NHỮNG KHÁC BIỆT VỀ CƯỚI HỎI, TANG MA,KHAO VỌNG TẠI BẮC KỲ, TRƯỚC VÀ SAU CẢI LƯƠNG HƯƠNG TỤC THÍ ĐIỂM

NHCTNG KH^C B | | T VE CUtfl HOL TfiNG M^, KHfiO VpNG T6I B^C KY TRaorC Vfl SflU Cfll laaNQ HOONG TUC TMI DIEM DAO PHUONG CHI* C Itfdng htfdng tuc thi diem (1) Id ddt cai Itfdng dtfdc tien hanh b mgt so' dia phtfdng trtfdc phong trao cai ltfdng htfdng chinh lan thtf nha't (nam 1921) tai Bac Ky Trtfdc chung tdi, da cd mdt so' nha nghien ctfu de tap tdi giai doan thi diem d'y nhtf: Dtfdng Qud'c Anh: Viet Nam - Nhiing sU kien lich si? (Nxb Khoa hgc xa hgi Ha N6i, 1988); Le Thi Hing: Chinh sdch cdi liidng hUdng chinh chinh quyen Phdp tien hdnh d Bac ky - qua thiic tien tinh Hd Bdng (Ludn van Thae si lich sil Ha Noi, 2008); Nguydn Thi Le Ha: Tinh Hd Dong ndi thi diem chinh sdch cdi lUdng hUdng chinh thdi Phdp thugc, Tap chi Khoa hgc xd hgi ViHNam, sd9/2012 Nhtfng cdng trinh tren deu cd chung nhdn dinh: Cai htfdng htfdng tuc thi diem dUdc tie'n hanh tai mgt tinh la Ha Dong Sau khao sat cac van ban tuc le bing chtf Ndm (2) tai Vien Nghien cflu Han Nom, chung tdi da tim tha'y mgt so' diem, hoSc khdng ddng nha't vdi nhan dinh cdc cdng trinh nghien ctfu di trtfdc, hoac bd sung nhflng thdng tin ma cac cong trinh ke' trdn chUa de cdp Dd la: Thdi diem b i t diu tien hdnh cai ltfdng tbi diem: ndm 1905 - 1906; Dia bdn tie'n hanh: it nha't gom *TS Vi^n Nghien ctfu Hdn Ndm tinh Bic Ninh, Ha Ddng, Ha Nam, Htfng Yen va Phuc Yen, chtf khdng phai chi ed Ha Dong; Phtfdng thtfc tie'n hanh: vtfa lam vfla rut kinh nghiem Mgt so'npi dung neu tren chung tdi da cd dip trinh bay Tap chi Hdn Ndm (3) Cung Tap chi (so'4 nam 2013), chung toi tie'p tuc tim hieu stf ddi thay ve te ttf qua cai lUdng htfdng tuc thi diem (4) Bai vie't tim hie'u ve nhtfng khae biet ctfdi bdi, tang ma, khao vpng tai Bac Ky trtfdc va sau cai Itfdng htfdng tuc thi diem va la stf tiep ndi mach nghien ctfu cua tac gia Sau chgn Igc cac van ban tuc le theo tieu chi: viet bing chtf Nom, ddi giai doan thi diem (ttfc trudc thdi die'm ban hanh Nghi dinh vd ldi chi thi ve viec lap cdc Huang hoi ud lap so chi thu cdc xd xiJC Bdc Ky - ggi t i t la Nghi dinh • thdi die'm tie'n hanh cai lUdng chinh thtfc) va ed thdng tin cu the ve stf khae biet htfdng tuc trUde va sau cai Itfdng, chung tdi tim dtfdc 12 van ban dudi day (xem bang 1) Nhflng thay dd'i dtfgc chiing tdi ehu trgng nghien ctfu cac van ban tuc Id neu tren khdng phai la toan bg ngi dung sau cai Itfdng, ma la nhtfng ddi thay cd ghi cu the ve sU khae biet gifla tuc cu va tuc Rghien cijru Ljch sii" sg 6.2014 Bang 1: Cac van ban cai lUtfng hkng chS Nom co ghi n h a n srf thay doi ve cUoti hoi, tang ma, khao vong giai doan thi diem Nien hieu Kyhieu TT Van ban A F a8/5 AF.a2/l4 AF.a2/l7 AF.a2/23 AF.a2/63 DuyTanlhiJ7(19l3) DuyTfln8(l914)lflp DuvTan9ll9l3)lflp DuvTan8(l914)iap DuyTan9(191.'