PHƯƠNG THỨC PHÒNG THỦ BIỂN ĐẢO DƯƠI THỜI CÁC VUA BÀI HỌC KINH NGHIỆM

PHlTdlMC THIjrC PHONG THU BIEN DAO Dl/dl THdl CAC VUA DAU TRIEU N C U Y I N BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM LLfU TRANG* Phitcfng thijfc p h o n g t h u bien d a o Viet Nam dvidi t h d i cac v u a d a u t r i e u Nguyen o To chile, trang bi qudn dgi Khi len c^m quyen, cac vi vua dau trieu Nguyin deu chu triidng tang cildng kha nSng phong bi cua da't nu6c, v6i quan di^m: "Vi?c binh co thi 100 nkm khong diing de'n nhflng khSng the mgt khong phong bi dU^c" (1) Trong phong bi dat niidc, khong thi khdng tang cucing phong thii bien dao, mk muc tidu hkng d^u cdn phai thUc thi la to chiic, trang hi cho quan doi v6i mong muon xay diing m6t lUc lUdng thiiy quan hiing manh: "Dung nU6c vung hdu nong, phlln ldn dat dai ven bien, thiiy quan la quan nhat, nen luyen tap de thuoc viec h^ng hai, co viec mdi tien sii dung" (2) Vi the, to chiic va trang bi quan doi trb phUdng thiic hiJu hieu phong thii bien dao dvtb'i trieu Nguy§n Khong ngifng to chiic, hua'n luyen va xay dflng luc lUdng thiiy quan la quan diem xuyen suo't trieu Nguyin: "Dia the niidc ta b ven biln, vo'n iS'y thuy quan lam mon sb trvtbng Nhk Le xUa khong phong thuy chien, den noi bai vong Tay Sdn cung coi khinh thu6ng khong chiu thao luyen cho ' PGS.TS Trfldng Dai hoc Sfl pham Dh Ning tinh Thuy quan cua Hoang khao ta tien mot tran giae lien tan vd, diJ uy ICfng Ily, ciing vi c6 Nay gap buoi binh, thuy quan cang khong the coi thucfng dUdc Nay bat thao dien luon de dem tinh thuc roi cho tuan xet ngoai mat bien de dep yen giae bien, the ciing la lam mot viec dfldc hai" (3) Hdn the niia, trieu Nguyin chu trUdng cai tien viec trang bi cac phUdng tien cho lUc lUdng thiiy quan, tau thuyen di lai phuc vu cong tac tulin tra, kiem soat tren bien dUdc flu tien hkng dau Theo do, cac thuyen nhU thuyen hoc dong, thuyen dai dich va cac loai thuyen tuan dUdng khac dUdc trieu Nguyen chii trUdng dong va dem vao sii dung bien thuc thi nhiem vu phong thii: "Chuan cho Cong Bo suy tinh de dong cac thuyen di lai tuan nhu the nao cho dfldc nhe nh^ng thuan tien, roi tau len ngU lam d kinh lam thuyen khoa dong (hoc dong) di tuan ngoai be, thuyen ay dai trUdng thUdc tac, CO san ngoi de danh Cac tinh doc theo bd be thdi lam theo hinh dang thuyen "dai dich", m6i tinh hai chiec, ma tinh nao mat be rong mong menh, thdi lam ba bon chiec, deu goi la thuyen tuan dUdng" (4) Cung vdi trang bi cac loai tau thuyen tuan dUdng co dii kha nang di lai va tac Rghien cuu L|ch sfr s6 7.2014 chie'n tren bien, thuy quan va liic liidng bien binh tham gia vao phdng thu bien dao ciing dUdc trang hi th§m via nhiim c6 the dap iing diidc yeu cau thiic tien Tai cac phao dai tran thu b ciia hiin, trieu Nguyin cho s i p dat cac lo^i dai bac, vii khj de dam bao cd the dii siic doi liic c i n thiet: "Vua du bao Bd Binh rang: Phao dai Tra'n Hai b Kinh sii, phao dai Di§n Hai b tinh Quang Nam deu la chd xung yg'u, nen dii liic vd sii, viec canh phdng ciing khdng the bd qua B6 a'y nen truyen bao quan binh bd' phdng b hai phao dai a'y hdt say siing dan, gidi, quan nhu liic nao ciing chuan bi dly du d l dd" phong luc ba't ngct" (5) Doi vdi nhQng phao dai, c^a be quan khac, liic liTdng quan doi giii trach phdng thu cung dUOc trang bi chu dao ve thuyen t u i n tra, dai bac va so linh m6i phao dai nham dam bao viing chai phong thu Can cii tren ygu ciu phong thu bien dao cua trieu dai, tri^u Nguyen da chii tam xay diing liic liidng thuy quan hiing manh, dd'i mdi vide trang bi, cac vii khi, phildng tien, bd sung liic lUdng b cac phao dai doe cac ciia be Cac bien phap nham bieu dUdng siic manh thuy quan, dong thdi khang dinh y thiic phdng thu bien cua trieu Nguyin Do d6, bien phap ciing b miic nha't dinh tnic tie'p tac dong ldn ddn sii on dinh cua tinh hinh bien dao dildi trieu Nguyen b Xdy diing cdc ciCa Men he thdng phong thu Doi vdi trieu Nguyin, phdng thu bien dao la mot nhiing va'n de sii cua qud'c gia Phdng thii tii xa la phildng thiic phdng bi de dam bao cho sii vQng ben cua trieu dai Vua Minh Mang tiing khang dinh: "Nhan bao bo Binh rang; Tri nildc phai bie't lo xa Tram tii than chinh den lo sach lildc xay diing nha nudc lau dai, siia dap tnidng b Quang Binh, xSy ciia hiing quan d Hai Van; nhQng ch5 xung yeu doc biln nhii Thuan An, Tii Dung, cho nao cung lap phao dai; nhan cho hilm trcl cua niii sdng de manh th§m sii bao ve dSt nildc" (6) Cho nen, can cii vao vi thg* chiS^n lUdc quan sii cua tiing crfa bien, viing bien, cac vua trieu Nguyin da cho xay diing, thi^t lap he thd'ng phdng thu nham dam bao an ninh bien dao, bao ve doc l^p dan toe Trong he tho'ng cac ctta bien, ciia bien Thuan An diidc xem la quan nh^ft vao nam 1813, vua Gia Long da cho xSy diing b day phao dai Tra'n Hai va da dat dinh le viec phdng thu d phao dai Tra'n Hai nhil sau: "1 Quan tra'n giQ mdi thang phai doi mot lln, kham phai mdt vien quan v^ Thi trung Thi ndi hoac t h i n sach vSng lanh hdp phii lenh tiln lam quan an thii dai, quan sua't bien binh dUdng