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HE THONG LUAT PHAP TRIEU LY VA TRIEU THAN CUA VIET NAM M O I Q U A N H i GlffA' DUfiTNG LUAT" VA LE TRIEU HINH LUAT" YU INSUN* Sif sach ghi lai rang trieu Ly (10091225) va trieu Tran (1225-1400) cua Viet Nam deu cd ban ho Htnh ThU Nhifng cho de'n the ky XVIII, hai bp l u i t hau nhif khdng cdn niia nen -viec nghien cdu luat phap ciia hai •wfdng trieu gap T^t nhieu khd khan Do dd, chiing tdi chi cd the gdp nhat nhdng tai lieu tim difdc cac tli lieu lien quan den trieu Ly va trieu Tran de tai hien lai he thd'ng lu&t phap cua hai viidng trieu Dd'i dien vdi mat han che' dd, bai nghien cdu dat trpng tam vao Che dp Ngii hinh la he thd'ng hinh phat tifdng dd'i ro net cua hai viidng trieu bao gdm si hinh, triidng hinh, dd hinh, lUu hinh va tif hinh rdi so sanh vdi cac loai hinh phat cua Dudng luat ciia Trung Qud'c de lam sang td nhiing diem gid'ng va khac giiia chung Sau dd lai so sanh chiing vdi Che dp Ngii hinh Le trieu Htnh ludt (Le Code) de tha'y luat phap ciia hai -vifdng trieu da difdc tie'p nd'i nhif the nao Tdm lai, bai vie't se dat trpng tam nghien ciiu vao md'i lien quan tii DUcfng ludt trai qua trieu Ly, trieu Trdn cho de'n Le triiu Hinh ludt Bd luat lau ddi nha't cua Viet Nam cdn 'GS Dai hpc Qud'c gia Seoul (H^n Quo'c) lai cho den la Quo'c triiu Hinh luat Bp luat difdc bie't de'n nhieu hdn vdi ten gpi Le triiu Hinh ludt, difdc che dinh tii thdi vua Le Thanh Tong (14281788) va trd nen hoan chinh hdn qua vai lan sda chiia Z/C triiu Hinh ludt g i n nhif diidc md phdng tii DUcfng luat ciia Trung Qud'c ca ve ndi dung lan the che, ne'u ndi rd hdn thi nd cdn difdc them that nha't dinh theo luat phap trieu Minh va cdn chiu doi chut anh hifdng ciia luat phap trieu Td'ng (1) Le triiu Hinh luat cdn phan anh ca nhiing phep tac t i p quan cd hiiu cua Viet Nam vd'n khdng tdn tai luat phap Trung Qud'c nen nd la bp ludt khdng the bd qua nghien cdu tinh chd't ciia xa hpi Viet Nam tien cdn dai Khac vdi hai vifdng trieu trifdc dd la trieu Ly va trieu Tran vd'n rat siing bai Phat giao va Dao Giao, trieu Le chpn Nho giao lam tif tifdng thd'ng tri Mat khac, Thanh Tdng, -vua ddi thd nha Le da md phdng che dp hanh chinh cua Hdng Vu De nha Minh, thiic hien chinh sach Hoang de trung lfdng tap quyen hoa Vlly thi ly nao khie'n cho •vua Thanh Tdng cha'p nhan che dp nha Minh - trieu dinh cung thdi dai vdi minh chinh sach hanh chinh cdn vdi ludt phap thi lai ap dung theo nha Difdng - trieu dai cd bifdc phat trien hdn I)g tha'ng luat phap frieu Lf va nhieu so vdi nha Minh? Hpc gia Makino Tatsumi ngifdi IMhat tii ra't lau da cho rdng dd la vi Le triiu Hinh ludt ke thiia hinh luat cua trieu Ly va trieu Tran (2) Nhifng ong khdng cd chiing cii cu the cho dieu dd La'y mpt vi du nhif hinh luat thich mac hay ldng tri cd Le triiu Hinh luat khdng cd Dudng ludt va da diidc xac dinh la hinh luat cua thdi nha Td'ng nhifng da difdc sif dung d hai •viidng trieu Ly, Tran Do dd ngifdi •vie't bai cho rang Le triiu Hinh ludt da phan nao tham khao nhiing quy dinh ciia trieu Td'ng thdng qua luat cua nha Ly, Tran nhiing ve mat cd ban nd da tiep thu ludt phap nha Difdng (3) Sd dl Le Thanh Tdng da cd the ap dung triic tie'p che dp cua nha Minh cac chlnh sach hanh chinh la •vi trieu Ly va trieu Tran khdng cd mpt che dp nao du manh cho tap quyen trung ifdng cua hoang de Nhifng chiing tdi cho rang ve mat luat phap thi hai •viidng trieu da cd bp luat cd the hdu thuan cho uy quyen ciia hoang de nen da chu dinh khdng theo Minh ludt ma chi tham khao ddi chut Nguyen Ngpc Huy trich ddn theo Phan Huy Chu va Le Quy Ddn rdng Nguyen Trai tiep lenh hoang de cai bien Le triiu Hinh ludt chia cudn ludt thU vdo thdi Dai Bao (1440-1442) cua Thai Tdng (4) Xem viec Phan Huy Chu (1782-1820) da gpi viec che dinh ludt thU la "san dirih" nen chung tdi cho rang bp luat cua Nguyen Trai da chinh siia, cai bie'n luat trieu Ly hay trieu Trdn la nhiing vifdng trieu tnfdc cho phu hdp vdi hien thiic Theo nhii chung tdi se trinh bay sau day, cd ghi chep rdng trieu Ly va trieu Tran da ban hd Hinh thU ciia trieu dai minh nen xem xet van mach hay thdi ky cd the chdc chdn rang Nguyen Trai da sii dung chung Nhifng Le Quy Ddn (1726-1784) cho rdng nhiing luat den khdng cdn difdc lifu truyen niia nen cd le td trifdc the ky XVIII hay luc nao dd chung da bi tha't lac khdng cdn niia (5) Va'n de dat d day la luat phap cua trieu Ly va trieu Tran cd dung la da tie'p thu cua Dudng ludt hay khdng Cud'i nhdng ndm 80 the ky XX, Katakura Minoru da cdng bd' nghien cdu chi tie't ve Hinh ludt ciia trieu Ly va trieu Tran (6) Nhifng d nghien cdu cua dng cd khdng it nhiing diem chifa dat nhif ve md'i quan he vdi Le trieu Hinh luat hay ve md'i quan he cua Dudng luat vdi luat cua trieu Ly va trieu Tran Nguyen Ngpc Huy va Ta Vdn Tai da dich Le triiu Hinh ludt sang tie'ng Anh cung cd de cap de'n luat phap trieu Ly va trieu Tran nhiing ciing chi diing lai d mdc de cap chung chung de'n md'i quan he vdi Le trieu Hinh ludt hay Dudng luat (7) Ngifdi viet bai se diia tren cd sd tham khao hai cdng trinh nghien ciiu nay, va se di sau tim hieu xem luat phap trieu Ly va trieu Tran cd diem nao tie'p nhan cua DUdng ludt, hay diem nao da gay anh hifdng de'n luat phap trieu Le Trong bai nghien ciiu nay, tinh hinh chinh tri, xa hpi cua trieu Ly va trieu Tran difdng nhien ra't quan trpng -viec lam sang td tinh lien tuc ciia van hda xa hpi truyen thd'ng Viet Nam Do dd chung tdi tin rdng nd se cd tac dung giup chung ta hieu hdn ve thai dp tie'p nhan vdn hda Trung Qud'c cua ng^ifdi Viet Nam II Bp ludt cd tinh he thd'ng dau tien difdc ban bd' d Viet Nam la vao nam 1042 thdi •vua Thai Tdng trieu Ly Trong Lich triiu hien chUcfng loai chi (Hien chUcfng) va Dai Viet sa ky todn thU (Todn thU) thi vao ndm quyen Hinh thU diidc ban bd', nhifng d Dai Viet thong sQ cua Le Quy Ddn thi lai 10 chep la quyen Hinh thU (8) Trong Hinh thu nay, sau Ngd Quyen gianh lai dpc ldp td Trung Qud'c va xay diing vvfdng trieu da dinh ludt lenh, Viet Gidm thong khdo tdng luan va Todn thU cd ghi lai rang Le Hoan d thdi Tien Le (980-1009) nam 1002 Cling lam luat lenh (9), nhifng khdng tha'y dieu d cac ghi chep khac Vi le dd Katakura cho rang •viec cd tdn tai nhiing luat lenh hay khdng khdng rd rang va gia nhif tren thiic te nhdng luat lenh cd tdn tai di niia thi "chung cung chi la nhdng quy dinh ddn gian the hien quy tdc hinh phat chii khdng phai la nhiing bp ludt cd tinh he thd'ng" (10) The nhiing nhii trich dan sau day cho thay, ngifdi •vie't bai cho rdng nhiing luat lenh trifdc trieu Ly chdc chan cd tdn tai chi cd dieu ndi dung ciia chung cdn ddn gian Todn thu va Hien chUcfng da ghi chep nhif sau ve ban bd' Hinh thU cua Ly Thai Tdng (11): Ngay tii dau cac vu kien cao thien da rd't phdc tap, cac quan lai thi hanh luat chi chu y de'n cac dieu ludt va sde xd phat manh me, thdm chi dan de'n viec lam dung qua dp nhiing quy dinh phap luat Hoang de coi dd la dieu dang tiec, ben lenh cho Trung thif tinh soan thao luat lenh, sda ddi nd cho hdp vdi thdi dai, ddng thdi phan chia chung theo tiing chu de, dat tiing dieu muc lam Hinh thU cua vifdng trieu de cho ngifdi dpc de hieu Hinh thu difdc hinh va ban bd', dan chung ciing trd nen thoai mai Ttf dd viec vdn dung luat phap da trd nen minh bach hdn Do dd -vua Thai Tdng de ky niem viec che' dinh Hinh thii da ddi nien hieu Minh Dao va cho due tien Minh Dao Cac dieu luat dang ndi tdi d day phai chang la da diia vao cac luat lenh cua thdi Rghien eiiru Lich sir 561.2011 dai trifdc dd Cd y kie'n cho rdng cac quan chu trieu Ly da diia vao ndng liic ca nhan hay sde manh cua tdn giao nhif Dao giao, Phat giao va cac anh qua khd hay tin ngif dng dan gian truyen thd'ng de triic tie'p thd'ng tri •vung trung tam cua ddng bang sdng Hdng (12) Nhdng tren phddng dien hien thiic chinh tri, luat phap la can thie't va dd Hinh thd da dddc che dinh nhil tren da ndi Bo ludt Hinh thU thdng qua thdi ky trifdc la trieu Ly da chie'm mpt -vi tri quan trpng nhii la bp ludt cd ban Nam 1157, difdi thdi Ly Anh Tdng da ban bd' mot so' luat mdi, hoan thien nhdng diem thie'u sdt cua Hinh thU (13) Nhifng Hinh thU khdng cdn tdn tai d thdi ky cua Phan Huy Chu nen hien tai khdng the bie't difdc npi dung dd Do dd ma viec nghien cdu luat phap trieu Ly diia vao dd la khdng the thiic hien dddc Nhifng may man la d cac tai lieu nhif Todn thU hay Viet sii lUctc va mpt so' tai lieu khac cd de cap de'n luat phap trieu Ly va dac biet la mpt chiit ndi ve Hinh phap nen cung cd the doan difdc phan nao npi dung cua luat trieu Ly Ve mat tif tifdng tho'ng tri, trieu Tran cung nha'n manh Phdt giao nhifng Tran Thu Dp - ngifdi kie'n thiet viidng trieu tren thiic te la mpt nhan vdt vo cung nhay ben vdi tinh hinh chinh tri thdi cupc nen da nhanh chdng che dinh ludt phap ddng thdi vdi viec kie'n qud'c Trong Todn thU, cd sii kien •vie't rdng vao 1226 la nam sau nam kie'n qud'c "luat Lenh" va "Dieu Le" difdc dinh Cd le dd la nhiing dieu luat ddn gian can thiet diidc che dinh de phuc vu cho •viec thd'ng tri (14) Nhif vdy •viec trieu Tran chinh thdc che dinh luat phap nam sau la sii thdt rd rang Diia tren cd sd tham khao luat tien dai, vao ndm thd Kie'n Trung (1230) thdi Thai Tdng, Qudc I?