The condiTIonal sentences

The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences The condiTIonal sentences

The condiTIonal sentences (Câu điều kiện)

Câu điều kiện thờng có 2 mệnh đề: Mệnh đề chính chỉ kết quả ( main clause ) và mệnh đề điều kiện ( if clause ) Mệnh đề chính có thể đứng trớc/ sau mệnh đề If

1/ Câu đk loại 1: là loại câu chỉ khả năng sự việc, hành động có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại / tơng lai.

Simple present S+V( present simple/ simple future/ imperative ( mệnh lệnh )

Eg: - If you work hard, you'll pass the exam.

- You won't pass the exam if you don't work hard.

* Notes: - Có thể dùng may, might, should, can ở mệnh đề chính tuỳ theo tình huống

Eg: If you feel tired, you should go to bed early.

- Có thể dùng dạng thức mệnh lệnh ở mệnh đề chính

Eg: Please tell him to come to my office if you see him

( Hãy bảo anh ta đến văn phòng của tôi nếu cậu gặp anh ta.)

- Có thể dùng động từ thời hiện tại hoàn thành ở mệnh đề If

Eg: If you have written your letter, I'll post it for you

or If you are working now, I'll come back later.

- If có thể thay bằng When

Eg: When the school finishes, I'll visit my grandparents.

2/ Câu đk loại 2: ( ĐK giả sử )- chỉ tình huống không thể xảy ra ở hiện tại/ tơng lai ( or ngời đó

cho rằng việc đó không hoặc khó xảy ra )

Past Simple

( Riêng Be = Were ở tất cả các ngôi ) S+ would/ should/ might/ could + V

Eg: If I had enough money now, I would buy this house ( in fact, I don't have money)

- Mrs Hoa is old, so she can't apply for the job

If Mrs Hoa were younger, she would/ could apply for the job

- It is raining I have to at home = If it weren't raining, I wouldn't stay at home

* Để diễn tả lời khuyên ta dùng: If I were you

Eg: If I were you, I wouldn't do such a thing.

3/ Câu đk loại 3: Là loại câu chỉ tình huống trái với thực tế trong quá khứ.

Mẫu câu :

Quá khứ hoàn thành (had done) would / might/could/ shold have done

Eg : - The weather was bad yesterday I had to stay at home If the weather had been fine

yesterday, I would have gone out (Nếu hôm qua trời đẹp, có lẽ tôi đã đi chơi rồi)

- If the weather hadn't been bad, I wouldn't have stayed at home

(Nếu thời tiết không xấu, tôi đã không ở nhà.)

4) Câu điều kiện hỗn hợp ( 2 + 3)

Là câu chỉ tình huống trái với thực tế ở hiện tại và quá khứ.

Mẫu câu :

Quá khứ hoàn thành (had done) would/might/could/ should + V

would/might/could/ should be + V-ing

Eg :- I ate too much this morning Now I feel uncomfortable

- Sáng nay tôi ăn quá nhiều Bây giờ tôi cảm thấy khó chịu

- If I hadn't eaten too much this morning, I wouldn't feel uncomfortable now

- Nếu sáng nay tôi không ăn nhiều thì bây giờ tôi đã không cảm thấy khó chịu

- I'm not having a good time now, because I had an accident yesterday

- If I hadn't had an accident yesterday, I would be having a good time now

*Một số cách dùng thêm của if

1. If then: Nếu thì

If she can’t come to us, then we will have to go and see her

2. If dùng trong dạng câu không phải câu điều kiện: Động từ ở các mệnh đề diễn biến bình thờng theo thời gian của chính nó.

If you want to learn a musical instrument, you have to practice

If you did not do much maths at school, you will find economics difficult to understand

If that was Marry, why didn’t she stop and say hello

3. I f should = If happen to = If should happen to diễn đạt sự không chắc chắn (Xem thêm phần sử dụng should trong một số trờng hợp cụ thể)

Ex: If you should happen to pass a supermarket, perhaps you could get some eggs (Ngộ nhỡ mà

anh có tình cờ ghé qua chợ có lẽ mua cho em ít trứng)

4. If was/were to

 Diễn đạt điều kiện không có thật hoặc tởng tợng ở tơng lai

If the boss was/were to come in now (= if the boss came in now), we would be in real trouble What would we do if I was/were to lose my job

 Hoặc có thể diễn đạt một ý lịch sự khi đa ra đề nghị

If you were to to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down

(Nếu anh vui lòng dịch ghế của anh ra một chút thì chúng ta có thể cùng ngồi đợc)

 Note: Cấu trúc này tuyệt đối không đợc dùng với các động từ tĩnh hoặc chỉ trạng thái t duy

Correct: If I knew her name, I would tell you

Incorrect: If I was/were to know

5. If it + to be + not + for: Nếu không vì, nếu không nhờ vào.

 Thời hiện tại:

Ex: If it wasn’t/weren’t for the children, that couple wouldn’t have any thing to talk about

(Nếu không vì những đứa con thì vợ chồng nhà ấy chả có chuyện gì mà nói)

 Thời quá khứ:

Ex: If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what we would have done.

(Nếu không nhờ vào sự giúp đỡ của anh thì tôi cũng không biết là chúng tôi sẽ làm gì đây)

6. Not đôi khi đợc thêm vào những động từ sau if để bày tỏ sự nghi ngờ, không chắc chắn.

Ex: I wonder if we shouldn’t ask the doctor to look at Mary.