thii d^n dong giQ Vien an thii trUdc xet nghiem ro rang mdi giao thay vide, roi dem so* biln binh phai triidc ciing phii tien c^p trUdc ve kinh phuc menh Ddi phai biln binh hang nam tii thang den cuoi thang 7, mdi thang 250 ngudi quan Thi trung, Thi noi, T h i n sach; 50 ngildi cac ddi Trung hlu, Cha'n uy; 10 ngu'di cac ddi Ndi hau, Tieu sai, cdng 310 ngildi Tii thang de'n thang nam sau, moi thang 80 ngildi quan Thj trung, Thi ndi T h i n sach; 20 ngildi cac doi Trung hau, Chan uy; ngUdi eac ddi Ndi h l u , Tieu sai, cdng 105 ngUdi " (7) Nam lien ke Kinh dd, ciia bien Da King CO dia the kinh td', quan sii quan cung dUdc trieu Nguyin het siic quan tam, da tap trung mot khdi lUdng siic tai v$t liic phuc vu xay diing cae phao dai ldn nhQ: Didn Hai, An Hai, Phong Hai, Dinh Hai xung quanh cfia bien Da NSng phuc vu cho cdng tac phdng thu (8) Phirong Hiiirc phdng fcfl bt&i dio NgoM cac can cxt quSn sii difdc thiet dat b hai cda biln quan g i n ke vdi Kinh d6, tiu h$ thong phong thu cung dii0c l^p cl cac tinh khac ca niidc thong qua xay di^g cac phao dai hodc cac don binh d nhQng chS xung y^u Cac ci!ta bien dUdi trieu Nguyen da thi^t dat cac phao dai co the k l den hai trgfn Bac Thanh, Gia EHnh va cac tinh nhii Thanh Hda, Ngh$ An, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, Quang Ngai, Binh Djnh, Phii Y§n, Tgi cac cuia biln nay, cSc phao dai, don binh cQng dUdc sU quan tam cua trieu dai r^t dSng k l diia vko vi§c chon dfa diem, bo trf vfl khf, quy djnh s^ binh linh, nguyen t^c qua trinh phong thu mdt sd^ tinh ven biln ngoai khdi co cac dao, trilu dinh cho mo dan hoac sdc dvL yeu clu thiet lap cac d6n binh d l dam bao an ninh, vung biln thuoc dao nay, dam bao cho nhan dSn giao thdng di lai va khai thac ngu6n l^i kinh t^ b cac vving biln gin Vi dy nhu d cac tinh Binh Thuan, Khanh Hoa: "Sai quan tinh Binh Thu^n, tinh Khanh Hda md dan d l lap hai d0i thuoc 1^, m6i doi 50 ngUdi chia ddng d6n binh nguyen d ctfa b l Cam Ranh, Yen CUdng" (9) Cung tai cac ctia b l hay cac don binh, trieu Nguyen cdn thi^t dat h§ thd'ng thdng tin, tau thuyen nham h6 trd hi$u qua nha't ddi vdi vi§c phdng thii, ngan ch^n cac ho^t d^ng xam nhap tQ ben ngoai Nh4n thflc dU^c vj tri bien dao chi&'n lU0c phong thu da't nUdc va phildng thflc bao v? lau dai cho chu quyin dan toe nhin tQ phiidng di?n biln, cac vi vua trieu Nguyin, d$c bi$t la vua Gia Long va Minh Mgng da no li^c ldn tang cildng cdng tac phong thii H$ thd'ng cac phao dai, d6n binh dU^c coi la mot bi?n phap dfldc cac vua trilu Nguyen cho rang la thflc te, hieu qua va lau dai nha't phfldng thflc phdng thu biln dao c Xdc lap cdc lieu phdp trien thong tin lien lac ly vd phdt Trieu Nguyen len elm quyen ma lich sfl dan tdc vfla trai qua thdi ky tranh chap quyet liet giQa cac tap doan phong kien Nhan to cflng vdi qua tnnh md rdng lanh thd ve phfldng Nam, ddi hdi trieu Nguyen phai khdng ngiing nd liic de xae dinh quyen lam chu ciia minh tren cac vung da't mdi Cung vdi xae lap chu quyin tren bo, trieu Nguyen cung ddng thdi phai xae lap chu quyen bien dao D6 la xay dflng he thong ban dd biln dao, phat trien hd thd'ng thdng tin Hen lac giQa cae phao dai, cfla bien d l tang cUdng hdn nQa kha nang phdng thu va lam chu bien dao ciia trilu dai Ddi vdi cac dao, viing biln ven bd, trilu Nguyen chu tnidng tieh hanh ve cae hai dd lam cfl lieu de phuc vu di bien, quan ly va phdng thu biln dao, ddng thdi dd cung la mOt can cfl, tieu chi dl trieu Nguyen thdng qua dd khang dinh chii quyen cua minh: "Truyen chi cho cac quan dia phildng l^nh cho cac vien coi ddn cfla bd hat, bat d i u tQ nam pham nhQng cfla biln sd tai, rdng, h^p, ndng, sau the' nao phai xem x6t dac cho tfldng tan hdn nhQng cfla ven bien gan bd, ng'u cd ddng da, ghenh da, bai eat ndng, bai cat ngam, ma thuyen bd cin phai tranh, deu phai chia ro la each bd bao nhieu trudng, thflde; neu each bd xa, khd xem xet dac, cung phai fldc lUdng xa gan ma'y dam, di bd ma'y gid, ma'y khac thi vao den bd, va d chd a'y trdng len nui the tren bd xem hinh nd ldn hay nhd, hinh gidng cai gi, nha't nhat phai bien het ca ra, dl cho dl nhan" (10) Ba va'n de dfldc cac vi vua dau trieu Nguyin quan tam xae lap chii quyen tren cac dao la dac thiiy trinh, ve ban dd, cam mdc ddi vdi nhflng dao co vi tri quan yeu nhflng xa vdi da't lien, Sghien cuii hich sfl' ad' 7.2014 quin dao Hoang Sa, Trudng Sa dfldc trieu dai quan tam hang dau Ngay tQ budi d i u len ngdi, vua Gia Long da thdng qua dpi Hoang Sa de xem xet, ve thuy trinh ddi vdi Hoang Sa vao cac nam 1815, 1816 Sang thdi Minh Mang da sai Iflc lfldng thiiy quan dfldi sfl hudng dSn cua cae ngfl dan de khao sat Hoang Sa: "Xem tQ ve sau, mdi de'n t u i n thang gieng, chon phai thuy quan biln binh va giam dap mot chide thuyen nham thUdng tuan thang hai thi de'n Quang Ngai, giao cho hai tinh Quang Ngai, Binh Dinh, thue chie'e thuyin ciia dan hudng dan xfl Hoang Sa" (11) Thflc te' cho tha'y, dudi trieu Minh Mang nam 1837 va 1838 da tie'n hanh dac va ve dUdc 14 ta'm ban eo bflc ve chung ve Hoang Sa Tuy nhien, tren