| thdng luai phap Irieu L'y va triiu thong che difdc che dinh, cung vdi nd Hinh ludt va Z/€ nghi ciing dildc cai tien tat ca la 20 cud'n (15) Toan bp Bd luat 20 cuo'n cho tha'y sil cd' gdng ra't ldn viec che dinh luat Hinh luat la mpt phan 20 cudn dd song khdng rd nd gdm bao nhieu cuo'n Trong Hiin chUcfng, phan Hinh ludt chi, Phan Huy Chu cho rang che dinh Qudc triiu Hinh ludt vao nam thd Kie'n Trung thdi Thai Tong nd da difdc tham khao nhdng quy dinh cua vifdng trieu trifdc dd (16) Ne'u so sanh nd vdi bai -viet Todn thu, thi khdng rd cd phai Qud'c triiu Hinh ludt la chi Quoc triiu thd'ng chi hay nd difdc gpi la Hinh luat Nhifng mpt sil that quan trpng la cd nhieu kha nang Hinh ludt da diidc tham khao td't ca cac luat trifdc bao gdm ca nhiing dieu le va luat lenh xay dilng trieu Tran, Hinh thU cua trieu Ly la vifdng trieu trifdc dd, cac bp luat cua trieu Td'ng va Dudng ludt Trung Qud'c difdc bie't tdi d Viet Nam thdi dd, va 100 ndm sau dd nd da trd luat cd ban cua trieu Tran Hinh ludt difdc thilc hien chiia difdc 20 nam tui khong biet la cd sil thie'u sdt cac dieu luat hay cd va'n de gi dd phan tich ma Thai Tong Thien U'ng Chinh Binh ndm thd 13 (1244) da bd sung phap lenh mdi (17) Theo Todn thU, ndm 1341, sau len ngdi, Du Tdng da cho Trildng Han Sieu va Nguyen Trung Ngan tien hanh sda chda phan ldn va cho ban ho Hinh thU m6i (18) Hinh ludt dau trieu Tran qua trinh thi hanh 100 nam da phat hien nhdng van de va difdng nhif can phai cd mpt Hinh ludt mdi de theo kip nhdng thay ddi cua thdi dai Vdn tich chi cua Hien chUcfng va Nghe van chi cua Dai Viet thong sa ndm quyen cua Hinh thU (19), dieu dd cho tha'y Hinh ludt thdi ky dau cua trieu T r i n cung chinh la cuo'n 11 Vao the ky XIII, Hinh thU va Hinh ludt cua trieu Tran chifa dUdc truyen ba nen chung ta khdng the bie't difdc phap luat trieu Tran nhif the ndo Chung ta chi cd the tim hieu nd thdng qua phan difdc de cap de'n ve luat phap Todn thU Nhifng npi dung de cap de'n luat phap trieu Tran it hdn ra't nhieu so vdi trieu Ly nen cung ra't khd de biet difdc npi dung cua chung Nhifng ra't may mdn la An Nam chi lUclc quyen 14 ciia Le Tac cd hang muc hinh chinh, them niia luat phap cua trieu Tran cd tham khao ludt phap cua trieu Ly nen nhiing dieu dd cung giup ich rat nhieu cho viec tim hieu tinh eha't luat phap trieu Trdn Phan Huy Chu so sanh luat cua trieu Ly va trieu Tran cho rdng trieu diiih triidc da tUdng dd'i khoan nhildng nhifng trai lai trieu dinh sau lai khdc (20) Ndm 1064, Ly Thanh Tdng da chi cdng chua dang ddng canh ma lenh cho quan lai quy dinh hinh phat nhii sau (21): "Tinh yeu cua ta danh cho cdng chua la ta'm long cua cha me, gid'ng nhii tinh cam ciia ta dd'i vdi bach tinh vay Bach tinh khdng bie't ma pham tpi, that dang thildng, sau diing cd ke mdc dp nang nhe cua tpi ma hay xd phat khoan dung" Luat phap trieu Ly khoan nhifdng nhif vay la anh hifdng cua Phat giao Co ghi chep rang Thai Tdng nam 1040 sau ke't thuc Phap Hpi da ban lenh an xa phdng thich cac tpi nhan mdc phat toi dd, lifu (22), dieu cho tha'y sil anh hlfdng manh me ciia Phat giao Thai Tdng ndm 1096 da khdng xd Le Vdn Thinh pham tpi mifu phan td hinh ma chi cho di ldu day, Ngd Si Lien ngifdi -vie't Todn thU da binh rdng dd la •vi Thai Tdng ra't sung bai dao Phat (23) Va mpt svf that difdc biet de'n rpng rai la cac quan -vifdng trieu Ly thdi gian tai •vi da xay diing ra't nhieu chua chien 12 Sil khac cua luat phap trieu T r i n ro rang la y ciia Tran Thii Dp, Day la nhan vat ma de cung cd' •vtfdng that nha Tran cd the khdng ngan ngai thiic hien ca nhiing •viec phi dao ddc Khi hoang hau Phat Kim va Tran Thai Tdng khdng cd chau nd'i doi, Tran Thu Dp da ban vdi •vua lap Thuan Thien cdng chua la chi cua Phdt Kim dd da xua't gia vdi Tran Lieu la anh cua Thai Tdng va dang mang thai len lam hoang hau cua Thai Tdng ddng thdi phe •vi Phat Kim Met ngifdi nhif vay khdng cd ly nao lai dung nap nhdng hanh dpng hay the liic di ngildc lai sii an toan cua trieu Tran Bdi vay ma ca tifdng tifdng dng cung khong the cha'p nhan difdc •viec an xa cho cac hoang td dam thach thdc vdi •vifdng quyen xung quanh chuyen ke thiia viidng vi d trieu Ly (24) Rghien eiiu Lich sJr 561.2011 chu nhan nhifng rieng tpi mdu phan dddc quy dinh la trifdng hdp ngoai le cung la theo mach lac dd Do dd thdi Minh Tdng (1314-1329), bd cua hoang hau la T r i n Qud'c Chan bi to' cao miiu phan chinh nd le cua minh da til ket liiu mang sd'ng (28) Khai niem difdc vay mddn tif DUcfng ludt va tiep nd'i de'n Le triiu Hinh luat (Dudng ludt dieu 349, Le triiu Hinh ludt dieu 504) Mat khac, viec xd trifdng hinh de'n chet vdi ngifdi danh bac ma khong phai mifu phan (29) vao ndm Hifng Long thd thdi Nhan Tdng (1296) cho tha'y sil tan khdc cua luat phap trieu T r i n (30) Nhil da trinh bay d tren, bp luat cua trieu Ly va trieu T r i n chii ye'u la Hinh luat gid'ng nhii ten gpi cua nd Hinh luat chiu nhieu anh hifdng cua luat Trung Qud'c Cac luat cua Trung Quo'c "ludn ludn Chung tdi cho rdng viec Tran Thu Dp pham -vi cd the cd' gdng tim tat ca dat nhiing hinh luat khdc la y dd nhdng dieu •vi pham dd'i vdi bat ky hanh vi mud'n phdng ngda trifdc nhiing am mifu pham tpi nao de difa nhiing quy dinh xd phan nghich vdi viidng quyen the che phat thich hdp dd'i vdi mdi vi pham" (31) thd'ng tri cua trieu Tran vd'n lay trpng tam Do dd cac dieu luat nhiing bp ludt la quy tdc hoang that Trong quy dinh xd difdc trinh bay difdi dang "Ngifdi cd phat dd'i vdi tpi mifu phan cd hinh hanh vi pham tpi la X nhan hinh phat la Y' chinh cua An Nam chi lUcfc thi khong cd (32) tien le khdng chi ban than ngifdi dd ma ca Ill than tpc cung phai chet ciing la xud't phat tii ly (25) trieu Ly ngifdi pham tpi luat Trung Qud'c tinh eha't cua Hinh mifu phan thi chi ngifdi dd bi xd td hinh luat ra't manh nen p h i n diu (26) Hinh phat cua trieu Ly tifdng ddi nhe, tien cua bd luat da difa vao cac loai hinh theo nhdng ghi chep sau thi la trieu phat Chiu anh hifdng cua luat Trung Qud'c Ly van chiu ra't it anh hildng cua Nho giao nen luat Viet Nam ciing khdng phai ngoai nen khai niem than tpc khdng manh me le Do dd triidc tien chung tdi so sanh Ngii nhif d Trung Qud'c Quy dinh giet than tpc d hinh Le triiu Hinh ludt vdi Dubng An Nam chi lUcfc ro rang la da tham khao ludt, tim nhiing diem gid'ng va khac cua Dudng luat va cung dddc ap dung d Le triiu Hinh ludt sau (DUdng ludt dieu gidta chung, sau dd khao sat xem luat 248, Le luat dieu 411) (27) Trong sd thap cua hai •viidng trieu Ly, T r i n cd md'i lien ac la mifdi tpi nang nha't, thd nhd't la tpi quan nhut the nao vdi nhiing diem gid'ng va milu phan xa tac tdc la noi den am mifu khac dd He thd'ng hinh luat cd ban cua Dudng pha hoai vifdng trieu Vifa ca'm nd le to' giac I^e thong luat phap h-ieu Ly va ludt cd anh hifdng ldn nha't de'n luat Viet Nam, neu phan loai chung theo ngii hinh che thi bao gdm si hinh mdc, trifdng hinh mdc, dd hinh mdc, liiu hinh mdc, td hinh mdc (DUcfng ludt, dieu 1-5) Hinh luat ciia Le trieu Hinh ludt cung cd ngu hinh che la si hinh mdc, trifdng hinh mdc, dd hinh mdc, lifu hinh mdc, td hinh mdc (dieu 1) Nhin hinh thdc thi sii khac gida Hinh luat cua Le triiu Hinh ludt vdi Dudng ludt chi Id dd hinh chd cd mdc chd cd mdc, td hinh chd cd mdc va chd cd mdc Nhifng ne'u xem ky thi se cd the phat hien tha'y rat nhieu diem khac niia Thd nhd't, dd la d trifdng hinh, Dudng ludt ap dung khdng phan biet nam nii nhifng d Le triiu Hinh luat thi chi ap dung vdi nam gidi Thd hai, d dd hinh, Dudng ludt cd sil khac ve so' nam d Hinh luat la ndm; nam rildi; nam; nam rifdi; nam Ve dieu nay, Le triiu Hinh ludt cung phan biet nam nii, nam gidi chia mdc la dich dinh, tifdng phifdng binh, chung dien binh, nii gidi cung cd mdc la dich phu, xuy that ti, thung tha't ti dich dinh va dich phu, trifdng hinh va si hinh va d hai mdc nang hdn quy dinh vdi nam gidi la trifdng hinh va dong da'u vao cd (thich mac), vdi nii gidi la si hinh va ddng da'u vao cd Thd ba, ve lifu hinh, d Dudng ludt quy dinh theo khoang each la 2000 dam - 2500 dam - 3000 dam, cdn Viet Nam lanh thd nhd nen I^e triiu Hinh ludt chia can chau, ngoai chau, vien chau, vdi nam gidi quy dinh nhan hinh phat trifdng hinh va thich dien, niJ gidi la si hinh va thich dien Cud'i cung, vdi hinh phat td hinh, d Dudng ludt cd hai mdc la giao va tram, nhifng d I^e triiu Hinh luat chia mdc, giao va tram cho la mpt mdc, ngoai cdn them kieu va lang tri Bay gid thdng qua he thd'ng hinh phat cua trieu Ly va trieu T r i n chung ta xem 13 xet ly dan de'n nhdng diem khac tren Katakura cho r i n g Hinh phap cua trieu Ly ciing cd nen tang cd ban ciia Hinh luat la Ngu hinh gid'ng nhif Dudng ludt, ngoai cdn cd hinh phat chat d i u (33) Chung tdi cho r i n g cung khdng phai la vd ly Katakura cho r i n g Hinh thU cua trieu Ly du cd tham khao luat lenh cua Ngd Quyen hay Le Hoan di chdng niia thi chung vd cung sd Iddc nen nhieu kha nang nd dUdc tham khao Dudng ludt (34) Duy cd trildng help ap dung si hinh difdc dat nhieu cau hei bdi khdng he tim thay d bat cd tif lieu nao cd lien quan de'n trieu Ly ca Ne'u xem xet den si hinh d Dudng luat dupc chia thdnh mdc theo dp tudi 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 thi cd le -viec coi la d trieu Ly cung cd si hinh la khdng dung Xem Todn thu cd ghi vao thdi Cdn Phu Hiiu Dao nam thd (1042) Ly Thai Tdng xd ngifdi khdng gid dung ldi the 50 trifdng (35) 50 trifdng ndi de'n b day khong rd la vie't n h i m cua 50 si hay la phai phan tich theo dung nhif ghi chep Katakura ndi tha'y Khdm Dinh Viet sd thong gidm CUdng muc (CUcfng muc), Ly Thai Tdng Thien Thanh nguyen nien (1028), d le huye't minh cd triidng hdp phat ngifdi bd trd'n 50 trifdng, va binh luan r i n g trieu Ly rat cei trpng triidng hinh va ap dung rat nhieu nen chdc chin la 50 trifdng (36) Ngifdi -vie't Todn thU hay CUcfng muc deu la nhiing ngiidi bie't chinh xac khai niem si hinh va trifdng hinh, phai chdng d trieu Ly he thd'ng hinh phat si va trifdng v i n chifa ro rang, vay cung khong loai trd kha nang cd sii n h i m l i n gida 50 trifdng va 50 si Phdng doan ro rang cung difdc tha'y trifdng hinh dd'i vdi nii gidi se ban tdi p h i n sau Cac tif lieu lien quan de'n trieu T r i n hoan toan khdng tha'y cd hinh phat gid'ng nhif si hinh Nhifng luat phap trieu T r i n 14 ne'u coi la cd tham khao ca luat trieu Ly va Dudng ludt thi phai chang coi sii ton tai ciia si hinh la dung Trong cac hinh phat cua trieu Ly thi trifdng hdp xua't hien nhieu nha't la trifdng hinh Diidng nhien la cd trifdng hdp 50 trifdng nhif da trinh bay ngoai cdn cd ca nhiing trifdng hdp 60, 80, 100 triidng (37) Tren thiic te khong cd thilc le 70 va 90 trifdng nhifng h thdi Ly Thai Tdng Minh Dao nam thd (1043) xd phat ngifdi ban dan hoac hoang nam cho ngifdi khac lam nd le bi xd 100 trifdng va thich dien 20 chd, ngifdi bie't dieu ma van mua xii phat giam di mpt mdc (38) Tdi cho r i n g d day, theo quy dinh cua Dudng ludt thi giam nha't ddng tifdng dng vdi 90 trifdng Can cd vao dd thi khong tha'y CO trifdng hdp 70 trifdng nhifng chac chdn cung cd quy dinh Nhif da thay d tren, dieu dang chu y lien quan den Trifdng hinh la td hinh phat ddng da'u (thich mac) chuyen thich dien (ddng dau len mat) (39) Sd^ chd la 10, 20, 30, 40 va 50 chu ye'u tifdng dng vdi trifdng hdp hinh tif 80 trifdng trd len Vi du nhif ndm 1043, Ly Thai Tdng ban sac lenh xd 100 trifdng va thich dien 50 chii ddi vdi linh bd tron tren ndm (40) Nhifng ciing cin phai liiu y cung la hinh phat 80 trifdng hay 100 trifdng khdng nha't thie't phai cd ca thich dien, so' chd thich chen cung cd triidng hdp 20 hoac 50 chii theo mdc dp nang nhe cua tpi Cung nam dd Thai Tong da ap dung hinh phat 100 triidng va thich dien 20 chd dd'i v6i ngifdi ban dan lam nd le (41) Thich mac chii ye'u thilc hien tren mat nhifng cung cd trifdng hdp lam d canh tay Ly Anh Tdng nam 1162 lenh "xd phat 80 trifdng va ddng thdi thich mac 23 chii vao canh tay trai do^i vdi ngiidi tii thien" (42) Day la trifdng hdp dac biet, khdng rd tai lai la thich mac d canh tay va so' chii lai la 23 Phai chang thich mac len canh tay la Rghien ciiu Lieh 5iir 501.2011 da dung tay de pham tdi, cdn 23 chii thi la mpt sil ngau nhien Le triiu Hinh ludt, thich mac hinh khdng phai chiu kem theo vdi trildng hinh, mdc cua hinh chi cd mdc thd trd len mdi quy dinh xd phat 80 trifdng va thich mac tii de'n chii d cd Hdn niia, thich dien trifdng hdp cua lifu hinh la hinh phat nang hdn dd hinh, trifdng hinh tif 90-100 trifdng cung vdi 6-8-10 chd (dieu va dieu 9) Nhu vay la so'chii d luat thich dien cua trieu Ly la qua nhieu, va khdng co kha nang thilc hien tren thilc te nhifng ta khdng the hieu difdc ly dd cua dieu (J thdi nha Ly phong tuc xdm minh cd difdc thilc hien -vi vay ma chung tdi cho rang phai chdng lam nhif vay la de phan biet cho ro rang vdi phong tuc xam minh Neu khdng thi nhif da ndi d tren khdng phai khdng cd kha ndng trieu Ly van chifa xay diing dupc mpt he thd'ng nhU luat Trung Qudc ma chi cd nhdng quy dinh nhU vay Thich mac hinh cho den thdi Nguy Tan Nam Bic trieu d Trung Qud'c vdn la che dp hinh phat nhUng de'n thdi nha DUdng va Tuy thi tam thdi bi phe bd, ndm 940 dUdc khdi phuc lai va de'n cudi nha Thanh cung khong CO thay ddi gi (43) NhU vay, thich mac luat phap trieu Ly dUdc tie'p nhan tif che dp cua trieu Td'ng chd khong phai tif Dudng ludt Tuy nhien cung khdng phai tif bp luat cd ban cua nha Td'ng la Tdng Hinh Thdng Vi Tdng Hinh Thdng than tpc tUdng dng vdi nha't nien phuc gpi la chu than nhUng luat trieu Ly thi lai dung tii ki than gid'ng nhU Dudng ludt (44) Tdng Hinh Thdng da y nguyen Dudng lugt, cung cd nghi van cho r i n g phai chang luat cua trieu Ly da ke thifa Tdng Hinh Thd'ng la bd luat cung thdi, nhUng sil khac cua cac thuat ngd tren da xda r?g thdng luat phap trieu Ly va 15 quan den nhiing nganh nghe lao dpng Vi O trieu T r i n ciing da cd trUdng hinh du nhu thdi Nhan Tdng nam 1117 cd quy nhUng so' l i n xua't hien tU lieu ciic ky dinh xd ngUdi an trpm bd giet thit vao dd it Todn thU ciing ciii tha'y lin, lai Id hinh khao giap vdi 80 trUdng va vd cua bai bao ve quan lai va than too ben ngoai ngUdi dd vao dd hinh tang that phu vdi 80 lien quan de'n pham tpi bi xd danh roi va trUdng ddng thdi phai bdi thudng tien phdng thich (45), trUdng hinh thi khdng rd bd (48) Khao giap cd nghia la tu nhan nam rang cd dung la mdc 60-70-80-90-100 gidi lam nghe nhU nau bep hay lao dpng trUdng hay khdng NhUng van de xem quan dpi, cd y nghia gid'ng nhU khao d hinh chinh An Nam chi lUcfc thi se dinh dich dinh cua Le triiu Hinh giai dap dUdc NgUdi sat hai quan lai lugt Tang that phu dUdc giai thich cd bi xd bdi thUdng va 80 hdac 60 trUdng (46) nghia la tu nhan nii dam nhiem cong viec Ta cd the t h i y ciing gid'ng nhU trieu Ly, nudi tam Katakura phan tich r i n g chen thich chen cung dUdc thi hanh cung vdi hoanh tUdng iing vdi chiing dien binh trUdng hinh NgUdi pham tdi dn cUdp ne'u Le trieu Hinh ludt la mpt loai dd hinh ldm la l i n d i u thi phat 80 trUdng va thich dien •viec tren dat sd hiiu cua qud'c gia (49) Cd chii pham dao So' chiJ thich chen it hdn the coi la hdp ly ne'u coi Binh tUdng dng vdi hdn trieu Ly nen cd cam giac phu hdp vdi chiing chen binh hoac tUdng phUdng binh thilc te hdn Cud'i cung, trUdng hinh cua Le triiu Hinh ludt Ne'u vay thi coi trieu T r i n cho tha'y hien tUdng gid'ng nhU nhu dd hinh cua trieu Ly cd mdc thdi ky qua dp cua trUdng hinh Le nhUng chi cd mpt ten gpi la "Binh", day la chdng cd cho tha'y r i n g he thd'ng luat phap trieu Hinh ludt va che dp cua trieu Ly cua trieu Ly khdng rd rang Mpt dieu niia phai de cap tdi Viet Nam •viec sd dung nhdng ngUdi trUdng hinh ciia trieu T r i n va trieu Ly la bi khep vao dd hinh lam life lUdng lao dpng sil khdng phan biet nam ndt NhU da ndi d tren, trUdng hinh Le triiu Hinh lugt phai chdng la y dd bd sung cho -viec chi ap dung vdi nam gidi Ne'u vay thi thie'u nhan liic thdi dd Vao trieu Ly cupc nhiing -vi du cd tU lieu cua trieu T r i n chien tranh vdi Champa, n i m d mien va trieu Ly phai chang tat ca deu la cac Trung Viet Nam, mpt mat de md rpng lanh trUdng hdp ciia nam gidi? Hay d Hinh phap thd, ngoai thi mpt muc dich quan trpng van chUa cd sii phan biet nam nii vk lieu khac niia dd la bdt tu binh, cheu dd cho tren thUc te ap dung cd kha nang khac di tha'y •viec tim kie'm ngudn nhan liic lao dpng cung r i t quan trpng (50) khdng? bo hoan toan suy luan rv Luat ciia trieu Ly ve dd hinh cd rat nhieu diem khdng ro rang Khdng cd ca ky han ro rang, chi thuat la dd tpi, cd lien quan de'n dd hinh cd nhdng ten gpi cu the la khao giap, dien hoanh, binh, tang that phu (47) Ne'u suy doan theo nhdng ten gpi thi cd le day la nhiing hinh phat lien Dieu thu vi quy dinh thdi Nhan Tdng ndm 1117 nam d chem khac giiia hinh phat cho nam nd Su khac dUdc ly giai la dd vai trd cua nii gidi dupc phan biet vdi nam gidi xa hpi truyen thd'ng cua Viet Nam Tren thilc te phu nii tif thdi cd dai da rat dam dang, Mpt mat ap dung dd hinh, cd trUdng hdp thilc hien trUdng hinh hoac ca trUdng 16 hinh va thich chen (51) NhU da de cap d tren, thich mac chiu anh hudng cua hinh phat nUdc Td'ng, trUdng hdp dd hinh, trUdng hinh chii ye'u phat tii 80 trUdng trd len, nen cd the coi dd hinh la trpng hinh Mat khac quan sy chiu dd tpi trd'n vao rifng lay trdm dd cua ngUdi khic xd phat 100 trUdng va thich chen 30 chii, ngUdi giii tran hay trai ne'u bd trd'n ciing cung tpi nhU tren Day la trUdng hdp dac biet trpng tpi dd hinh Rghien euru Lieh siir 56' 1.2011 Cao xa NgUdi bi khep vao dd hinh cua lao binh bi thich mac vao cd chii va phai di nhd cd d Phung Thanh (Thang Long, Ha Npi bay gid) Theo nhu bai •vie't thi dd hinh gdm vai loai, nhutng ngUdi bi xd hinh phat phai lam nd dich NhUng dd hinh khdng rd gdm nhiing loai nao Cach dung tif "trung tpi" d tren cho thay cd kha ndng gdm mdc Thich mac vao mat hay vao cd ciing dUdc thi hanh, nhUng so' chfl thi it hdn r i t nhieu Lien quan de'n dd hinh cd mpt cheu phai so vdi trieu Ly nhU trUdng hdp trUdng hinh de cap tdi la van de phd'i hinh Thudt ngii da ndi de'n d tren va cd p h i n g i n hdn vdi Le phd'i dich hay thich phd'i dac biet thinh triiu Hinh lugt Ngoai cung phat hien hanh d trieu Td'ng, dac biet theo tilng dupc nhflng bai bao •vie't ve dd hinh d nhieu trUdng hdp cd the la hinh phat nang hdn ndi Todn thU Nhin chung la mien tpi lUu hinh (52) nhUng d trieu Ly cung da tii hinh va xii vao dd hinh vdi cac ten gpi thilc hien nhU the hay khdng thi cdn la nhu khao giap binh, xa binh, thang mpc dieu nghi van Cd ghi chep ve •viec Dd Anh binh Dieu thu •vi la dd hinh phai bi dUa Vii, ngUdi tifng ndm quyen lilc Anh Cliu chan chau (57) Neu hinh phat nang Tdng cdn nhd da bi xif lUu phd'i bing each cung cd the bi cho di that xa Tren thiic te lam dien nhi tai Cao xa vao nam 1150 (53) An Nam chi lUcfc cd ghi chep rang NhUng Viet sa lUcfc lai tha'y ghi rang "ngUdi lam hang gia bat hdp phap bi xd Dd Anh Vu bi xd dd hinh (54) Hay thich mac, danh roi va phai di lam khd sai Todn thu, thdi T r i n Thai Tdng Kie'n Trung d tinh xa" (58) ndm thd (1230) cd sil khac d dd tpi, Hinh phat nang hdn dd hinh la lUu ngUdi pham tpi tUdng dUdng vdi tpi trung hinh Trong luat phap trieu Ly tim thay gian xd vdo dd hinh tai chen hoanh tai Cao cac trUdng hdp lUu hinh nhU sau Ly Thai xa tdc la phai canh tac tren cong chen (55) Tdng Minh Dao nam thfl (1043) xii ke Do dd phd'i hinh d trieu Ly khdng phai hinh cUdp dd rdi lam chu nhan bi thUdng vao lUu phat nang nhU d trieu Td'ng ma dUdng nhU tpi Cd ghi chep r i n g vao ndm sau dd cac ehl nen coi la mpt loai cua dd hinh NhUng binh linh bd trd'n da bi xil theo loai lUu tpi thuat ngfl dd chac chdn la dUdc mUdn tii (59) Cud'i cung lUu hinh dia cd le da dUdc nha Tdng (56) quye't dinh vdi mdc theo mdi trUdng Nhu da tha'y bai vie't ve T r i n Thai sinh hoat cd td't hay khdng Le Vdn Thinh Tdng nam Kie'n Trung thd d tren, d trieu nhu da ndi d tren bi lUu hinh Trai Diu d T r i n cung cd dd hinh, Xem xet npi dung bai Thao Giang, hien la phia Tay Sdng Hdng vie't dd cu the hdn nhU sau tpi quy Ha Npi, cd ki luc ghi lai r i n g vao thdi Anh dinh cho khac di, ngUdi tUdng dng vdi dd tpi Tdng nam Dai Dinh thd 11 (1150), Do Anh d mdc dp trung gian bi khep vao lam tai Vu ngUdi nam quyen lUc thdi dd da xif tpi hoanh chen cua Cao xa, thich mac vao mat lUu hinh ndi xa dieu kien sd'ng khd khdn chfl, va phai canh tac tren cdng chen cua (vien ac xd) vdi 30 ngUdi gdm ca DUdng TU 17 I}g tho'ng luat phap trieu Ly va Minh la phd ma lang (60) Cd ghi chep r i n g thdi Ly Cao Tdng nam 1190, Mac Hien Tich bi luu hinh Quy Hda trai (61), trai thudng d nhflng ndi each xa trung tam •vung ddng b i n g chau thd sdng Hdng, la ddn vi hanh chinh mpt each hinh thflc dat d nhflng vung nui cao, ndi chi cd cac dan tpc thieu so' sinh sd'ng va rat khd canh tac lai sd bi benh sd't ret nen ngUdi Viet Nam h i u nhu khdng sd'ng d dd Trieu Ly chpn dia chem lUu hinh chu trpng de'n cheu