TRANH CHẤP NHẬT MỸ VỀ VẤN ĐỀ ĐƯỜNG SẮT Ở MẪN CHÂU

TRANH CHAP MHAT MY VE VAN DE »irCH\G S A T d MM CHAU (1905-1910) HOANG THI HAI YEN" D e thUc hien tham vong banh trudng vung Vien Ddng, pha vd chinh sach "ddng ciia" Man Chau cua Nga, tao cd hpi Xiim nhap sau vao Ddng Blc Trung Qud'c, My da tich cue giup dd Nhat Ban cupc chien tranh vdi Nga (1904-1905) The nhUng, tfl cude hda dam Portsmouth chua ke't thuc My da ndng long can thiep vao ldi ich ciia Nhat Ban d Man Chau, trUdc he't la tranh gianh cac tuye'n dudng sit Vi vay, cude canh tranh quyet liet da didn gifla mdt ben la tham vpng thd'ng tn the' gidi ciia My va ben la muu ddc chie'm Man Chau ciia Nhat Ban I Su hinh thdnh mdu thuan NhdtMy tai Mdn Chdu Nam thang sau Chie'n tranh NgaNhat biing no, Ngoai trfldng Nhat Ban Komura Jutaro da viet ban ghi nhd giii Thii titdng Katsura Taro: "TrUdc chien tranh no ra, chiing ta se thflc hien dUa Trieu Tien vao pham vi the luc ciia chung ta va gin gifl nhflng Ipi ich da cd tai Man Chau Hien nay, chie'n tranh khdng may da xay Man Chau phai trd pham vi the Iflc ciia chiing ta, quyen ldi va ldi ich ciia chung ta dd can phai duoc gin gifl va md rong hon nfla" (1) Suy nghi ciia ' ThS Khoa Lich sii - Dai bpc Vinh Komura Jutaro da neu bat dupe y nghia cupc Chie'n tranh Nga-Nhat dd'i vdi viec md rdng the lUc ciia Nhat Ban tai luc dia chau A, trudc he't la Man Chau Cdn vdi My, Man Chau la dia ban boat dpng ciia nhieu thfldng gia, dac biet la thi trUdng xua't khau quan trpng san pha'm det bdng (90% san phlm det bdng tfl My chuyen tdi Trung Quo'c de'u dupc tieu thu tai day) (2) The nhUng, tai noi day My da va'p phai sU ngang trd ciia de' qud'c Nga Mau thuan vl quyen ldi d Man Chau da dan den hanh ddng ciia My ung bd Nhat Ban cdng khai hoac len lut chie'n tranh Nga-Nhat Tuy nhien, mong mud'n sau xa etia Roosevelt la ngudi Nga va ngUdi Nhat de'u phai bi suy yeu, tiep tuc mat dd'i mat de kiem che' lan nhau, dam bao khdng tao md'i hiem hpa da vang hay hiem boa Slave Khi Nhat Ban chie'm Lfl Thuan vao thang nam 1905, hinh mot Idi the' tren bp thi Tong thd'ng My Roosevelt da nhac kheo "Nhat Ban cd quyen chie'm dung ciia Lfl Thuan va cd quyen thiet lap Trieu Tien vao pham vi quyen luc cua Nhat Ban Ve van de Man Chau thi nen quy nd trd ve Trung Qud'c, nhung lam cho nd phai dudi sU bao hd ciia cdc eUdng qud'c va trd lanh tho trung lap" (3) Y dd ciia My Id lam cho Man Chau dUdc dat dudi sU kiem soat chung cua cac cUdng qud'c, nhfl the' My cang cd nhieu cO hdi xam nhap vao day Sau mdt nam chinh chie'n, du Nhat Ban gianh dUdc nhieu thang ldi quan sU nhUng ca Nhat va Nga deu da kidt sflc, khd cd the tie'p tuc keo dai cupc chie'n Vdi vai trd la trung gian hda giai gifla Nhat va Nga, Tong thd'ng My Roosevelt da cd gang tao the can bang d Man Chau, md rdng cd hpi cho My xam nhap nhieu hdn vao ndi day The nhung, nhflng tflu ciia sfl nghiep canh tan da't nUdc va thing ldi cua Nhat trudc de' qud'c Nga da tao sU thay doi Idn tam li ngUdi Nhat, khie'n cho "sfl menh chdu A" chinh sach dai luc cua Nhat Ban manh me hdn luc nao hg't Khdng cdn cam tha'y tfl ti trudc ngudi da trang, ngUdc