VÀI NÉT VỀ LÀNG VĂN VÀ LÀNG HỘ CỦA XÃ HOẰNG LỘC THỜI TRUNG ĐẠI

VAI NET VE "LANG VAN" VA "LANG HO" CUA XA HOANG LOG ( H O A N G HOA, THANH HOA) THOI TRUNG DAI MAI PHUONG NGOC D fldi thdi trung dai, d mdt so Ifing xfi, thdng thfldng lfi nhflng vflng qud cd truyin thing hpc hfinh, thudng ddi efie Hdi tu vfin, ndi tfip hpp cua nhflng Nho sinh, ke SI Ifing, trd thfinh thfinh vidn ciia Hdi tu vfin lfi vinh dfl ldn mfit ciia ca Ifing, ca xa Do vfiy, cfic cdng tiinh nghien cflu ve Ifing xa diu danh mpt dung Iflpng dang ke tim hilu v l hoat ddng eiia Hpi tu vfin Ddi vdi trfldng hpp xa Hoang Ldc, cd mdt dilm dang chii y lfi, bdn canh Hdi tfl vfin dupc gpi vdi cfii tdn dfic trflng hdn: "Lfing vfin", thi edn mdt to chfle xa hdi khfic, dd lfi 'Tjfing hp", ndi t^p hpp cua nhflng trai dinh tfl 18 tuoi khdng dflpc hpc hfinh, ed nghia vu phu phen tap dich Nghia lfi, eiing m$t cdng ding cfl dfin thd'ng nhfi't lai dupc phfin chia thfinh hai t^p hpp dfin vdi nhflng dfic trung rieng vl nghia vu, quyin ban Dfiy lfi dilm doe dfio so vdi tfi't ca efie Ifing xa khfic, lfi dilu chiing tdi muon tim hieu ki hdn bfii vilt nfiy Doi n e t ve viing dfitt Hoang Loe thdi t r u n g dai Xa Hofing Ldc, huy§n Holing Hofi, tmh Thanh Hda von cd tgn c l lfi Ke Vut, roi trd thfinh trang Dfldng Bdt vfio the ki X Tfl * ThS Khoa Lich sit - Trfldng Dai hoc Vinh thdi trung dai cho din dfiu t h i ki XDC, viing dfit nfiy lfi dia phfin hai xfi: Bdt Thupng, Bdt Ha, sau nfiy lfi Bdt ThUdng vfi Bdt Thfii Sfich "Cdc tdng trdn danh bi ldm" ghi ro hai Ifing Bdt ThUdng vfi Bit Thai thudc tong Hanh VT, huydn Hofing Hda, phu Hfi Trung, Thanh Hoa ndi trfin (1) Nam Minh Mdnh thfl (1821), Thflpng thu Bd Hd lfi Hfla Dflc lfim ban tfi'u trinh len vua Minh M$nh vl vide sfla doi mdt sd' ten tong xfi, thdn ca nfldc Trong dd, Bdt Thupng dUdc doi lfi xfi Hofing Dao Tfl nuta cudi t h i ky XDC, xufit hidn tgn hai xfi Hoang Nghia Bdt Hiing vfin tren cd ad dia dfl vfi thfinh phfin cfl dfin cua Ifing Ho4ng Dao, Bdt Thfii, nghii lfi hai xa da ton tai canh dfldi nhflng tgn goi mdi Mfic dfl dflde ehia lfim hai xa hd thong hfinh chinh nhfi nUdc qufin chii, t h i nhflng tren thflc t l ndi day vfin la khoi edng dong cii dfin dfi tdn tai In dinh vfi bin vflng tfl lfiu ddi Mpi boat ddng diu mang tinh chfit cdng ding, cfic gia dinh, ddng tde vfin qufiy qufin ciing ngd xdm Minh chflng ro ndt nhfit lfi ca hai xa diu thd chung thfin thfinh hoang tai Bang Mdn Dinh, Tuy mli xfi cd tdn ridng nhflng mpi ngfldi vfin thfldng gpi la lang Hofing Bdt hay Lfldng Bdt hoac Nhi Bdt Rghien ciiu L|ch siV stf 6.201; 34 Nhac din Hoang Bdt lfi nhae din mdt viing dfit hpc O xfl Thanh cd eac cfiu phfldng ngdn noi tie'ng dflpc Iiiu tniyin nhfl: "Cam Ndng Cdng, cd Qudng XUdng, vdn chuang Hodng Hda", "Thi Hodng Hda, khda Bdng San" Trong ndt chung "vfin chUdng Hofing Hoa" ay thi noi bfit lfi Ho&ng Bdt: "Ddng San tii Bdn, Hodng Hda ludng Bdt" Neil nhfl diidi thdi trung dai, Thanh Hofi cd 206 ngudi dai khoa thi rieng huyen Hofing Hda cd 48 ngfldi vfi Hofing Ldc c6 tdi 12 vi Tiln si Thd'ng kg tfl Bdng khoa luc Thanh Hoa vfi Qud'c triiu hUOng khoa luc cho bilt hai Ifing Bdt cd 117 ngfldi dd trung khoa (2) Bdi v^y, hpc hfinh, khoa bang lfi dac dilm nd'i bfit eiia vung dfi't nfiy, cung lfi diem chi phdi mpi boat ddng cua cdng dong Ifing xa Lang v a n v a L a n g ho H o a n g Bot Lang vdn Tae gia Phan Dai Doan eho rfing: Hdi tfl vfin xufi't hidn rfit sdm, cd t h i da cd tfl the kl XV, tri, phfit trien vfio cac t h i ki XVm, XIX vfi dfiu XX (3) d Holing Bpt, gia pha hp Bui cd ghi lai sU kiln; vfio thfing nfim 1581, Bui Khfie Nhfit da 49 tuli, vfin lam v i ^ d bd Hinh Ong trdng coi vide nguc khdng de can khufi't, thien ca ngdi ( ) Hai Ifing Hot Thflpng, Bdt Thai theo phong tuc Vfin hdi lfim bfle trfldng din mflng dng (4) Nhfl vfiy, cd t h i khang dinh rfing Hdi tu vfin d Hofing Bdt phai cd tfl trfldc nam 1581 Day la mde ddi sdm so vdi mdt sd' Hdi tfl vfin d cae vflng khae cua xfl Thanh Trong cfic tfii lieu ve van bia vfi hfldng fldc d Thanh Hda, chung ta thfldng thfi'y nhfic din cfic hdi tu vfin vao the ki XDC Mdt trudng hpp khac, Hdi tu vfin cung dflpc danh gifi lfi ddi kha sdm, song ciing sau "Lfing vfin" Hofing Bdt it nhfit gfin 80 nfim la trfldng hpp Hdi tu van xa Vfin Nhflng, huyen Ddng Sdn Bia mieu Vfin thfinh xa nfiy Pham Cdng Trfl (Tiln si khoa Mfiu Thin - 1628), Ta thi lang Bd Hd, tfldc Yin Dinh bfi) soan, tao nfim Thinh Diic thfl nhfi Le cho bilt moc ddi ciia Vfin hdi d day: xa Van Nhflng lfi ndi danh thfing, lai cd nhilu ngfldi dd dat, dng Thai thfldng tfl khanh, chfle Thfii bao, tfldc Van Nguyen bfi l | p Hdi tfl vfin (Nhfl vfiy, Hdi tfl vfin ddi nfim 1656 - TG), nhan 3d di^g nhfi tfl Vli ba gian lfim ndi thd cflng tien hiln, diing bia khfic tdn ngfldi dd dat (5) Nhidm vu eiia Hdi tfl vfin lfi khuyen khich viec hpc tfip, xfiy dflng vfi triing tu vfin ehi, vilt vfi doc van t l d ^ n h mieu.'dU ddi ciia mdi vfin tfl, vfin chi d|u gfin liln vdi vai trd va hoat ddng cua Hdi tu vfin Bia vfin chi xfi Qua Nhud Ha, huydn Thp Xuan, tinh Thanh Hda, tao khfic nfim Tri Dflc iht 23 (1872) cd ghi: "Cfic dng Le Xuan Qu^, Ld Vfin Tham, Ld Si Thu ciing cac bfic trgn dfldi vfin hdi xa Qua Nhu$ Ha, tong Thfldng Cdc, huydn Ldi Dfldng, phii Tho Xuan dung bia ghi sfl vigc: fip ta tfl xfla da cd ngfldi Hfldng tig'n, lfim quan dg'n chfle Huydn te Ban fip tflng lfip van ehi, xfiy cfit vfin tfl Tfl dfiy, vfin tfl cung ddi ba Ifin diidc tu sfla nhflng qui md chfla dflpc to ldn Nay, vfin hdi ban fip bfin bae md rdng vfin chi, xay cfi't lai vfin tfl Cdng vide xong xudi, b^n cho diing bia d l lflu truyin lai " (6) Doi vdi trfldng hdp xfi Hofing Ldc, dilm dfic biet ciia vung qud la vfin cl;i dfit t^i lang chinh la vfin chi ciia huydn Tfldng truyin rfing: Vfin ehi trudc day dfldc dfit tai dia diem thudc xa Hofing Lflu ngfiy Nhflng chi sau mdt ddm, Vfin chi da dflpc cfic fim binh khieng v l d^t sat canh Bang Mdn dinh Hidn nay, Vfin chi edn lai n l n eu, mdt vfii tfim bia dupe khfic lai, nhflng dfi'u v i t cho thfi'y dfiy lfi Vfin chi hfing huydn vfio loai ldn d Thanh Hofi Vfin chi lfi ndi de cac bfic tuc nho, cfic nhfi khoa bang, cac ke si thflc hien nghi II thd phung Via n6t v& lang vfln Inng h^ Khong Tii va nhflng ngfldi dat cua mdi viing dfit Vfin chi hfing huypn dflpc dfit tai Hofing Li$c cho thfiy vi tri cua viing dfit nfiy dli vdi sfl hpc ciJa Hofing Hda Dilu nfiy cung cho thfiy 'Tjfing vfin" khdng chi ed vai trd ddi vdi ddi sing lfing Hofing B^t xfla mfi cdn cd vi the to ldn vi$c gifl gin truyin thong, maeh nguon khoa bang ciia huy^n quan Cdn dfip l l thi tinh cho hfiu dfii Gian lupc thi khdng cfiu nd mdi viing, miln, Hdi tfl van diu cd cfic chinh sfich cu t h i dw dai vdi eae b^c dat, thfinh danh tren bflde dfldng khoa efl cua lfing Bia vfin chi xa Quang Chilu, huydn Ddng Sdn, tao khac nfim 1898 da ghi lai quy fldc ciia Hdi tu vfin nhfim trpng dai hiln tfii gom nhflng dilu nhu sau: 1) Tfl ve sau, xa ed ngfldi dl Tien si thi Vfin hoi sfla ll mflng va mflng tiln eho 12 quan Dli vdi ngudi thi T^o si vdi bgn vo eung nhfl thi; 2) Ngudi thi dS Cfl nhfin, hofie trflng Vii eii (ben vd) dupc mflng tiln quan; 3) NgUdi thi dl Tu tfii, dflde mflng tiln quan ( ) (7) - Trung trfldng IQ thu Tham nghi, tflc trflng cac ehflc Hien phd, Thilu khanh, Vidn Ngoai lang, Tri phu, lfim ll Khai ha, chieu phat eho thdn trdn dfldi co tiln lfi quan nam mach, ehilu theo Id vinh thfing phfim trfit Ll khai cung nhU vfiy O Hofing Bdt, hUdng Ude ciia lfing cung quy dinh: "Phfim lfi nghiep vfin mfi trflng Tid'n si thi ea thon ehinh te fio mii, bfiy dfiy dii le vfit ddi vdi t l tidn thi c5 Sa Lao con, xdi bfin, rupu vd, trfiu cau mdt phong Ban thdn miing quan tien Nlu tning Tam khdi, thi c§ tiln mflng la quan Tiep dd'n lfi khdng k l h§u bae, ban thdn cflng suy phong lfim quan vign cac chfle lfing Lfim le mflng vui, ban thdn se mflng quan trfim mach V l quan v5 tfl Qufin cdng trd len thi nhfl the' - Triing tfl trfldng Hfldng thi thi yet kiln t l tidn xdi mot mfim, nidu vd, thit milng, trfiu cau phong, nhfl lfim ll khai h£i thi ban thdn gdp tiln dflng mpt llu d l ti^n vi$e fin uong Cdn theo tren dfldi phfin chia diu Nhu n$p tiln thi chufin lfi quan, ban thdn lfim ll miing cd tiln lfi - Hfldng thi trung Tam tnidng thi yet kiln to tien cfin xdi mdt hdm, thit mdt mang, nidu mdt vd, trfiu cau mdt phong Khi lfim li khai ha, ban thdn miing tiln lfi mach, Lai trung thfl tofin cflng hdi Tri vfin cung nhu vfiy (TG nhSii m^nh) - Thi tning trudng Id thu Tri thfla, thi theo Id Chieu khfim dien Hfin lam Tu soan, Tri huyen, Hufiii dao, Tri b^ cfic chfle lfim ll khai thi ehilu