thuc te cac ban dd du ra't chi tiet song lai thieu chinh xae, nha't la chua xae dinh dUdc kinh do, toa Ddng thdi, vide phdng thii bien dao mud'n hieu qua ddi hoi phai kip thdi, nhanh chong, chinh xae dam bao thdng tin lien lac Do do, he tho'ng thdng tin lien lac dUdc trieu Nguyin phat trien b hau het phao dai ciia cac ciia be quan Nham nam dUdc thdng tin ve tau thuyen vao eac cfla bien phuc vu cho cdng tac phdng thu, trieu Nguyin da co nhQng dinh chd' cu the ve tin hieu nhan dang thdng qua he tho'ng ed hieu, dUdc quy dinh cu the la: "Thuyen binh cua eac nudc Tay dfldng, tha neo d ngoai bie'n, thi dung cd hieu "Dinh tam", thuyen a'y chay di thi dung cd hieu "Mau ciiu" Thuyin nUdc ngoai gap nan tha neo d ngoai bien thi diing cd hieu "Dinh ngii", thuyen ay chay di thi them ed hieu "Mau cflu"; tha'y thuyen kieu giae nude Thanh lang vang qua lai b ngoai bien thi dung cd hieu "Mau tfl", ne'u tha'y thuyen ay da chay thi dung them cfla hieu "Mau cflu" Tha'y kieu t h u y i n giae phfldng Tay lang vang qua lai d ngoai bien thi dung cd hieu "Mau ngu", thuyen ay chay thi thera cd hieu "Mau ciiu" tha'y rat nhieu thuyen binh, hoac co chie'e pha't cd, danh trd'ng, ban siing, nhu c6 tinh hinh ac, thi dung cd hieu "Mau that" tha'y eo nhieu thuyen binh kieu la, khdng phai la thuyen cdng, thuyen van tai, thuyin budn cua trieu dinh ta thi dung cd hieu "Mau bat" thuyen d ngoai xa, chUa phan biet dUdc thi dung thuyin hieu "Mau eflu" (12) Mac du viec dung cd hieu giiip nhan bie't tfldng ddi chfnh xae, kip thdi song lai sdm bde Id han chd' He thd'ng tin hieu khdng dung dUdc vao buoi toi hoac nhQng liic thdi tiet xa'u thudng gay nham lln, do trid'u Nguyen budc phai sfl dung cae dai hda phong, ban dai bac hay phao lam he thd'ng tin hieu lien lac ho trd cho vide dung cac loai cd hieu Dd'i vdi mdi loai tau thuyen, eac tfn hieu dUdc quy dinh ra't chat che Vf nhu, nam Minh Mang thfl (1828) quy dinh, phat hien giae ngoai bd bien thi "ban ban ba phat dai bae, ban dem ciing ban ba phat dai bac va chid'e phao thang thien lam hieu Pham xa gin nghe tha'y thi lap tflc kh^n ca'p tid'p vien Nlu thuyin giae bo chay thi lay thuyen nhanh nhe ma duoi theo" (13) De dam bao lien lac gifla cac cfla bl lien canh nhau, ban d i u trieu Nguydn sfl dung he tho'ng dai hda phong Tuy nhien, phfldng phap thudng dl sinh nham iSn din den hieu qua ciia cdng tac phdng thu theo ciing bi ban che', nen trieu dinh sfl dung phUdng phap chay tram tren bd: "Trudc dky ciia be Tu Dung va cfla be Chu Mai thudc tinh Thfla Thien, ciia be Da N i n g thudc tinh Quang Nam deu cd dai hda phong Nay vua ngu den cfla be Tfl Dung du bao rang: NhGng ben d vung be, neu dat nhieu Phirong Hiure phong thiS biin dio cho t u i n phdng gap viec kh^n cS^p thdi cho ngfla tram di nhanh nhfl bay khd gi khdng den dUdc Nhfl the vdi dai hoa phong 1^ khdng hdn hay sao?" (14) Ngoai ra, de nhan dien dfldc tfl xa, n i m bat tinh hinh tau thuyen di lai tren bien dfldc hieu qua, dudi trieu Minh Mang, nha nfldc cdn chu trfldng trang hi kfnh thien ly tai cac phao dai, treo dan ldng vao cac budi tdi vdi cac mau khac va nam bat thdng tin tQ cac tau thuyen di lai tren bien nham dam bao cho viec nhan dien dung cfla be cdng tac phdng thii 59 budn hay thuyen chien eung dfldc thflc hien cac cfla bien, tau thuyen cap cang: "Ne'u la thuyin budn thi theo le thfldng ma lam; ne'u la tau chien thi mdt mat phi ta'u, mot mat sai phai binh thuyin canh phdng nghiem ngat b tan phan va phi tfl eho tinh lang giing phdng hi Thuyen ay di nao, hoac van ddng lai lam viec gi, cung cho phep tie'p tuc tau len de bie't rd tinh trang" (16) Doi vdi tau thuyen de'n tU phUdng Tay, viee kilm soat cdn nghiem ngat hdn nham ngan ehan viec la tin tflc, ve ban dd, d Kiem sodt tdu thuyen, tudn tra bie'n truyin dao, tham chi la cac boat dong gian diep hay quan sil de doa de'n ehii quyen Tfl thflc te de dam bao td't an ninh bien bien dao, qude gia Cac tau thuyen dao, trilu Nguyin da chii lap den cae cfla bien sau hdi bao len trieu c^c doi tuan tra, d^y manh viec tuan tra, dinh va cac dia phUdng phu can se xet hdi kiem soat va tra n h i m kip thdi nim vl quan so', khao xet viee di lai, ddi tUdng hit tinh hinh, cha'n chinh nhGng han ch§', tie'p xuc, mua ban nhim muc dieh kiem sai sdt viec phdng thii bien dao Nhd soat tinh hinh va tranh trao ddi, dd la tin d6, vi^c kilm soat tau thuyen hoat ddng tfle lidn quan de'n ndi tinh qud'c gia Nam tren biln dao cua trieu dinh dfldc chat che, 1835, vua Minh Mang chi du quy dinh ve rdng khip kiem soat tau thuyen phUdng Tay de'n budn Tau thuyin tfl nfldc va nfldc ngoai ban: "Khi den dau phai xet hdi tau cd deu dfldc kilm soat thdng qua hinh thflc bao nhieu ngudi, dang ky rd rang, bam len tree cd va b i n sung la chinh Sach Bai thUdng ty, mdi cho len bd mua ban vdi cac Nam thiic luc chep: "Sai bon Cai cd Hd Van cfla hang chd biia gin dd, nhung phai Khue chia ngdi eac thuyen hieu Binh nghiem viec phdng bi, khdng cho d tan mat nha dan, mua ban xong rdi lai diem du so dfldng, Dinh dfldng, Binh ba An ba di viec