lai ngudi Nhat tin tudng hp dang trd qud'c gia kieu mSu cho phuong Ddng "Nhat Ban hoan toan cd tu each tranh cha'p thudc dia cung eac cUdng qud'c phuong Tay" (4) trudc bet phai la ngudi chi huy ddi vdi Trung Qud'c va cac qud'c gia cdn Iai cua chau A Nhat cho rang: Trieu Tien, Man Chau va Trung Qud'c can phai hdp lai va dfla vao he thdng kinh te eiia Nhat; phai quyet tam xay dflng mpt de qud'c kinh te d Ddng A (5) Ngoai giao ciia Nhat Ban tfl chd dUa vao Anh, My de chd'ng Nga chuyen sang gat bd the lue Anh, My nham dpc chie'm Man Chau Nhu vay, vao dau thd' ki XX, Man Chau la dia ban tranh cha'p, gianh giat kich liet cua cac cUdng qud'c, dd Nga va Nhat la hai nhan vat chii chdt Chien tranh NgaNhat da tam thdi giai quyd't dudc mau thuan ciia hai nfldc The luc cua Nga co cum ve" Bac Man Chau, quyen lUc ciia Nhat Ban dUdc md rdng Sau chie'n tranh ke't thuc, Nhat Ban da di ngupc lai cam ke't "md ciia Man Chau", td rd y ddc quyen hda nhflng vung da't da chie'm Am mUu md rdng ldi ich cdng-thudng nghiep tai Man Chau ciia My da gap phai sU can trd cua Nhat "Khi "sfl menh" gid'ng ciia hai chii the khac nhau-da cung bUdc nhflng bfldc vflng chac vao san kha'u chinh tri qud'c te'-cung hudng ve mpt hudng thi nhflng xung dot ldi ich ta't phai xay ra" (6) Quan he qud'c te d Man Chau liic dd xoay xung quanh true mau thuSn My-Nhat, Su trien khai cdc bien phdp tranh gianh dUdng sdt tqi Man Chdu cua Nhdt-My (1905-1910) •• - Tranh chdp dubng sdt Mdn Chdu Mdt nhflng dUdng cd hieu qua nha't viec banh trUdng ben ngoai cua cac nu6c thUc dan la hudng de'n dau tu xay dflng dudng sat tai cdc nUdc thudc dia va nfla thudc dia Sau dung dudng sat lam phuong tien phuc vu viec cUdp bdc cac nguon tai nguyen va dan dan ap dat the'luc ciia minh d dd My y thflc ra't rd dieu nen sau chfnh sdch banh trudng Viin Ddng tha't bai My da lien ke't vdi Chinh phu Trung Qud'c n h i m d^u tfl, kien thiet dudng sat va tig'p tuc md rdng banh trudng cua minh d vung Vidn Ddng Trong dd, cac tuye'n dudng sit Man Chau, ngoai trfl dudng Kinh Phung, cdn lai dd'u Nhat Ban va Nga kiem soat Do vay, tranh cha'p dudng sat Man Chau trd va'n de noi com, gay gat quan he Nhat-My Chid'n tranh Nhat - Nga vfla mdi ket thiic, nhan luc thd' luc ciia de qud'c Nga suy ye'u, Nhat cdn chua dflng vflng d Nam Man, My da md rdng the lUc d Man Chau Chii tich Cdng ty dudng sat Thai Binh Dudng' My E.H Harriman la nhan vat tich cUc nha't am mUu tien tdi manh da't vang Trong la thu giii cdng sfl My ddng tai Nhat Ban nam 1905, Lloyd C.Griscom da viet; "Bao ve ldi ich thudng mai cua My, tranh dUdc viec hi Thdi Binh DUdng gat bd hoan toan, day la dieu cflc ky quan trpng, phUdng an td'i Uu chinh la bat tay vao lam viec" (7) Dieu ma dng mud'n 'Tiat tay vao" la ke't nd'i Thai Binh Dudng, N h i t Ban, Ddng Bac Trung Qud'c, Siberia, chau Au va Dai Tay Dfldng mdt mach giao thdng, hinh he thd'ng van tai toan c^u My kiem soat, nham giup My cd dUdc vi the ehi phd'i d phUdng Ddng, va dap flng dUdc nhu cau hoat dpng thUdng nghidp khu vUc phat trien cua ca ehau Au va chau A Day se la he tho'ng giao thong uu viet nha't tren the gidi Budc