phfit cho ban thdn trdn dudi miing tiln lfi quan mach Dfip le chilu theo dilu kidn hidn tai Vd thi tii Vd uy trd len, tfl Huyen thfla trd len thi li nhri vfiy" (8) Nhu vfiy bdn canh quy dinh ciia lfing xfi dfinh eho nhflng ngudi dd dat thi Hdi tfl vfin ciing cd c h l dp khuydn khich dfinh eho cfic si tfl dupc vinh danh khoa efl Sri ddi eua Hdi tfl vfin phan finh vai trd ciia tfing ldp tri thflc lfing xa Viet Nam truyin thong Dfic biet, Hdi tfl vfin lfi td chfle xfi hpi ddng vai trd chu chit cfic boat ddng ll hdi - dinh cao ciia sinh boat vfin hda cdng dong Trong nhiing ngfiy te Ii tai vfin tfl, vai trd ciia Hdi tfl vfin cd tinh chfit quylt dinh Ngudi chu t l nhiing ngfiy te le "xufin thu nhi ki" thfldng lfi ngfldi dflng dfiu h^i (Hdi trfldng, hofie Trflm tfl vfin) Khofin ride lfing Nhfin Vuc (ting Lo Hfldng, huydn Hofing Hoa), dflpc b l sung dfldi thdi Bao Dai (1925 - 1945), quy dinh cu thi: ' T l ll chfinh phd li mdi eu, hfldng chiic vfi trflm tfl vfin phu trfich" (9) Trong khoan ride thdn Nam, xfi Binh s& Hda, ting Nam Ban, huydn Td'ng Sdn, phii Hfi Trung, soan nfim Tfl Dflc thfl 21 (1868) vilt: "Khi ban thdn cd vide eiing tl" phiing Sri thfin thfinh ( ) eac vi quan vien, trflm lao, hpi tfl vfin theo chfle vi lfim l l nhfl nghi thiie Vi nfio vang mat, khdng cd li chfnh dfing, ban thdn phat gfi, rflpu" (10) Sau dli ll, mfim cd cflng dripc chia phfin theo diing nguydn tfic, dd Hdi tfl vfin cd phfin quan trpng, Khofin udc thdn Nam, xa Binh Hda ndi rd lfing cd vide fin uong, "Id bilu dng thii tfl mot ed, li tnidng mpt eo, ban thdn hai co, hoi tfl vfin hai co, tufin phien hai co" (11) O Holing Bdt, tuc te thfinh hofing ciing "Lfing vfin" dam nhidm, Ngfiy mflng mdt Td't, vfin thfin lfing lam Id te trdi, dfi't sau dd lfim le t l hofing Nguyin Tuyen Trong lfing md hdi t l ll d Dinh dun (tflc mdt n l n dfit rpng, bfing phdng, eao rfio trridc Bang Mdn Dinh), thi Bang Mdn Dinh, Hdi tu vfin td' chfle dfing doc ngpc pha vfi khen thudng nhflng bfi vp nudi chong fin hpc tfii, khuyin khieh em "sdi kinh nfiu sii", nhac nhd nhiing ngfldi cii xfl trai vdi lufin thfldng dao ly, trfii vdi nho phong Nghi ll nfiy thfldng dripc gpi lfi "Bdm dgo" Nghi thflc thfldng nien nfiy chi diln d dinh lfing, mdt Ifin hilm hoi nfim Mdt ndt ddc dfio la chig'u ngdi cho cfic vj tri buli Dfim dao cung tufin thii tri^t di nguygn tfic tren - dfldi, - ngofii, cao - thfip rfit rd rfing - Hfing gifla tren nhfit, trai chilu cap dilu (cd sfich ndi chieu hoa) dfinh cho cac hpc vi Tie'n si - Hfing gifla tilp sau, trai chieu cap xanh, dfinh cho cfic vi Hfldng cdiig, Cii nhfin - Bdn ta: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic hpc vi Tu tfii Rghien curu Lich sil' stf 6.2013 - Ben hflu: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic Nho sinh chria dd d^t • Cum hfing giiia: trai chilu trdn, dfinh cho cfic ly hridng dridng chfle ngdi ghi chip nhflng quylt dinh da dripc bfin bae Cac hfing chilu xd'p thfl bfic tren dfldi, chilu diu Ifi'y t u l i thp Ifim trpng Cling mdt hpc vi, cao tuoi hdn thi Bgoi trgn, it tuoi ngoi dfldi Thi du, vfio ddi Thidu Tri (1841 -1847), lfing Hofing Bdt cd mpt ngridi Ifi Nguyen Bfi Nha, thdng minh, hpc gidi, Hofing giap nfim 22 tuoi (12) Lfing rfit tri hfio vl Hofing gifip Nguyen Ba Nha vfi gifinh cho dng mdt cho ngdi cao nhfit d Bang Mdn (finh Nguyen Ba Nha tiing gifl chfle Tri phii Hfim Thufin thdi Thidu Tri nhring khong may dng bi bao benh vfi mfit sdm sri nghiep cdn dang dd Tfi'm gridng "cfin lao kho hpc" cua Nguyin Ba Nha ddn vfin dflpc truyin tung "Lfing vfin" Hofing Bdt ngridi cd hpc thflc eao nhfii; lfing dflng dfiu, gpi lfi Hdi trfldng Hdi trfldng Hdi tri vfin bfiu (gpi lfi che dd "dfiu trfiu") "Lfing vfin" cdn c6 mdt Hap trfldng lam chfle nfing thfl kf Hap trfldng la ehflc danh lfing dfit ra, cd nhilm vu giii vfi ghi so sach, td' chfle vige t l ll d vfin ehi, xuan thu nhi ki Khi Hap trfldng qua ddi thi dflpc hfldng vinh dfl ngang vdi cac dng tii tfii, nghla lfi lfing vfin sS ddng trdng d van chi bao hieu dl lfing din dfl tang ddng dii (13) Mdt sd' Hdi tfl vfin d efie lfing ven bien huyen Hfiu Ldc thi giup vile cho Hdi tnidng lfi Diln vfin vfi Ta vfin Cdng vide chinh cua Diln vfin lfi lo gifiy td sd sach eho Hdi, tham gia soan vfin td' ho£ic giao cho Ta vfin lo soan eac dip t l II Khing Tfl tai vfin chi vfi t l thfinh hofing lfing hfing nfim Van te Khing Ttt lfing Y Bieh vfi vfin te thfinh hofing lfing An Gifio (huy^n Hfiu Ldc) d i u ghi Dong tU vfin hdi soan (14) Vai n a ve lang vfln va lang hp Dilu dfing chu f d Hoang B^t lfi mdi Ifin "Lfing vfin" bfiu Hpi tnidng se cd sfl tham di;I cua nhilu quan vien ehflc sfic vfi Hdi trfldng Hdi tfl vfin ciing phai dflpc sU chfip thufin ciia quan trdn Hdi tnidng hay Hap trfldng lfi efie chfle danh dflpc lfing xa trpng vpng, vl vfiy gia pha cfic ddng hp d Hofing Lpc ghi lai nhilu Irridng hpp nfiy Gia pha hp Hfi (Hfi Duy Phidn) cd ghi lai: d ddi thfl 9, hd thfl hai, buy lfi Doan lfim Hdi trfldng Hpi tfl vfin ban xfi ddi thfl 11, buy lfi Cfldng, tri lfi Tinh Chinh, lfi Hap trfldr^ Hdi tri vfin ban xa (15) Gia pha hp Nguyin Hfiu eung ghi lai: 'Tien to khao, Nho sinh trung thflc, kidm ban xa tfl vfin vfin trfldng Nguyin Qu^ Cdng, tri On Nha", "Ong Nguyin Vy lfim Hap trfldng d xfi, tfl Lac Thi^n", "dng Nguyen Tuyln lfim 1;^ tnidng, Hap trfldng xfi nhfi" Dfing ehu f lfi hidn tflpng dng Nguyin Tl, tri Phiic Holing, lfim chfinh ly txfldng rii lfim "Hap trfldng xa nhfi 30 nfim" (16) Trong gia pha ddng hp Nguyen Hfiu tai xa Ho4ng Loe (Hofing Hda) eung ghi lai v i ^ Nguyin Hoa (1701-1783) (15) sau v l tri tai qud nhfi (nfim 1765) da tham gia Hdi tfl vfin eua lfing Trudc dd, dng to ddi thfl tu cua ddng hp nfiy, sdng vfio khoang cuoi t h i ki XVII ciing dripc bfiu Ifi Vfin trridng "Lfing vfin" (17) lufin phien cho cfic gia dinh ed ngfldi Vfin hdi cfiy cfiy, hoa lpi diing vfio vide ehung (20) Tfii lidu xfi chi ciia xa An Gifio, huypn Hfiu Ldc eho bilt: cfic thfinh vidn tfl 18 tud'i trd ldn cd t h i gia nhfip Hdi tfl van Ll thflc nhfip h$i ciang dflpc qui dinh mdt cfich chfit ehe: cfic Nho sinh hay Gifim sinh thfldng chuin bi mdt cdi trfiu, siia mpt li gdm xdi, gfi mang tdi trtnh hdi trridng yet ll tai dinh hofie vfin chi Sau trtnh bfio nhfip hdi de trd thfinh hdi vien chinh thflc, vi Nho sinh hay Gifim sinh phai lam li vpng Hdi tri vfin So tien vpng h^i dupe qui dinh lfi 36 quan tien dong Nlu khdng cd tiln nop phai gfin rudng dfit cho hpi So tiln vpng hpi dripc dem mua rudng dfit, so dfi^t gfin cho hpi diu dripc sfl dung vfio muc dich eua hdi thdng qua vide phfit canh thu td, Td mfi Hdi tri vfin thu lfi bfing xdi nd'p thdm mfi ngridi nh§n rudng cd trfich nhidm nfi'u dl phue vy vfio nhflng ngfiy tl^ ll Khing Tfl tai v&n chi, cfic dip te le xufin thu nhi ki tai den thfinh vfi thfinh hofing d dinh (21) O Hofing Bit, ddi vdi thfinh vidn cua minh, "Lang vfin" cd hinh thfle gifio due ddi hdi phai dam bao tfl cfich dao dflc tot, gifl gin danh tLd cua ngfldi cd hoc Nhflng ngfldi khdng chfip hfinh dilu 10, cd hfinh ddng, Cfic nhfi khoa bang, nhflng ngfldi bilt thfii dp trfii vdi 10 lfing, phdp nfldc, thi se bi chfl Hfin, CO phfim chfit dao dflc td't, to tidn xofi ten s i lfing vfin, Ngfldi dfin khdng lfim dilu ^ hai lfing hai nudc, dfi Hofing Bdt tfl hfio vl 'l^ang vfin" vfi truyin ng^ cfl d lfing it nhfi't ba ddi theo 1^ "Tam thd'ng khoa bang, hilu hpc ciia minh: dai thfinh tl*', ndp 1$ phi eho lfing tfl 10 den San sdt ddu hdu nin tUdng, ddng trdm 20 quan, thi dflpc vfio "Lfing vfin" (19) Dilu anh ndt got chen vai; nfiy lfi thdng 1$ chung cua efie Hdi tri vfin Chan chan vach Khdng sdn Trinh, nhd d$c biet lfi d t h i ki XDC, Hfii tfl vfin xa thi liliin tudng gidp mdi Quang Chilu huy^n Ddng Son qui dinh: (Thdc Udc vdn Idng Hodng Bgt} (22) Nhflng ngfldi tfl 18 tuli trd ldn, muon vfio Lang hg H(Si tfl vfin thi ndp h^i phi, tinh mSi tuoi quan tien Din nfim Thfinh Thai, Dinh Dfiu Tnidc hit, cfin phai ndi rfing nhiing (1898), Hpi dfi cd quy rupng mfiu sfio nguIn tfl lidu vl "Lfing hd" thiic sri it di Rghian ciiu Lich SIS', stf 6,2013 Cac nguon tfii li$u chinh vfin hfiu nhri khdng ghi chdp v l dilu nfiy, hofie gia ehi tan man ddi chflt Sd dl nhfl vfiy bdi "Lfing hd" bao gom cfic dfin dinh tfl 18 tudi khdng dripc hpc hfinh, phai lfim cfic nghia vu phu phen tap dich nhri khidng kidu, trai chilu cac ngfiy le hpi, ddn rridc Cfic cdng vide cua "Lfing hd" lfi nhflng vipc nfing nhpc, hen kdm, bdi vfiy khdng dfldc lfing xa coi trpng, du rang s i "Lfing hd" chfic chan se phai ddng dao hdn nhilu so vdi "Lfing van" hay Hdi tfl vfin NhQng trai dinh khdng bid't chfl, tfl 18 tuoi trd len dripc bign