kien sd'ng khd khan hay thoai mai hdn la lUu y de'n khoang each xa hay g i n la nha Ly khong thd'ng tri •vung d i t rpng ldn nhU nha Dudng Tren thUc te trieu Ly khdng phai la vUdng trieu trung Udng tdp quyen tho'ng tri toan bp mien Bac Viet Nam, ma chi la chinh quyen dia phUdng cai tri vung trung tam sdng Hdng nen cung chi cd the chpn dia (hem lUu hinh nhU vdy (62) Dieu cung cho tha'y luat phap trieu Ly khdng chi ddn t h u i n md phdng y nguyen Dudng lugt Viec Le triiu Hinh ludt chia dia (hem lUu hinh mdc la can chau, ngoai chau, •vien chau rd rang la cd lien quan de'n che dp cua trieu Ly NhU da trinh bay d tren vien chau tUdng dng vdi •vien ac xfl cua trieu Ly NhUng luat phap trieu Le phan biet dia diem lUu hinh theo khoang each vdi trung Udng la trieu Le dang tri the che trung Udng tap quyen thd'ng tri toan bp mien Bdc Viet Nam khac vdi trieu Ly NhUng da't dai khdng rpng nhU nUdc Dudng nen da khdng dinh cac mdc theo kieu 2000 dam hay 3000 dam, dieu ndy cho t h i y rat ro phUdng phap ap dung luat Trung Qud'c cua ngUdi Viet Nam TrUdng hdp ciia lUu hinh, khdng tha'y cd tu lieu nao ndi cd cung thi hanh trUdng hinh va thich dien NhUng d dd hinh cua trieu Ly nhflng hinh phat da dUdc thilc hien, hay d Le triiu Hinh lugt suy luan r i n g da quy dinh b hinh va thich dien hinh cua trieu Ly ro trUdng hinh va thich lUu hinh rang trUiJng cung thi hanh, b lUu rang cung cd thi hanh (hen trieu T r i n cung da tdn tai hinh phat di day LUu hinh d i u tien cua trieu T r i n dUdc tim thay treng Todn thU la ghi chep vao thdi Anh Tdng ndm HUng Long thfl 17 (1309) Nam da tri nhflng ke cd dinh liu vao dai nghich tpi, da dUa nhan vat dd cd T r i n Le (h day tdi vung xa nUdc dpc (ac thuy chau), •vi Le la hoang tpc xa nen mien thich chen va nhan vat dd cd T r i n bi xii phat tpi -viin chau Ac thiiy chau la huyen thupc tinh Quang Ninh nay, la ndi ma ne'u bi day den dd thi khdng the sd'ng dUdc (63) Tfl bai •vie't nay, cd the biet dUdc ve sU that: Mpt la cd loai hinh ac thuy chau va •vien chau; viec thi hanh thich dien; sil mien giam thich chen cho hoang tpc, van de sau hay cung xem xet lai Ngoai ra, Todn thU cd nhieu chi tie't chang han nhU lUu hinh ch trai dau va lUu hinh di can chau, lUu hinh di vien chau (64) Trai d i u d dau thi khdng the bie't dUpc nhUng luc dd dinh phe truat Hd Quy Ly la ngUdi cim quyen nhUng sU viec bi bai lp trUdc nen tat ca nhflng ke lien quan deu bi giet hai chi cd ngUdi bi phat day di trai d i u nen cd the suy rdng dia danh cd khai niem tUdng til vdi ac thuy chau nhU da ndi tren Ne'u nhin nhU the nay, lUu hinh ciia trieu T r i n cd cap: cdn chau, -vien chau, ac thuy chau g i n gid'ng vdi cac loai hinh cua Le trieu Hinh ludt cung cd cap la cdn chau, ngoai chau, vien chau Viec thilc hien thich dien dd'i vdi tpi pham la cd that, so' lUdng chfl ludn tha'p hdn 10 chfl gidng nhU vi du ve dd hinh Du khdng t h i y bai •viet nao ghi lai •viec xii kem vdi trUdng hinh nhUng y kie'n cho r i n g da xii kem cd le la 18 dung Trong so' ngu hinh, hinh phat nang nha't la td hinh Trong Todn thU cd ghi chep lien quan de'n tpi td hinh nhU •viec xif tram nhflng ke cUdp doat tai s i n cua nhflng ngUdi dan tha'p cd be hpng vao thdi Ly Thai Tong Thien Thanh nguyen nien (1028) va cung cd bai •vie't ndi ve •viec tram ngUdi cim d i u tdc ngUdi Thai la Nung Tdn Phuc b thi vao nam Thdng Thuy thfl (1039) Va vao thdi Anh Tdng, cd bai vie't ndi ve •viec tram vd kieu mpt p h i n phe dd'i lap luc Dd Anh Vu nhu da ndi b tren quay lai nam quyen cung nhU da bat gifl tUdng quan Nguyen Khanh va tdng Ifl Hd Thi dem xd thiet nhuc tda cdt tflc la cdt thit va lam gay xUdng vao nam thfl Thai Tdng Thdng Thuy (1035) (65) NhUng Viet sa lUdc, cung cd •viet rang Pham Khd Lieu mUu phan nen bi xd qua ki nhuc tflc la bi xe thit vao nam thfl Thai Tdng Thien Cam Thanh Vu (1048) (66) Do cd nhflng hinh phat nhu qua ki nhuc va thie't nhuc tda cdt nen d trieu Ly cud'i cung da cd loai td hinh la tram, kieu va qua Trong che dp td hinh cua Dudng lugt cd hai loai la "giao" va "tram" nhUng vi hinh phat td hinh d trieu Ly lai them vao "qui hinh" la mpt loai thupc "ldng tri" de hinh loai khac vdi Diidng lugt? Hdn nfla hinh luat cua trieu Ly that sii la khdng cd "giao hinh" hay khdng? Viec phan biet gifla "giao" va "tram" Dudng lugt cd le cd lien quan den anh hudng cua Nho giao (67) Vi viec chat mpt p h i n cd the trdng Nho giao dUdc coi Id tpi bat hieu nen luat Trung Qud'c "giao" va "tram" khac nhUng d Viet Nam anh hudng cua Nho giao it hdn nen kha nang khong phai nhU vdy la rat ldn Theo dd, ludt cua trieu Ly khdng phan chia rieng biet va tdi nghi la chi dat "tram hinh" thoi Rghien ciiru Lich sit, so 1.2011 Vdi y nghia gid'ng vdi "qua", loai hinh qua tUdng dUdng vdi lang tri d thdi ki sau dd, "qua hinh" thi b Trung Quo'c tfl thdi nha Dudng da dUdc thilc hien qua Ngfl Dai va Td'ng Dai (68) Nhu vay thi viec cho r i n g "qua hinh" cua trieu Ly dUdc ke thifa tfl che dp cua nha Dudng cung nhU cac trieu dai sau cung khdng cd gi vd ly Viec thilc hien hinh phat gpi la "lang tri" lan d i u tien tai Trung Qud'c la vao thdi nUdc Lieu, sif sach nha Td'ng, thdi vua Chan Tdng (998 - 1022) cd ghi chep r i n g l i n d i u tien da ap dung hinh phat cho nhflng ten trpm cdp nhUng phai den sau thdi Hi Ninh (1068 - 1077) ddi vua T h i n Tong thi mdi t h i y nhieu vu xd ap dung hinh phat Sau dd thi trd hinh phat chinh thdc dUdi thdi Nguyen va thdi Minh (69) Tuy nhien, chung khong xua't hien Dgi Minh lugt va Dgi Thanh ludt Viet Nam, hinh phat gpi la "lang trt" l i n d i u tien dUdc t h i y d sd sach la ndm thfl Thieu Bao thdi T r i n Nhan Tdng (1283) Theo Todn thU thi thUdng vi h i u T r i n Lao da bi pham tpi nen ddng thdi vdi viec cdng nhan thuc tien dd'i vdi dng, dng cdn bi dd hinh va gia nd cua dng bi "ldng tri" tai ddng thi (70) Them vao dd, vao ndm thfl Khai Thai ddi Minh Tong (1328), T r i n Nhac, gia t h i n cua bd' hoang hau la T r i n Quo'c Chan da bi phat hien sU thdt td^ cao vdi tpi bdi nhp chu nen dd cd bai ndi ve -viec bi phat lang tri hinh (71) Tdm lai, ro rang, qua hinh cua trieu Ly da dUdc liia chpn dung trUdc "ldng tri" dU(3c bie't den Viet Nam vd cho de'n ddi nha T r i n thi da dupc thay ddi hdn lang tri Trong Todn thU, vao trieu dai nha Trin, cd nhieu vl du ve viec xii tram hinh Vi du ve tram hinh cd the t h i y lien quan de'n tpi phan nghich chang han nhU T r i n Han da Ijg thong luat phap trieu Ly va ndi d tren Hdn nfla, vao ndm 1392 trUdng hdp quan dan bd trd'n de tranh lao dich, da cd sde du cua vua dUa xud'ng la phai chem d i u (72) Mat khac, An Nam chi lUdc cung x u i t hien ghi chep rdng tpi cua nhflng ke trpm cap la tram, nhflng ke ma -vi pham thie't dao l i n thi td hinh thie't nghi co le luc tram hinh cung la ten gpi cua td hinh (73) Khong cd bai vie't nao ve 'Tdeu" nhUng nhin theo trUdng hdp cua trieu Ly treng hinh phap rd rang la cd tdn tai NhUng trieu T r i n thi rd rang la khdng cd giao hinh rieng Tdm lai, quy dinh ve td hinh cua trieu T r i n dUdc tie'p nd'i bing Le triiu Hinh lugt nhUng ma theo tdi nghi giao hinh khong cd dao luat trUdc dd da dUdc them vao qua trinh chinh sda Le trieu Hinh lugt Ly phai chang la dao luat mdi dUdc tham khao Dudng ludt va vi trieu Le c6 khai niem thd'ng tri ve mat chinh tri theo Nho giao Tuy nhien, viec van chUa phan biet hoan toan ca hai, chinh la ke't qua cua •viec coi trpng truyen tho'ng luat phap cua nUdc minh hdn ca Viec phai ban ve ndi dung lien quan den Ngu hinh la van de lien quan den "thuc" Ly Thai Tdng vao nam Minh Dao nguyen nien (1042) da sic lenh nhU sau: "Nhflng tpi pham ma tudi tren 70 dUdi 80, tren 10 dudi 15 cung nhU tpi pham cd cd the yeu dt va cd benh tat treng ngUdi cung vdi tpi pham vd'n la dai cdng, ki than trd len cua heang tpc thi dUdc cho phep thuc Nhflng ke pham tpi bi liet vao "thap ac" thi khdng dupc ap dung Vua Thanh Tdng ndm 1070 da dinh sii khac vdi thuc tpi tien (74) Theo dd, thuc tpi thi cd the bie't dUdc r i n g thee tudi tac, tinh trang cd the, than phan dia vi ma xif khac Trong 19 Dudng ludt, toi nghi r i n g nhd vao -viec da dinh sdn so' tien cua tat ca thuc tien cua Ngu hinh nen khai idem cua "thuc tpi" da dupc nhap vao tfl DUdng ludt Hdn nfla, nhflng quy dinh lien quan de'n tuoi thi cung ddng nha't vdi ciia DUdng lugt Tuy nhien Dudng ludt, nhflng ngUdi tren 70 tuoi va dudi 15 tudi dUdc gpi la "lUu tpi", cdn nhflng ngUdi tren 80 tudi vd dUdi 10 tudi cung nhu ngUdi mac trpng benh trd nen vd ndng Ilic thi du la trUdng hdp giet ngUdi cung van cd the tau len vdi •vua xin phep cho dUdc thuc Nhflng (heu khoan cua Dudng ludt Le triiu Hinh lugt h i u nhu cung thd'ng nha't (Dudng ludt (heu 30, Le lugt dieu 16) (75) Quy dinh ve tpi pham von Id dai cdng hoac la ky than trd len cua hoang tpc dUdc xem nhU cflng dUdc tie'p nhan tfl Dudng ludt -vi Dudng lugt CO dinh r i n g dai cdng cua hoang thai td phi trd len dUdc coi la than Dieu khoan dUdc tiep thu nguyen xi vae Le triiu Hinh ludt (Dudng ludt, (heu 9; Le ludt, dieu 5) (76) Trieu dai nha Tran cung da cd khai niem "thuc" T r i n Lao, nhU da noi d tren, dupc cong nhan la ngUdi ciia hoang that cho nop 1.000 quan lam thuc tien va bi dd hinh Viec xem xet than phan d trieu Ly cung tUdng til nhU vay Trong An Nam chi lUcfc cd quy dinh trUdng hdp thdng dam vdi vp ngUdi khac hdac giet hai quan lai hay thUdng dan thi theo than phan cua ngUdi bi hai ma nop thuc tien de dUdc giam hay mien tpi (77) NhUng d trieu Trin cd trUdng hdp khong phai thuc tpi bdng tien ma cd the bang lao dpng Nam thfl Nhan Tdng Thieu Bao (1285) ddng thdi vdi •viec mien tii tpi cua nhflng dan quan d i u hang dich da ldi dung nhflng ngUdi van chuyen cay cd^i, dat da de xay dilng hoang cung Day la each de bd sung sde lao dpng cdn thie'u hut 20 Quy dinh nhflng ngUdi pham vao thap ac thi khdng dUdc thuc tpi deu co ca Dudng lugt va Le trieu Hinh lugt Cud'i cung thap ac luat phap trieu Ly la khai niem lay tfl DUdng lugt va •viec khai niem dUdc phan chie'u y nhU vay vao luat phap cua trieu Le la dieu r i t ro rang Thap ac gdm mUu phan, mUu