d^u tien ciia ke hoach chinh la phai gianh dfldc quyen dieu khien ddi vdi dudng sat Nam Man tii tay ciia Nhat Ban Do viec kinh doanh ciia Nga khdng td't, them vao la sfl tan pha ciia chie'n tranh nen cha't lUdng dfldng sat Man Chau xudng ca'p tram trpng Ra khdi chie'n tranh vdi nhieu td'n tha't ve kinh td', lai khdng the nhan dfldc boi thudng tfl Nga, nen Nhat Ban khdng dii kha nang de tu, eai tao dudng sat My hid'u rd tinh trang khd khan ve tai chinh ciia Nhat nen da tim each de mua dudng sat Nam Man Chau Harriman tich cue trao ddi vdi Nhat Ban va cac chinh tri gia khac ve ke hoach cua minh, de xua't bien phap cai thien dudng sSt Nam Man Chau de dUa vao he thd'ng giao thdng cd tinh qud'c te' Vao thdi diem dd, Nhat Ban kha Io lang ve" ganh nang trach nhiem cua minh viec phat trien Man Chau Viee danh bai nudc Nga cd the khien qud'c gia tra thu, mdt chie'n tranh d luc dia nfla se la ba't ldi cho sU md rdng the lUc ciia Nhdt Ban d Man Chau Ho hy vpng vao sU giup dd cua My de hoa hoan xung dot Nga - Nhat d Man Chau, va "each td't hdn he't la de cho nUdc thfl ba vao Man Chau, nham lam giam bdt xung dot gifla hai nUdc" (8) Vdi sU tich cue boat dpng cua Harriman va Gregorian Scot, ke' hoach mua dUdng sat Nam Man Chau cua My ve cd ban da dUdc phan Idn cac quan chflc chinh phu Nhat Ban cdng nhan bang mot ban ghi nhd The nhung, 16-10-1905, sau ke't thiic Hpi nghi Portsmouth trd ve, Ngoai trUdng Komura Jutaro lien tuc thuyet phuc cac quan chflc quan trong chinh phii tfl bd ban ghi nhd Ong cho rang, lam nhu vay la ban eho ngUdi My hdn niia qua ciia Nhat Ban gianh dUdc cupc chien vdi Nga "PhUdng an ciia Harriman lam nhu vay la bdp nghet tinh than chu yeu cua Hidp Udc Portsmouth; la coi thUdng tinh than hoa giai eua dieu kien liic dd" (9) Ngay 22-12-1905, tai Bdc Kinh, Komura Jutaro ky vdi dai dien Chinh phii Trung Qud'c mot dieu Udc, theo dd Nhat Ban da gianh dUdc quyd'n ehuyen nhUdng dUdng sat Nam Man Chau Nhat Ban tuyen bd'nd Iflc tuan thu hiep dinh ban dau gifla Trung Qud'c va Nga ve viee xay dflng dUdng sat phia Ddng Trung Qud'c Theo Dieu hidp dinh dd thi cac cd' dong cua cdng ty chi gidi han nhflng ngUdi Trung Qud'c va ngUdi Nga Cdn theo Dieu Udc Nhat - Trung (22-12-1905) quy dinh thi eo ddng ciia cdng ty xay dUng dUdng sat Nam Man Chau chi gidi ban ngudi Trung Qud'c va Nhat Ban Muc dich tuyen bo cua Nhat nham khang dinh viec My nhay vao can thiep kinh doanh dfldng sat Nam Man Chau la khong phu hdp vdi quy dinh Hiep udc Portsmouth Tong thd'ng My Roosevelt vd cung tha't vpng trUdc sU kien nay, dng cho rang "Tdi da ludn benh vfle Nhat Ban, nhUng sau hoa giai thi Nhat Ban hoan toan thay dd'i" (10) Ngay 15-1-1906, Nhat Ban dien bao cho Harriman, khang dinh Ban ghi nhd trudc day hoan toan vd hidu Mua Xuan nam 1907, dai dien tap doan tai chinh khong Id Rghien eiJru Lieh si^ so 11.2014 cua My lai den Nhat Ban, mdt lan nfla de nghi mua dudng sat Nam Man Chau nhUng da gap phai sU tfl chdi kheo leo ciia Nhat Ban De'n day, ke' hoach mua dudng sat Nam Man Chau ciia My coi nhU tha't bai Su eanh tranh gifla My va Nhat d Man Chau bat dau dien thuc sU quye't liet