vfio so "Lfing hd" cua Hofing Bdt Dflng dfiu "Lfing hp" lfi dng Thu hp Day lfi ngridi cd uy tin "Lfing hd" vfi dripc quan tren phe chufin Trong ki fle cua nhflng ngfldi dan hp Bfli cdn nhd ddng hp minh trfldc dfiy cd dng Thii Hpp (dng Thu hp tgn lfi e l Hpp) la ngfldi lfim vide dripc dan lfing kinh trpng, quan tren Dfi'u tich ciia "Lfing hd" cdn dripc Iriu gifl d dia dilm gpi Ifi dilm canh ciia lfing, cung gpi lfi dilm lfing hp Dieu nfiy cho phdp chung ta suy lufin rang, khdng chi lfi phu phen tap dich cfic ngfiy l i hpi, "Lang hd" cdn cd ehflc nfing thiic hidn vi$c canh phdng cho Ifing Dia dilm did'm eanh lfing hd eung ehinh lfi ndi didn phidn chd chuyen ban vai vfio cac ngfiy 4; fim lich, gpi lfi chd Diem Cung d diem canh, "Lfing hd" hpp vfio ngfiy mung Tit Day lfi Ifin hpp nhfit nam cua dan hd Tai buoi hpp nfiy, khdng diln trang nghiem, trfit tfl, thfim chi tri nhd cua nhiing ngfldi dfin Hoang Ldc, "Lfing hp" hpp, nhiing ngridi di ngoai dilm cflng phai nhe nhfing, khdng dripc gfiy on anh hfldng de'n buoi hpp, Dfiy la cude hpp quyg't dinh vi$c phfin cdng cae nghia vu "Lfing hd", tfl vide cfit cii nhiing ngfldi khieng kidu, trai chilu phu phen tap dieh cac dip le hpi, cd quan ve lfing hay cd ngfldi dS dat dfldc vinh quy bfii to; d i n phfin cdng nhflng ngfldi lfim khfin chp vfi rao mo Cd mdt diem cfin Iriu ^ lfi, vdi dfit Hofing Bdt, manh dfit khoa bang thfinh danh nen nhflng ngridi rao md dfl lfi cfl dfin ciia "Lfing hd" khdng dripc hpc hfinh song lai ^hai lfla chpn c^n thfin Dfiy phai lfi nhflng ngfldi du khdng biet chfl, nhring cd t h i chuyin efie npi dung cfin truyin dat din lfing xdm thfinh nhiing bai vd thu vi Ngfldi dan Hofing Ldc cho biet: theo cac cu k l lai, trfldc dfiy, dfldi thdi Nguyin, d lfing cd cu co Thii rao mo hay den mflc tri huyen di qua nghe dripc da thfldng cho cu hfio bae Trong cfic cdng vipc eua "Lang hd", edng vi$c cd "danh gifi" hdn ca cd le ehinh lfi cfii chfle "khan chp"! Dfit Hofing Bdt ed chd Qufing - mdt chp ldn cua tinh Thanh Chp nhdn nhip nhri cau ca tflng midu ta: "Cha Qudng phiin dgi, ngUdi dgi cUng di", khdng chi ngridi huydn mfi ca eac huydn Ifin cfin eung v l day budn ban Trong chp phan chia tflng khu hfing rieng, hfing vai ngdi gfin khu dinh Bang Mdn, roi din hfing xdn, hfing thit ngoi phia ngofii Chinh vi ^'fiy, vide tim dflpc mdt cho ngoi chd de thufin tidn cho budn ban thi phai "nhd cfiy" d i n dng "khfin chp", ciing dd mfi vi tri cua dng "khfin chp" cung tr5 ngn quan trpng hdn nhilu! Theo tfii lidu dien da ciia chflng tdi, c6 mdt dilm dfic biet ve "Lfing hd" d Hoing fept la mfic dfl quanh nfim phai thflc bidn cfic nghia vu nfing nhoc, song cd 'Xfing hd" dflde "quyin Irie" quan trpng lfi ngfiy Td't: mflng 1, 2, 3, hp dfldc di den nhfi efie quan chuc tet, dupc dpn cd bfin mdi fin, dripc thridng tiln mflng tud'i mang vl Dfiy lfi nhflng ngfiy mfi ngridi dfin hd cd thdm eai quyin dripc ton trpng cua lfing xa, dl roi Vai n6> ve lang vfln va lang hQ sau ba ngfiy tit, hp lai trd vl vdi thfin phfin phuc dich cua minh Dfiu di ehfing nfla, truyin thong nfiy ciing phan finh mdt n i t vfin hda dep ciia ngridi Hofing Bpt! Mac du vfiy, nhflng cfl lidu tren chfla cho phdp ehiing ta khfing dinh vl ho^t d^ng cua t l chfle "Lang hd" t^i cfic vflng nfiy Doi vdi trfldng hpp Hoang Bdt, dilm ddc dao Trong cac nghidn eflu vl lfing xa Thanh chinh la d chd, hai to ehflc "Lfing vfin" vfi Hda, ngoai trfl eud'n sach vilt vl Hofing L^c "Lfing hd" t i n tai cflng cfic xdm ngd, •"Hoang Ldc ddt hiiu hgc" thi hfiu nhfl song cd cfic quy dinh vfi t h i c h l sinh boat khdng de cfip de'n to ehflc nfiy Mdt vfii tfii khfic "Lfing hp" d dfiy khdng tfich bi$t lidu cd nhfic dlh cfic nhfin vfit "thu hp" vfi khdi cong dong dfin cri, dilu nfiy dl phan "dfin hd" nhu: Khofin udc lfing Hflu Le, xa bidt vdi cac trUdng hpp "Lfing hd" cua cfic Muc Sdn, huyen Ldi Dridng, phu Thp Xufin, "khfich hd" phai cU ngu ngofii Ifing O lfing nfim Thfinh Thai thfl 18 (1906), dilu Bdt, hp vfin qufiy qufin Ifing xdm, thfl 18 CO ghi: "Pham ngfldi nfio mfit trfiu song khdng dripc dfl hpp d dinh Bang Mdn, bo, phai lfip tflc trinh vdi thu hd (TG nhfin ma phai don diem eanh cua "Lfing hd" "Lfing hd" lfi luc Iridng dam trfich cfic manh), hogc trflm trridng dl danh ba hii " (23) Dilu 24 khofin fldc tid'p cdng vide nfing nhpc, vfi't va cua lfing Thofit tuc nhfic din nhfin vfit "thu hd": "He dd'n ki khdi dia vi "Lfing hd" lfi fldc md cua ban quan thfin phu than lfim l l cfiu phiic, mpi trai dinh lfing xa mpi ngudi thdn, tfl tuoi trd Idn, diu Mot vfii n h a n xet tfl den linh cfio giai ( ) Chfl vidn khuynh 3.1 Ciing Ifi efie Ifing khoa bang, nhring hang, tfl khfin hd trd ldn, thu hd (TG nhfin lfing Md Traeh (Hai Dridng) hay lfing Qu^nh manh) trd xuong, cfl theo thfl tfl canh Ddi (Nghf An) khdng cd sri phfin chia cri dfin phdng ling tnie, dl bieu thi cfii nghia trgn "hai lang" nhri trridng hpp Hofing L^c dfldi tfldng thfin tridng trd" (24) Trong ciing mdt lfing xfi, ngo xdm, ddng hp, Khoan ride thdn Nam, xa Binh Hda, tong Nam Ban, huydn Ting Sdn, phii Hfi Trung, soan nam Tfl Dflc thfl 21 (1868) thi nhfic tdi nhfin vfit thu hang: "Cfic hang dinh nam, nlu nghe thfiy hoi trd'ng phai dd'n dinh hpp v6i cae cu trflm lao Ne'u bfin vide ridng, trtnh vdi li trudng hay thu hgng (TG nhfin manh) thi dflpc miin" (25) Phai ehfing, dfiy ciing lfi mpt each gpi ciia Thu hd? Ben canh dd, khoan ride lfing Nhan Vfle, tong Lo Hridng, huyen Ho^ng Hofi cung ghi rfing: "Ai ed chuydn tang nhd dfin Ifing tong tang thi tfl trflm tnidng din ki dich diu fin mfic dfla tang Bdn hd (TG nhfin manh) tfl bfin trd xuing ndn di dfla tang" (26) Cd phai "dfin hd" dflpc nhfic din khofin fldc ciing chinh lfi "dfin hd" cua "Lfing hp"? thfim chi cd cflng mdt dai gia (finh, cfic thfinh vidn nam lai dripc phan chia hai to ehflc tfip hpp dfin khae bift: "Lfing vfin" va 'Tifing hd" - hai to ehflc vdi nhflng quyin ldi vfi nghia vu khae Vfiy tai lai cd hidn tridng nfiy? Theo chiing tdi, cdi nguon cua vfin dl xufit phfit chinh lfi tfl truyin thing trpng bpc edng dong lfing xa, Khdng phai ngfiu nhidn d hai lfing Bpt cd Bang Mdn Dinh Tren miln Bfic vfi miln Trung cd hai ngdi dinh mang ten dinh Bang, t h i nhflng hai ten gpi nfiy mang hai y nghia hofin tofin khfic bigt: nlu Dinh Bang d Tii Sdn (Bfic Ninh) dflpc dfit theo tgn gpi ciia lfing (Ifing Dinh Bang), thi Bang Mdn Dinh lai lfi cfii ten mang hfim y khuyen khieh si^ hpc ciia lfing: Bang Mdn: c^a ddn vdo bdng Vdng, Rghien cflu Lich siS* stf 6.2Q13 khoa bdng Khdng phai ngfiu nhien mfi tu Phign am: hfldng I m d dfiy tnidc tign lfi "trgng khoa Si quan tfl Ifip thfin phu ngridng vd quy han trgng hogn" (trpng ngfldi dd dat, cd hpc Hfldng am tflu di ll trfldng fi'u hflu lufin vi, hdn lfi ngfldi phfim trfit quan tridc), sau Dich nghia: dd mdi theo nguydn tfic: "HUu quan nhUOng NgUdi qudn tti lap thdn dUdc thua quan, vd quan nhUOng ldo" (Nghia lfi; Nlu ed quan tudc thi nhfldng ngfldi cd quan tfldc khdngthen Ldng liin hoanphdi co litren diM ddng bgc cao, cdn nlu khdng cd quan ehflc thi nhfldng ngfldi nhilu tuoi) Din Hofing Ldc, Hofie: chflng ta dflpc nghe nhilu cfiu chuyen dfin gian mfi dd, ngridi ta dfinh chilu trdn Bg s: as It jE r ft n )tt ^ 3fe tai Bang Mdn Dinh, dfinh sfl tdn kinh cho Hofing gifip Nha tre tuli hdn ca Thflpng Phign fim: thri Ha Duy Phien (27) dfiu trieu! Nhflng Hflu dpng hflu lufin tfl lidt tdn ti phd dilu nfiy lfi minh chiing cho thfiy vai trd thinh hdi eua si^ hpc cdng dong Ifing xa Chieu vfin chidu dd trang nghidm n^i Chinh vi vfiy, sfl ddi cua 'T,fing vfin" ngoai trfing vinh quang vfi "Lfing hd" cung khdng n^m ngoai muc Dich nghia: dich trdn Sfl phan biet cfl dfin cua hai Cd ddng CO hoc sdp dgt trin di^ bdy hMtu "lfing" cd f nghla tdn trpng, dpng vien, Sdng vdn sdng phep trang nghiim khuyd'n khich ngudi ed hoc Nlu cha dng lfi dan "Lang hd" nhflng den chau dupc ngodi dep ednh quan 3.3 Tfl trridc din nay, nghidn cflu vl hpc hanh thi cd the dripc vao "Lang vfin" Vdi ngridi dfin Hofing Bdt, dd la ca sfl thay t l ehflc xa hdi cua lfing xa Vigt Nam truyin dli thfin phfin Chinh mdt sd' dilu phfin thd'ng, chflng ta vfin cho rang "Lfing vfin" bidt gifla dfin hai "Ifing" ndn nhilu gia hay "Lfing hd" la nhiing to chfle cd tinh dinh, dfl nghgo khd dd'n dfiu, cung cl" eho chfit "phudng hdi" ddn thufin, khdng phai em theo ddi but nghidn chfl nghia d l cd mpt td chfle nam bd mfiy quan li xa dip vfio "Lfing vfin", dl cd vi tri cfic hpi Song qua trinh diln da thflc tl, hoat ddng eua lfing xa Dilu nfiy gdp phfin chung tdi nhfin thfiy rling: cfic t l ehflc nfiy, thflc dfiy tinh than hpc tfip cua mpi ngfldi dfic bidt lfi Hdi tu