VÀI NÉT VỀ NGHI LỄ TẾ MIẾU CỦA TRIỀU NGUYỄN

VAI NET VE NGHI LE TE MIEU CUA TRIEU NGUYfeN HUYNH THI ANH VAN' T rong ddi sd'ng van hda cung dinh Nguydn, vigc thd cung to tign lfi mot nhflng hoat ddng dfldc trieu dinh dfic biet chu Chi rigng viec xfiy dflng cfic mieu thd to tign cua ddng ho va nghi ll tg' mieu cua trieu Nguyen da t h l hien rfi't rd didu vfi trd thfinh net dfic trUng cua tridu dai khong chi so vdi truydn thd'ng thd cung to tien dan gian hoae so vdi cac tridu dai khac lich sfl Viet Nam, ma cdn so vdi cac tridu dai phong kien cung thdi d mot sd nfldc ddng vfin khu vflc nhfl Trung Quoc hoae Hfin Qud'e Thdng thfl6ng, viec thd cung td tign dan gian dflOc thflc hign tai nha thd ho (tfl dUdng) hoae nha thd nhanh "NhQng ho giau sang cd tfl dUdng ridng de thd td tign chung cua hp, mdi chi I^i cd nha thd rigng eua ban chi; cdn nha gia trUdng thi cd ban thd de thd phung cha me rieng cua mdi ngfldi Tren ban thd, ngofii cac dd thcf, nhu dinh trdm, cay sap (dd tam sfl hay ngu sfl), mam bdng, da chen, thi d gifla cd bai vi cua to tien O nha gifiu thi cac bfii vi fi'y d l mot cfii kham sdn son thg'p vang NhGng bai vi fi'y cua td tien ' ThS Trung tam Bao tdn Di tich cddo Hud tfl dai trcl xud'ng, vi bai vi cua td tidn ngu dai thi phai chdn di (3 nhfi thd ho thi cd thdn chu cua thuy td di thd mai mfii, goi lfi bdch the bat dieu chi chd " (1) Vl tuc Id nfiy, hpc gia Trdn Dang Sinh giai thich thgm: "Cfic thdn chu ngofii Thuy to hoae To phfin chi se ldn lUdt thay doi theo le "Ngu dai mai thdn chu", tflc la chdn than chu ddi thfl Trong khfim thd luc nao cung chi cd than chu ddi la bdi tuc lg Tfl dcfi thfl trd len, ngUcti ta chdn than chu di, gia dinh khdng cflng gio rigng vfi true tie'p nfla (trfl dng bfi thuy to vfi dng bfi to phan chi) nhUng cac vi vfin dUdc phoi hudng, tflc la vfin dflpc hudng le chung cung Thuy td va Td phan chi" (2) So vdi viec thig't lap cac nha thd td, nha thd nhfinh cua cfic ddng hp dan gian, cac vua Nguyin khdng ehi cd Nguygn Mig'u - nhfi thd chinh d qug gd'c Gia Mieu, Thanh Hda mfi cdn cd mdt hg thdng cac mig'u, dign Hofing Thanh Hud va d cfic lfing tdm Theo Nguyin Phuc Tdc The Pha, phdn VUdng pha va D^ pha cd 17 ddi, tinh tfl ddi thfl nhfi't la dng Nguyen Kim/Cam (than sinh cua chua Nguyen Hofing) cho ddn ddi so vua Duy Tfin (3) Mdi ddi Ifip thfinh mdt Hg, mdi H$ gdm nhidu Phdng, m6i Phdng l?ti cd nhidu Chi Theo dd, Nguygn Midu d Thanh Hda, noi thd dng Nguydn Kim/Cam, ngfldi khdi ddu cho 17 ddi tidp theo cua Nguydn Phdc T0e cd t h l coi lfi tflOng dfldng vdi nhfi thd hp thdng thfldng Mdi H$ lg cung ddu cd nhfi thd cua H$, tfldng dfldng vdi nhfi thd nhfinh thdng thfldng Nhflng nhU trgn da ndi, ngfldi sfing lap cfic H0 Thd phd cua Nguydn Phdc T0e cflng lfi cfic vj sfing Ifip cfic ddi cua Vfldng pha vfi Dd pha, hay ndi cfich khfic, hp ciing lfi nhflng v) chfla hofic vua Nguy§n dflpc thd Thfii T l Midu (dfinh cho cfic chfla) hofic Thd Td Midu (dfinh cho cfic vua) Ndu theo ph^p "Ngu d^ii mai t h i n chu" ndu tren, vi0c thd rigng dng Nguyen Kim vfi vp tai Tri0u To Midu (edn gpi tfit lfi Tri§u Midu) vfi dfinh Thai Td Midu (edn gpi tfit lfi Thai Midu) cho vigc thd chin ehfla da lfi mdt didu khfic biet Hon nfla, ddn ddi cac vua Nguyen, vua