQ
Drauidian cung nhU Indo-Aryen Ngon ngQ
duy nha't chung cho cac ngUdi An h i n la
Sanskrit Hg da sii dung rpng rai Sanskrit
chQ khdng dung mdt thQ tieng nao khac NhQng vung An hda cung khdng, ma da viet tieng An trUdc khi du nhap mupn viec
sii dung Pali ChQ Vo Canh cho chiing ta mgt vi du ve ve sii trinh bay chi bdng Sanskrit vdi sii chi dinh co nguon gdc tamoul
Ve ban chat cua nd, nghien ciiu van khac nay cdn cho thay nd khdng mang tinh cha't Phat giao ma L Finot da xac dinh, ma
nhieu ngUdi da nhan Chung tdi dUa ra h
day ban dgc lai ma phai vQa dgc vQa lan dd
sd net khac tren mat da xii xi;
B a n p h i e n a m ddng 1-5, 6-15;
Bdn dich:
Ddng 6: long tQ bi vdi cac sinh linh
Ddng 7: dUdc dUng lap vi thang lai ddu tien (a)
Ddng 8: ngay Tuan sang Trang trdn lenh thie't trieu ciia vi vua Uu tii nha't
Ddng 9: ciing vdi cac giao si, han the, mgi ngudi da ha'p thu mudn ldi vang nggc
ciia DQc vua Gia dinh vd dong vua Sri Mara (b)
10
bdi sU td diem bdi chdng trai la
n i l m vui ciia gia dinh ngUdi con gdi cua chdu ngi DUc vua Sri Mara dUpc lenh tao nen than tgc (c)
11 d giQa chi du dem lai dieu thidn cho sinh linh, bdi dilu td't nh^t giQa hai Karin (2) sU phu du cua thg' gian nay 12 nhQng ngudi ngii tren ngdi bau bdi Udc nguyen san se ciia cai cho con, cho anh em, cho ddi sau
13 mpi thQ cd la bac, ca vang, thQ cd la vat sdng cung vdi thQ cd la vat cha't trong kho
14 mgi thU dd do tram ban cho, vui long va hQu ich, cai do la do ta lam Ca do
Trang 415 chQng thiic va ciing bdi can than
cua ta, virasya
(Tie'p): khdng the dpc rd va chac chd giQa
dong 14 va 15 va quang sau
L.Finot tin rang bia nay chQa diing cam
hUng ve Phat giao d chQ gatagati (di va trd
lai the gian) ham y ludn hoi, prajanam
karuna (diic tii bi vdi sinh linh), ban ciia cai
cho ke khac la pham hanh dac hiet-tii bi
- Khai niem ludn hdi khdng phai ciia
rieng Phat giao ma da cd tii thdi Veda la
khai niem can ban Samsara cua Vedic
Dharma
- Cam thu Phat giao ma vua dUdc dat
ten la Sri Mara la dieu ai cung biet la
khdng the dUdc Thanh ngQ lokasya
gatagatim vd'n xua't hien va thudc ve
Ramayana
Nhu the, khdng cd luan diem nao ciia
L.Finot de'n nay cdn cd the dQng dupc
- Ngoai ra, ngon ngQ Tamoul cho phep
hieu ten ciia vua la Srimara TQ
Mara-(nghia la cdi chet) xua't hien trong nhieu
ten vua bang Sanskrit, nhUng khong dUng
rieng ma ket hdp vdi para trong paramara,
tUdng dUdng parantaka - "ngudi dem lai cdi
chet cho quan thii
Hdn nQa, Maran trong Tamoul lai la
vUdng hieu cua cac vua Pandya xQ
Maturai, dUdc chuyen am Phan thanh
Srimara ChQ Phan khdng the phan biet
hai chQ r ciia Tamoul, khdng the phien
MaRan the nao khac la mara Tudc hieu do
cua cae vua Pandya da dUdc dung trong
van chUdng Tamoul (xem PuRanaRu
55.6,21;57,3) vao dau CN, dUdng thdi ciia
Vd Canh, trong Vudng trieu lich sii ciia
Pandya ve sau, the ky VI-X cd tdi bd'n
MaRavarman va mdt Srimara SriVallabha
theo ten Sanskrit
Bia Vd Canh cho chiing ta tha'y truyen
Nam An Do du nhap vao bd bien phia Ddng cua Ddng Duong vao nhQng the ky dau Cdng nguyen ma van bia gdi lai trong mpt vUdng qud'c cua Ddng Dudng, ky niem ve
truyen thong Pandya (d)
Chu thicJi cila tdc gid 1-F.Edgerton, Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit,
ToungPaoLXm, p.l47
2-Thiet trieu ngay 15 Am lich khong c6 nghia la ngay ll Phat giao;