vfin tai nhflng ndi co dfin lfing, dfl dd la gia dmh gifiu eo, truyin thong khoa bang nhri Hofing Bdt, c6 hay nhflng gia dinh quanh nfim "bfin mi^t vai trd quan trpng nhilu hoat ddng cua lfing xa, nhfit lfi cfic sinh hoat tin cho dfi't, bfin Iflng cho trdi" ngridng cdng dong Hdn nfla, mfic dfl khdng 3.2 Sri t i n tai cua hai to ehflc "Lfing nfim thflc quyin, nhring "Lfing vfin" lfi b$ vfin" va "Lfing hd" cujig cho thfiy mdt xfi hpi tham mriu, vach ke hoach quan ly mpi mfit ngdi thfl nang ne d Ho^ng Ldc thdi trung cho chfle dich thi hfinh "Lfing vfin" cd uy dai Bang Mdn Dinh hidn cung cdn tin vdi dfin lfing, quan trdn cung phai kinh nhilu cau ddi t h i hign ro dilu nfiy: nl Ly trfldng chfle dich neu tham nhung hdng hach vdi dan, "Lfing vfin" cd kiln nghi d l nghi quan tren, thi se hi efich chfle Si^ il!S^ i i Ki ^ g «j W ^ cd mfit ciia cfic quan vien cfip trdn dl phg Vai n6> ve lang vfln va l&ng hO duypt buoi "dfiu trfiu" doi vdi cfic chfle Hpi trridng Hdi tri vfin vfi Thii hd nhri trfldng hpp Hofing L§c thdi trung dai da eho thfi'y tfim quan trpng vfi anh hfldng eiia efie to chiic nfiy ho?it ddng chung cua lfing xfi CHUTHtCH (1) Thanh H6a n6i tttfn; Vio cull the ki XVIII, diu t h i ki XIX, viing &&t Thanh Hda v i Ninh Binh dUdc chia t h i n h : Thanh Hoa noi tri'n, tljtc tinh Thanh Hda v i Thanh Hoa ngoai trloi, tutc tinh Ninh Binh sau niy (2) Sich Hodng Lgc ddt hiiu hgc ch6p ten 256 hiidng cong, cii n h i n diidi triiu LS v i triiu Nguyin Diy l i nhiing t h i n g kg du^c d i n ngudn chu ylu tii gia p h i cic ddng ho, v^y tinh chfnh xic cin dUA: kilm chutng th&m Sach Trgng nguyin, tien si, huang cdng Viit Nam ch^p 98 ngUdi H o ^ g L ^ d$u trung khoa diy, chihig t£i thfi'ng k i tit B&ng khoa luc Thanh Hoa (nguygn vfin tfin sich l i Thu tt di danh ki) kl h i | u 78ffiC 3.086 liiu tgi phdng Dja chf tinh Thanh Hda, cdng trinh ddi khoang cuSi n i m 1875, dfiu n i m 1876, 3iJu t i p chi tilt v i cdng phu ve cic v} t m n g khoa cua Thanh Hda cho d i n n i m 1875 v i sich Qudc triiu huang khoa lgc cua Cao X u i n D^c (3) Phan D^i Doan, Ldng Viet Nam da nguyin vd chgt, Nxb D^i hoc Qufic gia H i N^i, H i N^i, 2006, tr 19 (4) Gia pha ho Bui, ban chd H i n , lUu t^i xa Ho^ng Ldc (Ho^ng H6a, Thanh Hoa) (5) Vien NghiSn ctiu H i n Ndm, Van khdc Hdn N6m Viet Nam, Nxb Khoa hoc x i h^i H i Ngi, 1992, tr 936, (6), (7), (20) Vi^n Nghi&n ciiu H i n Ndm, Vdn khSc Han Ndm Viit Nam, add, tr 930, 933, 933 (8) Hiidng Udc xa Ho^ng Nghia, ban chii H i n , tii li^u siiu t i m t ^ dia phUdng (9) Vi$n Nghiin cfiu v i n hda d9n gian, Huang Udc Thanh Hoa, Nxb Khoa hoc xa h$i H i N^i, 2000, tr 337 (10), (11), (23), (24), (25), (26) Vi^n Nghign cfiu vin hda d i n gian, Huang Udc Thanh Hoa, sdd, tr 118,119, 199, 201-202, 124, 335 (12) Nguyin B i Nhsi h i | u l i Long Chiu, ngfidi x i Hoing DEIO sinh n i m N h i m Ng? (1822), d3 HiiOng cong khoa T i n Svlu, niin hi$u Thieu Tr) thfi n h i t (1841) Khoa thi Hdi n i m QuJ Mio (1843), dng d5 Df nhi giip Tiln xufiTt t h i n thfi n h i t (tfic Hoing giip), dng 22 tuli Diy l i khoa thi d i u tign nhfi Nguyen Ufy Dg n h i t giip v i ngiidi dfi IKnh nguygn, D§ n h i t giip Tiln cftp d | D§ tam danh (Thim hoa) l i Mai Anh Tulfn, ngiidi Thach Gian, huygn Nga Sdn, hoc trd ciia Nhfl B i Si (13), (19) Bfii Khic Vi|t, Nguyen Dfic Nhu^, Hodng I4c - ddt hieu hoc, Nxb Thanh Hda, Thanh Hda, 1996, tr 61, 62 (14) Xem thgm: Phaim V i n Tuf&i, Ca cdu td chUc xa hgi truyin thdng cia lang Viit ven biin huySn Hgu Lgc, tlnh Thanh Hoa, L u ^ i n Tiln si afi hoc H i NOi, 2008, (15) Gia phd hg Hd (Hd tgc phd ki), t i i li^u sUu t i m tai dia phUdng (16), (18) Gia phd Nguyin Hdu, tii ligu sfiu t i m t^i dja phiidng, tr 8-9 (17) Nguyin Hoa thu$c ddng doi Tien Nguyen Thanh.(1506-1545), Tien khoa T i n Siiu, triiu M^c Phiic Hai (1541), hai l i n thi H^i chi dl tam trUdng, song d^y h9C r i t gidi, dUdc chfia Tqnh mdi v l kinh dd giang sich t^i phu Minh Dd Vfidng CPrinh Doanh) (21) Xem them: Pham V i n Tufin, Ca cdu td chUc xa hgi truyin thdng cda lang Vi^t ven biin huy^n Hgu Lgc, tlnh Thanh Hoa, L u i n i n tien si sfi h9c, H i Ndi, 2008 (22) Thuc Udc v&n lang Hodng Bdt, t i i ligu aUu t i m t^i dia phfidng (27) H i Duy Phien (1791-1852): dS Hfidng cong Khoa Ky Mao, nien higu Gia Long thfi 18 (1819), l i m quan d i n ThUpng thu bd H§ VAN OE "TOAN YEN LANH THO" CLIA LIEN BANC MALAYSIA CIAIOOAN SAU DOC LAP (19571965) PHAN VAN RAN* TRINH THI HOA" T rai qua qufi trinh dfiu tranh chdng fich thd'ng tri ciia thflc dfin Anh, ngfiy 31-8-1957, Lidn bang Malaya (1) tuydn bd' thfinh lfip qudc gia ddc lfip Nhfi nridc doc lfip mdi vfin gifl nguyen ten cu lfi Lien bang Malaya vdi 11 bang (2) Cac thfinh vien ciia Lien bang vfin tri tinh ddc lfip tfldng ddi cua minh Mdt so' bang cdn lai lfi Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah vfi Brunei vfin cdn nfim dridi sri kiem sofit eiia thrie dan Anh Do dd, cuoc dfiu tranh eiing CO ddc lfip dan tde cua Lidn bang Malaya sau ddc lfip vfin phai tiep tuc vdi nhflng nhidm vu vd cflng phfle tap, "vfiii de tofin ven lanh tho" nhfim dam bao tinh thdng nhfit tofin bd Lidn bang lfi mdt ndi dung dflpc chinh quyin Malaya dfic bidt quan tam "i tridng lidn kfit cac vung dfit tren thfinh mdt td' ehflc hfinh chinh thdng nhfi't vd'n da tflng dflpc ngridi Anh di cfip nfim 1887 Thdi diem dd, ngridi Anh dfit vfin di hdp nhfit efie bang nfiy 'lfi nham bao ve lpi ich cua ngfldi Anh d vflng Vien Ddng chfl khdng phai dap flng khfit vpng ciia eac chinh quyin tfl tri tai day" (3) Tuy nhien, nhflng can trd tfl mdt so" bang vfi sfl can thiep tfl phfa nhfi nridc Xidm (Thai Lan) liic dd dfin dgh tuyen bd' thfinh lfip Lidn bang Malaya ngfiy 1-7-1896 da khdng bao gom tfit ea "miin dfi't cua ngfldi Melayu" Sau Malaya gianh ddc lfip nfim 1957, vfin d^ nfiy dflpc d i cfip lai trd lai Dridi gde dd vfin hda, nd lfi nhu cfiu tri thfin ciia nhfliig cfl dfin thudc "miin dfit eua ngridi Melayu" Dridi gdc dp chinh tri - xa hdi, day lfi ndi dung ndng bdng cfic chridng trinh nghi sri eiia chinh quyin Malaya Ngflcli khdi xfldng y tfldng nfiy lfi Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman Ong dfi xfiy dring nen "Ki hoach Dai Malaysia" vdi chridng trtnh sfip nhfip cfic bang edn lai h^ thd'ng thupc dia Anh d qufin dao Ma lai mdt td' chfle hfinh chinh thd'ng nhfit "Lien bang Malaysia" Vi sdp nhgp Sabah Lien bang Malaysia vd Sarawak vdo Ddi vdi Sabah va Sarawak, hpp tfic gi^B chfnh quyin Malaya vdi hai bang nfiy da ' PGS TS Hpc vien Chinh tri - Hanh chinh Qudc gia Hd Chi Minh •• NCS Hpc vidn Chfnh tri - Hfinh chfnh QuSc gia Hd Chi Minh Rghian ciJru Lich SIS', stf 6.2013 Singapore la nhfim bao ve tofin bd Lidn bang khdng bi anh hridng bdi kha nfing thd'ng tri eua ngridi Hoa - Dieu mfi cfic chinh tri gia Umno va ngridi Melayu rfit quan tam" (22) Trong mdt bfii phfit bilu trridc Qudc Hdi Lien bang (16-10-1961) v i chu de sfip nhfip, Thu tridng Tunku Abdul Rahman giai thfch rang: "Chung ta khdng the khdng thfla nhfin vide hofin tfit sfip nhfip Singapore la ke hoach tuyet vdi cd the ddi phd dflpc vdi nhflng khd khfin eua ehung ta"; "Chfnh phu Lien bang vfi Singapore da ciing thid't lfip cd c h i lfim vide nhfim nghidn cflu vfin de nfiy Dieu khoan tham chiiu cua nd lfi di nhin vfio tfi't ca cfic khia canh cua viec sfip nhfip bao gdm ea qudc phdng, hfinh hfinh chfnh, tai chfnh va kinh td'vdi quyin ban rdng cho Singapore mfi khdng anh hridng de'n nguydn tfic cua chfnh phu trung fldng manh me " (23) Ong khfing dinh, Singapore lfi mdt phan cua Lien bang vfi tri tri Lien bang, nhfl "doi tfic mdt ban sfic" (24), "Singapore cd t h i phfit triln thinh vridng nhri New York eua Malaysia" (25) Singapore se dripc coi "nhri la mot nhfi nfldc tfl tri ed quyin tuydt dra eac cdng viec npi bd cua minh, ngoai trfl cac vfi'n de qudc phong, ddi ngoai, an ninh ndi bd" (26); "Cd cfiu hfinh chinh tai Singapore se dflpc gifl nguyen vfi nhfi nflde se tri dieh vu dfin sfl cua nd" (27) V i vfin de sfl dung can cfl qufin sri d Singapore, Tunku Abdul Rahman d i nghi rang, "cfic can cfl ciia Anh tgi Singapore khdng nen sfl dung cho muc dich cua SEATO, nhring cd the tri cho Khdi thinh vfldng chung" (28) Vi phfa Singapore, Thii tridng L:y Quang Didu cung nhfin thflc dripc nguyen nhan sau xa sfl thieu tin cfiy eua phia chinh quyen Malaya ddi vdi viec sfip nhfip Singapore chinh lfi vfin d i ngridi Hoa d Singapore: "Hp lfi nhiing ngfldi mdi nhfip cri vfi diu cd trinh dp"; "Trong cfic bfio cfio eua chinh phii Malaya d i u d i cfip din kha nfing ngfldi Hoa se ludn ludn trung thfinh vdi Trung Qudc vfi it cd tri tridng v i mdt dfin tpc Malay" (29) Tuy