Muc dieh eua My chfnh sach banh trudng Vien Ddng la chie'm la'y thi trUdng Trung Qud'c Vi vay, ho ludn tim each de xam nhap vao Man Chau va xac lap Uu the' ve" thUdng mai d day Nhat Ban da nhan tha'y dieu dd, nen de ngan chan My xam nhap vao Man Chau, Chinh phu Nhat Ban khan trUdng tang cfldng luc lUdng quan sU kiem soat Man Chau, bang mpi each lam eho Man Chau vinh vidn trd khu vUc dpc chiem ciia Nhat Ban, bien chinh sach "md cfla" ciia My trd nen vd hieu Nhfl vay, sau Chien tranh Nga-Nhat, Nhat thay the' vi tri eua Nga d Man Chau ddng nghia vdi viec Nhat Ban da trd chudng ngai vat Idn nha't cua My tai ndi My cho rang: "Nhat Ban dudi ngudi Nga ngoai Man Chau ma gianh ddc quyen d roi lap tflc thay the, tham chi edn thflc hanh chii nghia de qud'c Nga d day, thflc la dieu dang tiec" (11) Ke tfl dd, cupc xung dot Nhat - My ve ldi fch d Man Chau bat dau tram trpng hdn Sau that bai viec mua dudng sat Nam Man Chau, My da die"u ehinh chinh sach ddi vdi Viin Ddng, ddng thdi nhan tha'y rd viec dUa vao Nhat Ban de thflc Men muc dich xam nhap vao Man Chau la vd vpng Vi vay, nha't dinh "phai sfl dung anh hudng cang tang eua My de tim kiem sU ddc lap cho Trung Qud'c, lam cho Ddng Bac Trung Qud'c khdng hi mdt qud'c gia dpc chiem, tao cho My cd hoi de khai thac nguon vd'n dau tu Idn vao khu vUc Ddng Bac Trung Qud'c ; cho Trung Qud'c vay tien de xay dung cac tuyen dudng sflt va khai thac cac ngudn tai nguyen thien nhien Chi cd nhu vay mdi co the dat dUde ldi ich thUc te' ve thUdng mai d Trung Qud'c" (12) Cudi nam 1905, Tudng Trinh Dflc ToanTu lenh vflng Hac Long Giang nhan thay cac cfldng qud'c dang thdng qua vd'n de dudng sat de tie'n hanh xam lUdc va cudp doat nghiem trpng viing Man Chau Ong da de nghi chinh phii bat tay vao xay dung cac tuyen dudng sat mdi d Ddng Bac de chdng lai sU kiem soat cua dudng sat Nam Man Chau Nhat Ban quan li, ngan chan sU banh trfldng the luc ciia Nhat Ban, Nga Man Chau va thuc day sU phat trie'n kinh te ndi day Tong lanh sU My d Phung Thien la Willard Straight nhan thay day la cd hdi thuan ldi xam nhap vao Man Chau, nen da de" xua't vdi chinh quyen dia phfldng ve dfl dinh xay dflng mot eon dudng d Kmh Phung, tfl ddn Tan Dan den Phap Kho Mon, tiep de'n Te Te Cap Nhi sang Siberia De ngan chan viec md rdng cac hoat dpng ciia My d Man Chau Nhat Ban da tie'n hanh Hen ke't vdi Nga, bat tay vdi cfldng qud'c chdu Au cd cung muc dich che ngu My ve van de" Man Chau Sau thUdng ludng xong, Nhat Ban va Nga da ky "Hiep udc Nga-Nhat" va "Hiep udc bi mat Nga-Nhat" vao 30-7-1907, tie'p tuc thuc hien chinh sach ddng ciia Man Chau, tfl chdi Iflc lUdng thfl ba xam nhap vao day Ngay 25-8, Noi cac Nhat Ban thdng qua nghi quyet ve "phUdng cham, chinh sach dd'i ngoai", nha'n manh "md'i quan he ra't mat thie't giiia Nhat Ban va Trung Quoc vl kinh te, chinh tri Cho nen dudi ba't Icy tinh hinh nao, deu phai gifl dia vi Uu the ciia minh d Trung Qude", phai dung td't thay cac thii doan "de thflc day the lUc ciia Nhat d Trung Qud'c", "tflng budc lam cho cac ben phai thfla nhan dia vi dac biet ciia Nhat Ban d Man Chau (13) Vao cudi thang 10 nam 1908, Nhat