Xem Kalyan Kumar Sarkar-Mahayana Buddhism in Funan (Smo-Indian Studies, V,
1955)
3-Ban tay, cai voi voi (kara) va thue (kara) la
bang nhau doi v6i nha vua, Bergaigne giai thich nha vua manh hdn, cao ca hdn con voi; thUc ra khong han the Day la mpt kieu chdi chQ: voi va
nha vua gidng nhau khong phai chi la Karin ma
cdn la nhQng bac bo' thi hao phong, cung cap rong Voi cho nu6c quy tren thai dUdng (thS hien
sQc manh), goi la mada, cung goi la dana, con nha vua thi ban thudng rpng (dana) O day, gia
tri ciia vat ciing dang chQng td nha vua la Uu tii
hdn giQa hai Karin
Chu tiiich ciia ngiidi dich
a- Bia dUng lap d den thd xay gach gan lang
Vo Canh, ngoai 6 Thanh pho' Nha Trang, each 6km ve phia Nam (nay chi con d&'u vet phe tich, cdn bia da dUdc chuyen ve Bao tang L Finot, nay la Bao tang Lich sQ Quo'c gia Ha Noi b- Bia Vo Canh da cho thS'y nggn nguon ciia ddng vua phUdng Nam, xuS't phat tii mien Nam
An Dp, m ngUdi Tamoul xii Pandya vUdt bien
khdi, tiing gdn vdi bien khdi, di den Vd Canh, den Nam Cham, chinh la dong vua huyen tich
dau t\en-Visitra sagara-Bien khc/i-huyen dieu cua Nam Cham, la ddng doi vua Sri Mara xii
Pandya, toe ndi ngon ngQ Tamoul An, la chau noi ciia ddng vua, la thdng ldi
c- Nhung ngUdi thira ke miu hg ciia ddng
vua khong phai ong chau ndi nay ma la con gdi
Trang 5chang trai, \h do co ta da tim kiem dUdc chdng,
chang dUdc "nhan lam than tdc", md ddu dong
doi mdu he mdi {Matrilingesvari Kautharesvan)
the hien bdng Bhagavati Kautharesuari-viXa la
nfl thdn Bien, viia la vd Siva, thdn Toi cao, gdn
vdi truyen thd'ng bien khdi Chang trai nay cd
the la ngUdi Nam A ban dia hay ciing c6 the la
ngUdi Nam Ddo Malayo Raglaic da gap nhau tQ
ngoai bien Dieu quan trong la ho gdn bo vdi
nhau viia tiep ddng vua Nam An tQ bien khdi,
viia md dau toe mdi tren viing Nam Cham ciia
toe Cau (Pinang vayun IKramukavamsa), la
niem vui
d- Con chau dong vua Sri Mara xii Pandya
c6 the da e3p ben Vo Canh khoang the ky II, hda
nhap vdi dan ban dia, truyen ba ton giao Hindu,
chQ Phan, phat tri^n kinh te xa h6i, trdng lua
vk trdng trdu, cau d^ ddn th^ ky III, lap bia Vo
Canh Ti&'p sau do, ho phat trien rong ve phia
nam, da't Phan Rang, Phan Thiet ngay nay, I&p
nhflng bia khac, goi ten bang nhflng dia danh
dan da ngay nay: nSm 721, goi la chU Yang
Tikuh (nghia chuot thieng), cung goi la Dd
trdng, ke vi^c vua dUng lai ngoi den bi chay,
nam 723 viet bia "Ddm co trdu (Giai Lamau) ke
chuyen dUng lai ngoi ddn tren nen nha cii cdn co
bia Dd chi (Batau Tablah), nhflng d thdi gian
muon hdn, cac sU kien muon hdn Nhflng bia
nay dfldc tim tha'y giiia ruong lua, dam cd dai,
ve sau dUdc chinh Iy viet lai, Sanskrit va Cham
CO, he thd'ng hoa cac sfl kien, khde ehinh thQc
tren tru cQa den Po Nagar, mot sd cdn dfldc
trinh bay chinh thiic niia tren mpt so' bia My
Sdn (xem Phu luc van h\a-Vii0ng quoc Champa,
2005)
Mgt phan cua nhiing sii kien d6 dUdc ghi
lai tren tru c i a den Po Nagar cho bilt
ddng vua cua dan vung nam xua't phat tQ
bien ca, nen tdn sQng, coi vua dau tien-thuy
td cua minh la Biin cd (Sagara) dieu ky
(Visitra) mk hien than la vua Satyauarman
vua nhan hda nhUng la huyen tich, cdn
Satyauarman Den day, ngUdi ta cung tha'y
can the hien ban sac ciia minh hang viec xay ndi thd ciing cho tUdng xQng, nhUng phai gan vdi bien, nam ngay tren bd bien la