Gia Long cho xay rieng Hung To Midu (cdn goi tfit Ifi Hung Midu) di thd cha minh, vua Minh Mang cho xfiy thfim Thd Td Midu (cdn gpi tfit lfi Thd Midu) d l thd vua Gia Long vfi cac vi vua kd tidp, t h l hign rd ngt khfic bigt cua hofing tdc Nguyin so vdi vi$c thd tU td tign cua dan gian D?lc bigt, h$ thdng efic edng trinh thd cdng td tien cua nhfi Nguyin cl Hud khong chi cd cfic "Midu" k l tren, mfi cdn c6 cfic "Di^n" d lfing tdm T?ii Hud, ndu ehi nh^c ddn mieu thd vua Nguyin vdi dung ten gpi vd tgn gpi cdng trinh (Midu) vfi doi tflpng thd eung (vua) thi chi cd Thd To Mig'u (hay cdn gpi vfin tfit lfi Thd Midu) Day la m^t bdn midu chinh cua nhfi Nguyen Hofing thfinh Hud, bao gdm; Trigu Td Midu (thd dng Nguyen Kim (4) va vp - cha me cua chua Rghiftn elhi Itjch sfr stf 11.80lg NguySn Hofing), Thfii Td Midu (thd chda NguySn vfi cfic bfi vt}), Hflng Td Midu (thd thfin phy vua Gia Long vfi vd) vfi Thd Td Midu (thd cfic vua NguySn vfi hofing hfiu) Tuy nhifin, d Hud cdn nhflng cdng trinh khfic cd cflng chflc nfing thd vua NguySn nhflng khdng gpi Ifi "Midu", nhfl cfic di§n thd d cfic Ifing, bao gdm; Minh Thfinh Di$n (thd vua Gia Long vfi hofing hfiu), Sflng An Di§n (thd vua Minh M^ng vfi hofing hfiu), Bidu Dflc Didn (thd vua Thi$u Tri vfi hofing hfiu), Hda Khidm Di^n (thd vua Td Dflc vfi hofing hfiu), Long An Didn (thd vua Oi;ic Dflc vfi hofing hfiu, vd sau thd thgm vua Thfinh Thfii vfi vua Duy Tfin), Chfip Khifim Di^n (thd vua Kidn Phflc), Ngflng Hy Di$n (thd vua Ddng Khfinh vfi hofing hfiu), Khai Thfinh Di$n (thd vua Khai Dinh) Ngofii ra, d khu vdc Hofing thfinh Hud cdn cd Phyng Tign Di^n, cting lfi ndi thd cfic vua vfi hofing hfiu trilu NguySn Sfl khfic cfich diing tea goi •'midu" vfi "di^n" cd thd hilu theo nhilu each Shaun Kingshley Malamey mdt nghign cflu v l vfin hda vfi nghi iS d mdt sd Ifing midn Bfic da dUa djnh nghia: "Cfic ddn thd dfinh cho Iinh hdn cua nhflng nhfin vfit lich sfl cd sflc manh sifiu nhign goi lfi mieu, mpi ngUdi dfin ddu cd t h l ddn Ifim IS", cdn di^n I^i dfinh cho "rfi't nhidu lo^ thdn linh vfi thudng thi nghi IS gia dinh thdc hi^n di chda b$nh hofic d m kidm vfin may, chi m^t sd gia dinh vfi hfing xdm Ifim IS d diSn" (5) Chdng ta cd t h l hilu day lfi kdt qua nghign cvtu nhCtng cdng trinh thcl tu vfi nghi II dfin gian, lign quan ddn cfic midu thd thfinh hofing Ifing hofic di^n thd M i u Vd ngfl nghia cfic tgn gpi chinh thdc ciia cfic midu-di$n tridu dinh NguySn | dfit ra, theo tiK d i l n Tfl Hai, "midu" ( ) Ifi ndi thd cdng td tdng, thdn phfit ho^c iigliii ic nhiing vi hidn tridt cua ddi trudc nhU Tdng midu, Thd dia midu, Khdng midu, Quan dd midu; hofic midu dfldng, tidn dign cua VUdng cung; hofic lfi cfieh gpi thay thd cua cfic vi hofing dd da mfi't (6) "Di$n" (Rft) ngofii nghia "Ifi mdt ngdi nhfi rpng Idn" cdn cd nghia lfi "ndi d cua cfic bfic dg' vfldng hofic lfi ndi thd eung thdn phfit, nhfl: Thfii Hda di$n, D^i Hflng bao dien " (7) Quy dinh cua tridu Nguyin ciing ghi ro cfic cdng trinh dfin gian khdng dflpe tfly tign gpi lfi "di$n" (8) di$n ridng dfit Thdn ehu cua vua (hofic hofing hfiu) thdi gian d l tang sau dd trd thfinh ndi thd vpng, dfit thfinh vj cua vua vfi hofing h$u Trong ljch sfl trilu Nguyin, trinh ty nfiy dfi