ngudi, dudi bien khdng cho mdt ngudi d cdng d Ha Chau va Giang Lflu Ba Ben lai" (17) Dd'i vdi mot so' cfla bien quan chuin dinh rang tfl nhflng thuyen ldn nhu Da Ning thi viec kiem soat cdn nhfl Thuy long, Binh dfldng di den cfla bien git gao hdn: "Sau thuye'n nUdc ngoai Da Ning, thi liic mdi den treo cd vang, b i n dau lai, neu chi lay cui la'y nUde thi cho vao ba phat sung, dai Didn Hai cung treo cd la'y d ndi gan bd, lay eiii thi phai la'y d nui vang bin phat sung; de'n ngoai cfla Sdn Tra, ganh nfldc thi phai ganh d chd Thuan An thi thuyen va dai Tran Hai diu Han Khdng dUdc di tan vao lang xdm Mdt treo cd vang, b i n ba phat sung Dinh lam hai la'y xong thi chd di, khdng dUdc d I$nh mai mai (neu cac thuyen cung vao lau de gay vide Thuyen nUdc ngoai neu cang, diu cd b i n siing nhieu tie'ng, tren dai mud'n len chd d tren bd, tim mua thflc an ciing chi b i n nhU le thdi)" (15) thi cung khdng ca'm, nhung chi eho di Cflng vdi hieu lenh, viec kiem soat tau so 10 ngfldi Khdng dUdc di qua nhieu va thuyin theo hinh thflc phan loai thuyin 60 khdng mang theo binh khi, siing trfldng len bd de ban can" (18) Song hanh vdi viec kilm soat b ven cac cfla biln la viec t u i n tra ngoM khdi ViSc t u i n tra ngoai khdi se gdp p h i n quan trong tri chu quyin tren cac dao, bao vl thfldng nhan budn ban, ngU dan khai thac ngudn ldi kinh te bien va viec di lai tren bien D l vide tuan tra cd hidu qua, trilu vua Nguyin da dat dinh Id, quy che thflc hien: "Dinh them chfldng trinh di t u i n ngoai b l va quy che cu,a binh thuyin di tuin" (19) Theo dd, cfl vao thang hang nam cae tinh cfl binh thuyen di t u i n phdng, nhien cung vao thdi tiet hay hoat ddng cua "giae bien" ma dinh Id cd the linh hoat la sdm hay mudn hdn: "Vua du bao Bd Binh rang: "Trfldc day t r i m da giang ldi du, hang nam binh thuyin di t u i n ngoai be, cfl thang di Nay thang gidng trdi da-sang td ma dfldng di thuan tidn, chfnh la thdi ky thuyen budn di ve, thdi nen phai di t u i n tilu di yen vung be" (20) Lay Kinh Phu Xuan lam trung tam di chia viec tuan phdng hai canh Nam Bac Phfa Bl'c t u i n phdng den cfla bien tinh Quang Ydn, phia Nam de'n cfla bien tinh Binh Thuan: "Vua sai linh d kinh va bd'n cd quan thuy, bd, quan, ve hdn 500 ngfldi, di 10 chie'e thuyen Thanh Hai, Dinh Hai, Tuin Hai, d thuyen chia lam hai dao, mot dao tQ tinh Thfla Thien di sang dang Nam de'n tinh Binh Thuan, mpt dao tfl tinh Thfla Thien di sang dang Bic den tinh Quang Yen dd t u i n tilu giae be" (21) Tuy nhien, can cfl theo tinh hinh cu the tren bien ma ed t h i tang cfldng lUe lfldng t u i n phdng chfl khong nha't cfl theo dinh le co san, mien viec t u i n phdng dat hieu qua cao nha't: "Nam ngoai d Thanh Hoa cd giae bien, sai t h i n dieu Thuy quan va linh ddi Uy cha'n hdn 100 ngudi cflng Rghifen eiiru Lich sir, so 7.2014 chiec thuyen di t u i n xet, den bSTy gid m^t biln hdi yen ndn n i t ve" (22) Ddi liic, vile t u i n tra mang tfnh phdng trd tfl xa; "Nay nghe nUdc Anh Cat Ldi gay hah vdi nfldc Thanh, cd t h i xay chinh chien Nfldc ta giap vdi nfldc Thanh, ma vung Tra Sdn d cfla be Da N i n g trfldc day tau thuyin nfldc ngoai thfldng tam ddng, d n phai dd x6t t u i n phdng de vQng chd be" (23) mdt mflc dp nh^t dinh, cac bien phap tuan tra gdp p h i n giQ vQng yen mat bien, giup ho?t ddng di lai dUdc thuan ldi, ngan ehan cac hoat ddng xam nhap tQ ben ngoai e Chdng ciidp bien va ngdn chdn sii xdm nhdp tren bidn Va'n de de doa ldn nhat doi vdi cdng tac phdng thu biln dao dfldi trieu Nguyin la cudp bien Nan cfldp bien vfla de dga tnic tiep de'n viec khai thac nguon ldi kinh t l tren bien, vfla gian tid'p lam phfldng hai den chu quyin qud'c gia The nen, trilu Nguyen cac phflcing thflc phong thu bien dao ludn coi vide chdng cfldp bien Nam 1803, Gia Long da ban chi quy dinh ve viec dam bao thdng tin lidn lac viec phdng chdng giae bidn nhim dam bao cho edng tac phdng bi, ngan ch^n dfldc hidu qua: "Tfl v l sau, he dich thflc tha'y cd giae bien qua lai d ngoai biln, thi mdt mat chay tin hda td'c bao cho quan cdng dudng chuyin, tau, mdt mat chay tin hda td'c bao cho cac ddn phan thu b ven bien vao mien trong, phia Nam den Binh Dinh Lai mot mat chay tin hda tdc bao cho cac ddn phan thu d ven bien miln ngoai, phia Bac den xfl Bic Thanh, de tien sflc cho tau thuyen cdng, tfl phdng bi" (24) Mat khac, de ddi phd vdi cUdp bien, nam 1806, vua Gia Long cdn chii trfldng trang hi cic loai thuyin nhanh, nhe va vu cho cac hoat ddng chdng pha cfldp bien cua cac tinh Phirong thu-e phdng thfl biAi dAo ven biln Ddng thdi, cac hoat ddng ciia tau thuyan tren be cdn dfldc sii bao vd, hd trd ciia Iflc lUdng t u i n thu bd biln d cac tinh Neu trfldng hdp cd cudp biln tin cung phfi hdp, chdng gifl cho den thuyen cua trieu ifinh an toan tdi Kinh dd Phu Xuan: 'Tfl nay, doan van tai viidt biln, cin phai d l phdng ngan ehan Hien da truyen chi cho Bic Thanh chon lay thuyen d 8ai va binh dinh khf gidi dly du va phai cac ddi tieu sai ngdi vao thuyen, de bao vd doan thuyin den Bien Sdn Lai truyen cho tran Nghd An chon 10 chiec