niii Po Nagar
Viec phat hien bia Vd Canh va mdt so' bia sdm d vung nam, da khien E.Aymonier nham, khi xep thQ tii cac vua Champa, da xep sdm nha't, 1-la Sri Mara rdi mdi de'n
2-Bhadravarman d Chd Dinh (khoang the ky
IV) Bat dau xay den tren Po Nagar, cd le khoang the ky VIH, chic chan da cd sU tiep xuc, thao luan giQa ba viing bac, giQa va nam, con co sQc ep cua nhu cau mud'n la'y lai viing da't ciia nudc Lam Ap xUa bi nha Tuy chiem va phdng thii chong hai tac Java
va luc tac Chenla, liic nay da hinh thanh qud'c gia, cd ten ggi chinh thUc
Champapura-Paramesvara (bia My ScJn
3-C,79, nam 657 CE
Vung nam phuc tung, cdng nhan qud'c
gia Nagara Campa (xem bia Po Nagar 1), tiep nhan thd than toi cao duy nhdt Id Siva,
nhung lai thd hidn dudi hinh thQc
Bhagavati, Id NU thdn Bien, cung la vd cua Siva, dUng dau ddng mau he (Bhagavati Matrilingesvari), md mdu he dong Siva linga (Bhagavati-Lingesvari), an ngii tai Kauthara (Bhagavati Kautharesvari)-Ludi hdi, cung la ten rieng ggi niii Po Nagar-Nha Trang, trong danh vi Qi/o'e uuang (Po Nagar), cung la Quo'c mdu (Po Ina Nagar) the hien "bdn sdc Bien" (xem bia Po Nagar
5), sU cd' y thd hien tdng hdp, hda nhap that
Iy thii, ra't thong tue, ma co the, ngUdi ta chua tQng gap mgt trUdng hdp nao tUdng tii the' nay TQ day, md dau mgt ldp cU dan
mdi, mpt ddng tpc mdi, tii ggi la dong toe Cau /Pinang vayun (Phan: Kramukavamsa), md dau va phat trien
khong ngOng d viing Nam va ciing la tgc gdc cua ca Champa Thdi hien dai da tQng
Trang 63 Cu! d a n b a n d i a v e n b i e n Viet
N a m
Qua su kien bia Vo Canh va cac van
khac viing Nam da cho th^y ngiidi Bien
(Orang laut) til ngoai bidn vao da't lien
khdng phai di vao chd khong ngUdi, hoang
vu, ma da co dan ban dia, cd khi cdn dUdc
dan dudng bdi Ngiidi tren Riing (Raglai) vk
Ngiibi miin Nui (MnongIBnam)
Tii khi cac hpc gia Phap phat hien Vdn
hoa Sa Huynh (1935) va tQ dd de'n nay, da
CO tdi ca chuc bai md vd, phat Id d§ dd'n gan
nghin vd md, vdi loai gom Iam vo kha dac
trung, d l nhan biet, dUdng nhu gdn vdi tuc
hda tang ngUdi chet, vdi ra't nhieu vat chdn
theo, it nhieu cd bieu hien la do diing va dd
trang sQc ciia nhQng dan di bien, dan ngoai
bidn vao NgUdi ta nghi den mdt each tU
nhien va cd 1^ la chu nhan cua Van hda Sa
Hu^nh la ngUdi Cham, ndi ngdn ngU
Malayo-Polynesia, cung vdi dan Malayo
sdng tren vung q u i n dao ngoai Bien Ddng,
tham chi xa hdn nQa, tren Thai Binh
Dudng Hg da den bd Bidn Ddng, mien
Trung Viet Nam ngay nay, sinh cd lap
nghiep rdi lap nen nUdc Champa tao nen
dan Champa, van hoa Champa, tieng
Chamic Mdt thdi gian dai, mdi quan tam
va thich thii chii yd'u la tim kiem di chi Van
hda Sa Huynh
c a c nha khao co hgc khi khai quat cac di
chi md vd, thudng chu y tim va tin rang
phai tha'y da'u tich van hda Champa lien
ngay ldp tren cua Van hda Sa Huynh Kdt
qua cho de'n nay cung khdng thiic dUdc nhU
y mong muon, vi sU xao trdn da't di chi
Nam 1928, nha khao cd hgc ngUdi Phap
J.Y.Clayes khai quat trong long thanh Tra
KiSu va dinh ninh day chinh la di chi cd,
chiia dung di tich Champa Ket qua nay
de'n nay viin cdn gay n h i l u dieu ban cai (1)
Ndu nghi rang cac bai mg vo chi gan vdi
dan di bien, ngiicfi bien (Orang laut), la dan