>) Bic Ninh linh Thuan Thanh phSn phu Dt Ki^u xO dan luc H^ Ddng linh Dan Phuong huv^n Dumig Lilu l6ne Qae Dirong xa phone tuc Ha D6ng linh Dan Phircng huv^n D^c Set I^ne Phuone Bang xa phone luc Ha DOng linh Dan Phmyng huv^n Tha Lao t^ne Tlianh Diem x i chfnh tn phone tuc Ha Dfing tinh Hoai Di}c phu Ttr Liem huy^n Phu Gia ldng Thuy Phuong xa phone tuc Ha Dflng tinh Thanh Tri huyen Thanh Tri wSne Yen Duyen x i tuc le Ha Nam linh Duy Tien huyfn Moc Hoan l6ng Nha Xd x i tuc le AF.a2/87 AF.a 10/23 DuyTan4(l910)lrJnh Khai Djnh (1918) 10 11 12 Ha Nam linh Ly Nh^n phii Kim Bane huv^n Nhat Tun tone iuc le Huns Yen linh Yen My huyen Tit Duong l6ne Dong Xa xa Thuy Lan Ihdn luc 16 Himg Yen iinh Yen My huy^n Yen Phii 16ng Hao Xuyen xa Dong La Ihon luc 10 Himg Yen linh Yen My huyen Yen Phii long Hao Xuyen xa Thuung ihon tuc \€ Hung Yen linh Yen My huyen Yen Phu l6n$ Th6 Coc jsa tuc le AF.alO/4 AF.a3/53 AFa.3/57 AFa.3/58 AFa.3/39 Khai Dinh (1920) Khai Dinh (19201(5) Khai Dinh (1920) KhaiDinh4(l9I9) Khai Dinh (1920) van ban h6a Bang 2: C\idi hoi trifdc va sau cai Itfdng TT Tieu muc Gian^ day (Tien cheo) Giang day Lan nhai Giang day Lan nhai Tuc eii Giang day Trong lang quan gia d6ng (6) ngoai lang gap doi la 12 quan gia lOdfing, sau lai chu^n cho liing ndp doi chie'u cap dieu Iam chieu cdng dan, ngoai lang cune vay Giang day Tuc tain CSm Ngu6i lang nop dong, ngudi ngoai n6p dong Van ban AF.a8l5 [tit 29a\ AFa 3/53 l\6 86a] ca'm Trong lang d6ng, ngoai lang gSp d6i mdc d&u phai nop lien giang dSy dong cira dong GiSng day Trong lang trAu ri/ou va ddng ngoili lang d6ng ca'm AFa.3/53 [lci86a| AFa.3/59 Trong lang n6p dong, Ngoai lang d6ng Lan nhai Trong lang d6ng va IrSu cau, la'l ca la dong, ngi/cii ngoai Rap la ding Giang day Trong ldng quan -H rugu lo t trau cau 100 khau, khae lang ga'p hai Nop ie giap cung nhu le lang Hang ngo hang giap la'y iifin cheo 10 12 Giang day N6p cheo Lan nhai Gitinp day Lan nhai Giang day cam Bo AFa.3159 [td25bl AFa3l5S[\i)ii] AFa 3158 [t6 3a] AF.a2l87 Chi n6p 23 phong trau va dong ngoai lang thi nop d6ng; b6n tang nam tro len Ihl phai cheo giap AFa2l63 [ta 66a] Giang day - dong d6ng Vd irSu ruou AF.a2ll4 [16 3b] Ngudj lang n6p ddng ngoai ldng nop g^p lil (7) dong, ruoc dau lai phai nop