dai nghich, mUu ban, ac nghich, bat dao, dai b i t kinh, bat hie'u, b i t muc, bat nghia, npi loan, nhflng npi dung coi trpng dao dflc gia dinh ve cd ban chu yeu la long trung do'i vdi nha •vua, hie'u thao do'i vdi bd me (Dudng ludt dieu 6; Le lugt dieu 2) (78) NhUng neu xet tdi •viec d trieu Ly dao Phat hoac la dao Lao cd nhflng anh hudng ldn tdi chinh tri va xa hpi cdn Nho giao van chUa the CO nhflng anh hudng ldn dUpc thi thap ac, dac biet la khai niem dao dflc gia dinh dupc tie'p nhan mpt each hinh thflc tfl Dudng ludt Ngay sau Ly Thai Tdng len ngoi, dng da tha tpi cho em trai da tdng tranh chap vUdng quyen vdi minh la Ddng Chinh VUdng va Diic Thanh VUdng, ddng thdi hdi phuc chdc tUdc cho hp Khdng nhflng the dng cung tha tpi cho ngUdi em trai la Khai Qudc VUdng da tdng gay phan loan lai cho tri •vUdng tu6c (79) Dieu cho thiy luat phap trieu Ly cung tiep thu "thap ac" cua DUdng luat nhUng khdng •vUdt qua mflc hinh thflc Trong viec tha tpi, cung ap dung van de nhflng ngUdi cim dau phan loan la em trai cua vua nhUng cung vdi dd, co the giai thich la anh hudng cua dao Phat viec tranh xd td hinh Mat khac, ddi vdi mpi trUdng hpp ac nghich rdi vao "thap ac", Dudng ludt va hinh luat cua trieu Le deu da cd nhflng quy dinh rieng de khong cd doi tupng nao dUdc giam hoac tha tpi (Dudng lugt, dieu 62; Le lugt, dieu 2) (80) Theo Todn thU gidiig nhu da de cap d tren, vao trieu Trin, dUdng nhU ta tha'y Rghien curu Lieh sit 561.2011 r i n g da da cd them khai niem ve "thap ac" hinh phat va "bat nghi" vd'n khdng t h i y cd b trieu Ly Trong hinh phat, cai dupc gpi la 'hat nghi" chinh la ndi de'n nhflng ngUdi thupc Idai pham tru dUdc trd dd'i tUdng xem xet dac biet, -viec mien "mpt tich" cho T r i n Han trUdc day vd'n la dai cong rdi vao "nghi cdng" la loai thfl so' 'Taat nghi", vdi ly la ba xa cua hoang tpc, T r i n Le dUdc mien "thich dien" thi la vi rdi vdo loai thfl nha't so' "bat nghi" la "nghi than" Viec cdng nhan "thuc tien" cho T r i n Lao cung la khai niem ddng nha't Gid'ng nhU da ndi trUdc day, -vi trieu T r i n da dat nen tang quyen lilc cho cac hoang than qud'c thich nen •viec du nhap nhflng khai niem "nghi than" nhU the ma khdng c i n qua thii thach triic tiep dac biet •vUdng quyen la mpt ket qua dUdng nhien Le triiu Hinh ludt cung phan anh mpt each day du nhflng dieu (Dudng lugt, dieu 7; Le lugt, dieu 3) Cung cd "phat tien" la khai niem tUdng dUdng vdi "thuc" Viet Nam, khai niem "phat tien" l i n d i u tien xua't hien la vao thdi Ly Thai Tong Can Phu Hflu Dao nam thfl (1042) nhu da ndi d tren, an trpm ngila cua quan thi phai bi phat 100 trUdng va cfl an cap thi phai den (81) trieu Trin, vao nam thfl Thai Tong Kien Trung (1227) ta cd the tha'y bai vie't phat tien quan do'i vdi quan lai vdng mat le huyet minh Cd le chu ye'u la trUng thu tien ddi hinh phat r i t nhe (82) Khai niem "phat tien" cd le lay tfl Dudng lugt nhUng Le triiu Hinh lugt, nhflng quy dinh cu the hdn rat nhieu Phat tien thi chu ye'u dp dung cho dd'i tUdng la nhflng quan lai va dUpc chia mflc: mflc la 500 - 300 quan, mflc la 200 - 60 quan va mflc la 50 - quan (83) O trieu Ly, ngoai ngu hinh cdn cd hinh I?g tho'ng luat phap trieu L'y va 21 phat khdng chinh thflc la chat bd mdt phan cd the NhUng hinh thflc khdng phai la dupc tiep nhan tfl DUdng ludt Khong tim t h i y tU lieu nao cua Viet Nam, rihUng dieu khoan lien quan de'n An Nam la Linh ngogi dgi ddp dUdc Chu Khfl Phi trieu Td'ng cua Trung Qud'c -vie't thi cd doan ndi la "nhflng ke an trpm tai san cua ngUdi khac thi bi chat ngdn tay va ngdn chan, nhflng ke phan bpi Td qud'c va bd trd'n thi bi chat thu tuc" (84) Nhflng hinh phat cd the nhU the mpt so' Nam trieu cua Trung Qud'c cd dung nhUng de'n thdi nha Thu va nhd DUdng thi bi huy bd Sau dd, de'n thdi nha Lieu thi dUdc tie'n hanh lai (85) Diia theo bai viet dUdc tim tha'y tai lieu lich sd Thic tU tri thong gidm trUdng bien quyen 43 thdi Td'ng Chan Tdng Ham Binh nguyen nien 998, cd •vi du ve viec Le Hoan chat thu tuc ciia dan (86), toi nghi rang trieu Ly tiep nhan hinh phat tfl Tien Le cdn Tien Le thi tie'p nhan che dp tfl Nam trieu cua Trung Qud'c phat thi ddng nha't nhUng y dd thi khac trieu Ly la de cam hanh -vi trpm cdp, cdn trieu T r i n thi t i t nhien cung de cam trpm cap nhUng cdn sd dung nhU mpt each de uy hiep nhflng hanh •vi Trong trieu Le de tdng cUdng s i n xua't nong nghiep thdi ky d i u kie'n qud'c, nhdm phat nhflng ke khdng coi trpng cong viec nha ndng Tuy nhien thilc hien bang hinh phat n h i m cam nhflng hanh •vi trpm cap cung gid'ng nhu nhflng trieu dai trU6c Nam 1721, -vua Du Tdng da mien ngoat hinh cho ke pham tpi rdi vad 'lUu hinh" da dupc thilc hien luc dd va theo mflc dp t r i m trpng cua tpi dd hinh ma cd the xd khac ve thdi gian Tuy nhien, quy dinh nhflng ke rdi vad "dao kiep tpi" la ngoai le v i n xd phat "lUu hinh" ddng thdi vdi "ngoat hinh" gid'ng nhU trUdc dd (91) Hinh phat chat tay chan cung dUpc tiep tuc vao thdi Le Le Thai To Thuan Thien nam thfl (1429) da cd quy dinh chat mpt p h i n ban tay ciia nhflng ke pham tpi danh cd hoac la danh bac (90) day, ve hinh khdng dUdc tim tha'y nhUng luat phap dudng nhu khdng cam nhflng ngUdi vi ngheo ma phai tfl ban minh lam nd ti Vao trieu Trin, vdi trung tam la hoang than qud'c thich va q u i n t h i n b giai doan trang Ngoai he thd'ng hinh phat dUdc ban luan d tren, nhflng quy dinh phap luat chung cua trieu Ly cung co nhflng npi dung ke thu Dudng lugt Gid'ng nhU da noi d Trieu T r i n thi tie'p tuc thilc thi nhflng tren, Ly Thai Tdng Minh Dao nam thfl hinh phat ve than the theo nhU nhflng •vi (1043) da sde du phat 100 trUdng va du da dupc ke cua trieu Ly Trong Todn thU thich dien 20 chfl dd'i vdi nhflng ke ban ndm 1264, cd bai vie't ndi rdng vd cua dan hoac hoang nam lam nd ti cho ngUdi T r i n Thu Dp xin cho mpt ngifdi dan ong khac, phat 100 trUdng va thich dien 10 nao dd chflc phu trach tri an d mpt lang chfl ddi vdi nhflng ke chUa ban nhUng da nhd, T r i n Thii Dp da gpi ngifdi dan dng dd bat hp lao dich cho ngUdi khac Toi nghi den ndi la se chat ngdn chan tpi yeu ciu rdng nhflng quy dinh trflng phat cu the ca nhan (87) Cdn xd phat ngUdi lap vdn nhu the dUdc mUdn tfl nhflng khai ban gia phai bi chat dot ngon tay cua ban niem cua Dudng lugt Trong Dudng lugt, cd tay trai (88) Trong An Nam chi lUcfc co tim quy dinh rang phai phat "giao hinh" ddi vdi t h i y quy dinh tUdng tfl vdi trieu Ly, dd la nhflng ke bat cdc ngUdi khac de ban lam nd xU chat d i u dd'i vdi ke tai pham tpi thiet ti (Dudng lugt dieu 292) dao (89) trieu Tran, nhflng quy dinh nhU the 22 vien da phat trien nen trUdng hdp nhflng ngUdi ngheo ma qud'c gia khdng the giup gi them dupc thi cung dUdc cho phep lam nhU vay (92) NhUng ne'u nhflng ngUdi muo'n, thi cho phep de cho hp trd thUdng dan lai dUdc TrUdc dd nhflng (hen trach da bi ban di thi luc d i u khdng cho mua lai nhUng may ndm sau thi (heu cung dupc cho phep Le triiu Hinh ludt cd quy dinh ve "ke bat cdc ngUdi khac ban lam no ti" (dieu 453) gioiig vdi (heu khoan Dudng lugt hdn la so vdi nhflng quy dinh cua trieu Ly (93), toi khong loai trfl each nhin nhan rdng lieu CO phai dupc tie'p nhan tfl Dudng ludt sau da can nhdc nhflng quy dinh luat trieu Ly khong? Nhflng suy doan nhU the nay, bing nhflng loai hinh phat nhU "-vien chau" Le triiu Hinh lugt cd kha ndng diia vao nhieu (hem g i n nhU tUdng ddng vdi hinh phat cua trieu Ly Viec tfl ban than lam no ti qua ngheo cua trieu T r i n la •Vl du ve sil ddng nhat v6i Le triiu Hinh lugt (dieu 313) Mpt mat, Ly Thai Tdng Minh Dao nam thfl (1043), nhu da de cap ci tren, cung dd cd hinh phat do'i vdi linh dao ngu Day cung la khai niem phat tUdng tif vdi npi dung cua Dudng ludt, chi khac ve hinh phat Hoac la Dudng lugt, trUdng hdp nhflng binh linh bd trd'n khoi chien trUdng thi cflng gioang vdi nhflng ngUdi ci nha rdi bd trd^n Vao thdi Trin, khong thay dUdc nhflng quy dinh nhU the nhUng ro rang la tha'y dUpc r i n g van menh cua -vUdng trieu cin phai suy nhdc ky ve chie'n tranh may l i n vdi quan Nguyen Trong Le trieu Hinh lugt ne'u binh linh bo tro'n thi gpi la "tupng phUdng binh" va bi phat "dd hinh" va hinh thflc (heu luat cung nhU hinh phat lai g i n gui vdi chie'u sic cua Ly Thai Tong hdn (94) Hinh phat cua Thai Tong Hflu Rghien eiiu Lieh siir sd 1.2011 Dao nam thfl (1042) do'i vdi nhflng ke trpm bd thupc quyen sd hflu cua chinh quyen hoac la quy dinh phat dd'i v6i nhflng ke an trpm bo rdi dd sat thdi Nhan Tdng nhu da de cap d tren cung cin can nhdc xem each the hien cd khac vdi Dudng ludt khong Trong Dudng lugt, cd de cap ve trUdng hdp quan gia hoac ca nhan cd' y giet hai ngUu ma (DUdng lugt, dieu 203) Quy dinh gpi la "ke giet hai ngUu ma" cua Le triiu Hinh lugt dUdc suy nghi khong biet lieu da tham khao tat ca cac luat phap cua trieu Ly cung nhU cua Dudng lugt hay khong Nhung ma each the hien lai khac (dieu 580) (95) Sii -viec trpm cip thi cd the la d cho nao, nhUng quy dinh phat ve tpi trpm cap cua trieu Ly co thuat ngfl da liy dUdc tai san rdi hay chUa lay dUdc tai san, cd nghia Id "die tai" hay 'hat die tai", nhflng (hem phan biet da bi thUdng hay chUa chang han, chung dUdc chd r i n g da tie'p nhan tfl nhflng dieu khoan cua DUdng lugt (DUdng lugt dieu 281) (96) trieu Trin, tpi trpm cip thi bi "tram hinh", quy (hnh khac hdn so vdi b trieu Ly la bi danh 100 trUdng Trong Le triiu Hinh lugt trUdng hdp la hanh -vi trpm ban dem thi bi "tram hinh" (97), va d trieu T r i n cung ap dung hinh phat tUdng til (dieu 426) Trong nhflng ghi chep cua trieu Ly "thiet dao hanh -vi" khdng dUdc tim tha'y nhflng ma nhu da ndi b p h i n trUde, d trieu Trin, ne'u trUdng hdp vi pham l i n d i u thi bi phat 80 trUdng, bi "thich mac" chfl va ne'u trUdng hpp tai pham hay tam pham, hinh phat se cang gia tang nang hdn So vdi dieu nay, hinh phat Le triiu Hinh lugt la vi pham lan d i u thi "lUu hinh", "vien chau", tai pham thi "tram hinh" nang hdn so vdi hinh phat cua trieu T r i n (dieu 429) Nhflng quy dinh lien quan den sat nhan I^e thong luat phap trieu Ly va deu cd Dudng