dU^c fip dyng cho cfic vua tfl Gia Long, Minh Mang, Thi$u Tri, Td Dflc, Kidn Phdc, D6ng Khfinh vfi Khai Dinh vdi ddy du nghi thfle Dl chu (10) vfi Thfing phy Trinh ty nghi thflc nfiy cung da dflpc t r i l u NguySn giai thfch; 'Thfing phu xin li§t vfio nhfi Thd Midu, dl td bfiy chfnh thdng" (11) Doi chidu vdi cfic midu, dign thd vua Nguyen d Hud, cac midu thd d Hofing thfinh Hud cung chi dflpc d^ng len lfim ndi thd cfic vi da qua ddi, cdn cfic didn d Ifing cfic vua Nguyen cd cai dflpc xay dUng nhfi vua cdn sdng, thfim chf cdn cd trfldng hpp dflpc lam ndi nghi I^i cua vua dng cd dip den thfim luc edn sdng sudt mdt thdi gian dfii (nhu difin Hda Khidm d Ifing vua Tfl Dflc), ciing cd cai dfldc xfiy dUng vua da qua ddi Tuy vfiy, tai dign Phung Tign Hofing thfinh Hud ciing Ifi ndi thd cac vua vfi dUpc xfiy dflng cfic vua da mfi't v i n gpi lfi "dign" chfl khdng phai Ifi "midu"? Ngo^i trfl dien Hda Khigm dfldc xay dflng vua Tfl Dflc dang cdn sdng, cac dien d cac lfing vua khac ddu dflpc xay dung hp da qua ddi vfi ddu la ndi thd vua, tai lai khong phai Ifi "mieu"? Mdi lien hg gifla cac "midu"-"di0n" ngu tren nhfl the nfio? Cfic vi vua Dye Dflc, Hi^p Hda, Hfim Nghi, Thfinh Thfii, Duy Tfin vfi sau nfiy cd vua Bao Dai mfi't khdng c6 nghi thflc tang IS dfinh cho vua, tflc Ifi khdng c6 nghi thflc 'Thfing phy" ndn khdng cd thdn chu thd Thd To Midu Cfic fin thd cua vua Hfim Nghi, Thfinh Thai, Duy Tfin dfldc dfla vfio thd tai Thd Midu nfim 1959 (12) hien chi cd vi chfl khdng cd thdn chil Cung chinh vi trinh tU mfi dien Phyng Tign vfi cfic dign khfic d lfing (hofic cac bigt dien ben ngofii Hofing thfinh nhU Hieu Tu Dien, Long An Dien) ddu tr6 thfinh ndi thd vpng cfic vua sau dfi cd le Thfing phu de rUdc thdn chu cac ngfii vao thd d Thd Td Midu, thay vfio dd chi dfit vi de thd, vfi cung chi gpi lfi "dign" chfl khdng phai 15 "midu" Theo ghi chdp cua Quoc sH qudn trieu Hguy&n vd trinh tfl cfic nghi thflc tang IS dfinh cho nhfi vua, sudt thdi gian tii vua mdi bfing hfi den hdt tang, Thdn chu (9) cua vua dflpc dfit d mpt ngdi dign rieng ddn hdt tang mdi rfldc vfio thd d The Td Mieu (gpi Ifi nghi thflc Thfing phu) Trtnh tfl cac nghi Id dfinh cho hofing hflu Cling tfldng tfl nhfl vfiy vfi nhflng ngdi Didu nfiy cung da dfldc Iy giai cac quan bd L l tridu NguySn tham khao diln Ii cua Trung Qude: " tdn trpng Ifi cfich Ifim thdn chu Khi mdi chdt lfim ndi tdn trpng, dl thdn cd cho nfldng tfla Cdn nhfl thdn vi, tflc Ifi bfii vi, ddi xfla kfnh viet danh hi$u, thd d ddn rieng, didn rieng, dfit td ll, long kfnh cha m?, tdn td tign dfiu dfiu eung thfi'y, khdng nhU midu ehi thd cd mdt chu thoi" (13) TrUdng hdp cua Tri$u Td Midu vfi Thai Td Midu c6 t h l coi la ngOEii Id chi c6 Thfinh vi chfl khdng itghito cihl L|ch siir sfl 11.201g cd Thdn chu mfi v i n gpi lfi "Midu" b6i thdn chu cua 6ng NguySn Kim vfi cfic chda NguySn ddu dfi hfl h^i, th&'t I9C cdn dfiu bl Ngay sau lfim IS I6n ngdi nflm 1806, vua Gia Long dfl truy tdn cho dng NguySn Phflc Lufln (14), dng NguySn Kim vfi cfic chfla NguySn Ifl hoflng dd, cfic bfl vt} cua hp Ifl hofing h&u (15), vl thd cd thd coi vi$c dfit tgn nhflng cdng trinh nfly Ifl "Midu" nhu m§t cfich tdn xflng td tifin cua ddng hp vfi cflng d l phfl hpp vdi quy chd