nen giang day dong cong cho tuSn phien uoc de'n dong Nha nao giau lai phai den d6ne Gidng day Ngu6i lang n6p giau cau n/gu va lien la dong, ngudi ngoai nop ga'p Ti^n a'v sung cflne ca'm /lFa.i/J7[l&7bJ mdi Dd la, nhflng thay ddi ve ctfdi hdi; tang ma, khao vgng Nhiing t h a y ddi ve ctf6i h o i Cac van ban ghi chep ve ctfdi hdi gifla tuc cu va tuc mdi dtfdc chung tdi tho'ng ke nhU bang Bang cho tha'y stf tiet kiem chi phi ctfdi hdi Mdt Id ctfdi xtfa, khdng ke chi phi dac bidt la khoan "thach ctfdi" cua nha AFa.3l57[{iSia\ gai, ddi vdi ngtfdi dan ndi chung, khoan tien nang nha't chinh la tien lan nhai (tien cheo) 7/14 tieu muc bang vd" lan nhai, dd trtf tieu muc khdng ndi ro trtfdc day hang ngd hang giap la'y tien cheo la bao nhieu, tieu muc cdn lai deu cho bie't kha chi tidt ve mtfc tien tid't kiem Cu the xem bang RhiJug hh6& biet vi ea(A hb\ tang ma g 3: Thong ke cu the tinh hinh li^t ki^m khoan lan nhai d nhSiig ti^u muc cd SIT so sanh chi ti£i chi phi giiJa le cii va le mdi TT T u c cii 1(2) (8) - Trong ling: quan gia d6ng -i-1 dOi chi^u cap di^u - Ngoai lang; 12 quan gia 10 d6ng + d6i chig'u cap di£u - Trong l^ngi ddng •^ giang day ddng cira ddng - Ngoai lang: 10 ddng + giang day ddng ciJia ddng - Trong langr ddng - Ngoai lane: ddng - Trong lang quan + ruou Ig + irSu cau 100 kh^u (le giap ciing nhir le lang) - khdc lang g i p hai (15 giap ciing nhu 16 lane) bay lam ddng 2(4) 3(6) 4(8) 5(9) 6(13) - Trong Ikng' ddng + li^n giang day ddng CLfa - ddng) - Ngoai ling 10 ddng + li^n giang day ddng cira - ddng) Tucm6i - lang: ddng - ngoai lang ddng S6 tien tiet kiem (% tie! kiem) - Irong lang: ddng = quan (9) -(40) - ngoai lang- ddng = quan (40) Van ban AFaJf53 - Irong lang: trau ruou + ddng - ngoai lang: ddng - lang- ddng (62,5) - ngoai lang, ddng (61,5) AFa3l59 - lang: ddng - ngoai lang: ddng bo - Irong lang: dong (50) - ngoai lang: done (33,3) - lang: 10 quan) (10) = 3.6OOd(iO0) - khae lang; 20 quan =720d(IOO) AFa 3158 ddng + IrSu rugu - ddng (71,4-75) AF.CI2//4 - lang: ir^u rugu + ddng - ngoai idng: ddng - Irong lang: - ddng {62,5 - 70) - ngoai lang' - ddng (53.8 - 60) AFa 3/57 Xet rieng ve ldi ich tren phtfdng dien vat cha't sau cai Itfdng ctfdi hoi, so' tid'n tidt kiem dtfdc it nha't la ddng, nhieu nhd't Id 3.600d; ty Id tid't kidm dtfdc it nhd't la 40%, nhidu nha't la 100% (trung binh la 62,9%) Ke't hdp bang va bang 3, co the nhdn thay dd'i sau day cUdi hdi: Tiet gidm hogc bo hdn khodn tien lan nhai Dieu dd tha'y thay doi sau cai lUdng la so' tien lan nhai giam di dang ke Thdm