khdi diiu ciia lich sii vung ven bien thi hda
ra ngudi Malayo de'n bd Bien Ddng tii khoang ntia dau thien ky I TCN la di den chd hoang vu, khong ngudi? Mdt thdi gian dai, dieu nay da bi coi nhe, nhieu ngUdi khdng de y de'n sU pha trdn van hda cua dSn ban dia vdn da dat trinh dp phat tridn kha vdi dan bien nhap cu Nhilu ngUdi da chi tha'y da'u tich Van hda Sa Huynh, ma khdng thd tim thay van hda Champa tren mat ldp Van hda Sa Huynh, cd thd suy diin
ra dieu nay dilu khac, nhUng khdng that chac la van hda Champa
ThUc la rat khdng day dii neu bd qua hay coi nhe thUc te d viing bdc mien Trung, tii Quang Binh den Hai Van, ndi
ngUdi Ka Tu sinh sd'ng tQ lau b§n canh ngUdi Pa Co, Vdn Kieu Td Oi, Pa Di tap
trung tren da't huyen A Ludi, Hue; vung
giiia, tii Quang Nam, Quang Ngai ngay nay
la ngUdi Ha Re da sinh sdng tQ thdi do da Ngiidi K'Tu dung nhd gual bang gd, kha
hoanh trang va dep, cd nghe san ban, tim vang Tren dinh Trudng Sdn, da'u a'n cU dan
cd ban dia da cd tii 18.000 nam, rdi ngUdi
Banahr, Sedang cho den ngay nay, noi liln vung nam la dia ban ciia ngUdi Mnong, Ma Ngudi K'Hor cdn ggi la ngUdi Cho Sre (ngudi lam rugng) NgUdi H'Re cdn gpi la Chom iie-ngUdi sdng Re, danh ca, trdng liia
ven song Re huyen Ba Td-Quang Ngai, cd
bd trd'ng va bg cdng chiSng, cd n g h i d§t, Iam gdm, diing nha san, tuc lam nha md va
lam l l Sapu • (ll ddm trau), cdn r a dao Istp
nghiep (Cii Iao Re), di bien, danh ca Ndi each khac, ngUdi Ma Dao vac la cdng
cU vdi nhflng dan ban dia d6, tUdng tac van hda vdi hg, lam thanh dan ban dia mdi d ven bien mien Trung ViSt Nam
Trang 7Trong mgt so' bai viet gan day, chiing tdi
cd y nhan manh da'u a'n van hda ban dia
Nam A hay Proto Mdn cd trUdc; cac nha
nhan chung hpc Phap goi la ngUdi Nguyen
Bong Duang {Proto Indochinois) d ldp dudi
Idp mp vd, Van hda Sa Huynh hoac dan xen
cung thdi gian cpng cU, the hien trong cac
di chi khao co hpc ven bien, tQ Lang Vac
(Nghe An), Cdn Rang (Hue), Gd Que
(Quang Ngai), Xdm 6 c (Ly Sdn, Quang
Ngai), ca Yaly (Kontum) cho den Hda Diem
(Khanh Hda), Can Gid (huyen ven bien
Thanh phd' Hd Chi Minh) 6 Long
Thanh-mot di chi Van hda Tien Sa Huynh khoang
the ky VIII-VII TCN, da tim tha'y mgt bd
linga-yoni rat gid'ng thUc, bang da't nung,
chac cua dan Nam A ban dia trdng lua
nudc, la mieng da't md cho ngUdi Nam Dao
keo vao ddng, iam thanh Vdn hoa Sa
Huynh (Quang Ngai) tQ the ky V TCN
Mdt qud'c gia Champa mdi xua't hien
tren cO sd da'u tranh chd'ng ngoai xam dd
hp, cdn phai dua tren cd sd phat trien kinh
te-xa hdi tren nen ndng nghiep trdng lua
nUdc, lam thii cdng-nghe det, lam gdm, ciia
ca dan ban dia va dan nhap cU, nghe due
ddng cua dan Nam A va ren sat ciia ca dan
ban dia hay nhap cU, vdi tinh than nang
dpng, muon lien ket rgng ven bie'n, ciia song
di phat trien kinh te va cd sQc manh hdp
quan Mgt dja diem kha ro, kha ly thii la
Hoa Diim (Khanh Hda) Ndi day da cd 4
cudc dao khao cd, khoang nam 2000), da
phat lg mgt dia diem cU trii, cd dd'ng rac
bep vd dc bien rpng tdi ma'y chuc m^,
day/cao hdn Im, cd 5 dpi xe sdi bang xUdng
sd'ng ca bi§n, 6 xuyen-vdng tay bang vo dc
bien cd 2 mp chdn nguyen theo tu the nam
ngay n g i n va hai mg cai tang, xep gpn
trong ndi va d ldp tren cdn phat hien
khoang 20 md v6-chum hda tang Ve tang
" Qc va tap quan sinh hoat cd thd thay ro