vfiy, trridc ldi keu gpi ciia Thu tfldng Tunku Abdul Rahman, Thli tridng Ly Quang Di^u da hoan nghdnh gpi y nfiy vfi cho rfing, "Logic nghidm ngfit v i dia ly vfi sfic manh cua cfic lric Iripng lich svi, dfin tde vfi kinh t i fit phai thfing the^ (3D) Ong phe phfin hfiu qua cua chinh sach thric dfin Anh quan h^ Singapore Malaya; "ranh gidi gifla Singapore vfi Lien bang lfi "mpt quai vfit" dripc tao bdi cfic nhfi quy hogch vfi san xufit ban b Lufin Ddn" (31) Trdn thric t i , ly dia 1^ lfi diiu ngridi ta de cam nhfin dripc, song quan hdn lfi quan diem chfnh tri eiia cfic dang vi§n "Dang Nhfin dfin hfinh ddng" - PAP Da sd" thfinh vidn Dang PAP diu eho rfing: "thd'ng nhfil vdi bfin dao lfi tuy$t ddi quan trpng dd'i vdi sri sd'ng edn cua mdt qudc gia thinh vflpng, khdng cdng san" Dfiy von lfi mdt chii d i thridng xuyen dripc trao dd'i cac chfldng trtnh nghi Sri ciia Dang PAP ke tfl Singapore tuydn bd' tach khdi lien bang Malaya nfim 1946: sfip nhfip trd lai hay lfi tdn tai ddc lfip vdi Malaya? Trong Dang PAP, khuynh hfldng cua nhflng ngridi edng san Singapore thi mud'n tiep tue thric hi$n quy che ridng bidt eua Singapore, hridng tdi xay dring mdt "phao dfii cdng san d Ddng Nam A" Trong dd, da so'cdn lai thi ding tinh vdi vide gia nhfip trd lai vao hen bang Malaya Nfim 1959, Bd trridng tfii chfnh Singapore da dria ldi d i nghi thfinh l^p mpt thi trridng chung vdi Lien bang Malaya thdng qua vi$c khdi ddng "Chridng trtnh hda hpp vdi LiCn bang" Tuy nhien, nhflng cudc dfim thogi sd bd diin nfim 1960 dfi bi bd Iflng bdi sri khdng thdng nhfit V&i di loan ven lanh ttid' gifla hai khuynh hridng tren chria thong nhfit npi bd chinh quyin Singapore: "khuynh hridng Malaya" vfi "khuynh hridng Trung Qudc" Trong diiu kidn dd, Singapore khd cd t h i khdi ddng dripc "Chridng trinh hda hpp vdi Lien bang" Thdi dilm dfiu thfip nidn 60 cua t h i 1^ XX, chfnh phii Singapore nhfin thiic dripc nhflng khd khfin mfi hp dang phai dSi mfit Trfldc tidn phai k l din Ifi sfl gfin kit hiiu cd v i mfit dia 1^ gifla Singapore vdi Lidn bang Malaya Tiip dd, v i chfnh tri, Singapore se khd gifinh dflpc ddc lfip thric sri niu lfip tflc hofin tofin d^c Ifhp vdi Lien bang Malaya Niu Singapore khdng sfip nhfip vdi Malaya thi "khd cd kha nfing ngridi Anh cdng nh&n nen ddc lfip ciia Singapore" (32); "ddc lfip cho Singapore lfle nfiy Ifi mdt ao tridng nguy hilm, dao quic nfiy se tri hiiy di^t minh niu nd tfl chdi hpp nhfit Malaysia" (33) V i kinh te', Singapore dang phai ddi mfit vdi thfich thflc ldn, dd lfi tinh hinh thfldng mai - ngfinh kinh te mui nhpn cua Singapore dang sa sut nghiem trpng, nhu cfiu dfiu tfl von nflde ngofii gia tfing Mfit khfic Lien bang Malaya dang lfi thi trfldng tidu thu tfl nhien, cfic du an xfiy dflng khu cdng nghidp Idn tai Penang, Kualalumpur vdi nhiing liu dfii, bao ho t h u i quan lfi thach thflc ddi vdi nin kinh t i eiia Singapore Bd trfldng Tai chinh Goh Keng Swee da nhin thfiy diiu nfiy rfit rd rfing vfi nhfin xdt rfing "bfit cfl diiu ^ chflng ta nhfim thay doi n i n kinh t i chi cd thi cd dflpc ne'u Singapore va Lien bang tich hpp nhfl lfi mdt nen kinh ti", "niu khdng cd mdt sd' hinh thflc cua hoi nhfip kinh t i hofie thi trfldng chung, efie nin kinh t i Singapore vfi Malaya se tnie tiip canh tranh vdi nhau, dfic bidt lfi viec thu hut cfic nhfi dfiu tfl nfldc ngofii Singapore vdi Iflc Iripng cdng nhfin it hdn, chi phf san xufit cao hdn da gfiy bfit ldi eho chfnh nd Nhieu cdng ty d dia phridng nhri cfic cdng ty san xufit gifiy ddp cao su dia phridng da ehuyin ngoai vi chi phi d re hdn d Singapore" (34) Ve xfi hdi, nan nhfip cri d at, dfic biet lfi ngridi Hoa dang lfim cho vflng dfit nhd bd nfiy ngfiy cfing ddng dfin hdn; tlnh trgng thfit nghidp gia tfing Niu gia nhfip Lidn bang Malaysia, Singapore se giai quyit dripc khd khfin trdn Dfic bidt, linh vric kinh te, Singapore hy vpng se thie't lfip dflpc mpt thi trudng ehung vdi Lien bang, khdi phue lai nin kinh t i bi dinh trd sau chiin tranh, thu hut cac Iudng vd'n dfiu tri tfl bdn ngofii Nen kinh t i cua Singapore se khdng bi mfi't ehii ddng gia nhfip mdt thi trfldng ehung Lien btuig Thfle te, niu so sanh vdi Lien hang Malaya, thu nh^p cua Lien bang Malaya trridc vfi sau ddc lfip chu yiu lfi phu thudc vfio t h u i hai quan vfi nin kinh t i ndng nghidp lae hfiu, dd thu nhfip cua bang Singapore lai Ifi tfl vide thflc hidn chfnh sfich thfldng mai tfl vfi tu hda eang hien Vi v|y, sap nhfip, Singapore vfin dam bao dflpc sU dpe lfip cae chinh sach kinh t i cua minh ddi vdi Lien bang Vi chinh tri, neu khdng gia nhfip Lidn bang thi khd ed kha nfing Singapore gifinh dflpc doe lfip Nhri vfiy, chridng trinh "hda hpp" din lue nfiy khdng phai lfi "cd the" nfla mfi thi^c sri dfi trd nen can thiit ddi vdi Singapore Trong cudc trflng cfiu dan y td ehflc Singapore vao thang 9-1961, cd tdi 90% cfl tri di bd phieu, 71% sd phiiu dflpc trflng cfiu da tfin chu trridng gia nhfip Lien bang Malaya Ngfiy 16-11-1961, tgi KualaLumpur vfi Singapore, trridc sri chflng kiin ciia chfnh quyin Anh, cfic chinh phu da cdng bo dat dripc cfic thda thufin "hda hpp" nhu sau: Sau sfip nhfip, chinh phii trung Udng se dam nhfin cfic vfi'n de dd'i ngogi, qudc phdng Rghian curu iJch siSr stf 6.2013 vfi an ninh ndi bd Singgapore vfin se dam nh^n cac vfin d i thupc tfii chfnh, nhfin lric vfi giao due Singapore vfin lfi hai cang tri do, cd chfnh phii, ed quan lfip phap vfi ngfldi dflng dfiu nha nfldc ridng Singapore dflpc chi dinh nghi si vfio Thridng vidn va 15 nghi si vao Hg vipn Cdng dfin ciia Singapore vfin gifl nguyen tfi't ca mpi quyin chfnh tri cua minh; cfic quyin lpi v i gifio due, lufit phfip, chfnh sfich cfl tru, t h u i thu eiia Lien bang dflpc ap dung binh dang V i vfiii d i cfin cfl qufin sri, ehinh phii Singapore da dgt dripc thda thufin vdi Malaya: cfic cfin cfl qufin sfl tai day vfin se Anh kilm sofit de "bao ve hda binh d Ddng Nam A" Nhri vfiy, sfl hidn dien cua ngridi Anh tai Singapore vfin dripc dam bao cho Singapore khai thac dich vu kinh t i , giai quyet nan thfit nghidp vfi cung lfi dl dam bao an ninh cho Singapore Ngfiy 9-7-1963, dai didn lidn bang Malaya, Singapore, Sabah, Sarawak vfi ehinh phii Anh da ky kit dripc thda thufin v i viec thfinh Ifip mdt qudc gia mdi lfi lidn bang Malaysia, theo thda thufin, viec tuyen b i thfinh lfip nha nridc mdi di? dinh se dripc tiin hfinh ngfiy 31-8-1963 Tuy nhien, bfit ddng vdi cfic qudc gia lfing giing vi vSh d i tranh ch£p lanh \h6 vflng B^c Borneo da lfim chflm dri dinh tuydn bo ddc lfip ciia lidn bang Malaysia Ngdy 16-91963, trUdc sii chOng kiin cua Liin Hdp Qudc vd dgi diin chinh quyin Anh, chinh phu Malaysia tuyen bd chinh thitc thdnh lap "Liin bang Malaysia" Nhri vfiy, miic tieu "tofin ven lanh tho" cua chfnh quyin Malaya v i cd ban da thfinh cdng (ngogi trfl sri va vfip quan he vdi cfic nridc lang giing hen quan din vi$c sfip nhfip vung lanh tho Bfic Borneo) Lien bang Malaysia dripc Ifip vdi cd cfiu to chfle hfinh ehinh 14 bang thong nhfit Cfic bang nfiy da dang v i cfic dfin tpc, sfic tde, khdng thufin nhfit v i the c h i chinh tri vfi khfic biet sau sfic ve trinh dd kinh t i - xa hdi Dfiy vfla lfi thufin lpi vfi eiing vfla lfi thfich thfle ddi vdi chinh quyin Lien bang Malaysia sfl nghidp cung co nin ddc lfip dan tpc sau nfiy CHU THICH (1) T§n ciia lign bang Malaysia tnidc n i m 1963 (2) Bao Sembilan, gom: Perak, Johor, Selangor, Negeri- PerUs, Kedah, Pahang, Terengganu vk Kelautan, Penang, Malacca (3) Regina l i m Federal • State Relations Sabah, Malaysia, (4) Tan in Institute of SouthEast Asian Tai Yong Decolonization "Greater the Politics of Merger, Singapore: ISEAS, 2008, p.l52 (5), (8), (9), (11), (13), (14), (18) (19), (20) (21), (22) Tan Tai Yong, sdd, tr 158, 154, 152, 68, 151152, 71, 67, 31, 68-69, 68, 68 (24), (25), (26), (27), (28) Tan Tai Yong, sdd, p 70, 193, 68, 68, 68-69 (29) Lee Kuan Yew The Singapore Creating and (23) Tau Tai Yong, sdd, p.69 (Tunku'a Speech in Parliament, 16 October 1961) Studies, Singapore, 2008, p.41 Malaysia": (6), (7), (10), (12), (15), (16), (17) Regina Lim, sdd, p 41, 5, 44, 45, 44, 45, 43 Memoirs of Lee Kuan Story: Yew, Singapore: Federal Pubhcations, 2000, p 362 (30) D.G.E Hall Lich sH Bdng Nam A, Nxb Chinh tri Quic gia, Hfi N§i 1997, tr 1255 (31), (32), (33), (34) Tan Tai Yong add, p 37, 40, 37 37-38 NEN KINH TE THirCTNG NGHIEP COA VIET NAM N H O I G NAM DAU THl^ KY XX TA THITHUr T rong Chfldng trinh cua Paul Doumer, phfit triln thUdng mai lfi muc tidu cao nhfit cua cudc khai thfic thudc dia Ifin thfl nhfit bdi thiidng mai se giup Phfip thflc hidn duoc y biln Vigt Nam thfinh thi trfldng tidu thu hfing