tdn midu cua cfic tridu d^i Trung Qude mfl cfic vua NguySn d Vi§t Nam chju nhidu finh hudng Tuy nhign, vi$c fip dyng nhflng diln chd vd nghi IS, dfic bi^t lfi nghi iS td ty dfl dflpc cfic vua Nguyin, dfic bi$t Ifi vua Minh M^ng cfin nhic chpn lya ky di dfit quy chd rigng cho trieu d ^ minh Thflm chf, vi§c chdn thdn chu vdn dflpc coi Ifl t r u y i n thdng, Ifl quy tde cung bi nhfl vua cho bfli bo vi theo dng, "ndu nghe ldi bpn hu nho ne cd bfin bfiy mfl dem thdn chu chdn hay cdt di, thi khong phai Ifl tdi cua tridu ta nQa" (16) Ben canh dd, moi chi tidt v l vi$c lya chpn vi trf xfiy dflng midu, quy each kidn trdc vfl nghi Id td tfl cung ddu dfldc tridu dinh quy dinh cy t h l Ndi dung vd vi$c nghi tidt te ty vfi nhQng vi$c c6 lign quan chidm mdt dung Iflpng khfi Idn cfic hd sfl tridu Nguyin d l lai So vdi cfic tridu dai trfldc dd ljch sfl Vi$t Nam, cd le day Ifi tridu dai dd I^ii nhidu tu Ii§u nhfi't vd ho^t ddng nfiy Trong ljch sfl cac tridu dai phong kidn d Vidt Nam, Bgi Viet svt k^ todn thit cho bidt thdi didm xfiy dflng hinh thflc Thfii Midu sdm nhfi^t lfi vflo thdi LJ, nfim 1029 "mfla xuan, thfing ngfly Nhflm ngp, khfinh thfinh midu Thfii Td^' (17) Tuy nhign, vi$c xfiy dflng, quy hoach vi trf, trang tri kidn trdc cfing nhfl nghi IS td ty khdng dfl0c md t& ky cflng Cfic tridu Tiln Lg, Ly, Trin ddu d$t midu hidu cho vua sau mfi't nhflng cUng khdng thdy md ta nhidu vl nghi li td td- M^t thfing tin khfi chi tidt vl nghi IS td midu cua nhfl Lg l^i dupc tim thdy sfl tridu NguySn: "midu nhfl Lg theo hlnh chQ Cdng Gian giQa thd Thfii Td, hai bgn thd v\ cfic vua, mSi gflp ngfly huy, chi cfl lflm IS b fln chfnh, khdng rfldc noi khfic" (18) Ddi vdi cflc tridu d^i qu&n chu d Trung Qude, m^c dfl tridu NguySn chju anh hudng vd nhidu mfit, dfic bi$t Ifl v l tu tudng tridt ly cua Nho gifio, coi trpng td tign vfl thfldng ldy cflc quy chd, diln 1$ cua cfic tridu d^i Trung Qude nhfl trilu Minh, tridu Thanh Iflm chudn myc di x&y dyng quy chd cho rigng minh, nhflng vi$c lya chon vi trf quy ho^ch x&y dyng midu cua tridu NguySn cung cd nhidu dilm khfic bi$t d Tnmg Qude, sfl quan trpng cua vide thd ty td tign nhfl vua trUdc hdt dflpc t h l hi§n cfich dflt vi trf cdng trtnh, coi td tign nhfi vua quan ngang tdm vdi cfic vi thdn bao h$ qude gia, xfi tflc; " ndi ddn Tdng midu thd cflng td tign, ndi chung Ifl chi Thfii Midu nguygn tfic Td td, hihi xd Thfii Midu Ifl midu thd thuy td cua Thidn tut, ChU hdu, nd cflng dfin Xa Tflc dU^c bd tri d^i xflng bgn ta -hQu, phfa trUdc Cung thfinh" (19) So vdi cfich quy ho^ch nfly, cfic midu thd td tign cua nhfl Nguyin dfldc xfly dyng ca hai bgn ddi xflng phfa trfldc difin Thfii Hda, cdn dfln Xa Tflc cung dU0c x&y dyng bfin hQu cua Hoflng thflnh Hud nhflng d phfa ngofii, cfich xa khoi khu trung t&m Ndu Ifl'y di$n Thfii Hda-trung tfim tridu chfnh cua ca nUdc dudi thdi NguylnIflm dilm quy chidu thi phfa trUdc, ben trfii cua di$n nfly cd Thai Midu vfl Trifiu Midu; ben phai, phfa dSi di§n vdi eym Thfii MiduTri$u Midu qua tryc dung dao Ifl Hitng Viii niit ofe light 16 tandfiu Midu vfi Thd Midu T&'t ca cac cfing trtnh nfiy ddu cd cflng hfldng vdi di$n Thfii Hda, quay m$t v l phfa Nam Thfii Midu dflpc xfly dflng nfim Gia Long thd (1804) theo k i