chi, co nhflng dia phtfdng cdn bd b i n khoan thu La'y vd phai nop cheo la dieu dtfdng nhien quan niem cila ngtfdi Vidt Nam xtfa: Co audi md chdng co cheo, Ddu rdng co giet mUdi heo cdng hoai Hay: Co cUdi md chdng co cheo, Nhdn duyen trdc trd nhU keo khong dinh Tgc xtfa, Id'y khdng cin dang ky k^t, ndn "cheo" chinh la "ban hdn thu hdp phap" cua ddi vd chdng Cai Itfdng quy dinh giam sd tien cheo da danh, cd dia phtfdng (11) cdn quyd't dinh bd b i n khoan tien AF.a2l87 Day qua la mgt quye't dinh "dung cam" Cuo'n tuc le ghi quy dinh bd thu cheo iAF.a2/87) dtfdc bien soan ttf nam 1910, tflc la thugc giai doan dau cua phong trao cai lUdng thi die'm (12) Mdi cf giai doan diu ma da cd bien phap xii ly dtft diem nhtf vdy, CO the tha'y tinh t h i n cai lUdng cua dia phtfdng ra't cao Dieu dang chu y la bdn canh thai ctfdng quyet ddi vdi tuc cu la bd thu cheo, khdng tha'y co quy dinh ve nghla vu thay the nao, vi nhtf phai ghi so gia thu chdng ban Phai chang thdi diem dd chinh quyen vin chtfa dtfa quy dinh ghi so' gia thu? Neu qua nhtf vay thi quye't dinh xoa bd le nop cheo qua la mgt hanh dgng tao bao va ba't ngd Thu hep ddi tUdng thu cheo Trtfdc tien hanh cai Itfdng thi diem, b mgt sd dia phtfdng, mud'n ctfdi vd, ngUdi dan ong phai nop tdi hai khoan cheo, hoac cho ngd va giap (13), hoac cho lang va giap (14) nhflng sau cai ltfdng, so tien cheo khdng nhflng it di so vdi trtfdc do, ma cdn giam ttf xudng khoan, Trong nhflng trtfdng hdp nhu the' nay, ganh nang chi phi qua la dtfdc thu hep mgt each dang ke, Rghien euru Ljch si^, s^ 6.2014 Bang 4: Thay ddi sau cai lu'ong cac tieu muc tang ma T T Tieu muc Tuc CO Tucm^ Le nop 10 ddng le ndp dong, le nOp ddng; hay mudn lam theo cd le cung dirge Umma Ngheo ihl bien Irdu ruou va i quan tien, trung thi bien c& xoi ga; giau bien ca xdi ga x6i Ign irJu ruou, ngudi di vd co cd Lam cd dai ngudi di dua 49 Lam CO mdi dan, chia phSn 100 Lam cd men dan chia phan Tieu luong Lam c6 mdi dan chia phan Dai ludng LSm c6 mdi dan, chia phSn a i Ijch Lam cd mdi dSn, chia ph^n - Te le ba bdn tuan, Iam cd de'n 100 ddng nha ngheo den 30 ddng - Ndp lien vat dau don nfip lien hahuyel Lam c6 dai lang idn 50 ddng y •""•"• 10 Mdi he'l cac ddng ddng nao cung cd phan, vang co ngudi de'n nam bay phiin Mdi he'l Cii may xdm 12 H6i phutag Lam ma Hdi phudng dam ma Mdi cac ndc Ldm colon den 100 ddng Ndp cho mdi ngu'di lo viec hanh long hao, nop lien lang hang nha't 10 ddng hang nhl ddng, hang ba ddng, ngheo khdng phai ndp Mud'n lam le ngu ihl mdi ky lao sac muc de'n hg le chi dai giSu nudc