va My trao doi cdng ham ve va'n de Thai Binh Dudng Chinh phu My nhan tha'y viec chUa dat dUdc ldi ich ci Man Chau da lam cho Nhat ndi gian, va phUdng an lien minh vdi Trung Qud'e ve quan sU va kinh te cung ra't mong manh Do vay, each td't nha't la thoa hiep vdi Nhat Ban Tiep do, 30-11-1908, My - Nhat da ky "Hiep dinh Root-Takashira" Ndi dung ciia hiep dinh khdng ngoai viec tri sU doe lap va toan ven lanh tho cua Trung Qud'c, binh dang ve cd hdi cdng thUdng nghiep d day, bao ve ldi ich chung ciia hai nUdc Gidi sii hpc (dac biet la sii gia My) da cd nhflng tranh eai xung quan viec giai thich va danh gia Hiep dinh Tuy nhien, dieu de nhan tha'y la nhflng gi giai nghia cho ehinh saeh "md eiia" ban hidp dinh la bude thut Ifli so vdi cdng ham "md ciia" lan thfl nam 1900 ciia John Milton Hay Trong cdng ham nay, John Milton Hay da de" cap de'n "nguyen tac bao ve lanh thd Trung Qud'c va hoan chinh hanh chinh" Lan nay, gap phai sU phan dd'i cua Nhat Ban, My khdng dam tie'p tuc kien tri vdi nguyen tdc nfla Ngay 24-12-1908, My de" xuat vdi Nhat Ban de My dai dien Tap doan tai ehinh qud'c te mua lai dfldng sat Man Chau The' nhung, 28-1-1909, Nhat Ban da kien quye't tra ldi: "Chinh sach ciia Chinh phii Nhat Ban ve dudng sat Man Chau da dUdc thiet lap, khdng cd sfl thay ddi nao khac, mpi y khac deu trd nen vd hieu Vi vay td't nhat la My khdng can thiep viec nay" (14) De'n day, ke hoaeh mua dUdng sat Man Chau ciia My da tha't bai trUdc dUdc cdng bd - Nhdt Bdn ddnh bai ke hoach "trung lap hoa " dudng sdt Nam Mdn Chdu cua My De tri ldi ich ciia minh d Thdi Binh DUdng, My da ehii ddng cai thien quan he vdi Nhat Ban, tam thdi tfl bd ki hoach ddu tu d Man Chau The' nhung sU xung dot Nhat - My da khdng lang xud'ng ma ngUpc Iai edn tang them Nhat Ban cang tang cudng dia vi dac biet cua minh d Man Chau, coi thudng chii quyen eua Trung Qud'c va ngan can sU can thiep cua cac CUdng qud'c vao day Lien tuc that bai cac ke' hoach tranh gianh dudng sdt Dong Bdc Trung Qud'c, nen sau len nham chflc Tdng thd'ng My, William Taft nhan tha'y viee My phai nhUdng bp, cam chiu dia vi thfl ye'u eua My ldi ich d Trung Qud'c de dd'i lay thien chi cua Nhat Ban la mot hudng di sai lam Do vay, dng da cd sfl dieu chinh chinh sach dd'i ngoai cua dat nUdc Tfl day My khdng ngflng dung mpi thii doan de tang cfldng banh trUdng Vien Ddng, tranh gianh Idi ich d Trung Quo'c Trudc tidn Qud'e vu khanh My - Knox kie'n nghi vdi cac nUde nen qud'c te' hda cac tuyen dudng sat d Man Chau de cflng kinh doanh, dieu ed nghia la trung lap hoa tuyen dfldng sat "Ke hoach Knox" vdi y dd hdp tae qud'e te va'n de Man Chau dUdc coi la mot nd lUc nfla ciia Chinh phii My nham hfldng den muc dich banh trUdng Viin Ddng Vao mua Thu nam 1909, My lan Ifldt thdng bao cho nUde: Nhat, Anh, Phap, Dflc va Nga ve" chii trUdng "Trung lap hda" Diem quan trpng ban de xuat la: Trung Qud'c mua lai ta't ca cac dudng sat Man Chau, vi the hp ra't can cd ngudn vd'n tfl My va cdc qud'c gia khde Nhflng qud'c gia nao cung ca^p vd'n vay thi thdi gian eho vay se dUdc kinh doanh dudng sat Man Chau, ddng thdi dUdc hUdng quye"n Uu tien