l u trflng lUdng trflng thilm, cd quy mo chfnh doanh 13 gian, tidn doanh 15 gian, ddng t&y hai chai, Ifl ndi thd cac chda NguySn Ngofli kidn trfle chfnh Ifl Thai Midu, khu vyc nfly cdn cd nhidu cdng trinh phfii thudc nhU: di§n Long Dflc, di§n Chifiu Kinh, difin Myc Tu, nhfl thd Thd Cdng, gac Tuy Thflnh, ldu chudng, Ifiu trdng, Ta Vu, HQu Vu Vflo thfing nfim 1947, Thai Midu, HUng Midu cflng nhilu cdng trinh khfic khu vyc Hofing thfinh Hud da bi "phfl thfinh binh dja" (20) Khoang nhQng nfim 1971-1972, H^i dong tri sfl NguySn Phuc Tfic, diing ddu lfi bfi Tfl Cung (me vua Bao Dai) da quyfin gdp vfi dUng lai mpt tda nhfi gian chai trfin n l n cii ngdi difin chinh d l lfim ndi thd tu cac chda NguySn Cdng trinh n&y hi$n vSn cdn tdn tai Phia sau Thai Mieu la Trifiu Midu, ndi thd fing NguySn Kim vfi vp, cflng mdt sd kidn tnic phdi thuoc Cdng trinh nfly cung hudng ve phfa nam, Ifim theo kilu trfling Ifldng trflng thidm vdi chfnh doanh gian, tidn doanh gian Thd Midu tpa lac phfa ddi dign vdi Thai Midu qua true dung dao cua Hofing Hud, cung dupe xfiy dyng theo kilu trdng lUdng trdng thidm, chfnh doanh gian, tidn doanh 11 gian, hai chai Vi$c thiet tri thd tU k i l u "chung mot dfldng mfl ngfin rieng tiing thdt" (21) tfldng ty nhfl Thai Midu, chiu anh huflng nguyen tdc "chifiu-muc" cua Trung Hoa vdi thdn chu cua vua ddu tien (Gia Long) dflt d gian giQa, thdn chu cua cfic vua ddi sau dUdc thd nfii tidp Iln lUdt d cfic gian hai bfin trfii, phai, tfnh tQ gian giQa (22) Ngofii kidn trdc chfnh Ifl Thd Midu, khu vyc nfly cdn cd di^n Canh Y (da hi phfi huy), nhfl thd Thd Cfing, gfic Hiln Lfim, Ilu chufing, Ilu trdng Ta Vu, HQu Vu Cfich quy ho^ch cua khu vdc Thd Midu gin gidng vdi cflch quy ho^ch cua eym kidn true Thfii Midu nhflng khfing cd cfic cfing trinh phyc vy rifing cho II ky nhfl di$n Long Dflc, didn Chifiu Kfnh, di$n Myc Tfl, mfl cd cfii dinh b^ng d6ng dfl(?c diic tfl nfim Minh M^ng thfl 16 (1835) dfit gifla sfin midu di "td ngdi vi da dflng, danh m^nh da ty l^i, Ifl dd quy trpng cl nhfl tdn midu, td y mong rilng mudn nfim b i n vflng, doi truydn ddi sau" (23) Mdi dinh diu ch^m ndi cfic hlnh finh tigu bidu vl vu try, san vfit, dia danh dflt nfldc Vidt Nam, nhu: m^t trdi, mfit trfing, ndi, sdng, hoa co, cfic gidng d^ng thye vfit vfi binh khf Vi tri cua cfic dinh nfiy tUdng flng vdi vi trf cua cac fin thd Thd Midu (tinh cho ddn thdi vua Khai Dinh) Chfnh gifla lfi Cao dinh-flng vdi chfl "Cao" midu hieu ciia vua Gia Long Cfic dinh cdn lai cung dflpc s&p xdp theo nguyen tdc "ta chifiu hQu myc" nhfl Thd Midu: bgn trfii thfl nhfi:t Ifi Nhfin dinh, bgn phai thfl nhfi't Ifl Chfldng dinh, ben trai thfl hai Ifi Anh dinh, bgn phfii thfl hai lfi Nghi dinh, bgn phai thd ba Ifl Thuin dinh, hgn phai thfl ba Ifi Tuygn dinh, bgn trfii thfl tfl lfi Dy dinh vfi bgn phfii thfl tfl lfi Huydn dinh Ngofli ra, hai bgn ddng tfiy trfldc san midu cdn dfit mdt dfii ky Ifin b&ng ddng ma vflng thie't dinh (dinh b^ng s i t ) Bfit d i u tQ nflm 1833, vua Minh Mang phong theo quy chd ciia cae tridu Tdng, Minh, Thanh cua Trung Quoc di cho chd tac cfic b$ kfch cd can biing gd sdn son, mui biing s i t nhpn, gdm 12 cai, ddng tay mdi bgn cfii cfim vfio gia gd dflt trfldc cfla Thai Midu, Thd Midu, Dai