7. It would if + subject + would (sẽ là nếu – không đợc dùng trong văn viết)

Ex: It would be better if they would tell every body in advance.

(Sẽ là tốt hơn nếu họ kể cho mọi ngời từ trớc)

Ex: How would we feel if this would happen to our family.

(Ta sẽ cảm thấy thế nào nếu điều này xảy ra đối với gia đình chúng ta.)

8. If –d have –have: Dùng trong văn nói, không dùng trong văn viết, diễn đạt điều kiện không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ

Ex: If I’d have known, I’d have told you

Ex: If she’d have recognized him it would have been funny

9. If + preposition + noun/verb (subject + be bị lợc bỏ)

Ex: If in doubt, ask for help (=If you are in doubt)

Ex: If about to go on a long journey, try to have a good nights sleep

(= If you are about to go on )

10. If dùng khá phổ biến với một số từ nh any/anything/ever/not diễn đạt phủ

định

There is little if any good evidence for flying saucers

(=There is little evidence if ther is any at all, for flying saucers)

(Có rất ít bằng chứng về đĩa bay, nếu quả là có một chút)

I’m not angry If anything, I feel a little surprised

(Tôi không giận dữ gì đâu Mà trái lại tôi cảm thấy hơi ngạc nhiên)

 Thành ngữ này còn diễn đạt ý kiến ớm thử: Nếu có

I’d say he was more like a father, if anything

(Tôi xin nói rằng ông ấy còn hơn cả một ngời cha, nếu có thể nói thế.)

He seldom if ever travel abroad

(Anh ta chả mấy khi đi ra nớc ngoài)

Usually, if not always, we write “cannot” as one word

(Thông thờng, nhng không phải là luôn luôn )

11. If + Adjective = although (cho dù là)

 Nghĩa không mạnh bằng although - Dùng để diễn đạt quan điểm riêng hoặc vấn đề gì đó không quan trọng

His style, if simple, is pleasant to read

(Văn phong của ông ta, cho dù là đơn giản, thì đọc cũng thú)

The profits, if little lower than last year’s, are still extremely wealthy

(Lợi nhuận, cho dù là có thấp hơn năm qua một chút, thì vẫn là rất lớn.)

*Cấu trúc này có thể thay bằng may , but

His style may be simple, but it is pleasant to read

III/ EXERCISES

1/Exercise1 : Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1/ I (look) for your note book and if I (find) it I (give) you a ring

2/ If he (be) late, we (go) without him

3/ If you (come) late, they (not let ) you in

4/ If we (work ) all night we (finish) in time

5/ Tell him to take his bike inside If he (leave) it outside, someone (steal) it

6/ Wait until I (be) ready

7/ The meeting (start) _ when everybody arrives

8/ Let's phone Mandy now before it (be) _ too late

9/ If he (not know) _ what to do he'll ask his mum

2/Exercise2: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1/ If I (win) a big prize in a lottery, I (give) up my job

2/ If I (be) sent to prison, you (visit) me ?

3/ I (not drink) that wine if I (be) you

4/ I (get) a job easily if I (have) a degree

5/ Of course I'm not going to give her a diamond ring If I (give) her, she (sell) it

6/ If we (work ) all night we (finish) in time, but we have no intention of working all night

7/ Look at poor Tom trying to start his car by hand again If I (be) Tom, I (get) a new battery

8/ I'd go to see him more often if I (live) _ nearer

9/ If I knew you were right, I (agree) with you

10/ I (buy ) shares in that company if they were cheaper

3/ Exercise3 : Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.

1/ I had no maps; that's why I got lost If I (have) a map I (be) all right

2/ The job is much worse than I expected If I (realise) how awful it was going to be I (not accept ) it

3/ I'm sorry you didn't tell me that dogs were allowed in the hotel; if I (know) I (bring) my dog

He (enjoy) the walk

4/ It rained, which spoiled our picnic; but it (not rain) it (be) a great success

5/ I didn't recognize him at first because he was wearing dark glasses; if he (not wear) them I (recognize) him immediately

6/ - Why didn't you phone me from the village ?

- Because there was no phone in the village If there (be), of course we (phone) from there

7/ We had to stand almost all the way It was all Tom's fault If he (book) seats, as I told him to, we (have) quite a comfortable journey

4/ Exercise4 : Rewrite the following sentences

1/ I'm having a lot of trouble now because I lost my passport last week

→ If I

2/ Lan feels tired now because she ate too much this morning

→ If Lan

3/ I'm sick now because I went to the stadium yesterday afternoon

→ If I

4/ He didn't learn hard at school; that's why he is unemployed now

→ If he

* ANSWERS:

Ex1:

1 am looking – find – will

Ex 2:

1 won- would give 5 gave – would sell 9 would agree

2 were – would you visit 6 worked – would finish 10 would buy

3 wouldn't drink – were 7 were – would get

4 could get - had 8 lived

Ex 3:

1 had had – would have been 5 hadn't wore – I would have recognized

2 had realise – wouldn't have accepted 6 had been – would have phoned

3 had known – would have brought 7 had booked – would have had

4 hadn't rained – would have been

Ex 4:

1 If I hadn't lost my passport last week, I would be having a lot of trouble now

2 If she hadn't eaten too much this morning, I wouldn't feel tired now

3 If I hadn't gone to the stadium yesterday afternoon,I wouldn't be sick now

4 If he had learnt hard at school, he wouldn't be unemployed now

IV/ HOMEWORK:

- Learn by heart the grammar

- Prepare '' The Reported Speech/ Questions '