Dao tfl bien vao, hda trdn, canh nhau ma'y
vd ndi eai tang eho tha'y kidu dang loai gd'm cQng min mdu hdng va hoa van la, chUa tQng gap trong cac di chi Van hda Sa Huynh Cd le, ldn dau tien, ed the tha'y day,
gd'm mdi xua't hien la gom Champa sdm 0 Hoa Diem, ndi go'm dung cai tang cd hoa
van bang trdn khac vach va ndi gd'm cd van, hinh ddi vu phai chang chinh la gd'm Champa sdm? (2)
VUdng qud'c Champa hinh thanh va phat trien vdi sQ du nhap bd Bien Ddng Viet Nam ngay nay cua nhflng nhdm ngudi ndi ngdn
ngQ Malayo-Polynesia tQ bien vao cU tru
Neu khdng cd sU cdng cU hda thuan,
tiiOng tdc vdn hoa Nam A vd Nam Ddo thi cung khdng the tao nen cgng ddng ddn cii
on dinh viing chdc tren bd Bien Ddng ngay
nay, cd the tiep nhan van hda mdi, de vUdn len trinh do xa hdi cao hdn
Vung bac-nUdc Lam Ap cu-da tQng bi chinh quyen Han cai tri, song ngudi Nam A-Proto Mdn (K'Tu, H'Re, ) va ca Nam Dao cgng cU dang sd'ng theo cac bg lac trdng lua, danh ca, khdng tiep nhan van hda Han vdi che dp quan lai chuyen quyen va tdn giao nha't than, da ndi len chd'ng lai, gianh quyen tU chu
Trong budc dudng dau tien di ien d mien Trung va ca miln Nam Viet Nam,
ngiidi An Do da cd tdc dung thuc ddy mdt each hoa binh, tii nguyen vd manh me Neu
thieu sii thuc day va dan dudng nay, trong budc di dau tien, cd le dan cu v l n cdn sd'ng lang le, le te nhU nhQng ngUdi nong dan, Iam rupng, danh ca, iam n g h i thii cdng tram lang, rieng re Tiep xuc vdi mdt n i n van hda eao hdn, mgt to chQc cao hdn la nhu cau bQc thiet, khdng the thieu ciia cQ dan ban dia, tren budc dudng pha'n da'u xay diing mgt xa hdi thd'ng nha't rdng hdn va to
Trang 84 Stf t i e p xiic vM ngufc^i An Do va
v a n h o a An Do
An Dp tQ xa xQa la mgt tap hdp qud'c gia
- dan tdc, vdn cd mpt nen van hda lau ddi,
phat trien cao, mdt n i n van minh cd xUa,
dge dao NgUdi An Do cung cd mot n i n kinh
te tien t6-thUdng mai va nghe di bien tQ ra't
xa xUa
Dan hai bd Tdy vd Dong Ghates, mdi ben
bd dai hdn nghin km, sdm gidi n g h i di bien,
da VUdt An Do DUdng budn ban vdi chau
Phi va the gidi Dia Trung Hai, vdi ngUdi
Arap va nha't la sdm vUdt vinh Bengal giao
tidp, budn ban vdi vung quan dao Ddng
Nam A d Bien Ddng (3)
Mien Bdc An Dp sdm hinh thanh "uitng
liiu vUc Ganga", vdi nhQng trung tam kinh
tl-van hda, nhflng qud'c gia cd kha phat
trien, nhU Kosala, Magadha, Anga vdi
nhieu thanh thi co, phdn thinh tQ dau Cdng
nguyen, da dUdc cac ban van cd nhU Purana,
ke ca eac thu tich Phat giao ndi den, nhU
Rajagriha, Kausambi, Savathi, Baranasi,
Ayodhya, Mathura, Taxila, Pataliputra kinh
do cua Magadha, Campa-kinh dd cua Angas,
d ha lUu Ganga, chi each ciia bien 30km (R
Tripathi, 1982) (4), va Sharma (5)
Mien Nam An Dd cung hinh thanh
nhflng hai cang, thUdng mai dUdng bien tfl
dau Cdng nguyen, tac pham Bia Ly cua
Ptolemei (nam 81 Cn) da ke nUdc Chola d
Nam An, cd thanh thi trong da't liln va hai
cang Tac pham Astadhyayi ciia Panini va
Ramayana ciia Valmiki deu ke v l su giau
cd ciia kinh dd nUdc Pandya - Katyana (the
ky IV TCN da dUdc coi la phdn thinh)
Phat trien sdm nhu the, nhUng vi sao
den dau Cdng Nguyen mdi tha'y ro da'u a'n
sU cd mat cua ngUdi An Dp d vung Bien
Ddng? Phai chang khdng de gi ngUdi tQ
phUdng xa la cQ tQ nhien md mam vao da't
lien ma ggi la lap da't thiic dan (colony)
Ddng Nam A?