hda cua Phfip dong thdi cung cfip cho Phap nhiing san phim sinh ldi ciing nhiing san phim mfi nln kinh t l Phap dang can Vl phia chinh quyin thflc dan, dl thuc diy sfl phfit triln cua thUdng mai d thudc dia, trfldc h i t nd da rfi't chu y den viec to ehflc lai eac phdng thUdng mai Ngfiy 7-2-1901, Tong thong Phfip sac lenh lap Ban ehi dao Ndng - Lfim - Thfldng nghidp Ddng Dfldng Ngfiy 14-11-1901, Tofin quyin Paul Doumer nghi dinh quy dinh lai ehflc nang ciia cfic Phong thfldng mai Ddi vdi cfic nhfi tfl ban vfi eac cdng ty tfl ban, sii phat trien ciia cfic cdng trinh cdng cdng, nhfit la cfic tuyln dfldng sit, dfldng bd, dudng thiiy ciing nhfl sfl phfit triln cua cfic nganh kinh tg' cdng nghidp, ndng nghigp da tao nguon hfing vfi nhiing nhu elu kich thich sii phfit trien ciia viee budn ban, nhfi't lfi ngoai thUdng Mat khfic, dilu kien cua mdt n l n kinh t l cdn non yeu, Ddng Dfldng phu thude nhilu vfio • PGS.TS Vidn Sfl hoc ben ngoai, dd dfiy la cd hdi d l cac nhfi til ban, cac cdng ty tfl ban bd vd'n dfiu tfl vao vide budn bfin kiem ldi mot each de dfing Nfim 1906, ngudn vd'n tfl nhan, thfldng mai dflpc xIp vfio hfing thfl ba v6i 41,5 trieu francs, dflng sau diidng sfit 95 trieu, edng nghilp 72 tri$u vfi ehi diing trfldc ndng nghiep 13 trieu (1) vfi theo Charles Robequain, s i 492 tridu francs vfing mfi tfl nhfin dfiu tfl vfio Ddng DfltJi^ vdng 30 nam tfl 1888 den 1918, thfldng mai cung dflng vfio hfing thfl ba vdi 75 tridu francs (15%), dflng sau cdng ngliiep mo 249 trieu (51%), giao thdng vfin tai 128 tridu (26%) vfi dflng trfldc ndng nghidp 40 trieu (8%) (2) Tuy nhign, sd' 54 cdng ty vo danh dfldc thfinh lfip de kinh doanh d Ddng Dudng tfl nfim 1897 den nfim 1918, vdi ting sd' vdn ban dfiu 166 tridu franca mfi chung tdi dfin d trdn, cd tdi 10 cdng ty, cd t^ng s i v ^ 97 trieu francs hoat ddng hnh vflc thiidng mai, dflng hfing dfiu ve vd'n tror^ trfit tfl dfiu tfl cua cfic cdng ty Dieu dd noi len ring, vide budn ban gid khdng cdn le te nfla mfi da c6 sU tfip trung tu ban ldn cfic cdng ty dai thfldng vfi cac cdng ty chi phdi hfi'i nlifl tfit ca nhflng hoat ddng budn bfin vdi bdn ngoai cua Ddng Dudng ten hinh t€ Hiirong nghigp ciia Viet Ram Dilu dfing ndi lfi khfic vdi viec budn bfin rfldc dfiy cua ngfldi ban xfl, gid dfiy cdng fi^ nfiy khdng chi diln vdi cfic loai hfing ida thdng thfldng mfi nhilu loai hinh budn )fin mdi da ddi vfi cung khfie vdi thdi luen budn bfin nhd le quanh qufin trfldc ^ay, nhfit lfi theo quan nidm "trgng ndng, Ob huong", "bi quan toa cdng" cua triiu Nguyen, viec budn bfin vdi nfldc ngofii gid Ifldc gidi thflc dfin coi hfing dfiu vfi 3hinh phii t h u ^ dia n i m ddc quyin kilm sofit a Ngoai thfldng p h a t t r i e n Sii phfit triln cua ngoai thUdng cd t h i Ifldc nhfin thfiy d sfl ddi cua eae cdng ty :hfldng mai ldn vfi kdo theo lfi sfl md rdng dfin nguIn vin dfiu tU Vfi nhU da thfi'y, sd' 10 edng ty vd danh thfldng mai dfldc thfinh lfip tfl nfim 1897 din nfim 1918 thi cd din cdng ty hoat ddng linh vfle ngoai thfldng, cd tfiu budn dudng dfii vdi chinh quIe cung nhfl vdi eac nUdc khu vflc vfi cac nfldc ngofii chfiu A Sd' vd'n ban dfiu ciia cdng ty nfiy cd t h i dUdc tinh tdi 93 tri$u francs, gom: - Lien hiep thUOng mgi Dong Bucfng vd Phichdu • Cdng ty thuang mgi Phdp d Ddng DUdng - Cdng ty Thuang mgi vd vdn tdi thuy Viin Bdng • Liin hiip A • Phi - Liin hiip ddu hoa d chdu - Liin hiip Phdp - Bdng Buang - Cdng ty Bescours vd Cabaud - Cdng ty Xudt khdu Viin Bdng Sfl xufit hidn eua cfic dai cdng ty lfi mdt bilu hidn eiia sfl phfit triln vl chilu sfiu Knh vflc thUdng mai ndi ehung Sii phat triln ciia ngoai thfldng edn cd thi dflde nhfin thfiy d sfl tfing ldn ciia tong kim ngach xufit - nhfip khfiu thdi gian 18971918, tfl 81 tridu ding nfim 1897 (xufit 46 tridu, nhfip 35 tridu) tfing ldn 171 trieu dong nam 1902 (xufit 74 trieu, nhfip 97 trieu) ldn 179 trieu dong nam 1907 (xufit 98 trieu, nhfip 81 trieu), roi 192 trieu dong nfim 1912 (xufit 102 tridu, nhfip 90 trieu) tridu, nhfip 81 trieu), va 580 tridu francs (tUdng dfldi^ 235 tridu dong) nfim 1913 (3) Cung nhfl vay, sii phat triln ciia ngoai thUdng thdi ky nfiy cdn dUdc bieu hi$n d tinh trang vUdt trdi cua cfin cfin xufit nhfip khfiu Ket qua nghien eflu 16 nfim tfl 1897 den 1912 cho thfi'y, ehi cd nam (1900 - 1906) nhfip khiu vUdt xufi't khiu, nfim cdn lai, xufit khfiu ludn vfldt so vdi nhfip khiu, thudng lfi tren dfldi 10 tridu ding (4), cu the lfi (tinh bfing dong): 1897: 11 tridu; 1898: 10 tridu; 1899: tri$u; 1908: tridu; 1909: 11 trieu; 1910: 18 tridu; 1911: 11 trieu va 1912: 12 tridu (5) Cudi ciing, sii phfit trien cua ngoai thfldng cd the dflde nhfin thfiy d sii tfing ldn ctia gia tri xufit nhfip khfiu hfing hda Tfl 140 trieu dong la gia tri xufit, nhfip khfiu tnmg binh hfing nfim nhflng nfim 1899-1903 (trong dd xufit khfiu lfi 62 trieu dong vfi nhfip khfiu 78 tridu dong), s i nfiy tfing ldn 197 tridu ding nhflng nfim 1909-1913 (trong dd xufit khfiu lfi 105 tridu dong vfi nhfip khfiu lfi 92 trieu dong) (6) Tuy nhien, vdi muc dich ddc chilm thi tnidng Vidt Nam, Phfip tilp tuc fip dung dao luat quan t h u i nfim 1892 Theo dd, hfing hda Phfip vfio Viet Nam dfldc mien thue, hfing hda cfic nfldc khfic phai ddng t h u i tfl 25% dd'n 120% gifi tri hang hda Vi vfiy, Vidt Nam chii ylu nhfip khiu hang hda ciia Phfip hay ndi dung hdn lfi hfing hda Phfip da chiem linh thi trfldng Hghian euru IJeh sir s6 6.201 Vidt Nam, chdn Ip hang hda vfi cfic ngfinh san xufit ndi dia cung nhfl hfing hda tfl nfldc khfic, nhfijt la ciia Trung QuIc nhfip vfio thi trfldng Ddng Dfldng b Noi thxtn di cfic nUdc vi nhiing ly d trdn Tren thi tinh ciia Cambodge (Ndng Pdnh, Krake, tnidng, bay gid day khdng phai chi cd nhflng Stungsteng, Battambang ) Ngofii edn mfit hfing quen thudc cua mdt nln kinh t l mpt tfiu hdi nudc cung cua Lien dofin tren tfl Ifiy ndng nghidp lfim trpng tfim nfla mfi dfi Sfii Gron chd hfing di Bfing C6c, hay tdi Hdn xufit hidn nhflng loai hfing hda mdi nhu dfiu Chdng, dao Phfl Quoc de mua hat tidu Cudi hoa, cfic san phim chd' tao cdng nghidp tfl cflng, cfic sfi lflp cua ngfldi Hoa chd hfing tfl may mfic den kim din cfic hfing xa xi Sfii Gdn tdi Vung Tfiu hay tfl Sfii Gdn di Thu hay nhu cfic san phfim ndng nghidp mdi Dfiu Mdt, tfl My Tho tdi Trfi Vinh, di Sa dflpc san xufit tren cfic don diln nhfl cfi Ddc, qua Cai Bd, Vinh Long (24) phd, sfla, phd mfit thfim chi cdn xufit hi$n Budn ban ndi dia tfing ldn, sd ca cfic loai hfing hda dS.c bi$t nhfl bfi't ddng thfldng gia tfing ldn vfi t h u i mdn bfii ndi san, dien, nfldc vfi sinh cfic ngfinh budn ehung cung tfing ldn, dd cd thud' dfinh ban tiidng flng: kinh doanh bfit dong san, vfio budn bfin dien, nflde Sfl xufi't hien cua nhflng san Hfi Ndi, nfim 1901 cd tong cdng 4.504 phfim nfiy trdn thi tnidng din Iflpt chiing lai ngudi phai nop t h u i mdn bfii (205 ngfldi cd tfic dung kich thich sfl phfit trien eua cfic Au, 203 ngfldi A vfi 4096 ngfldi ban xfl), ngfinh kinh te d nfldc cung nhu sti nfim 1907 tfing them 766 the mdn bfii nfla phfit triln ciia ngoai thfldng, lfim hiln doi cd Rghian curu Lich si stf S.2Q13 cfiu dfin cfl vfi ddi sd'ng kinh t l - xa hdi ciia nhflng viing cd n l n kinh t l ndi thfldng phat triln Viec budn ban phfit dat dfi tao dilu kien cho mdt so thfldng nhfin ngfldi Viet tu Ifip cfic edng ty thUdng mai cua rieng mmh dl canh branh vdi cfic dm thii khac Khdng "rfSi mM" "duy tdn" dfiu thg' ky XX cdn khien ca eac nhan si, si phu von chl eoi trpng nghi "sV, coi re nghe "thuang" phai thay doi cfich nghi, each lfim Hp da dflng hd hao hay tfl lfip cac hang budn, cfic to chfle thiidng nghidp, ehfing h^n nhfl: Nguyen Quyen lfip Hong Tdn HUng; Hofing Tfing Bi lfip Bdng Thdnh XUdng b Hfi Ndi; Dang Nguyen Cfin, Lg Hufin, Ngd Diic Ke lfip Triiu BUOng thUOng qudn b Nghe An; Nguyin Quyin va Hofing Tfing Bi lflp Qudng Nam hiip thuang Cdng ty Noi len luc bfi'y gid la; hdng budn Qudng Hung Long; hdng budn Qudng Hop tch b Bfic K^; Qudng Nam hiip thiidng cdng ty; Cdng ty Phuang Ldn b Trung Kf; Cdng ty nUdc mdm Liin Thdnh b Nam Ky (28) Cdng ty Qudng Hung Long thfinh lfip nfim 1907 d Hfi Ndi la mdt cdng ty budn ban ldn nhfi't cua ngfldi Vidt dfiu t h I k y XX Cdng ty Qudng Hop fch thfinh lfip nfim 1907 d Hfi Npi eiing di ldn cflng kilu vdi Qudng HUng Long chuyen budn the, lua, sa, xuyin, vflc, nhieu Cdng ty Liin Thdnh (29) dfldc mdt s i thfin SI phong trfio Bdng Kinh nghia thuc lfip nfim 1907, dflng dfiu lfi bfic si H i Tfi Bang, vdi sfl ho trd ciia m^t so k^ hfio (anh em ho Hujhih lfi Ba Dfiu vfi Mfldi Ngd) ciing vdi sfl hd trp ciia mpt so thUdng gia giau cd ngfldi Hoa (Trfin Gia Hda hay Ba Xi) cd tru sd tai Sfii Gdn vfi Phan Thilt chuydn budn ban vfi san xufit nfldc mfim Tdm lai, khudn k h i ciia cudc khai thac thudc dia Ifin thfl nhfit cua thiic dan Phfip, thfldng mai cua Ddng Dfldng ndi ehung, eiia Vipt Nam ndi ridng da cd nhflng bflde phfit triln nhfit dinh, dfldc bilu hidn ol ca ngo£U thfldng vfi ndi thfldng ciing nhfl d sfl xufit hien cua nhflng nhfin to" ciia mdt nln thfldng mai hipn d^ Tuy nhidn, mdt nln thUdng mai nam tay ngfldi Phap chi lfi hinh thflc tfldc doat nguIn tfii nguyen vfi san ph^m thudc dia dl lfim ldi cho cfic nhfi tfl ban, cae cdng ty tfl ban boat ddng Snh vflc thfldng mai Phfip mfi thdi CHU THICH (1) Andr6 Dumarest: La formation de classes sociales en Pays Annamites, Lyon, 1935, ban d i n h miy tr 30 situation de I'Indochine de 1902 d 1907, S&i Gon 1908 tr 462, 462, 463, 463, 464, 467, 467, 467, 467, 467,469.470,470,471,249, 249,257 (?)