cung flng vat lieu Ke hoach nhdm bien Nhat Ban tfl the dpc chie'm quo'c gia eung hudng ldi ngang bang vdi My, va la cd sd de My dan dan the chdn vao vi tri cua Nhat Ban Ke hoaeh ddi quyen mua va sau la "trung lap hoa" eac tuyd'n dfldng sat thuoc sd hflu eua Nga va Nhat Ban d Man Chau eho cac nha bang My va chau Au cua Ngoai trudng Philander Knox, thuc cha't la nhdm xam nhap sau hdn vao Man Chau va thach thflc quyen ldi kinh te cua Nhat Ban va Nga The nhflng ke hoach da khdng cd ke't qua nhu mong mud'n, ngUdc lai nd lam cho md'i quan he vd'n td't dep gifla My va Nhat Ban hi ran nflt Budc tie'n vl thUdng nghiep ciia Nhat Ban khien ngUdi My bdt dau Io sd khd cd thd gifl vflng dUdc quyin ldi cua minh qua trinh canh tranh vdi Nhat Ve phia Nhat Ban, khdng khd de cam nhan ro rang rdng, My dang cd' gang gianh giat nhflng quyIn ldi ma Nhat da dat dfldc tai Man Chau sau Chie'n tranh Nga-Nhat Hoan canh budc Nhat phai ap dung chinh sach can bdng Iflc lUdng de dd'i phd vdi md'i de doa tit My, hay ndi each khac, chinh My da ddy Nhat Ban va Nga xich Iai gan Nga va Nhat da ki "Hiep Udc bi mat Nga-Nhat" Idn thfl (4-10-1910) va lan thfl (8-7-1912), tai khdng dinh khu vflc anh hudng ciia Nga d Bdc Man Chau va Ngoai Mdng Cd, cua Nhat d Nam Man Chau va Ndi Mdng Co theo ndi dung ciia Hiep dinh 30-7-1907 Hanh dpng cua Nhat va Nga cung chd'ng lai chinh sach banh trUdng ciia My d Man Chau nhdm lam cho nUdc My vmh viin ndm "ngoai ciia" Man Chau Nhat Ban va Nga edn ep Chinh phii Trung Qud'c khdng dUdc ddng y vdi ke hoach "Trung lap hda", du Trung Qud'c da ddng y vdi ke' hoach Dudi sU hdp tac ciia Nga va Nhat Ban, ke hoaeh dau tu va xay dUng dudng sdt mdi va chie'n lUdc trung lap hoa dudng sdt Man Chau ciia My khdng tranh khdi sU pha san, va dd ke hoach banh trudng Viin Ddng cua My da tha't bai Ngay 30-12, Bd trUdng Bd Ngoai giao Nhat Ban khdng dinh: Nhat Ban va Nga chia se Idi ich d Man Chau, hai nUdc dt phai la'y ldi ich chung de lam cd sd Tie'p do, 21-1-1910, Chinh phii Nga chinh thflc len tie'ng phan dd'i ke hoach 'Trung lap hoa" dudng sdt Man Chau cua My Do cung chung quyIn ldi da khien Nhat Ban va Nga tid'p tuc dua vao de loai bd sU cd mat ciia My d Man Chau Nam 1910, My loi keo cac nudc Anh, Dflc, Phap lap "Nhdm ngan hang bdn cfldng qud'c" vdi muc dich cho Trung Qud'c vay tien va hi vpng qua dd se day lui Nhat Ban va Nga khdi Man Chau The nhung, suy tinh da bj dap tdt Nga va Nhat gay ap lUc de cd mat td chflc Nguyen nhdn thdt bqi ciia My cuoc tranh chdp dudng sdt vdi Nhdt Bdn Man Chau Tfl sau Chie'n tranh Nga-Nhat (19041905) de'n trudc Dai chie'n Thd gidi thfl Nha't, My da tha't bai cupc giao da'u vdi Nhat ve va'n de dudng sdt Man Chau Nguyen nhan eiia tinh trang la: ThU nhdt, md'i quan he qud'c te vilng Viin Ddng nhflng nam dkn the' ki XX cd ldi cho Nhat Ban Trong Ilnh vfle dd'i ngoai, dieu cd't yeu v i n la sflc vUdn len de xay dung thflc lUc Tuy nhien, nd'u nhu cd dUdc chinh sach dd'i ngoai khdn kheo, sU van dung mem deo, va kha nang dU doan tinh hinh, tfl dd tap hdp lUc lUdng phu hdp thi van nang cao dUdc vi tri va anh hudng qud'c te, cho du thflc luc ehfla