Ngudi Malayo-Polynesia di ddn bd bien Dong Nam A d at khoang gifla thien ky I TCN va da dan dan dn dinh trong vdng niia sau thien ky I TCN
Den cudi thien ky I TCN, chae r i n g
ngudi Md Ddo (Malayo-Polynesia) hay Nam Ddo (Austronesian) da nhap cU, dung hdp van hda vdi ngUdi Nam A ban dia, dn dinh
ddi sd'ng va edn dinh ca bai chdn ngudi chet trong vd md den nay, tao thanh cdng ddng ndi ngdn ngfl Chamic, gan 100.000 ngUdi va nhdm noi ngdn ngfl Malayo-Polynesia, cdng khoang hdn 800.000 ngUdi, rdi hg tiep tuc
di bien, danh ca, giao tiep vdi ngUdi Nam Dao d eac dao ngoai Bien Ddng, trao ddi san vat, dd dung va dd trang sflc ngpc vdi dan
cd dao Dai Loan (Austronesian Formosan, khoang 20.000 ngUdi) (6) Ngudi Malayo-Chamic cd the da trao ddi nghe lam gdm vdi dan Kalanay-Lapita h Ddng Philippines
(7) Mpt bo phan ngUdi Chamic chuyen den
sdng d ddo Hdi Nam, bie'n dao nay thanh
"da't thiic dan" ciia ngudi Cham (8) Tai lieu chinh quyin hidn nay tuy cho biet rat it vd dan cQ Hai Nam, cung tha'y dUdc cac dan tdc it ngUdi d day cd tpc Li, Midu, ChUdng, chiem 20%, edn 80% la Han trong tdng sd hdn 7 trieu dan C6 hai lang d ngoai 6 Thanh pho' Sanya, phia nam Dao, la lang Dudng Lan va Hdi Tan, vdi sd' dan khoang 10.000 ngudi, it hdn con so' ciia Benedict,
gpi la ngUdi Utsuls tai Heu ciia chinh quyin dia phUdng cung gpi la ngudi Cham
gpi ten la "Hdi", ndi vdi nhau ngon ngfl
Tsat, titc Chamic Tuy nhien, hg cung da
lap dUde phd xa ddng due, md nhQng hang quan, hieu an, cd ban mdn phd, treo bien la
Viet-sup, hang nam v l Phan Rang dU II
Kate, nen cac hang Hang Khdng thudng
quang cao dudng bay quoc te Hdi Khau-Thdp Cham Vdi cac boat ddng nhu the
Trang 9ngudi Cham-Chamic thuc sU lam chu Bien
Ddng cho den dao Mindoro, phia tay
Philippines Tai Heu Trung Qud'c gpi la dao
Ddn Do Ld mk thdi trUdc, cac vua chiia
Trung Hoa eoi la phu thudc Champa, nen
khi vao trieu kien dupc coi la thudc phai bd
Champa, ma khong ddng y cho Ddn Do Lo
vao rieng
Ngudi Malayo-Chamic da de'n bd bien tQ
trUdc Cdng nguyen, cdn cd the, ngudi
Malayo-Raglai de'n tfl dau Cdng nguyen
NgUdi Chamic da dat cd sd tQ sdm, cung da
cd diing bia tQ sdm, tfl the ky III NgUdi
Raglai sau mpt chut, nen phuc tung, theo:
"Bay gid dan xQ Panduranga tdn ngai
(Harivarman) len tri vi npi nay vi ldi ich va
hanh van ciia Nagara Campa, nhu tQ thdi
xa xUa ngai tri vi nudc nay (bia Po Nagar
1)" Ngay nay, d Ninh Thuan, ngay l l Kate,
ngUdi Cham chua'n bi ndi dung, dpi ddn
nhan le phuc do ngUdi Raglai mang den thi
bat dau lam le Tap tuc tQ bao gid, cQ the
ma iam, nhung da cho thay md'i quan he
than tdc cua hai nhdm cu dan ndi tieng
Malayo nay (VTV 2, ngdy 19-2-2011)
Hien khdng cd tai lieu nao cho biet ve
sU di cU cua ngUdi Cham de'n dao Hai Nam,
nhflng chac la cd, tQ khi da hinh thanh