Cung Mdn vfi Ngp Mdn, gpi lfi mdn kich Rghian cihi Lieh atf sfl 11.2012 di "trdng cho nghifim tiic" vfl "giao bidn binh thu h^ ngfly dgm dfln bfly" (24) Hi§n cfic b§ kfch nfly v&n cdn lflu gifl Theo hpe gifi Hofing Lan Tfldng, mdt chuygn gia vd kidn trdc e l ch&u A, vide quy ho^ch vfl sfip xdp vi trf cfic midu thd vua d Trung Hoa cd p h i n khfic vdi Vi0t Nam, hay ndi cfich khfic, cfic vua tridu NguySn Vi^t Nam da cdy thay ddi cfich quy ho^ch so vdi Trung Hoa theo y dd cua rifing mlnh (26) Nhu trgn da ndi, Thfii Midu cua Trung Qude dflpc sfip xdp theo nguygn t i c Td t6, hitu xa Thfii Midu cua Trung Qude thdi Minh-Thanh ciing dfldc dfit vi trf d phfa ddng nam Tfl Cfi'm Thflnh, hfldng vd phfa nam, Ifi mdt cum kidn true dd cd difin chfnh thd cfie vi vua vfi hofing h$u nhidu ddi, cdng nhidu cong trinh phy khfic Trong ba difin nfiy, di$n sau cdng Ifl Tri$u Midu, thd cfic vi cao td cua tridu dai Tai Hfin Quo'c, dfldi thdi Joseon (13921910) (26), vua Thai Td (Taejo) Yi Songgye (1392-1398) sau ddi kinh dfi tQ Gaeseong den Hanyang (tflc Seoul hi$n nay) vfi dinh ndi x&y dflng chfnh difin cua trieu dai cung da cho x&y nhfl Tdng Midu (Jongmyo) thd td tien cua hofing gia d phfa dong vfl dan Xa Tfic (Sajikdan) thd cflc vi t h i n dfi't vfl t h i n mfla mflng d phfa t&y eua difin nfiy (27) Nhfl vfiy, khac vdi each sfip xdp cua Trung Qude vfi Hfin Qude, c&c midu thd Hofing thfinh Hud khdng ehi cd m$t eym kidn true bao gdm Trifiu Midu vfi Thfii Midu thd cfic vi td cua tridu NguySn tpa I^c d ddng nam Td Cfi'm Thflnh, mfl cdn cd thfim eym kidn true Thd Midu vfl Hflng Midu n i m ddi xflng d phfa tfly nam Hpc gifi Hoflng Lan Tfldng nhfln xfit: "di§n Myc Tfl vfi di0n Chigu Kfnh ciia Hud Iai Ifi mpt bp phfln ciia midu thd Td, khfing gidng vdi quy c h l td thd Phy, Td, T i n g Td vfi Cao Td cda Trung Qude" vfl Thd Midu ndi thd hoflng dd Gia Long cdng bfii vi cua cfic hoflng dd vfi hofing hfiu trilu NguySn sau ngfii, hay ndi efich khfie, Ifl noi cflc v} hofing dd cua hofing tridu Hud td thd Phy, Td, T i n g Td vfl Cao Td cua ban thfln hp, "chfnh vi v$y mfi midu dflpc xfly dyng phfa trfldc bfin phfii cua di$n Thfii Hda vfl phfa trUdc ciia Hflng Midu" (28) Ong cQng cho r i n g efich phfit tri nfly tfldng tfl nhfl cfich phfii trf cua khu vflc Xfl Tfic Dfln thdi Kim Trung D6 vfl thflnh Bic Kinh thdi Minh Thanh cua Trung Qude NhUng h Hud, Tri$u Midu, Thfli Midu, Thd Midu, HUng Midu Ifl nhQng Iinh midu thd cung td tifin dflpc bd tri tai c&c v\ trf hai bfin trfli phfii phfa trfldc cua Tfl C i m Thflnh vfl di$n Th&i Hda, ndi dflpc dflng d l cd hflnh dai tridu Cfieh phoi tri nfly d qui hoach dfi thflnh cua Trung Qude hofin tofin khong thdy Vi vfiy cd t h l nfii, Hoflng thflnh Hud Vifit Nam cd cflch phdi tri dflc trflng, t h l hi^n vi$c coi trpng thd cdng td tifin (29) Ly giai cho vifie xfly rigng midu thd cha minh vfl cfic thd hfi ndi tidp cua tridu NguySn khflc vdi quy ehd cua Tmng QuSc, vua Minh M^ng da tuygn bd; "Vifie nfly diu khdng hpp vdi IS ddi xfla, nhflng thd ngbi ndu theo ldi bfln ddi xUa thl ldy ph|ai tfii eon mfl bfln ddn vua cha, Idng cd yen chflng? Hdn nQa, IS bdi nghia mfl dflt, ehIng thfl chiu iSi vd qufl h^u Thd Midu gian dfl d l y thi nfin chpn ddt lflm thfim midu