thuyen d sai va 10 chide thuyen sai d kinh, cung den Bien Sdn, tuin tra mat bien, de ddi bao ve tie'p nhan" (25) Ddi vdi cac dia phfldng cd giae bien xu&t hien, phai lap tflc cfl cac dpi dan binh tuin bat d l tr^nh trfldng hdp giae b l dflpe da thd ma md rdng hoat ddng cfldp pha, ddng thdi eic dia phUdng lan can phai cd trach nhidm phd'i h(?p vdi dan binh tuin b i t d l cdng tac chdng giae bien dUdc hieu qua K l tfl nam 1835, trieu dinh cdn chu trUdng trang bi sung trfldng cho thuyen buon can cfl tren chflng thflc cua quan dia phfldng di tang cfldng kha nang phdng chdng cfldp biln Dl tilu trfl giae biln d nhQng vung giap bidn, trieu Nguyin cdn phdi hdp vdi chfnh quyin cac tinh Quang Ddng, Quang Chku cua trilu Thanh edng tac dilu tra, xfl ly nhQng tdn giae be: "Lai cd thuyen danh ca nfldc Thanh len vao vung Dd Sdn thupc Hai Dfldng Ta'n thii TrUdng Van Nho b i t dfldc, kham thuyen tha'y cd sung trfldng, la va trdng Tra'n t h i n Quang Ydn va Hai Dfldng deu dem viec tau len Vua sai gfli thU cho Tdng ddc Lfldng Quang tra x6t Bon Chung Td Hdp bi b i t d thuyen danh ca deu ddng gdng dfla sang Kham Chau" (26) Ddi vdi nhQng ngudi cd edng td' giae, truy bat giae be, nhQng ngudi dUdc cfl lam nhidm vu tuan tra, truy b i t giae be hoan trach nhidm, nhQng ngfldi c6 cdng thi dfldc trieu dinh thudng trpng hau Neu nhu ddn cfl vi ba't cfl ly gi di t u i n khdng cdng hieu hoac khdng hoan chflc trach dUdc giao thi theo mflc dp dl xfl ly Thdng thudng, dd'i vdi nhflng trfldng hdp nay, trilu Nguyin chu tnidng phim trat, lfldng bdng va bat budc tie'p tuc thiic thi eho ddn hoan nhiem vu cho'ng cfldp bien Ndi chung, trieu Nguyen da c6 nhQng no Iflc ehdng cudp bien vdi cac bien phap Uu dai, true tie'p va cu the Tuy cong tac chdng cUdp bien khdng phai luc nao cung td hflu hidu, song nhQng sfl nd Iflc ciia trieu Nguyin da gdp phin quan trpng vao gifl vQng an ninh va chu quyen bien dao / Phd'i hgp vdi cii ddn bdo ve chu quyen vd cd che ddi ngd doi vdi eong tdc phdng thu bien ddo Ben canh cac bidn phap chi'nh qui nhfl to chflc, trang bi quan dpi, vu khf, phfldng tidn, thiet lap he thd'ng phdng thu trieu Nguyen cdn phoi hdp vdi cU dan biln edng tac t u i n tilu, khao xet, bao ve biln dao Day la mdt bien phap quan va mdi me so vdi cac trieu dai phong kien trUdc dd De thue hien cd hieu qua phfldng thflc nay, trieu dinh da hd trd nhan dan vung biln dao vl tau thuyin, vu de hp ed tiem Iflc chdng giae biln Viec ca'p phat vii khf de phdi hdp viec chong cfldp bien can cfl vao sd dan, tinh hinh cu the d dia phfldng dl ed the dam bao dap flng dflpe tinh hinh thfle te eua cdng tac nay: "Vua di^ bao Bd Binh ring: "Giae be d dao ^o Ba vko khoang giao thdi mua he va mfla thu Ifla khe I6n de qua'y rdi dan chung d gin bl 62 Rghien ciiru Ljch stc so 7.2014 Vay sai tinh Binh Dinh, tinh Phu Ydn, tinh Khanh Hda fldc lfldng ma ca'p sung d sang va giao mac cho cac xa thdn de chdng vdi giae eUdp" (27) nha't dinh da tao dUdc sfl khuye'n khfch va ran de de tfl giup bp phan hoan chflc trach hieu qua hdn cdng tac phdng thu Thiic hien che' dp dai ngd doi vdi nhflng ngfldi lam nhiem vu d bien dao va cd cong bao vd biln dao dfldc trieu Nguyin chu trpng Theo dinh che dp bdng Idc, trilu Nguyen quy dinh d cung mdt pham trat, nhung nhQng quan chflc dam trach d cac cfla be, tuan tra ngoai be ed ehe dd trpng hau hdn dat lien nham khuyen khfch hp tan tam dd'i vdi cdng viec Dd'i vdi nhflng trfldng hdp cd edng lao, cd tfch phdng thu bien dao dfldc trieu (finh khen thfldng de ddng vidn, khfch le, nhat la cdng tac chd'ng cUdp bien, k l ca cac Iflc lfldng dan binh, bien binh Vat pham khen thfldng thdng thudng la vang bac, theo ca'p bac pham ham: "Giae bien Cha Va ndi ldn d hai phan Ha Tien Cai dpi cai quan cac ddi Phii cfldng sd Phu Qud'c la Nguyin Van Xfldng dem dan binh dudi bit, gie't het ca bon Viec tau len, vua khen thudng cho Xfldng hai thfl ky luc va 10 lang bac, dan deu dfldc thudng tien theo thfl bae" (28) B a i h o c k i n h n g h i e m tit phong t h u b i e n d a o Viet N a m dvldi thdi cac vua dau trieu Nguyen Dd'i vdi trudng hdp thflc thi nhiem vu bao ve bien dao ma mic phai sai lam, trieu Nguydn cung xem xet theo mflc dp nang nhe de xfl ly Theo dd, hinh thflc xfl phat nhe thi danh trUpng, nhic nhd, nang thi cat chflc, tu day: "Cfla bien Thuan An cd thuyin cdng trd ve, thu ngfl Ngdn Van Quyen nhan lim la thuyen Tay dfldng, lien dem bao bd Vua bao ring: Cac cfla bien nha nfldc da ca'p cho kinh thien ly de' trdng rd ngoai xa, lai lim l l n nhfl the! Lien sai thi ve de danh trfldng de phat" (29) Nhu vay, nhan thflc trpng trach cua bd phan phu trach bien dao nang n l hdn so vdi cac chflc vu khac, viec thiet dat che dp dai ngd eua cae vua trieu Nguyen d mflc dp a Ndng cao nhdn thiic ve tiem vd vi the eua bien ddo ndng Lam chu khdng gian bidn dao rpng ldn, cac trieu dai lich sfl phong kien Viet Nam ludn y thflc dUde vi tri cua bidn dao dd'i vdi chu quyin qud'c gia dan tdc, vdi sii phat trien ciia da't nfldc va trieu dai Cac vua d i u trilu Nguyen da neu cao bai hpc