• (6) Charles Robequain: L 'Evolution economique de f//idocAme^wicnise", Paris, 1939, tr 189, 342 (3) (4), (5), (8) Resume Statistique relatif aux annees 1913-1940 (7) Nguyin Khanh Toin Lich svl Viit Nam tflp II 1858-1945, Nxb Khoa hpc xa h6i H i Nfti, 2004, tr 120 (12) Pierre Richard Peray: Le Vi4t Nam au XX" siicle, Paris, 1979, tr 44 (9) Diidng Kinh Quoc: Viet Nam nhffng sU kiin tich sur 1858-1918, Nxb Giao due H i N^i, 1999, tr 267-268 (10) (11), (13), (14), (15), (16), (17), (18), (19), (20), (21), (22) (23), (24), (25), (26), (27) Paul Beau: La (28) Nguyin CSng Binh: K m hieu giai cdp tU sdn Viit Nam thdi Phdp thudc, Nxb V i n - Sil • Dia, H i N$i, 1969, tr 42-43 (29) Tham kb?o bfii vilt cua Trjnh V i n Thao: i a T h i n h (1906-1975) v i ai^ thay dli cua m^* doanh nghidp t i n tien" (Li6n T h i n h 1906-1975 et transfiguration d'une entreprise modemiate Esaai de aociologie historique), Vi^r Nam: Le moment moderniste, Univerait^ de Provence, 2009, tr 149-169 LICH SU Vdl N H A TRUdNG SilCH GIRO KHOfl UCH SUT TRirdNG P H THdNG VC Dl/ONG NINH' N gfiy 10-5-2013, Hdi Khoa hpc Lich sfl Vidt Nam vfi Lien hiep cae hdi Khoa hpc & K^ thufit Vidt Nam dfi to chfle Hdi thao chuydn gia vdi ehu d i "Sfich giao khoa Lieh sfl d trridng Phd' thdng" Bfii viit dridi dfiy gidi thi^u nhflng vfi^n d i ed ban dripc gidi sfl hpc quan tfim thao lufin, dfla nhiiu y kien quan trpng vfi thid't thi^c gdc cua sfl bfit cfip vfi nhiing giai phfip khfie phuc hidu qua Trong mfldi nfim gfin day, Hoi Khoa hpc Lich stt Vidt Nam dfi to chfle cude hpi thao khoa hpc quic gia v i vfi'n d i dgy vfi hpc Sfl d trfldng Pho thdng vfio efie nfim 2003, 2008 vfi 2012 (1) Ngofii ra, mdt so trridng dgi hoc cung to' ehflc nhiing cupc hdi thao ve ehii d i tridng tri Trong nhiiu nam qua, sach gifio khoa (SGK) bien dang sfl dung da dripc Bd Giao di^e vfi Nha xufit ban Gifio due vfi Dfio tao to chfle bien soan mdt efich nghiem tue, cdng phu, cd phan bi^n vfi thu thfip y kiin tfl gifio vidn nhiiu dia phfldng, vide in fin cd nhiiu cai tiin, dfi gdp phfin vfio thfinh tflu chung eua ngfinh gifio due Song nhflng san phfim tren di vfio tbi^c tiln giang dgy vfi hpc tfip vfin chria dem Igi kit qua nhu mong mud'n, gfiy nen ndi bfle xuc cua xa hdi vfi dieu bfin khofin dpi ngu cae thfiy cd gifio Trong cfic Hdi thao do, nhilu tham lufin da phan finh thric trgng cua tinh trang d^gy vfi hpc lich sfl vdi nhiiu dfin chflng cu thi, vgch flu khuyit dilm vfi di xufi't phridng budng giai quyit trdn tfi't ca cfic khau ciia qua trinh dgy vfi hpc Hpi thao hdm chi dfit trpng tfim vfio chu d i "Sdch gido khoa Lich s^ d trudng phd thdng" • mot nhflng khfiu cd ban nhfii d i tim ngudn Vfiy xoay'quanh vfi'n d i SGK, ndn dfit vfi giai quyit nhiing vfin d i gi? Tfl Idng mong mud'n nfing cao chfit Iridng gifio due lich sii cho cfic t h i he hpc sinh p h i thdng, ehung tdi i^in neu vdi tfnh chfit gdi f vfin d i sau day Mgt, ban ve SGK, khdng the khdng d i cfip dd'n chuang trinh mdn hgc mfi hfiu nhu din deu cd quan dilm thong nhfi't rang "GS Dai hpc Quic gia Hfi Ndi Rahifln eflu lUch sd- stf 6.2013 "ChUdng trinh la van ban phap 1;^ budc gifio vidn phai tuan thii" vfi SGK lfi cdng cu dripc bien soan theo chridng trtnh de gifio vien vfi hpc sinh sii dung qufi trinh dgy vfi hpc Do vfiy, cd the "mdt chUOng trinh, nhiiu bd SGK", thay the cho quan diem trfldc day "SGK lfi phfip Idnh" vfi chi cd "mpt chridng trtnh, mdt SGK" Diiu nfiy nhiiu nfldc tren the gidi da Ifim vfi Ifim tfl lau, song d ta cd the coi nhri mdt sri thflc hidn quyen dfin chu hpc thu§t, ddng vidn dupc ddng dao cfic nhfi chuyen mdn, cfic nhfi gifio due ed tam huyet, cd nfing liic vfi kinh nghiem sU phgm tham gia cdng vide he trpng nfiy Dridng nhien cfic ban thao SGK phai dflpc phan bidn qua sfl dfinh gifi ciia mdt Hpi ddng khoa hpc cd uy tfn vfi phai dripc Bd Gifio due cho phip sfl dung nhfi trridng Cfic tac gia vfi eac nhfi xufi't ban chiu trach nhiem v i san ph^m cua minh, ke ca tri dfiu tri cho vide lfim sfich vfi dridng nhien phai chiu sfl sfing Ipc ciia xa hdi Chi nhflng cudn SGK thfle sfl cd chfi't Iflpng mdi ed the "dflng" dflpc cudc cgnh tranh nfiy, Cac trridng, efie thfiy gifio cd quyin chon cuon nfio phfl hdp nhfit lfim SGK cua trridng minh Cfic k^ thi se cfin cfl vfio ndi dung chridng trinh dl dfinh gifi ke't qua ndn cfic bd SGK dfl cd khfic vfin phai dat dripc cfii chufin chung dd Vi vfiy, giao vidn bfit bude phai nfim vflng chfldng trinh vfi t h i hidn vide giang day ciia minh nhiing ndi dung cd ban ciia chridng trinh mdn hpc Dieu nfiy se khfie phue tinh trgng gifio vidn chi phu thudc vfio SGK ma khdng c6 tfim nhin khfii quat vi tofin bd ehUdng trinh minh dam nhiem Hai, ed the ndi v i mat ly thuyet, khdng cd bfin cai nhieu Ifim v i muc tiiu cua mdn hgc nhring vfin dung vfio thric tien Igi bdc Id nhflng cfich nghi khae Trong Nghi quyit Dai hdi Dang Ifin thfl XI, v i nhidm vu gifio due dfio tgo cd nhfin manh "dge biit coi trgng gido due ly tUdng, gido duc truyin thdng lich sit cdch mgng, dao dac, lot sdng, ndng lUc sdng tgo, ky ndng thUc hdnh, tde phong cdng nghiip, y thUc trdch nhiim xd hgi" (2) Tfit ca cfic mdn hpc tfl khoa hpc tfl nhidn din khoa hpc xa hpi, tfly theo npi dung ciia ngfinh minh, diu cd nhidm vu thflc hidn theo dflng muc tieu nfiy Song, khoa hpc xa hdi ndi ehung va mdn Lich sfl ndi ridng cd nhidm vu nfing n i vfi diiu kien thufin ldi di mang ndi dung sii hpc phuc vu yeu cfiu gifio due ly tridng, giao due truyin thd'ng lich sfl cfich mgng, dao dflc, Ira song vfi y thfle trfich nhiem xfi hdi nhri van kien Dang dfi ndu Sfl mdnh cua mdn Lich stt quan trpng lfi vfiy, nhring thuc t i i n gifio due nudc nhfi, no khdng dride dgt dung vi tri, chfla ndi den vide eoi trpng hofie flu tidn gi ca Bang chflng lfi cfic kjf thi td't nghiep trung hpc phd thdng, mdn Sii ed nfim thi, cd nfim khdng thi theo k i t qua cua vide bdc tham (nhu cfiu tra ldi bfio chf ciia Cue khao thf nam nay) Cd le nfio mdt viec he trpng nhfl the Igi thudc vfio sri may nii theo kilu "xo sd" vfiy ehfing? Diiu dd cho thfiy tfim quan ly vi md, each nhin nhfin ve vi tri mdn Set khdng tridng thfch vdi diiu ma nghi quyet ciia Dang ddi hdi Vfi da khdng thi thi Ban giam hidu cfic trridng ei^ng vdi va k i t thflc mdn hoc sdm de tfip trung dn luydn cfic mdn thi Hfiu qua cua nhiiu nam lien tiip nhri the' nfio, eung thfi'y ro Diiu dd cho thfij' viec xae dinh muc tidu eua mdn hpc cfin dripc qufin triet dfiy du tiJt cfip lanh dao de'n ngridi gifio vien, tfl nhfin thfle ly thuyit dd'n diiu hfinh thric t i thi mdi dem lai k i t qua kha quan dripc Tham khao d Hoa K^, ky thi tot nghidp Trung hpc, mdn Lich set dripc coi lfi mdt mdn cd ban, bfit bupc cflng mdn khac lfi Tofin, Tiing Anh, Vfit ly, Ngogi ngQ Thfi S6ch glAo hhoa lich SIS' ma sau xay sfl kidn 11-9, ngridi My nhfin hp biit qufi ft v i lich sii tdn gifio, lich a\i chfnh tri ngofii nridc My Chuyen gia gifio due Mike Baker nhfin xet: "Day la luc chflng ta nhfin thflc rd hdn tfim quan trpng ciia mdn Lich sii nhfi trfldng Lieh sfl lfi mdn bpc cung cfip eho chung ta kien thflc cd sd d l hieu t h i gidi hdm nay" (3) Ba, ngofii mijc tidu v i rdn luyen phfim chfit, dao dflc, vfin d i dfit lfi chridng trtnh vfi SGK se di theo hridng nfio vide dinh hUdng ndi dung hay dinh hiidng phdt trien ndng lUc hgc sinh, ndi cfich khae lfi theo hridng "tiep can ngi dung" hay "tiep cdn nang lUc" Bfiy lfiu, SGK thfldng theo hfldng thfl nhfi't nhfim cung cfip nhiing kiin thfle lieh stt mdt efich ed ban vfi he thing mfi phfin rdn luyen ky nfing, ed quan tam nhring cdn hgn che Diiu dd lfim cho SGK dfiy fip cfic sri ki§n, dfiy ngridi gifio vien vfio t h i phai truyin thi^ kiin thflc lfi chfnh vfi hoe sinh chi lo tiip thu nhflng kiin thfle dd NghTa lfi ea hai