ludt, luat cua trieu Ly, luat ciia trieu Trin, Le triiu Hinh ludt nhUng ma hinh thflc dieu khoan Le triiu Hinh lugt dUdc b i t d i u bing "chU d i u au sat nhan gia" gid'ng vdi each thflc the hien DUdng ludt (DUdng ludt: dieu 306; Le lugt dieu 467) (98) Mat khac, luat phap cua trieu Ly cd diem khac biet vdi nhflng luat khac b diem la khong xd td hinh dd'i vdi nhflng ke giet ngUdi chi diing lai d "trUdng hinh" va "thich dien" (99) Ve "tpi gian thdng", d trieu Ly, thdi Thai Tdng Can Phu Hflu Dao ndm thfl (1042), ne'u cd ke ban dem len vao nha ngUdi khac gian thdng vdi the thiep thi ngUdi chu cd the giet theo y minh ke dang thdng dam tai hien trUdng NhUng tren thilc te, vao trieu Ly, dUdng nhU chii nhan cd the giet theo y minh ke dang thdng dam khdng phu thupc vao thdi gian (100) Ndi theo each khac la khdng diia vao luat ma cd the tfl quye't (hnh theo ca nhan Nhin vao "hinh chinh" cua An Nam chi lUdc, cd p h i n ndi rang trUdc day chu thUdng giet theo y minh nhflng ke thdng dam nhUng g i n day nhflng ngUdi dan dng pham tpi thdng dam neu dUa 300 quan cho chdng cua ngUdi phu nfl dd se dUdc mien tii tpi (101) Trong Dudng lugt, cd quy dinh r i n g nhflng ke thdng dam vdi vd cua ngUdi khac thi bi phat "dd hinh" ndm (Dudng ludt dieu 410) cho tha'y dUdc sil phat trien vUdt bac ve luat phap cua trieu Ly la tU dich che tai Cung vdi dd, nhflng quy dinh cua trieu T r i n cho tha'y r i n g ludt ciia Viet Nam da cang tie'n bd hdn Trdng Le triiu Hinh lugt hinh phat dd'i vdi ke thdng dam vdi vd cua ngUdi khac la tfl "lUu hinh" den "td hinh' (dieu 401) 23 thu da phat hien mdt vai •vi du NhU chung ta da tha'y trUdc, nd le cua T r i n Nhac la T r i n Qud'c Chan da vu khd'ng cho chu cua minh nen bi tuyen phat "ldng tri hinh" Ve dieu nay, p h i n trUdc cd ghi chep r i n g ndm 1320 dUdi trieu T r i n Minh Tdng quan nd Hoang Hoc va Thien Kien da Ifla hinh quan mpt each kheo leo rdi •vu khd'ng cho nhflng ngUdi dan que (103) Du d Trung Qud'c, vu cao tpi da cd tfl trUdc nha DUdng nhUng theo nhflng diem cd quy dinh Dudng lugt (dieu 341 va 342) nen chic nhflng khai niem dfldc mUdn tfl Dudng ludt (104) Quy dinh phat ddi vdi tpi •vu cao Le triiu Hinh lugt la hinh phat, so vdi hinh phat Dudng lugt thi tUdng dd'i nhe hdn (dieu 502) (105) Trong trUdng hdp trieu T r i n khdng the biet dUdc quy dinh hinh phat chinh xac nen viec so sanh vdi Le triiu Hinh lugt thi qua la khd khdn Luat phap cua trieu Trin, trUdng hdp du la cd tpi thUc thi phu td, phu phu cung khdng the to' cao nhau, •viec nd le to' cao chu cung bi cam (106) Quy dinh dUdc tie'p nhan tii Dudng ludt (Dudng ludt dieu 346 va 349) nhUng tren ghi chep thi tha'y rang dUdc dinh vao Minh Tdng Dai Khanh ndm thfl (1315) nen cd the suy nghi lieu cd lien quan ndo gifla viec tang cUdng vai trd chinh tri thay ddi tflng bUdc cua nhflng nha Nho hpc Viet Nam tfl sau day lui xam lUdc cua nha Nguyen hay khdng Trong Le triiu Hinh lugt tie'p nhan y nhu vay tinh t h i n cua nhflng quy dinh nhUng ma hinh thflc cac cheu luat thi theo nhu Dudng ludt (dieu 504) (107) Mat khac, DUdng ludt khdng cd Toi -vu cao cac ghi chep cua trieu ma chi nhflng dieu khoan cd phap Ly khdng tim thay nhUng luat cua luat trieu Ly cung nhU trieu Tran dUdc lUa trieu T r i n va Le triiu Hinh ludt da xua't chpn va gpi la •vi du Le triiu Hinh hien Trong An Nam chi lUcfc ghi ngddi •vu lugt, luat phap trieu Ly, trieu T r i n cao phai chiu nhan tpi (102), Todn thi tnic tie'p anh hudng de'n Le lugt nhUng 24 cung cd nhflng ndi dung cho tha'y cd mdt sfl lien quan nao dd, chdng han nhU sac du ciia •vua Ly Anh Tong nam 1142, nhflng d i t dai da dUdc khai hoang hoan toan thi cim cd' va ban (h vdng 20 nam cd the chupc lai dUdc Cung luat cua trieu Trin, trUdc day da de cdp de'n nhflng quy dinh tUdng til Trong Le triiu Hinh lugt cd quy (hnh r i n g dd'i vdi da't da dUdc dem cim cd' hoac ban di thi ne'u ngUdi ban mud'n thi phai cho chupc lai (dieu 384) (108) Nhflng quy dinh cua trieu Ly, trieu T r i n va trieu Le khong cd DUdng ludt nhU the la bien phap nham gifl dn dinh cho ndng dan che dp ve da't dai b Viet Nam chUa dfldc thie't lap Nhu vay, chi cd luat cua trieu Ly va Le triiu Hinh lugt cd npi dung lien quan Nhin phia trUdc, quy dinh phat cua trieu Ly do'i vdi ngUdi tfl "khii the*' dUdc phat hien Le triiu Hinh ludt nhUng ma khdng cd Dudng ludt ((heu 305) trieu Ly, "khd the cam chi" da so' la nhflng "til yem gia" trd thdnh thai giam va vi cd lien quan den chinh tri nen cd muc (hch n h i m chdng lai nhflng dieu (109) NhUng ma trieu Le •viec dam bao cho sflc lao dpng thi quan trpng hdn Ly Thai Tdng Minh Dao ndm thfl (1043), sac du ve hinh phat doi vdi ngUdi quan ly cung chiu trach nhiem va dfl la so' ngUdi dd pham vdo dai nam, (hnh nam deu phai bi phat cung tUdng tfl vdi "dan dinh i n tac npi" cd Le triiu Hinh ludt (dieu 299) (110) De'n sau ndy, khdng phai la che dp cung chiu trach nhiem ma la trach nhiem dd'i vdi ngUdi cd tpi Quy dinh deu la vi ca hai trieu dai deu coi trpng sii dam bao sflc lao dpng vd td thue Ly T h i n Tdng Thien Thuan nam thfl (1131) da cd sde du r i n g nd le cua vUdng h i u , cdng chua, bich quan "khdng the lay gai cua cac quan dia phUdng hoac cua bach tinh lam the dUdc", Rghien curu Lieh sit 561.2011 Dudng lugt khdng cd dieu nay, chi cd Le triiu Hinh ludt (dieu 336) (111) Ly Anh Tdng Dai Dinh ndm thfl (1145) cung cd sic du mau t h u i n vdi xung quanh dat dai, hd sen, tai s i n thi khdng dUdc diia vao quyen the gia ma giai quyet Dieu khoan cua Le triiu Hinh lugt cd vie't -viec chiem doat chen trach cua nhflng ngUdi dan lanh cua rdiflng ke cd the lilc deu bi phat (dieu 370) (112) Ve mat npi dung va hinh thflc, gifla cac trieu dai deu cd sii khac biet nhUng ma cd the thay rang gifla chung cd tinh tUdng quan vdi Hdn nfla, ndi dung khac dUdc vua Anh Tdng Dai Dinh nam thfl 11 (1150) de cap la cim •viec (h lai nha rieng cua quan lai Trong Le triiu Hinh lugt thi cim -viec bach quan de'n va (h ne'u la ba cua quan lai "cam trung" (dieu 208) (113) Ca hai ben -vfla tUdng ddng •vfla khac sil khac ve quyen lilc chinh tri gifla vUdng trieu trieu Ly, vi em cua nhflng ngUdi c i m quyen cd quyen lUc rat dang ke nen rd rang cim •viec cau ke't, thdng ddng gifla cac quan lai va •vUdng h i u NhUng vao thdi Le Thanh Tdng, cd the cho r i n g •viec dat nhflng quy dinh nhU tren day la lo sd "lau thuy" quyen lUc td'i cao •vi nhflng bi mat cua cac •vUdng cung bi rd ri vi quyen lilc cua cac hoang de chi dUdc lap de'n mflc dp nao dd Trong trUdng h(;Jp tren, cung cd nhflng quy dinh chi hen quan den luat phap ciia Le triiu Hinh lugt ma khac vdi ludt phap ciia trieu Trin T r i n Thudn Tdng Quang Thai nam thfl (1396), cd bai •vie't ve sil hoan tuc ciia tat ca nhflng ngUdi tudi dUdi 50 sd nhflng t h i y tu hoac la nhflng ngUdi thupc dao Lao (114) Luc nay, da la cuo'i trieu Trin, Dao Phdt cung nhU Dao Lao da muc nat va la thdi ky khong the the hien them dUdc vai trd vdi y niem ve mat chinh tri hdn nhU the NgUdc lai, Nho Tjg thd'ng luat phap trieu Ly va hpc xua't hien b i t d i u thay the •vi tri chie'm linh cua dao Phat Mdt ly khac nfla la de lam ye'u di the lUc cua hoang gia qudc thich cua trieu Trin, Hd Quy Ly da cd y dd ke't thuc nhflng thdng lpng lien quan de'n Dao Phdt Trieu Le bdng y niem thd'ng tri Nho giao da dUa nhflng quy dinh bao gdm nhflng quy (hnh cd Le triiu Hinh ludt la mpt viec lam qua dUdng nhien (dieu 288) (115) Hdn nfla Le trieu de bd sung lao dich cung da cin nhflng quy dinh Trong Todn thU vao ndm thfl T r i n Thanh Tdng Bao Phu (1278) da cd bai vie't ndi r i n g dan gian cua kinh thUdng xuyen phat sinh hda hoan nen da t h i y hoang de ngoai de lam cdng tac dap Ida (116) Trong cac dieu khoan cua Le triiu Hinh ludt cd the tim thiy quy dinh hinh phat ve trUdng hdp de chay nha kinh hodc la lam chay nha ngUdi khac ((heu 617) Hoac la chung ta cung da suy nghi rang nhflng quy dinh lieu cd lien quan gi vdi nhflng bai viet cua trieu T r i n nhU da ndi d tren hay khdng VI Tren day, chung ta da vfla so sanh, tim hieu chi tie't tinh tUdng quan cua luat phap trieu dai Ly va T r i n gifla Dudng lugt vdi Le triiu Hinh lugt cung nhU quan he tUdng quan cua Le triiu Hinh lugt vdi Dudng lugt Ke't qua la ta cd the phat hien sil that: Tha nhdt la luat phap cua trieu Ly va trieu T r i n h i u het deu dila tren nen tang la Dudng ludt va cung phan anh y nhU vay Le triiu Hinh ludt Tha hai la viec da tham khao d mflc dp nao dd luat phap cua nha Td'ng, trieu dai cung thdi vdi trieu Ly va trieu T r i n Thii ba la nhflng quy dinh phap ludt khdng cd Dudng ludt ma lai cd luat phap cua trieu Ly va trieu T r i n cd anh hudng de'n Le triiu Hinh lugt, dd cung la chem dang lUu y 25 Phap luat cua trieu Ly khong phai la khdng cd anh hudng den Le trieu phap nhUng ma h i u het luat phap ciia trieu Ly thi dUdc nd'i tie'p vdi trieu T r i n va luat phap cua trieu T r i n deu lai cd anh hudng de'n Le trieu phap T i t nhien vi khdng tdn tai dao luat hoan thien cua trieu Ly nen tren thUc te thi cd nhUng khong tim tha'y dUdc nhflng ghi chep Tdi nghi r i n g so sanh phap luat gifla thdi Ly va T r i n thi phap luat cua trieu T r i n da cd nhflng budc phat trien hdn thdi trUdc Cd the liy vi du nhU viec d trieu Ly, che tai tU dich la cd the nhUng den trieu T r i n thi cd nhflng chem khdng cdn cd the nfla Hdn nfla la phap ludt ciia trieu T r i n ne'u so sanh vdi trieu Ly thi dUdng nhU cd anh hudng nhieu de'n Le triiu Hhinh lugt hdn Trong lUu hinh, sil sd dung thuat ngfl "can chau" hay "vien chau", cung nhU tii hinh cd sil van dung thuat ngfl "ldng tri" deu cho thiy cheu dd Mpt thic mic nfla la vi luat phap cua trieu Ly va trieu T r i n lai cd gd'c nhieu td luat phap Trung Qud'c Tat nhien vi Viet Nam phai chiu sil thd'ng tri cua Trung Qud'c nen khdng the phu nhan dfldc viec tiep nhdn sU anh hudng cua nen van hda luat phap Trung Qud'c NhUng ma mpt sU that quan trpng la cung cin phai chu y de'n mpt diem la khdng phai tie'p nhan ma la suy nghi Dudng lugt la luat phap cua Trung Qud'c Cd the ndi lai r i n g cung gid'ng nhu chung ta ldp