mdi, bflt chflde noi theo, d i n mai ddn khfing edng, thl c&i gi tdt b i n g , efli gi hay b i n g " (30) Trfin cfldng vj Ifl bfic dd vfldng, c&c vua tridu Nguyin coi v4 thflnh cfing cua minh Ifl nhd phdc thifing ciia trdi vfl "uy linh cua Tfin Midu Xfl T i c " (31) tuyfin bd "chfim vai net ve ngm le le mieu nudi nhan dfin, mudn tri dfin b i n g d^o hidu" (32) vfl "bfic ddvUdng Ily dao hidu tri thien ha, suy tdn ngudn gdc" (33) nen vi$c t h l hien dao hidu cua ngudi Iflm "thifin tfl" sg Ifl "khudn mSu" d l t h i n dfin eua minh noi theo (34), vigc hidu tang eua vua dflpc coi Ifi "vi^c hidu cua nUdc" (35) Vi vfiy, IS td Midu dupe xdp vflo hfing "Dai tU" vdi nhidu diln chd mfl ca tridu dfinh phfii tu&n theo Vigc td tfl tai cac midu thd td tien nhfl NguySn Ifl "te ldn ciia nhd niidc" (36) ngn boat dong td Midu Ifl m^t sy kifin quan trpng, ddng thfl hai hfing Dai ty sau le td Giao, tren ca viec td dfin Xa Tie (tflc ll td t h i n Ida vfl t h i n dfi't), cflc cudc td t h i n linh vfl dfi'vfldng cac ddi (37) Ngfldi ta tin r i n g vific thd cung to tien cung gdp p h i n cung co' tinh dofin kdt dong hp va mang lai sflc manh tinh t h i n cua tridu dai (38) Hdn nQa, "viec thd cung td tien theo nghi IS cua b^c vua chua cdn mang lai uy thd cua ddng ho nhfl vua, dd cao uy quydn cua vfldng trieu" (39) 'Vi thg', nghi IS thd cung td tign cua hoflng gia trd nen rfl't phflc tap vfi dfldc diln chd hda den mflc cao nhfi't so vdi cac tridu dai trUdc dd Chinh nhiing diln ehd ve nghi II nfiy da tao ngn mdt sic thai rigng cho nghi IS eung dinh Hud, tfl dd lan tda ngofii dfin gian vdi nhQng "anh hudng nghi l l cung dinh that rd ngt trgn nghi l l dan gian Hud Sfl td chdc cflng bai, cung each t h l hien nghi thflc mfit cfich trang trpng, dung phfip cho ta thfi'y nghi l l dan gian vung Hud khdng chi truydn thong mfi cdn chiu sfl chi d^o, hfldng dfin vfl tac dpng eua nghi thflc x u i t ph&t tQ cung dinh" (40) Cfic dien chd fl'y dflpc ghi chfip thfinh vfin bfin, dfla vfio dieu lufit de triing phat ed ngfldi vi pham Trong 10 tdi dai ac mfi tridu Nguyin da quy dinh cd toi Btii bdt kinh: ngfldi ph^m tdi dai bdt kinh lfi ke fin trfim nhQng dt dung cua c&c ndi dai tfl, phfii hi xfl chfim ca cd gflp dip &n xfi cung khfing dfl^c tha (41) Chl rieng nhflng quy dinh dfinh eho vifie nghi II, td tfl da chidm 68 quyln tdng sd 263 quyln cua b0 Kh&m dinh Dai Nam hgi diin sit IS So vdi hfi thdng tfn ngfldng vfi nghi ll thd cung td tifin truydn thdng cua ngfldi Vi$t, sy thflc hfinh nghi iS nfly cua vfldng trieu Nguyin da trd nfin khac bifit v l nhidu mfit, cfi vd each ph&n loai td tfl, sy hinh thflnh hfi thdng cfic midu thd, vi trf dfit midu thd, y nghia bilu tupng each lya chpn dd dfing cdng vfl quy trinh mot cufic le Quy dinh cua tridu Nguyin quy dinh vigc td ty phan ba b^c: Dai tU g6m td dfln Nam Giao, td cfic tdn midu, td dfin Xa Tie; Trung ty gom td dd vfldng cfic ddi, td tien sfl Khdng tfl, td Tien Nong; Qudn ty gdm td cac t h i n gid, mfla, Nam hai Long vfldng, t h i n lfla, than sung dng, t h i n song, t h i n nui, t h i n hd, t h i n cac dao, t h i n coi vide thd thuye'n, Khai thanh, to nghd thud'e, vua nfldc Chifim thfinh, vua nfldc Chan Lap, cac cdng t h i n cua tridu dinh vfi cac vi t h