ve phdng thii, bao ve chu quyen, ddc lap dan tdc Trong sudt thdi gian tri vi, vua Gia Long, Minh Mang ludn la'y kinh nghiem cua cha dng, bdi hpc lich sfl dl nhic nhd minh neu cao canh giae, coi thdi binh la cd hpi d l cung ed sfl vQng chic cua trieu dai, la can nguyen de dam bao sinh ke' lau dai phat trien da't nfldc Chfnh eae vi vua da tflng can dan trieu t h i n thflc thi nhiem vu phdng thu phai y thflc dUdc sil thiet yeu eua ehu quyen bien dao trdn tflng vung da't dUdc trieu dinh giao phd Nhan thflc v l bien dao xuyen sudt trieu Nguyin da gdp p h i n dam bao an ninh ehu quyin dan tdc, la bai hpc ve nhan thflc eua bac d m quyen ddi vdi chu quyin de tfl CO trach nhidm phdng thu, bao ve Trong do, nfldc ta "cd vi trf quan trpng, cd bd bidn dai, nhieu sdng ldn, nen tfl xfla den ke dich tU ben ngoai ldi dung bien va sdng de xam nhap " (30), dd, cung vdi da't liln, bien dao da trd mpt bd phan khdng the tach rdi cua chu quyen dan tdc Bao ve bien dao vi thd' da dUde quan tam, nhan thflc, dUdc xae dinh dd la mdt nhiem vu an ninh chie'n Ifldc cua qud'c gia, dan tde The' nhUng, chu quyen Phirong thure phong Hid bi&i dap bien dao ma chung ta lam ehu dang bi de dpa, tranh cha'p tfl nhilu phia Do dd, tQ bai hoc cua trilu Nguydn ve nhan thflc bien dao ddi hdi chung ta mpi hoan canh phai ludn coi biln dao la mdt phin cua chu quyen cua dSn tdc d l tQ dd cd sfl dinh hudng dung d i n hoaeh dinh chu trUdng, chinh sach, bao vd, khing dinh chu quyen va phat triln bien dao Viet Nam hien Ngudn ldi kinh td, giao thdng nhan thflc cua bidn dao ke tfl trieu Nguyen den v i n tid'p tuc dfldc khang dinh va cin dfldc phat huy hdn nfla ma Dang va Nha nfldc ta xae dinh "tie'n manh bien va lam chu vung bien Phat trien tdng hdp kinh te bidn, khai thac ldi thd khu vflc cua cfla bien, hai dao de tao vung phat triln cao, thuc day cac khu vflc khac Xay dflng can cfl hau c i n d mot sd' dao dd tie'n biln khdi Ket hdp chat che phat triln kinh te vdi bao ve an ninh trdn bien" (31) Do dd, trfldc m i t va ve lau dai, khai thac kinh te bien ket hdp vdi bao ve an ninh chu quyin bien dao la bai hpe xuyen suo't rut tfl kinh nghiem cua trieu Nguyin, ddng thdi cung la chien lUdc ddi hdi Dang va Nha nude cin phat huy bdi eanh hien Day manh hdn nfla vi thd ve giao thdng eua biln dao de tQ hinh he thd'ng cae cang bien, cae tuyen giao thdng ndi vung va qudc te' de vfla dam bao phuc vu muc tidu phat trien kinh te'bien, vQa dam bao chid'n lUdc an ninh phdng thu bien dao cua da't nfldc Dudi trieu Nguyin, eac bac elm quyen diu nhan thflc dfldc vi trf chie'n Ifldc ciia bien dao, tfl van dung vao phat trien dat nfldc, bao ve sfl vflng chic cua trilu dai Ke thfla bai hpc lich sfl dd, can danh gia dung va khdng ngflng nang cao vi the, tilm nang cua bien dao de khai thac phuc vu phat triln kinh te', phuc vu chie'n Ifldc bao ve ddc lap, chu quyen dan tdc b Tdng ciidng sUc manh phong thu bien ddo todn dien Tfl nhan thflc, trilu Nguyin da cd' ging thflc tiln hda boat dpng phdng thu Bang ngudn npi lilc va vdi sflc manh cd the, trieu Nguyin da ra't chu trpng viec td chflc trien khai cac boat ddng phdng thii biln dao Trong edng tac phdng thu, trieu Nguyin khdng chi phat huy sflc manh ndi tai cua chinh quyen ma cdn huy dpng ngudn Iflc hd trd tQ cU dan bien dao sd tai, hpc tap kinh nghiem tfl ben ngoai Ta't ca dd tao nen mdt sflc manh tdng hpp, toan dien de bao ve ddc lap, chu quyen dan tpc Vi the, bai hpc ve phat huy sflc manh toan dien phdng thu bien dao tfl trieu Nguyin cdn cd y nghia quan trpng phdng thu bien dao hien Cdng tac phdng thu dfldi trilu Nguyin dfldc thfle hien thdng qua nhilu phUdng thflc Dd la sfl ket hdp sflc manh cua mdt liic lfldng thuy quan dfldc td chflc, trang bi, huan luyen hiing manh, vdi he thd'ng phdng thu d cac cfla be dupc thiet dat cac phao dai, phat trien he thd'ng thdng tin lien lac, day manh cdng tae chd'ng cudp bien, kiem soat va ban ehe tau thuyen vao b cac cfla bien, phat trien cdng tac eflu hd, cflu nan Cdng tac phdng thii bien dao vi the' tao nen mdt sflc manh ed kha nang phdng ngfla, ngan ehan tfl xa cung nhfl mang lai hieu qua thiic te Ke't qua la sU huy ddng sflc manh y ehi cua bac cam quyen dfldi trieu Nguyin, vdi sflc manh npi liic eua trieu dai, ciia dan tpe de cd the dam bao cho ehu quyin eua trilu dai dUdc vflng chai bdi canh qud'c te, khu vUc cd nhieu bie'n ddng Hien nay, va'n de bao ve chu quyin biln dao Viet Nam cung dang d bdi canh tfldng tfl ma tinh hinh qud'c te Rghien cihi Jdjch a& s6 7.2014 phat triln theo xu the "hoa binh, ddc l^p dan toe, dan chu, hdp tac va phat triln la xu the ldn; nhUng d^u tranh dan tdc, d^u tranh giai cS^p, chidn tranh cue bd, xung dot vii trang, xung ddt sic tdc, tdn giao, ch^iy dua vu trang, ho^t dpng can thidp, lat dd, khiing bd, tranh ch^p lanh thd, bien, dao, tai nguyen va canh tranh quydt liet ve ldi fch kinh td' tiep tuc diln phflc tap Khu vi^ chau A - Thai Binh Dfldng va Dong Nam A phat trien nang ddng, nhflng cung ti^m in nhflng nhan to* mai dn dinh Tinh hinh dd tao thdi cd phat trien, dong