vung quan cU Phan Rang, ndi da ed bia
Giai Lamau, Giai Klong Anoek nien dai the
ky VII-VIII, ea Vd Canh, bia khdi dau, the
ky III, da hinh t h a n h trung tam tin ngUdng
le nghi-iang Chakling, ndi hanh I§ Kate tfl
sdm, la din rdi thap Po Rome, de da ra di
mpt bg phan, tim them ndi cU tru d dao Hai
Nam, cd the vao the ky XI-XII, thdi da xay
ra xung dot Panduranga-Vijaya-Cambdt,
bao lau rdi van nhd ve que cu, hang nam
ru nhau ve iam I§ d Thap Cham
On dinh rdi, mud'n thdng nha't dan cU,
lap nUdc, can phai cd van hda, cd to chQc
Di thuyen dong duoi tren Bien Ddng, hp
quen biet nhieu ngudi, nhilu nhdm ngUdi
An Do, cd cac thUdng lai, thd thu cdng, cac giao si Ba La Mdn, nhflng ngfldi ed van hda, biet td chfle, ai thuan thi mdi den giup Su phat trien tie'p tuc ciia dan ven bd Bien Ddng bat ddu cd sQ cdng tac, phd'i hpp cua ngUdi An Dd, ciia van hda An Dp
5 Tii niidc Phu N a m
Da'u an van hda nUdc ngoai xua't hien d
Ddng Nam A sdm nhat la d cdng thi Oc Eo thugc nitdc Phii Nam, nhung chUa phai d
van bia, ma d hien vat, nhQng con dau,
nhan bac khac chU Brahmi, Pallavah (gdc Parthia), xem ra sQ md dau khdng phai
xua't phat tfl chinh An Dp Cac hpc gia An
Dp, hau nhu tat ca, khi ke cac da't thUc dan eiia An Dp ban dau, khang dinh cd Champa, Cambd't, nhUng khdng nhac tdi Phu Nam, Cd le the? NgUdi nudc ngoai dau tien cd anh hudng den Phu Nam ed the la
ngiidi Scythes, cung ggi la Indo-Scythians goc Trung Ddng, nd'i tieng tai nang, xong
xao, tao bao Mpt sd' dd trang sflc nhu nhan, mat giay chuyen bang bac, vat gd'm cd hinh ngUdi dpi mu chdp kieu ngUdi Scythes, vai ngUdi cd mui cao kieu ngUdi Au, mgt den ddng Ba Tfl, 2 huy chUdng vang the ky II ciia La Ma, cd le do chinh ngfldi Scythes mang de'n, vai chuc ddng tien bac cd khac hinh vua chiia mae ao dai, ddi mu cao, ten cac dng vua bang chQ Hi Lap, gpi la tiln
Indo-Greck
Ke v l viec lap qude, sach cd Trung Hoa,
tQ Tdn thii den Luang thii, diu ke lai sU tich "Vua nUdc dd (Phfl Nam) vd'n la ngudi con gai ten la Lieu Diep ma mgt ngfldi nudc ngoai ten la Hon Hgi hay Hdn Dien (dpc
lan), dUdc than bao mdng, di den chmh phuc, cudi nang lam vd, cung cai tri nUdc con chau truyen cho nhau" Khdng cd da'u vet An Do Dilu nay tudng la huyen tich,
ke truyen ly ky, nhung lai dUdc xac nhan
Trang 10bdi mdt ta'm bia khac la cua Champa, nien
diem 657 CN-bia My Sdn (C.79) cua vua
Prakasadharma Bia (cau XV-XVII) ke cha
cua dng la Jagadharma phai di den
Bhavapura" (Thuy Chan Lap) d dd,
'Kaundinya, bd mdng cua nhung ngudi Ba
La Mdn da cudi con gdi cua vua cdc Naga
de hoan tat l i nghi, ten la Sarvani sinh ra
tfl ddng gid'ng Soma, rdi cd con, chinh la
Prakasadharma, se ve lam vua Champa
Nghe qua hdi rac rd'i bdi gap ma'y cai ten la,
nhung sU that cflng ddn gian, khdng de'n
ndi khd hieu
Tren luu vUc sdng Ganga Bac An Dp vd'n