luat mdi ngdy nay, chung ta tham khao luat phap Ddng - Tay, Dudng lugt khdng chi la luat cua Trung Qud'c ma cung cd the coi la mpt loai luat "cd (hen tich" ma ngUdi Viet Nam c6 the tham khao dUdc Luat phap cua trieu Ly hoac la trieu T r i n thi khdng chi ddn t h u i n la b i t chudc Dudng lugt ma viec hoan canh thilc te khac (h thi cung thay doi de cd the phu hdp vdi hoan canh dd da chiing minh 25 cho dieu NgUdc lai tfl sU ldp cua trieu Dinh (966 - 980) (117) ngUdi cim quyen qua nhieu the he cua Viet Nam da til xUng la hoang de va ldp nien hieu, nd lilc de tri md'i quan he bang vdi Trung Qud'c cung la diem dang lUu y Cud'i cung, neu ndi them mpt dieu mat thie't nfla la •viec van hanh phap luat cua trieu Ly cd nhieu diem chUa chin mudi van chUa ldp dUcic che dp quan ly Vao thdi Ly Thai Tdng, cd rat nhieu khd khan viec giai quye't nhflng sil kien vUdng mac, phflc tap dd hp phu, la ndi n i m quyen hanh phap Nhflng si sfl trUdng sil kien da khdng the giai quyet dUdc, hdn nfla du cd dinh lam ro sil kien thi v i n khdng the ngdn chan dUdc nhflng vd ly xa'u xa Thai Tdng khdng cdn each nao khac vao ndm 1037 da t i m gpi sach se rdi ciu nguyen vdi trdi Vi vay, da cd ldi ndi r i n g md, sfl gia cua thUdng de x u i t hien va ndi la "Ne'u phung thd Pham Cu Ludng la tUdng quan thdi Tien Le vdi tu each la t h i n bao ve dd hp phii thi se dUcic" Sang hdm sau Thai Tdng da trieu tdp q u i n t h i n lai va ke lai chuyen giic md va ban tUdc vi "vUdng" cho Pham Cu Ludng va cho xay dilng den thd de cd the tie'n hanh gio bing "tfl thdi" (118) Viec tie'n hanh met each cdng bang luat phap khdng dat dU(3c diia vao bp may quan lieu ma p h i i ciu nguyen trdi la mpt chflng cfl hay cho thay he thd'ng ludt phap ciia trieu Ly chUa dUdc ldp cung nhU he thd'ng bd may quan lieu cung chUa dUdc lap Tren thilc te, sil thd'ng tri ciia vua trieu Ly phu thupc nhieu vao tin ngifdng dan gian truyen thd'ng, cac anh hflng qua khfl cung nhu sflc manh ^^e mat ton giao nhu Dao Phat hoac la Dao Lao hdn la bp may quan lieu hanh chinh (119) Nhflng Rghien curu Lich sit s61.2011 ngUdi til quye't dinh vdi tU each la nhflng ngUdi bao hp cho tdn giao va minh cho quyen thdng tri cua minh de thd'ng tri trung tam cua ddng bing sdng Hdng Nhflng gia (hnh manh d cac dia phUdng deu hinh nhflng the lilc ban dpc lap nhUng lai sd sflc manh t h i n bi cua tdn giao ma trung Udng dUa nen phai phuc tung hp Trieu Ly cd chu trUdng la trieu dai tdp trung quyen lilc nhUng tdi nghi day la van de phai xem lai trieu Trin, khdng tim t h i y dUdc nhflng yeu to' mang tinh t h i n bl ve "phip van dung" nhU the Trong Todn thU, T r i n Thai Tdng Thien U'ng nam thfl 19 (1250) cd quy dinh quan phu trich to' tung trUdc ke't thuc vu kien chic chdn phai ban bac vdi quan lai cua tham hinh vien de cd the dUa quye't dinh ve hinh phat (120) Dieu cung cd the ndi r i n g •viec van hanh ludt phap cung hdp ly chiing dd d trieu Trin, de thd'ng tri thi cung bi phu thupc nhieu vao tdn giao bang nhflng khai niem thd'ng tri Dao Phat NhUng ma Trin Thu Dp vi cd cam quan rat x u i t chung ve hien thiic chinh tri dUdc bie't de'n nhU la nhan vat cd sflc manh ve ly ludn, rat bUdng binh nen khdng them nhflng ye'u to' t h i n bi cd kha nang vao chinh tri Khong ke de'n cam quan ve chinh tri hien thilc xua't sic ciia T r i n Thii Dp, trieu T r i n cung khdng the hinh dUdc qud'c gia cd quyen lilc tap trung nen cho de'n khdng it cac hpc gia v i n ddng y nhU vdy Viec ddn -vi hanh chinh dia phUdng cao nha't cua tuyen ddng bing song Hdng la "Id" cdn b nhflng dia phUdng xung quanh thi "tran" la ddn -vi hanh chinh cao n h i t cd nghia la trieu T r i n khdng the dat dUdc he thd'ng thd'ng tri da dildc thd'ng n h i t (121) Ve thUc te, cho de'n cac trieu dai sau v i n sif dung hinh thai thd'ng tri gian tie'p nhflng khu vUc vung xa xdi cua dan tpc thieu sd bing each thdng 27 I^g thdng luat phap trieu L'y va q u a cac trUdng lang Ndi c h u n g , d Viet N a m , tfl t r i e u Ly rdi q u a t r i e u T r i n , d i n d i n xda bo nhflng ye'u to' q u a n t r p n g ve m a t t d n giao t h i n bi t r o n g q u y e n liic c h i n h t r i v a cd t h e noi d a tie'n h a n h b i n g h e thd'ng thd'ng t r i c u a bp m i y q u a n lieu diia vao p h a p l u a t H e thd'ng thd'ng t r i c u a bp m a y q u a n lieu nhU t h e n a y d a dUdc b i t d i u tfl thdi Hd Q u y CHU Ly n i m q u y e n lUc v a cho de'n thdi T h a n h Tdng ciia t r i e u Le t h i dvtcJc h o a n t h a n h Viec ldp Le triiu Hinh ludt d a dUdc thilc h i e n t r o n g bd'i c a n h c h i n h t r i nhU t h e , no t i e p t h u l u a t p h a p c u a t r i e u Ly v a t r i e u T r i n v a nhflng q u y d i n h k h d n g cd t r o n g cac l u a t p h a p n a y c h u ye'u dUdc v a y mUdn tii Dudng ludt, vd'n d a dUdc cac bp l u a t ndi tren tham khao THICH (1) Xem Yu Insun, Law and Society in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Vietnam, Seoul, 1990, tr 35-40; Nguyen Ngoc Huy, "On the Process of Codification of the National Dynasty's Penal Law (Quoc Trieu Hinh Luat)," The Vietnam Forum (Winter-Spring 1983), tr 44-45; Niida Noboru, Nghien ciiu lich sie phdp che Trung Qudc - Hinh phdp, ban tieng Nhat, Tokyo, 1959, tr 583 (2) Makino Tatsumi, Nghien ciiu lich sii gia tgc Chi Na, ban tieng Nhat, Tokyo, 1944, tr 691 (3) Yu Insun, Law and Society, sdd, tr 39-40 (4), Phan Huy Chii, Lich triiu hien chiidng logi chi, dudi day vie't t&t la Hien chiidng, Dong dUcing vSn kho X-76, cuon 42, Vdn tich chi, tr 4a; Le Quy Don, Dgi Viet thong si, EFEO microfilm A.1389, quyen 2, Nghe vdn chi, tr 65b; Nguyen Ngoc Huy, On the Process of Codification of the National Dynasty's Penal Law, tr 47 (5) Le Quy Don, Dgi Viet thong si, tldd, quyen 2, Nghe van chi, tr 65b (6) Katakura Minoru, Sd ciu tuat phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, ban tie'ng Nhat, Tokyo, 1987, tr 39-118 (7) Nguyen Ngoc Huy va Ta Van Tai, The Le Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam, vols Ohio University Press, 1987, vol I, tr 8-12, 32-34 (8) Dgi Viet su ky Todn thii, sau day viet tat la Todn thu, Tokyo, 1984-1986, tr 231; Phan Huy Chii, Lich triiu hien chiidng logi chi, cuo'n 33, Hinh lugt chi, tr 2b va cuo'n 42, Vdn tich chi, tr 2b-3a; Le Quy Don, Dgi Viet thong si cuon 2, Nghe vdn chi, tr 65b Viet si liidc dUOc dilng la Lugt thli Tr^n Kinh Hoa bien soan, Dgi Viet si liidc, dudi day vie't tat la Viet si liidc, Tokyo, 1987, tr 54 (9) Todn thli, tr 86, 196 (10) Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tien can dgi, tr 40-41 (11) Todn thli, sdd, tr 231; Hien chiidng cuon 33, Hinh lugt chi, tr 2b (12) Keith Taylor, Authority and Legitimacy in 11th Century Vietnam, tiong Southeast Asia in the 9th to 14th Centuries, eds., David Marr and A.C Milner, Singapore, 1986, tr 139-176 (13) Viet si iMc, sdd, tr 75; Todn thii, tr 296 (14) Todn thli, tr 321; Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, sdd, tr 83 (15) Todn thli, tr 324 O Van tich chi, Hien chiidng ciia Phan Huy Chii thi Quo'c triiu Thong che dUdo goi la Trieu Dinh Thdng Phdn Hien chiiiMg quyen 42; Vdn tich chi, tr 3a; Tran Thu Do dan ap tan nhin -voJOng that trieu Ly den miic tat ca hp ciia ho da bi doi ho Nguyen, Rghien eiiu Lich sii, sdi.2011 2S nhiing nhiing che hiiu ich cho nha Tran thi v i n bi xd t r a m h i n h thi ciing khong the noi luat tren diidc giii nguyen sd dung Vi du tieu bieu la nghi qua h a k h i c Todn thu, tr 471; Dudng lugt, dieu 391; Le triiu Hinh lugt, dieu 522; Katakura, Lugt thiic huyet minh Todn thii, tr 326, 323 (16) Hien chitcfng, quyen 33, H i n h luat chi, tr phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 101 Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, sdd, vol 4b (17) Todn thu, tr 332; Katakura, Lugt phdp 2, tr 284 (31) Derk Bodde va Clarence Morris Law in Viet Nam thdi tien can dgi, sdd, tr 84 Imperial (18) Toan thii, tr 420 China, H a r v a r d Universitj' Press, 1967, tr 30 (19) Hien chitctng, quyen 42, Vdn tich chi, tr 3b; Dgi Viet thong si, quyen 2, Nghe vdn chi, tr 65b (32) Institutions Sybille van in Manchu der China, Sprenkel, Legal London, 1962, tr 28 (20) Hien chUOng, cuo'n 33, Hinh lugt chi, tr lb (33) K a t a k u r a , Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tien can dgi, tr 45 (21) Todn thli, tr 243 Viet si iMc co ghi la Chuong T h a n h Gia K h a n h nam thil 7(1064) Viet si luoc, tr 59 M a t khac P h a n Huy Chii da ghi sai t h a n h Long Thuy Thai Binh nam thii Hien (34) Sau se de cap de'n y kien cho r i n g da khong t h a m khao Tdng Htnh nhu giong Dudng (35) Todn thU, tr Tran Thai Tong nam chUcfng, cuo'n 33, hinh lugt chi, tr 3a) (22) Todn thu, tr 230; Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tien can dai, tr 62 (23) Todnthii,tT Thd'ng, bo luat gan lugt Kien Trung thtf (1227) c6 hinh phat tien quan doi vdi ngUdi khong t h a m dU le huye't minh Dieu la Trieu Ly coi huyet minh hdn Trieu 253 Tran Todn thu, tr 323 (24) Todn thit, tr 218-219 (36) Khdm Dinh Viet si thong gidm CUcfng (25) Le Tac, An Nam chi lUc/c, Hue, 1960, tr muc, Taipei, 1969, Chinh bien, cuo'n 2, tr SOa; 222; K a t a k u r a cho r i n g neu xet -viec xii rong pham Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tien can dgi, vi tdi t h a n toe thi hinh p h a t khac hdn ca Diidng tr 46 lugt hay Le trieu Hinh lugt Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 97 (37) Liet ke cac trUdng hdp trUdng hinh nhu sau; Todn thU n&m 1042, 100 trUdng; 50 trUdng, tr (26) Todn thit, nam 1041 (tr 230) va t h a m 231; nam 1043, 100 trUdng, tr 233; nam 1044, 100 khao trUdng hdp ciia N g u y i n Trai va Pham Khfl trUdng, tr 235; n a m 1071, 80 trUdng, tr 245; nam Lieu sau 1117, 80 trUdng, tr 258; n a m 1122, 80 trUcJng, tr (27) Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tien can dgi, tr 97, 114, 25 262; nam 1142, 80 trUdng, tr 286; nSm 1145, SOtrUdng, tr 288, nSm 1146, 60 trU(3ng, tr 289; n a m 1150, 80 trUdng, tr 292; Viet si lUdc nam (28) Todn thit tr 396, 406-407 1071, 80 trU(3ng, tr, 61; Hien (29) Todn