thdi dat nhQng thach thflc gay git, nha't la dot vdi nhflng nfldc dang va k6m phat trien" (32) Do dd, tfl bai hpc kinh nghiem cua trieu Nguyin, thflc tien cdng tac bao vd chvi quyen bien dao ddi hdi chung ta phai phat huy sflc manh toan dien cua toan Dang, toan dan, cua ea hd thd'ng chfnh tri de xay dflng mot hd thd'ng phdng thu quoc gia, mpt nen quoc phdng toan dan vflng manh d l cd the dam dfldng dUdc nhidm vu phdng thu bidn dao Trilu Nguyin pham vi va mflc nhat dinh chUa the triln khai hd thong phdng thu eua trilu dinh lam chu nhQng vung bien dao d ngoai miln bidn viln Trong trudng hdp dd, trilu dinh ho trd mot phin cho dan chflng vd vu khf, hua'n luyen, lUdng thflc, ddng thdi huy dpng sii tinh nguyen ddng gdp cua cu dan dia phUdng v l gidi, nhan Iflc vao cdng tac phdng thu Chinh vi thd da cd ra't nhieu dao, vflng biln, cU dan tu nguydn lap cac phao dai, cac doi dan binh di dam bao cho cong tac phdng thu tai cho moi cd cUdp bi4n Bai hpc vl huy dpng sflc manh toan dan da gdp phin vao cung cd chu quyen cua trieu Nguyin d nhflng vflng da't vd'n thudc chu quyen cfla qude gia, cd' ke't tao ndn mdt h^ thd'ng phdng thu, mpt khdi thd'ng nhlft trudc sii xam nhap tQ ben ngoai Bai hoc vd huy dpng sflc mfinh, ngudn It^c tQ dan,.bdi dfldng va phdi h ^ vdi nhan dkn, nh^t la nhan dan tai vung ven biln, hai dao de dam bao tot cho cong tac phdng thu, bao v$ doc lap chu quyen da dfldc ke thfla can phai phat huy cao hdn nfia bao ve chu quyen bi4n dao hien n h i m thflc hidn chinh sach quan ly va bao v^ biln dao theo hudng "phat huy sflc msinh toan dan toe va thUc hien cac bidn phap c i n thid't bao ve chu quy^n, quydn chu quyen, quyen tai phan qudc gia trdn cac vung biln, dao va q u i n dao, bao ve tai nguyen va mdi trfldng biln, phat triln kinh te bien" (33) c Xay d^ng vd hodn thien hi thong cffsdphdp ly vechu quyin biin ddo Ngay lam chu mot lanh thd thdng nh^t tren cd sd danh b^i trieu Tay Sdn, trieu Nguyin da chu dong xae lap quyen lam chu cua minh ddi vdi h^ thdng bien dao Bing nhieu phflcftig thflc tidn hanh, song v i ^ xay dflng cd sd phap 1^ de thflc thi, k h i n g dinh chii quyen bien dao dfldc trieu Nguyin coi la bidn phdp hflu hieu mang tfnh ben vQng, lau dai NhQng can cfl phap ly dUdc k h i n g dinh dd khdng chi cd y nghia ddi vdi trilu Nguyin ma cd gia tri cfl li$u ddn Do dd, kd thfla qua va kinh nghiem ljch sfl cua trilu Nguyin, chiing ta c i n \ky dflng, hoan thidn cfl lidu phap 1^ k h i n g dinh, thflc thi chu quydn bien dao, nha't la vd'n dd chii quyen doi vdi hai q u i n dao Hoang Sa va Trfldng Sa Ngay tQ nam 1809, vua Gia Long da xae dinh chu quyen cua trieu Nguyen dc5 vdi q u i n dao Hoang Sa vdn dU0c khing dinh chu quyen dfldi thdi chiia Nguyen Kd tyc sfl nghidp cua Gia Long, vua Minh Mang tiep tuc k h i n g djnh chu quydn tren hai quan dao Hoang Sa, Trfldng Sa va cac vflng bien dao khac Phfldng thflc xae lap cd sd phap 1^ biln dao dUdc ti^n hdnh thong qua thiet I|ip h$ thdng hai dd d cac vflng biln Phirong thiJrc phdng Hifl hiin dio ven bd phuc vu k h i n g dinh chu quyen va dam bao an ninh trudc sfl xam nhSp cua giae be Ddi vdi cac vung bien dao xa ma trieu finh khdng the thfldng tnic dam bao chu quyen, trieu Nguydn ap dung phUdng thflc thflc thi chu quyen dinh ky bang each cfl cac dpi thuy binh hang nam tnic tie'p d m md'c, dac, ve hai dd de thuc thi, bao vd chii quyen cua minh Mac du dudi trieu Nguyin va'n de tranh cha'p biln dao ehUa tflng xay ra, the nhUng nhflng efl lidu phap IJ vdi dly du cd sd, bang chflng dd la ly le thuyet phuc de trilu Nguydn da'u tranh ndu cd tranh cha'p ve va'n de biln dao Do do, xay dung he thd'ng phap l-y nham phuc v\} muc tidu da'u tranh, thiic thi va bao vd chu quyen trd mdt phUdng thflc, bai hoc kinh nghiem quan trpng tfl trieu Nguyen cdng tac phdng thu va bao ve chu quyen biln dao .Trong dd, va'n de chu quyin bien dao, dae bidt la va'n de chu quyin tren hai quin dao Hoang Sa va Trudng Sa dang trd mpt nhflng nhiem vu chie'n Ifldc cua Dang va Nha nfldc ta bidn De khing dinh ehu quyin bien dao eua Vidt Nam, chung ta e i n kd' thfla nhflng thdnh ti^u, bai hoc kinh nghiem ma trilu Nguyen da de lai Cac di san ve chu quyen bien dao ma trieu Nguyen de lai nhfl he thd'ng cac hai dd, ban dd, cac sfl lieu ghi chep ve boat ddng cua trilu Nguyen trdn hai q u i n dao phai dflpe eoi dd la cd sd phap ly lich sfl phuc vu eho cdng tac da'u tranh, giao due va khdng dinh chii quyin biln dao Mat khac, kd thfla kinh nghiem cua trilu Nguyin ve sfl chu ddng xay dilng cd sd phap ly cua da't nfldc, chung ta cin hoan thien viec hoach dinh dfldc hai gidi trdn biln vdi cac nude, xay dflng cac nguyen t i c t i c flng xfl tren Biln Ddng, thdng qua cac diln dan qud'c te de khang dinh cd sd phap ly cua Viet Nam dd'i vdi chu quyen biln dao, hoan thien hdn nQa he thdng luat bien dao phuc vu cdng tac bao vd va khai thac chu quyen bien dao Hd thong cfl lieu phap ly dd se la ed sd nen tang dinh hudng cho cdng tac phdng thii, bao vd, thuc thi va khang dinh chu quyin biln dao cua Viet Nam ma tnldc k l