manh Mudi may nam dau the ky XX la khoang thdi gian cac cUdng qude tien hanh tai thiet trudc Dai chid'n The' gidi Idn thfl Nha't Nhat Ban vdi nghe thuat ngoai giao kheo leo da nhanh nhay nam bat tinh hinh, lien ke't luc Ifldng va kie'n tao dfldc mdi trudng cd loi cho minh Thang 1-1902 va thang 8-1905, Nhat ki vdi Anh Hiep udc ddng minh Nhat - Anh Ian thfl nha't va thfl hai Vdi Hidp udc nay, Nhat Ban dUdng nhien dUdc cac cUdng qud'c phUdng Tay thiia nhan ngang hang vdi hp; ddng thdi Nhat da cd mdt cho dua, mpt ddng minh manh bdi canh dang mau thudn gay gat vdi Nga ve quyen ldi d ViSn Ddng Hai dieu Udc cflng chinh la sU chuan bi ve ngoai giao dd Nhat thdn tinh Trilu Tidn Sau chinh sach banh trudng Vien Ddng (thdng qua Nhat Ban) tha't bai My da lien kd't vdi chinh phu nha Thanh ddu tU kien thie't dudng sdt va tie'p tuc md rdng banh trfldng ciia minh d viing Vien Ddng Nhdm ngan chan vide My md rdng cac hoat ddng d Man Chau va bao ve quyIn ldi ciia minh, Nhat da lidn ke't vdi Nga, bat tay vdi cae cudng qud'c chau Au cd cung muc dich chd' ngfl My ve va'n de" Man Chdu Do vay, Nhat Ban va Nga da ba lan ky vdi Hiep Udc Nga-Nhat va Hiep fldc bi mat Nga-Nhat Cd thd ndi, Hiep dinh la budc di ddu tien de Nhat di vao he thd'ng "kie'n lap song trung" - lidn ke't dong minh vdi Anh d tren bien, lien ket ddng minh vdi Nga d da't hen Thang 8-1907, Anh va Nga da ky ket hiep dinh (vl va'n de Ba Tu, Afganistan va Tay Tang) Cac hiep Udc tren cung vdi cac Hiep dinh Anh-Phap (thang nam 1904 thda thuan ve cac va'n de thudc dia d chau Phi), Hiep dinh Nhat va Phap (thang nam 1907, thiia nhan quyen ldi ciia d mdt sd' vung d chau A) thi md'i quan he tay ba Anh-Nga-Phap d chau Au da dfldc hinh Cdn S chau A, viec Nhat thdn tinh Trieu Tien da dUdc cac cfldng qud'c Idn cong nhan, quyen ba chii cua Nhat d Nam Man Chau cung dfldc bao dam Trong bd'i canh qud'c te nay, My lam vao the khd trUdc vdi nhflng thach thflc gianh quyen ba chii ciia Nhat d Man Chau ThU hai, My budc phai nhUdng bd Nhat Ban b Man Chau tap trung vao sU bao dam an toan cho Phihppines vao nfla cudi the' ky XX, ben eanh muc tieu banh trudng vao dai luc ehau A, nhieu chinh khach Nhat Ban edn cd xuy eho vide md rdng the'luc phfa Ddng va phia Nam Thai Binh Dudng Trong chien tranh My • Tay Ban Nha, xu hudng hd hao md rpng sang Philippines tai Nhat cang dang cao Hp cho rdng, Philippines la ma'u chd't de Nhat md rpng xud'ng phia Nam The nhUng ke't qua ciia Chie'n tranh My - Tay Ban Nha la My da gianh dfldc Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Ddng Samoa va Philippines, dilu khie'n cho muc tieu md rdng cua Nhat Ban sang phia Ddng va xud'ng phfa Nam gap trd ngai Do vay, Nhat Ban cang them quyet tam md rdng sang dai luc chau A Mpt thflc td la sau My chiem dUdc Philippines thi thudc dia trd mat xich ye'u nha't toan bd day xich phdng vd ciia My Gifla My va Phihppines ngan each bdi dai dUOng rdng Idn, ne'u Nhat that sfl mud'n ta'n cdng Philippines thi viec My cd gifl ndi khdng thflc sU la mpt va'n de De bao dam an toan eho Philippines, thang 71905, William Howard Taft va Thu tudng Nhat Katsura Taro da dat