thu, X5m 1296 (tr 375) chUcfng, cuon 33, Hinh lugt chi, tr 3b-4b Viet si laac, nam 1071, 80 (30) Trong Todn thU co bai vie't vao thdi T h u a n Tong Quang Thai n i m thfl (1396) da xU tii hinh ke lam gia va cho luu h a n h lan dau tien tien giay trUdng, tr 61; n a m 1148, 80 trUdng, tr 74; nam 1157, 80 trUdng, tr 75; nam 1162, 80 trUdng, tr 76 la Thong Bao Hoi Sao Neu xet trUdng h(3p Duong Luat ngUdi p h a m toi chii mUu tu ldi tien xu bi xii luu hinh 3000 dam, Le triiu Hinh lugt (38) Todn thU, tr 232 (39) Vi du thuc hien ca trUdng hinh va thich 29 I^e thong luat phap trieu Ly va mac; Todn thU, nSm 1042, 100 trUpng, thi'ch dien 50 chU; 100 trUOng, thi'ch dien 30 chii, tr 230; nam (50) Li Tana, Nguyen 1043, 100 trUdng, thich dien 20chiJ; 100 trUdng, Centuries, Cornell Southeast Asia Program, 1998, thich dien 10 chii; 100 trUdng, thich dien 50 chii; t r 19-20 100 trU(?ng, thich dien 10 chii, tr 232-233; nam trU(3ng, thich dien 50 chii, tr 265, Hien chUctng, Hinh lugt chi, cuo'n 33, tr 3b-4b Seventeenth Southern in 1044, 80 trUcJng thi'ch dien, tr 235; nam 1125, 100 the Cochinchina: Vietnam and Eighteenth (51) Cac trUdng hdp sau dong th&i chiu trUdng hinh hay trUdng h i n h va thich dien Todn thU, n a m 1042 (tr 230), n a m 1117 (tr 258), nam 1125 (tr 265), n a m 1142 (tr 287), n a m 1145 (tr 288), (40) Todn thu, tr 233 n a m 1150 (tr 292) (41) Todn thu, tr 232 (52) Niida, Nghien ciu lich si che phdp (42) Todn thU, tr 297; Hien chUcfng, cuo'n 33, Qudc, tr 114-116; Sogabe shizuo, Nghien ciu Trung lich Hinh luat chi, tr 4b; Viet si lUcJc, tr 76; Katakura, si lugt lenh Trung Qudc, ban tieng Nhat, Tokyo, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 48 1971, tr 100-104 (43) Derk Bodde and Clarence Morris, Law in Imperial China, H a r v a r d University Press, 1967, (53) Todn thU, tr 291 Cao chi Xa Nhat-Tao cl gan Ha Noi hien Dgi Viet si ky Todn thU, tap tr 96-97; Niida Noboru, Nghien ciu lich si phdp 1, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi, 1993, tr 318, n 4; che Trung ban tieng Nhat, Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, Qudc - hinh phdp, Tokyo, 1959, tr 95, 117-119 K a t a k u r a cho r i n g thich dien la anh hUdng cila n h a To'ng, n h u n g mat khac lai chi phai chang no co quan he vdi phong tr 52 (54) Viet si lUdc, tr 73; Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr, 53 tuc sam minh von co cila Viet Nam, dieu la sai Trong Todn thU, Ly N h a n Tong Hoi Tudng Dai Khanh n a m thii (1118) co bai bao vie't nghiem k h i c cam k h i c len chan, ngUc cua no boc d Kinh t h a n h Todn thU, tr 260 (44) Todn thU, tr 231 (45) Todn thu, nam 1268 (tr 346) va nam 1292 (55) Todn thU, tr 325; Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 51-52 (56) Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tien can dgi, tr 52 (57) Todn thU, nam 1283 (tr 356), nam 1289 (tr 366), nam 1377 (tr 448), n a m 1401 (tr 480), nam 1405 (tr 485) Nam 1401 va nam 1405 theo y (tr 368) kie'n ciia K a t a k u r a la hinh da mo phong nguyen (46) Le Tic, An Nam chi lUc/c, tr 222 (47) Vi du ve khao giap: Todn thU, nftm 1117 (tr 258), n a m 1125 (tr 265), nfim 1150 (tr 292); Viet si luac, nam 1148 (tr 74) Vi du ve dien hdanh: Todn thU Nam 1150 (tr 292); Viet si luac, nam 1148 (tr 74), n a m 1216 (tr 96) Vi du ve binh: Viet si luac, n a m 1216 (tr 96) Vi du ve tang t h a t phu: Todn thU, n a m 1117 (tr 258) (48) Todn thU, tr 258 (49) Gio'ng vdi dien hoanh cdn co t h u a t ngu: la dien nhi, K a t a k u r a p h a n tich ca tU co cung y nghia Todn thU, nam 1150 (tr 291); Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 51-54 si che' ciia trieu Tran hay chinh quyen Ho Quy Ly (1400-1407) Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dai, tr 111 (58) Le Tic, An Nam chi luac, tr 222 (59) Todn thU, tr 233, 235 (60) Trong Viet si lUdc, khong phai la nam 1150 ma la vao nam 1148 da dUa di ac thuy, co ve n h u -vien ac xii Todn thU la diing Anh Tong Hung Long nam 17 (1309) cua Trieu T r i n co dUng tii "ac thuy chau" Todn thU, tr 291-292, 391 Viet si luac, tr 74 (61) Viet si luac, tr 30 Rghien curu Lich sit sd 1.2011 (62) Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 55 Co mot l u a n chflng r a t xua't s i c cua Sakurai Yumio va Taylor ve viec Trieu Ly chi la chlnh quyen dia phUdng ciia vung dong b i n g song Hong Sakurai Yumio, ' T h i lu^n khai thac dong b i n g song Hong thdi n h a Ly", b a n tie'ng Nhat, in Nghien ciu Dong Nam A, 18-2 (1980), tr 271-314; Keith Taylor, Authority in 11th Century Vietnam, and Legitimacy (78) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol, 2, tr 20-25 (79) Todn thU, tr 218; Viet si lUac, tr 52 (80) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol 2, tr 34-35 (81) Todn thu, tr (82) Todn thU, tr 323 Tham khao mdt vi du khac nfla vao n a m thfl T h u a n Tong Quang Thai tr 139-176 (1392) Todn thU, tr 467; Katakura, Lugt (63) Todn thU, tr 390-391 phdp Viet Nam thdi tien can dgi, tr 59, 103, (64) Todn thU, n a m 1388 (tr 461), n a m 1392 (83) K a t a k u r a , Ludt phdp (tr, 468), n a m 1405 (tr 485) Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr, 218-237 (65) Todn thU, tr 218, 291, 225 (84) Chu Khfl P h i , Linh (66) Viet si luac, tr 56 (67) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol 2, tr 17-18 Ddp, Lugt phdp Viet Nam Niida, Nghien (68) Niida, Nghien ciu lich si che phdp ciu thdi tiin can , tr 377 Trung Trung Qudc, tr 96; Niida, Nghien Qudc, tr 156-161; Bodde and Morris, Law in China, tr, 94-95 dgi, lich si chi phdp (85) Sogabe, Nghien (69) Niida, Nghien ciu lich si che phdp Ngogi Trung Qudc, tr 155-156 Imperial Dgi Beijing, 1985, cuo'n 2, t r 17; K a t a k u r a , ciu tr 56-57; Trung lich si lugt Qudc lenh ciu lich si che phdp Trung Qudc, tr 370-380 (86) D i n theo K a t a k u r a , Lugt phdp Viet Nam (70) Todn thu, tr 356; Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 94-95 thdi tiin can dgi, tr 58 (87) Todn thU, tr 344; Nguyen Ngoc Huy and (71) Todn thu, tr 406-407 Vi du ve lang tri Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol 2, tr 15-16 Nam tha'y ca vao thdi t h i n h tri cila Ho H a n ThUdng thfl 19 T r i n Anh Tong H u n g Long (1311), Nhan Todn thu, tr 482 Hue VUdng K h a n h Du da dinh lap ccng dci, hoang (72) Todn thU, tr 467 Vi du ve nhiJng t r a m hinh khac Todn thU, n a m 1189 (tr 367), n a m de noi gian va da doa "se chat tay", Todn thU, tr 393 1337 (tr 418), n a m 1381 (tr 456), nam 1391 (tr (88) Todn thU, tr 400 466) (89) Le T i c , An Nam chi lUcfc, tr 222 (73) Le Tic, An Nam chi lUdc, tr 222 (90) Todn thu, tr 557; Hien chuang, cuo'n 33, (74) Todn thU, tr 231, 245 H i n h l u a t chi, tr 6a (75) Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 50; Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol 2, tr 37-38 (76) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le (77) Le Tic, An t r 98-100 (92) Todn thU, nam 1290 (tr 368), nam 1291 ( t r 369), nam 1297 (tr 378).) Code, vol 2, tr 29 Katakura, Ludt phdp (91) Todn thu, tr 1049 (93) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol 2, t r 257-258 222; (94) H i n h p h a t cua Dudng lugt luu h i n h cao Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, Nam chi luoc, tr nha't la 2,000 ly, so s a n h vdi Le triiu Hinh lugt thi tUdng phUdng binh la Idai thfl Dieu 459 Dudng I)e thong luat phap trieu Ly va 31 ludt dieu 459; Le triiu Hinh ludt dieu 263; Nguyen Le Code, vol 2, tr, 174 W a d a Masahiko, Vi hogn Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol, 2, tr, quan cua Tam Triiu 159-160 tie'ng Nhat, in Ky yeu nghien ciu ngon (95) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Viet Nam Ly, Trdn, Le, ban vdn hoa dgi hgc Khdnh Code, vol 2, tr, 300, ngi lifng, 9, 1977, tr 39-62 (110) Todn thu, tr 231; Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol 2, tr 173 (96) Todn thu, tr 233 (111) Todn thu, (97) Le Tic, An Nam chi liidc, tr 222 tx.21b chi (112) Todn thu, tr 288 luac, tr 222; Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, (113) Todn thu, tx 292 (98) Todn thU, tr 265; Le Tic, An Nam The Le Code, vol 2, tr 262; Katakura, Lugt phdp (114) Todn thu, tr 470 Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, tr 97-98 (115) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The (99) Todn thU, tr 231 Le Code, vol 2, tr 169-170 (100) Todn thu, tr 231 (101) Le Tic, An Katakura, Lugt phdp Nam (116) Todn thu, tr 351 chi lugc, tr 222; (117) Noi ve n a m len ngoi cua Dinh Bo Linh, Viet Nam thdi tiin can dgi, dUa vao nhflng bai viet Viet si lUac va Todn tr 98-99 thu, CO the cho biet la nam 968 NhUng dfla vao sfl (102) Le Tic, An Nam chi luac, tr 222 lieu (103) Todn thu, tr 399 K a w a h a r a Masahiro vao nam 1970 da sfla la nam (104) K a t a k u r a cho r i n g dinh luat ve toi vu cao cua trieu T r a n da dUdc t h a m khao Dudng lugt cung n h u nhflng phap luat trudc cua Trung Quo'c N h u n g luat phap trieu Tran, kha n a n g t h a m khao cila nhflng luat trUdc Dudng lugt ra't mong m a n h Katakura, Lugt phdp Viet Nam thcfi tiin can dgi, tr 104 (105) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol, 2, tr, 276-277 (106) Todn thu, tr 396 (107) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol 2, tr 277-278 (108) Todn thu, tr 287; Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Le Code, vol 2, tr 216-218 (109) Nguyen Ngoc Huy and Ta Van Tai, The Trung Quo'c, hgc gia ngUdi Nhat Ban 966, tfl tr3 di, khong nhflng gidi hoc gia Nhat Ban ma ca nhflng hoc gia phUdng Tay nhu Keith Taylor ciing da cong n h a n sfl h(3p ly cua y kien Kawahara Masahiro, "Ve nien dai tflc -vi cua Dinh Bo Linh", ban tie'ng Nhat, in Ki yeu khoa Vdn hgc trUdng Dgi hgc Phdp Chinh, 15 (1970), tr 29-46 (118) Todn thu, tr 226-227; Ly Te Xuyen, Viet dien U linh Tap, Saigon, 1960, tr 75-76 (119) Keith Taylor, Authority and Legitimacy, tr 139-176 (120) Todn thu, tr 334 (121) Momoki Shiro, "Sd cflu ve lo che cua Viet Nam thdi n h a Tran", ban tieng Nhat, in Shilin, 66-5, 1983, tr 50-82