i n khac (42) Theo each phan dinh cac loai td tu ngu tren, cac nghi ll thd cung td tien cua cac vua nha Nguyen tgi cac mieu thd Hofing thflnh Hue dflng vfio hfing Dai ty, cd vi tri quan trpng thd hai ehi ddng sau le te' cl dan Nam Giao, ndi nhfl vua thflc hfinh nghi le vdi vai trd 'Thifin tfl", dai difin cho cfic t h i n dfin cua minh edng te trdi dfi't va efic vi t h i n Iinh TQ nflm Minh Mang thd 12, vific lfla chpn nhflng dd thd ddng cho le hfldng tai cflc midu da dflpc quy dinh dfla theo mua, "mua xufln thi dflng hy ton (cfii nflm lflm hinh trfiu), mfla ddng tflpng ton (cai nfim lfim hinh eon voi), mda thu dung trfldc tdn (cai nflm lflm khdng cd chfin, de xudng dfi't), mfla ddng ddng hd tdn (Ifl'y cai hd lam nfim), le cfip 26 td ddng sdn tdn (nfim nhfl hinh efli ndi)" (43) NhQng logi n^m k l trfin ddu duqc lflm b i n g ddng mg vflng vfl chi dfldc dflng ddn II hfldng NhQng l l ky vfl cflc tidt chfnh dfln, doan dfldng hay c&c IS khflc ddu dflng cfic thd nfim, chfin, khay b i n g vflng b i n g bgc nhfl blnh thfldng (44) P h i n quan trpng nhfl't cfic iS v^t td Ifi ngpc lya vfi tam sinh Trong IS hfldng d cfic midu, ngudi ta phfii dfing mfit tfi'm lya trflng (chd bgeh phyng tifin) hgng n h i t dflpc ddt tfl td t i m cung nufii d l "to ldng thdnh kinh" Chi cd fin d dfln trdn cua dfln Nam Giao, fin chfnh cua Th&i Midu, fin ehfnh vfl fln tfi cua Thd Midu (trong dip IS hfldng) mdi dflpc ddng logi td nfly C&c &n khfic d Trifiu Midu, Thfli Midu, Hflng Midu ddu dflng lya Iflm tQ td t i m phu Thfla Thifin nufii, gpi Ifi "ta kinh" Td c&c dia phfldng dfit dflng cho td dfin Xa Tie, midu Lich dai dd vfldng, Vfin Midu, Vd Midu vfl c&c &n phu d dfln Nam Giao (45) Ngofli lua, mdi fin midu edn cd sinh gdm tr&u, heo vfl de Rifing d chfnh &n cua Thfii Midu, Thd Midu vfi fln bgn tr&i, an bfin phai cua chfnh an dfit thgm mdt trfiu non Ngofii ra, cdn cd khoang 161 mdn dflpc d&ng eung cflc IS td midu (khdng k l cfic loai trfii cfly, dgn ndn hoflc cflc loai dd mfl) (46) LS v|Lt sau td duyc xem Ifl nhQng l l vfit thieng, dfl dupe td tifin ban phUde Vi thd, ehia p h i n rUpu thit sau eu^e II Ifl dd nhfln fin hu$ eiia td tign ban xudng Rflpu fi'y dUdc gpi lfi "phuc tflu", thjt dy dUde gpi lfi "phflc td" Cudi budi l l , vific chia p h i n rUpu, thit td dupe d i l n nhu m$t nghi thfle mfl dd, vua sS dUde chia p h i n trfldc, vfl sau dd mpi thflnh vifin tham gia cudc IS eung d\i[...]... Anh VAn, "Nghi l l thd ciing t l tifin vfl lfi ttf mitfu thdi Nguyin", trong Trung (39) Lodng Kim Thoa, "C&c vua tridu Nguyin tflm B&o tdn Di tfeh Ctf dd Hutf, Bdo t&ng My dtfl vdi tfn ngudng truydn thtfng d Vift Nam nda thu^t Cung dinh Hui, Tflp V, Hutf, 2007, tr 221- ddu thtf ky XIX" trong Nghiin ctiu vi gidng dgy 222 lich aic th&i Nguyin d Dgi hgc, Cao dAng aU phgm (47) Huynh Th) Anh Vfin, "Nghi IS... Nam h$i diin «{/ If, tflp 6, Vifn SQ hpc dich vft in l^i tQ nguygn ban titfng H&n, Nxb Thufn Hfla, Hutf, 1993, tr 338-339 (43) Nfii cfic t r i l u NguySn, sdd, tfp 6, tr 343 (44) Huynh Thj Anh Vfin, "Nghi l l thd eiing t l tifin vft l l ttf mitfu thdi Nguyin", trong T r u n g 2004, tr 551 (49) Qufic sd qu&n tridu NguySn, sdd, tfp II, tr 121 (60) Qufic ad qu&n tridu Nguyin, sdd, tfp III, tr 145 (51)