phia thfiy vfi trd diu rdi vfio t h i hi ddng mfi bieu hidn rd nhfit lfi phridng thflc dpe - chdp tren ldp vfi bpc sinh ehi lo hpc thudc bfii Dd lfi mdt nhflng ngudn gdc khiin eho mdn Stt trd nen nfing ne vfi chfin ngfin Trong thdi dai cdng nghd thdng tin ngfiy cang phfit triln, giao vien vfi hpc sinh cd the ttm hilu nhiiu sri kidn tii cfic ngudn thdng tin khae nhri sfich vd, internet, phim anh thi Iridng kiin thfle SGK cfin dripc ehpn lpc theo tinh thfin tinh gian Thufit ngfl "tinh gidn " lfi tinh thfin chl dgo cua ed Bd trridng Bd Dai hpc Tg Quang Biiu nhflng nam 60-70 cua the' ky trflde, mang ndi dung khfic vdi phUdng chfim "giam tai" dang dripc sfl dung hdm "Giam tai" mang nghia cd hpc, ehi nen coi lfi bidn phfip tinh t h i chridng trtnh qufi nfing, budc phai cfit bdt bao nhieu phfin trfim Lfim nhri vfiy, cd giam bdt dflpc phfin nao nhflng se pha vd tfnh Idgich cua chfldng trinh, cfic kien thflc khdng gfin kit bidn ehiing vdi nhau, dd sri hilu biet eiia hpc sinh se rdi rgc, vun vfit Cdn tinh gian tofin bd chridng trinh lfi ehpn Iria mdt cfich khoa hpc nhiing vfiii de, nhiing sri ki^n thiit yiu nhfit, quan trpng nhfit, "tinh" nhfit dl dria vfio chfldng trinh vfi SGK mdt td'ng t h i bien chflng hpp ly Nhring du ed "tinh" t h i nao thi hidu qua cung hgn c h i niu nhri khdng qufin tridt dinh hridng "phfit triln nfing Irie tri sfing tgo cua ngridi hpc" "^ tridng nfiy phai dripc t h i hi$n xuydn suit tfl vide xay dflng chfldng trtnh din cfiu true cua tofin cudn SGK vfi cila tiing bfii SGK Nhieu tham lufin cfin cfl vfio kinh nghidm thric tiin giang dgy d nflde eiing nhfl nhflng tham khao tfl nflde ngofii da d i cfip din vfi'n d i nfiy Tinh thfin chung lfi phfin bdi viit, tflc npi dung kiin thflc ed ban ehi chiim mdt ty Id nhfit dinh nhring^ nhflng phfin edn lai dflpc gpi lfi "ca chd sU phgm " cd vi tri rfi't quan lfim cho hpc sinh vfla hieu sfiu vfin de (qua tri lidu, tieu stt, ban di, sd dd ), vfla md rpng tfim nhin (qua tranh anh, binh lufin, nhflng cfiu hdi gpi md va nhflng boat dpng ngoai khda), qua dd ed the tiip nhfin kiin thfle mpt efich chu ddng, ddng thdi cd t h i md rdng tfl duy, hpc each lfip lufin vfi bfiy td y kiin cua minh Hpc tfip theo phridng thflc ehii ddng se gfiy bring thu, nfing cao nhfin thflc vfi rdn luyen ky nfing cd hieu qua vfi thiit thUc hdn Bo'n, mdt vfi'n d i dripc bfin lufin nhieu lfi nguyen tac cdu true cua chUdng trinh vfi SGK, theo nguydn tfic ddng tfim, dridng th^ng, hay kit hpp gifla dridng thfing va ding tfim Hghien eihi I4cJi siV sd 6.2013 bfic tilu hpc, hfiu h i t y kiin tan thfinh xu hudng tfch hpp gifla lich sii, dia 1^, gifio due edng dfin; thiet ke chridng trtnh lieh sii dridi dang cfiu chuyen lich sfl, cae truyin thuyit dfin gian, cac nhan vfit lich stt cflng chii'n tfch, edng trang vfi tfii nfing cua hp, cfic dia danh lich sti vfi vfin hda tfl npi dia din hai dao Vide chpn giai phap nfio de thric hien lfi diiu rfit quan trpng, nd cd y nghia quyit dinh den phridng hfldng xfiy d i ^ g chfldng trtnh vfi viet SGK, vi vfiy cfin dflpc xfic dinh ro rfing tfl dfiu Ne'u theo phfldng fin phfin ban d b^c trung hpc phd' thdng thi vfiii d i cdn cfin bfin thao nhieu hdn vfi cu the hdn , Vi mdi quan hd gifla trung hpc ed sd vfi trung hpc thdng, cd nhiiu giai phfip khfic nhau: Ndm, SGK ed dripc hoc sinh tiip nhfin hay khdng edn tfly thudc vfio vide the hidn (ndi dung vfi hmh thfle) cd phfl hdp hay khdng vdi tfim 1^ hpc sinh vfi trinh dd cua hp - Giai phfip 1: Chridng trinh dflpc phfin bo theo dridng thang, dfit trpng tam efi'p vao lich stt cd' trung dai, ca'p vfio lich sii cfin hidn dai Cfiu hdi dgt lfi n i u hpc sinh sau h i t cfip khdng hpc tiip thi hfinh trang kie'n thfle lich s i eua hp se t h i nfio? - Giai phfip 2: Chridng trinh diu di tfl co dai din hi$n dai theo vdng ding tfim vdi hfldng tiip cfin khfic nhau: d efi'p tiip c^n tfl gdc dp lieh sii van minh the' gidi vfi vfin hda Vidt Nam; d efi'p 3, tiip cfin tfl gde dd lich sii chfnh tri, kinh te', xa hdi thd' gidi vfi Vidt Nam - Giai phap 3: Chridng trtnh efi'p dfit trpng tfim vfio lich sfl dan tde (Qudc sfl) tren cfii n i n lich sii t h i gidi NghTa Ifi lich sfl t h i gidi khdng tfich rieng, khdng di mdt cfich hofin chinh mfi lfi bdi canh cfin thiit dl hiiu lich sfl dan tde vfi quan h§ gifla Viet Nam vdi the gidi Den chfldng trmh efi'p se tfich lfim hai bd phfin: lieh stt t h i gidi vfi lich stt Vidt Nam di tfl cd dai din hien dai - Giai phfip 4: Chfldng trinh lich sfl t h i gidi vfi Viet Nam dridc giai quyit v i ed ban d cfip 2, din cfip giang theo chuyen d i b a o gdm cfic loai chuyen d i v i lich sii Vidt Nam, v i lich sii the gidi va v i lich s i Viet Nam - T h i gidi Cfin xfic dinh rd doi tuang chinh s& dung SGK Id hgc sinh, khong phai lfi thfiy c6 gifio Do vfiy, each viet, each trtnh bfiy vfi dfin giai vfi'n de cfin phu hdp vdi tfim ly lfla tuoi cua hpc sinh cfip (dp tuoi qufing khfin do) va cfip (mdi chdm nidn) Tfim ly vfi kha nSng nhfin thric cua hpc sinh cd mflc dd nhfit dinh, nfing ve cam nhfin trflc tiip qua efie cfiu chuyen, hinh anh, ban vfi bride dfiu cd tfnh he thd'ng qua cfic sd do, thd'ng ke vfi nhfit lfi qua cfich truyin dat gay hiing thu hay budn te eiia giao vien SGK hien nay, mfic dau cd ed gfing v i mfiu sfic vfi hinh anh nhring ndi chung kenh chfl cdn nhiiu, mfi nfing v i 1;^ lufin, nghi quyit, nhieu kiin thflc sau khdng cfin thiet ddi vdi tudi hpc sinh phd' thdng khiin cho SGK trd nen nfing ne, d i chfin Hodn ednh thtic tiin cua nridc ta hien cung lfi vfin d i phai quan tfim Gifla efie vung miin, trinh dp ngoai ngfl rfi't chenh Idch, diiu kien hiiu biit bdn ngofii dia phfldng cua hpc sinh rfit ban ehi V|iy mfi mdn Lich sii, nhfi^t lfi Lich sit t h i gidi chria dflng biit bao dia danh nfldc ngofii, ten tuoi nhfin vfit cfic nudc thi lfim hpc sinh hieu dflpc vfi nhd dfldc? d day cd khoang cfich rfit ldn gifla ydu cfiu cua chridng trinh, SGK vfi nang Irie tiip nhfin gfich gi6o hhon lleh si ciia hoc sinh Chfing cfl mdn Sii, cfic mdn khoa hpc xfi hdi khfic (Vfin hoc nridc ngofii, Dia If t h i gidi) eung rdi vfio tinh trgng tridng tu Dfiy lfi vfin de cfin quan tfim xae dinh ndi dung ciia sfich va ehpn Iria tdn ngfldi, tdn dfit cho phfl hdp Ddi ngU cdc tde gid lfi nhiing gifio sfl, giang vidn dgi hpc cd trinh dp cao song nhiiu ngfldi khdng tham gia giang day d nhfi trfldng phd' thong, khdng hfing ngfiy tiip xuc vdi hpc sinh nen tri xay dring chfldng trinh vfi cfich viit SGK diu mang tinh kinh vidn, \f thuyit nfing ni, ldi vfin cd dpng khdng phfl hpp vdi trtnh dp vfi tfim ly hpc sinh p h i thdng Phridng phfip bidn soan giao trinh dai hpc vfi phong each hpc tfip cua sinh vidn cd nhiiu diem khfie xa vdi SGK vfi hpc sinh nhring nhiiu khi, SGK "vfin chi lfi tdm tfit lieh sii cua ngfldi ldn bfit tre eon hpc" mang dfim dfiu vit cua "gifio trinh dai hpc bi ddn ndn" nen cfic em khd tie'p thu, sinh chfin! Do vfiy, dpi ngu nhflng ngridi xfiy dflng chfldng trinh vfi bidn soan SGK cfin cd sU kit hop giiia cdc thdy cd dgy d dgi hgc vdi cdc thdy cd dgy d thdng, chpn Iria nhflng ngridi khdng nhiing rfi't gidi v i ndi dung chuyen mdn mfi phai rfit gidi ca ve ky nfing sri pham Nhri vfiy, cfic tfie gia vfla cd trinh dp khoa hoe cao, nfim bfit dripc nhflng vfin d i cd ban vfi hidn dai, ddng thdi cd the vfin diing phfl hdp vdi tfim ly vfi kha nfing tri eiia hpc sinh phd' thdng Cd nhri vfiy, SGK mdi d i "di vfio" vdi cfic em vfi dripc cfic em chfip nhfin Thric ra, v i chridng trinh vfi SGK cdn nhieu van d i khfic lien quan din ehu trfldng va chfnh sfich cua cfip trdn, den sfl quan tfim vfi ddng tinh cua xa hdi, dd'n dieu kidn kinh phf dfiu tfl cho vide bien sogn vfi xufit ban Song vfin de quan trpng nhfi't vfin phai lfi cdng viee eua cfic nhfi sii hpc, efie thfiy cd gifio day lieh set, nghia la edng vide ciia ehinh chflng ta nhfim lfim cho vide bien soan SGK dat dflpc mot bude tie'n tfch cflc tren eon dfldng Dii mdi ed ban vfi tofin dien n i n giao due Vidt Nam CHU THtCH (1) C&c H91 thao mang chu de: Diin ddn Sd hgc (Hfi Nfii, 2003), ThUc chdt vd gidi phdp gido due mdn Lich sd nhd trUdng phd thdng (fik Npi, 2008); Vi dgy hgc lich aH d trudng phd thdng Viet Nam ff)a Ning, 2012) (2) Dang Cfing san Vi^t Nam- Von kien Bgi h0 dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thUXI Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c gia H6 Nfii, 2011, tr 216 (3) Mike Baker; The lessons for History's subject in School D&n theo Trfin Thj Vinh: M6t ad vdn di vi chuang trinh m6n lich sU hi thdng giao due d My vd Canada Ky ylCu H^i thao Qufic gia ve day hoc hch sil h tnidng ph^ thdng Vi^t Nam Nxb Giio dye Vi|t Nam 2012, tr 189