Muon lam le ngu th'i mdi ky lao sac muc d^n hd le, chi dai giau nudc Mudn lam Id ngu thi mdi ky lao sac muc de'n ho Id, chi ddi fiiiu nudc Mud'n lam 14 ngu thi mdi ky lao sac muc diJn hd II, chi dai gi^u nudc mudn lam le ngu ihi mdi kJ lao sac muc dCn hd ie chi dai giau nudc - Trinh vao sd lir, le nh3il 15 ddng, le nhi ndp 10 ddng, le ba ndp ddng Nhd ngheo khdng phai nop - Trich le ihii nha't ddng, le ihiJ ba ddng (17) d^ cho liy phu, cdn Ihi sung cdng Le hang nha't 10 ddng, hang nhi ddng, hang ba ddng dai mdi ngudi dd liiy hao, nha ngheo khdng Mdi du cac ddng: ddng ihii nhai la ngudi giap, chia sua't; p h ^ thd hai mdi quan vien bifin Ign, cd xdi budng cau, tS' xong bidu quan visn chia ph^n, dl Ih: udng rugu viing thi Ihdi; ddng hdi lao dong lenh ban ddng binh ddng phien ddng ba vai di Ihi udng rucai vSng thi Ihdi Xom ndO vao xdm a'y, chia phan irong xdm, xdm khae khdng duoc laiy phSn cung khdng duoc mdi Ngudi ngheo khdng lam duoc ma Ihi ndp le giap quan, 100 mieng cau, phai ngudi di ving khong dua ma cung khdng cd Ir^u cau 10 khliu keu vdi ban giap Ihi phat hao; phai ngudi noi ngUdi nha ngheo khdng lam duoc ma hao Cam hdi phudng Kul giam dl chi mdi nhung ban giap ban ngd hai noc ay ma Ihdi, le Ifi duoc ihi ".ung cong ddng Hang nhai ndp 10 ddng, hang nhi ndp 15 ddng, hang ba ndp ddng Nha ngheo khdng phai ndp Tuy phu duoc chia le nha't ddng le hai ddng, le ba ddng, lai B6 tuc gidng ddy Giang day la "khi nha hg trai dtfdng di ddn nha gai thi b gifla dtfdng thudng gap nhflng dam giang day [ ] phai nop mgt mon tien cho lang ngUdi gai nhtf mdt thtf thue ctfdi hdi" (15) Tuc vtfa gay them phi tdn cho hon chii, vtfa la stf phien toai, m i t vui dam ctfdi Sau cai Itfdng, tuc dtfdc bai bd De de phdng nhtfng ngtfdi "khd bao", ed lang cdn quy dinh cd tinh giang day se bi phat (16) Nhffng t h a y doi ve t a n g m a Van ban ' AF.alO/23 [id 6b] AFa.3/53 88b] AFa.3/53 89a| AFa.3/53 89a] AFa.3/53 89bl AFa.3/53 89b] AFa 3/53 89b] [id [id [td [lit [Id [id AFa.3/59 27b-28a] [6 AFa.3/58 5a] [td AF.a2/l7 27a] [Id AF.a2/I7 27b] [Id AF.a2/n 28b] AF.a2/l4 3b] AF.a3/57 lOa] [Id [Id [id Ngi dung nhflng thay doi sau cai Itfdng ^^^ ^^"g "^a d^[...]...Rhiimg kh6e biet ve cwM h5i tang ma luong lit Sd trong \hng vk lOd ngoai lang, vl neu la 3d trong lAng thi ciing b i n g vdi so tiin sau cai lUdng, khong phii hdp vdi tinh than cai lUdng l i m (8) S6 trong () la so thfl tU 5 bang 2 (9) Trong muc Cudi hdi, chiing tdi ciii tinh so tien tiet kiem sau khi IS'y khoan nop theo 16 cQ trii di khoan nop theo 1§ mdi, khong