dfldc thda thuan cung chia se giao thUdng vdi Philippinesva Trieu Tien "Hiep dinh RootTakahira" (1908) la cupc giao thfldng lan tiep theo gifla My va Nhat ThU ba, My lui budc tai Man Chau la budc di can thiet de dieu chinh toan bd md'i quan he My - Nhat vao dau the ki XX, quan he Nhat-My khdng chi xa'u di tac ddng cua va'n dl Man Chau, ma cdn bdi va'n dl ngfldi Nhat nhap cfl vao My Thai dp khinh miet ciia ngUdi My dd'i vdi ngUdi nhap cfl Nhat Ban va viec My ap dung rieng mot tieu chuan dao dflc dd'i vdi ngUdi lao ddng Nhat Ban da khien quan he Nhat-My vd eiing cang thdng Tham chi, bao gidi Nhat Ban da cd xiiy cho cupc chie'n tranh vdi My Trong bd'i canh dd, Chinh phii My khdng mud'n de vd'n de Man Chau tiep tuc anh hUdng tdi quan hd hai nudc Hdn nfla, nhU nhflng gi ma William Howard Taft bao cao vdi Tdng thd'ng Rootsevelt 18-10 thi: "Su chu y ciia bpn ho (ngUdi Nhat) tap trung vao Trung Qude, bpn ho tang them Iflc Ifldng quan dpi nhflng khdng phai la danh chung ta ma la vi Trung Qud'c, ho quye't tam bao dam dUdc vi tri chi phd'i sU vu Trung Qud'c va gianh dUdc bat ky sU nhfldng bp nao cd the ve" thUdng nghiep" (15) Do vay, My danh phai tam thdi nhUdng bd Nhat tai Man Chau bd'i canh chUa thuan Ipi cho My hanh ddng Nhu vay, vdi vi trf chie'n lUdc va ngudn tai nguyen phong phu, Man Chau da trd mue tieu t r a n h chap eua cac cudng qud'e De md rpng sang vflng Vien Ddng, My tfch cUc ho trd Nhat tien hanh chie'n tranh vdi Nga de pha vd chinh sach ddng ciia Man Chau, tao cd hpi xam nhap vao thi trUdng Sau chie'n tranh My dflng moi thii doan de chiem la'y ldi ich d Man Chau, trudc he't la tranh gianh cac tuyen dudng sdt, nhung da gap su phan dd'i quye't liet va dd'i sach khdn ngoan ciia Nhat Ban, khien cho tham vpng cua My lien tuc tha't bai Nhflng xung dot ve quyen Idi trd ngudn gd'c cho cupc da'u t r a n h gianh quyen ba chu b Man Chau d nhflng nam tidp theo CHU THICH (1) Japanese Akira Iriye and American Pacific Estrangement: Expansion, 1897-1911, Harvard University Press, 1972, p 98 (2) Cohen Warren, America's Response Ta China: An Interpretive History Of Sino- American Relations, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980, p 60 .1979 p.27 1979 i l 6*1ff?fS [Mj :lt m : A K S5 t±, 1984 p 255 (11) r.?i tf; >|,sdd, p 59, (4), (5) Akira Iriye sdd, p.l05 97-98 (12) S (6), Tr£n Thien Thanh, Chinh sach dd'i ngoai XX, Luan an Tien si Lich sii, Khoa Lich sii, Dai hoc KHXH&NV Ha Npi, 2008 tr 53 .2 ^'^ flft [M] it^.:^^^-\im (10) [B| # ± m B :$; ^ H i (3) n ^ ^ ^ ; u S ; ^ n S S : K.a Bm,'l^#^ [M] a ^K^.B :^ a h' liX- •& yi ^ , p,209 ciia My dot vdi Nhdt Bdn niia ddu theki m 'f' -'rS ,/h- -It iJili k -f-ffi(fi -f- fi ^ f-l te ) 2004 ^r H^" m , p, 57 (9) m u '-^ tt ^ f4 ^ m, *3;.i ?m fA s ^ *4 # ^ ?± ^ %1 14; 1>^m [M] p,l9 ^4 ^ 1^ , U •iilij U SE i t U : ^ if- -15 m 1979, (13) [H]*/!- )> Ti ,m H 4- ^1- '^ T- -il & I -il= X H • i", [Ml /K ;;c ; /Jil t) ^ , 1969, p„ (7) w A '[li : (((1 X- 306 ^ (1905-1910))), a t w iij ii aw %)) ift (14) i'f 4^: i^i ff: :^ f1 •? ]!- % ;,1^ t l 'ii ,i; 2006 '! 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