cd mdt bd lac sinh sd'ng,lam nghd chan nudi
gia siic, dUdc coi la thien chien-ham chien,
tu ggi tdn la tdc Rdn (Naga), nay cd khi cdn
gpi la Quy bd Mang Xd (Cobra Women)
theo nghia tdn trpng; xUa da tflng dUdc ndi
tdi, cd vai trd tfl trong Mahabharata, tQ
TCN Khoang dau CN, mdt tdc du muc,
sd'ng tfl chau Au de'n Trung Ddng, dUdc gpi
ten la ngUdi Scythes, md mot nhanh tU coi
la ddng doi Mat Trdng, cdn xdng xao, tao
bao khong kem gi Naga, den sd'ng d vung
nam Himalaya tiep thu, hda trgn van hda
An Dp, tu ggi theo tieng Phan la Chandra
nghia la Trdng, vd Soma-nii gidi Trdng
ngudi Han ggi Id Nguyet thi Xii
Ran-Nagaland hinh thdnh tii ddu CN vdi sii
tham gia eua ngudi Scythes An hda, ddng
Trdng-Soma, vUdn len dfldi ddi vua
Nagabhata I, U
Kaundinya chac la ngudi Scythes An hoa
lai cd vd la Soma-con gai cua vua Naga Dd
la ngi dung ciia ta'm bia ndi tren Dudi thdi
vua Huviska da cd mdt sd' van khac de lai, d
Mathura, Sanchi, vao cac nam 24, 28, 41,
60, da cd due t i l n hac, ddng, diic chan dung
vua Huviska, nfl thdn Nanaya, dfldc khen
la ra't dep Tfl dd, hp xdng xao ra bien, tham
gia phat trien van hda, nghe thu cdng,
Nagaland v l n phat trien den nay thanh
mpt bang hign dai cua An Do; Thdng ddc do Tdng thdng chi dinh, thdi han 5 nam, vSn cdn hinh Ran trong trang tri, nghe thuat, cdn de lai da'u a'n ve sau
Rdn Naga de lai da'u a'n kha dam trong tap tuc, truyen dan gian, nghe thuat, van hda Khdme Cung vdi cac hinh rdn trang tri thanh eau, mai nha, huyen tich lap nUdc, bao gid cung cd truydn thii linh Prah Thong la'y vd rdn va ngay nay, dam eUdi, cd dau mac ao gi, cung phai cd vat sau dai, gia dudi rdn ma chQ re nang vat di theo Tuy nhien, truydn rdn lai kha md nhat trong mpi Imh vUc van hda, ddi sd'ng ciia vUdng
qud'c Phu Nam va ngUdi Bnam Nam A ban
dia la cu dan chinh eiia Phfl Nam Huyin tich Phu Nam cd lidn quan gi vdi Champa va bia My Sdn? Cd Me de ong vua thfl 10, vua xua't sac ciia vfldng trilu thQ
nha't Gangaraja eiia Champa la Sarvani
"tuyet vdi sinh ra tfl ddng gid'ng Soma"
Nhfl the, dng vua thfl ba cua nUdc
Bhavapura/Chenla la Isanavarman, la'y vd ddng Soma-Kaundinya-tgc Naga, la con re ddng Soma-Naga cua Phu Nam ma viec
truyen ngdi phai theo m&u hS, ddng me, tao nen md'i quan he 3 chieu phflc tap
Kaundinya-Soma da md dudng di ra
bien, v l phUdng Ddng, dSn theo cac thUdng lai, thd t h u cong ca ngfldi Scythes, Naga va
An Do, nhQng giao si truyen ba dao Phat va dao Hindu ma chinh hp dang theo, dinh cU tren ben dfldi thuyen d Oc Eo, nhQng nghe
si tac tugng Ph^t va than Hindu de thd, thu hut san vat Bidn Ddng de ban, la'y t i l n bac Indo-Greck, ca ma'y chu khach thudng ban gUdng ddng thdi Han
Khdng dflng lai d Thaton (Myanmar) hay U Thong (ciia sdng Chao Praya-Thai Lan), ma dudng nhU nhflng ngudi Scythes