tfl trieu Nguyin da thfle thi va khing dinh Hdn nQa, cung vdi viec chu trpng xay dflng cfl lieu phap ly b i n g viec elm mdc, ve cac hai do, td ehflc cac dpi thuy binh hang nam bien ddn cac quin dao nhim t u i n tra, kilm soat va thflc thi, khang dinh ehu quyen bien dao eua qud'c gia, trieu Nguyin cdn chu trUdng phat trien he thd'ng dan sinh thdng qua md rdng luc lUdng eU dan tren dao, xay dflng cac hang muc cdng trinh nhu ehua, gieng nfldc va cac cdng trinh dan sinh khac Ngoai ra, trieu Nguyen cdn toan quyin td chflc viec khai thac ngudn ldi kinh te' bidn d nhflng vflng biln dao thdng qua cae dpi bien binh cung la mdt yeu td' khing dinh chu quyen bien dao tren thiic tidn Sfl cd mat cua he thd'ng dan sinh cua cU dan Viet chinh la bing chflng hdn nha't ve chu quyen eua trieu Nguyen ddi vdi cac vung bien dao Cd t h i ndi, trieu Nguyen da co cai nhin thiic td' hdn vl vide xay dflng he thdng eac ed sd phap ly cho chu quyen bien dao, khdng ddn thuin khang dinh chu quyen tren van ban Hien nay, chiing ta dang giai doan da'u tranh dl khang dinh, bao vd chu quyen biln dao, van de phat trien he thdng dan sinh, khai thac ngudn ldi kinh te tai cac vung biln dao thudc ehu quyen tren cd sd bai hoe kinh nghiem eua trilu Nguyen cd y nghia nhfl la mpt cd sd phap ly cin dUdc ke thfla va phat huy Dang va Nha nude cin cd nhflng cd ehe uu tien hdn nfla cho can bd, chien s! phuc vu cdng tac bao ve chu quyen tren cae dao va quin dao, dong thdi eung sfle hd trd ngfl dan ve phUdng tien, vat cha't Rghien ciru Lieh s i so 7.2014 66 phuc vu khai thac ngudn ldi kinh te' tai cac ban va thUc t i l n dam bao eho t r i l u Nguyin vung biln ma chung ta dang da'u t r a n h bao du efl Hdu d l thflc thi quyen lam chu bien ve chii quyen, c i n phat trien va n h a n rdng dao ciia minh Ngay nay, va'n de dau diing t r a n h va k h i n g dinh chu quyen bien dao Triidng Sa" de phat t r i l n hcfti niia he thd'ng dang dien bie'n phfle tap, chiing ta c i n bie't dan sinh n h u la mdt cfl lieu phap ly sd'ng de ke thfla di san phap ly bien dao ma trieu khang dinh ehu quyin bidn dao Nguyen de lai, ddng thdi tfl bai hpc kinh cac phong trao nhU "Gop dd xdy Nhfl vay, de khang dinh chu quyin bien dao, t r i l u Nguyen da xay dflng mdt he nghiem trieu Nguyen dd hoan thien hdn nfla he thd'ng phap ly phuc vu qua trinh thd'ng cfl Hdu phap ly hoan ehinh He thd'ng da'u t r a n h khang dinh chu quydn bien dao cfl lidu dfldc xae lap ca tQ hai phia van Viet Nam hien CHU THICH (1) Noi cac triiu Nguyen, Khdm dinh Dai Nam dan tmh Thanh Hoa va Hpi Khoa hpc Lich sii Viet hoi dien sU le Tap 5, Nxb Thuan Hoa, Hue, 2005, Nam dong to chflc, Nxb The gi6i, 10-2008, tr 161 tr 136 (12), (13) Noi cac trieu Nguyin (2005), Khdm (2) Quo'c sii quan t r i i u Nguyen, Minh Menh dinh Dgi Nam hgi dien sit le, tap 5, sdd, tr 794, 432 (15), (22), (26), (28), (29) Qu6'c sii quan trieu chinh yi'u, Nxb Thulin Hoa, Hue, 2010, tr 1672 (3) Quoc sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thiic luc, tap 3, Ban dich ciia Vien Sii hoc, Nxb Giao Nguyin, Dgi Nam thitc luc, tltp 2, sdd, tr 391, 329, 743, 780, 399 (16), (17) Quo'c sii quan trilu Nguyen, Dgi due, Ha Npi, 2004, tr 136 (4), (5), (9), (14), (19), (20), (21), (23), (27) Quoc Nam thiic luc, tap 4, sdd, tr 770, 883 sii quan trilu Nguyen, Minh Menh chinh yi'u, sdd, (18), (24) (25) Noi cac trieu Nguyin, Khdm tr 1666-1667, 1634-1640 1633, 1659, 1665, 1665, dinh Dgi Nam hoi dien sit le, tap 5, sdd, tr 418, 1669-1670, 1672, 1651 424, 424 (6) Quoc sii quan trilu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thiic (30) Vu Minh Giang Nguyin Vifit, Nguyin luc, tap 2, Ban dich ciia Vien Sii hoc Nxb Giao Manh Hung, Qudn thiiy hch sH cho'ng ngoai due, Hue, 2004 tr, 758 xdm, Nxb Quan dpi Nhan dan, Ha Noi, 1983, tr (7) Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyin, Bgi Nam thUc luc, tap 1, Ban dich ciia Vien Sii hoc, Nxb Giao due, Hue, 2002, tr 870 (8) Xem Luu Trang, "He thong phong thii Da N i n g ducii trieu Nguyin", Tap chi Nghiin cdu Lich sii, so 11-2004, t r 37-45 (10), Quo'c sii quan trieu Nguyen, Dgi Nam thuc luc, tap 3, sdd, tr 165 37 (31) Dang Cong s a n Viet Nam, Vdn kien Dai hoi dai bieu todn quo'c ldn thd IX, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Npi, 2001, tr 182 (32) Dang Cong san Viet Nam, CUdng Unh xdy dung ddt niidc thdi ky qud lin chu nghia xd hgi (bo sung vd phdt trien ndm 2011), http://chinhphu vn/portal/page/portal/chinhphu (11) Bin theo Nguyin Nha, "Cac chiia Nguyin /NuocCHXHCNVietNam/ThongTinTongHop/noidu va nha Nguyen xae lap va thue thi chii quyen Viet ngvankiendaihoidang?eategoryId=l 0000716&artic Nam tai quan dao Hoang Sa va Triidng Sa tfl dau leld=10038382 t h e k y XVII de'n thUc dan Phap xam lUOc va (33) Quo'c hpi nu6c Cpng hoa xa hpi chii nghia hq Viet Nam", Ky yeu Hpi thao khoa hoc: Chda Viet Nguyin http://vietnamnet.vn/vn/chinh-tri/77381/toan-van- vd viiOng trieu Nguyen lich si Viet Nam tii theky XVI de'n theky XIX, Uy ban Nhan Nam (2012), Iuat-bien-viet-nam.html Lugt bien Viit Nam,