Management of chronic kidney disease

sách cập nhật những kiến thức mới về chẩn đoán và điều trị bệnh thận mạn. Điều trị các biến chứng, nguyên nhân của bệnh thận mạn. sách thích hợp cho các bác sĩ chuyên khoa thận nội, bác sĩ nội tổng quát và các bác sĩ quan tâm đến bệnh thận mạn

Mustafa Arici Editor Management of Chronic Kidney Disease A Clinician’s Guide 123 Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Mustafa Arici Editor Management of Chronic Kidney Disease A Clinician’s Guide Editor Mustafa Arici, MD Department of Nephrology Faculty of Medicine Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey ISBN 978-3-642-54636-5 ISBN 978-3-642-54637-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54637-2 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2014941922 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher's location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) To my admirable wife Esra, and my lovely daughters Ayse and Zeynep, for their love, support, time and patience, but above all, for them being “all my reasons” for life To my parents and brothers, for their continuous love, encouragement and wisdom Preface To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail an uncharted sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all William Osler I am very pleased to offer the first edition of Management of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Clinician’s Guide Actually, there are many textbooks devoted to general nephrology or books that are particularly focused on dialysis or renal transplantation However, there is a real deficiency of books devoted particularly to the care of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients This book attempts to fulfill this gap by providing a comprehensive, guideline-based, practice-oriented management plan for physicians who continuously take care of adult CKD patients Chronic kidney disease is now a significant public health problem worldwide CKD globally affects almost 10 % of general population Incidence and prevalence of CKD figures are still rising especially in developing countries The rise in CKD figures are fuelled by aging of the populations and growing problems of obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular diseases Today, the number of CKD patients from stage to not on dialysis exceeds the number of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) by a factor of 50–100 Practicing nephrologists come across much more CKD patients than dialysis or renal transplantation cases CKD management is, therefore, a major item in the agenda of nephrology practice, and its pressure will increase more in the following years Physicians in the other disciplines will also see more CKD patients in their daily practice due to increasing prevalence of CKD This book covers adult CKD patients, starting from “at risk” for CKD to CKD stage not on renal replacement therapies The book’s major target audience is nephrologists and residents/fellows and attending physicians in nephrology The book, however, may also serve as a multidisciplinary resource for many doctors, including family physicians, internists, endocrinologists, cardiologists, and geriatrists, who frequently encounter many CKD patients at earlier stages The book is intended to cover the whole journey of a CKD patient as: • Defining and diagnosing CKD • Assessing and controlling risk factors of CKD • Stopping/slowing progression in CKD • Assessing and managing complications of CKD • Caring for CKD patients under special conditions • Caring for CKD patients just before initiating renal replacement therapies vii Preface viii In the book, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches were presented according to latest staging system of CKD, from earlier to late stages The book have some novel chapters such as “Quality of Life in CKD”, “Pain Management in CKD”, “CKD in Intensive Care Unit”, “CKD and Cancer”, “CKD Management Programs and Patient Education” and “Conservative/Palliative Treatment and End-of-Life Care in CKD” These chapters aim to complement some neglected but substantial steps in CKD care In this book, many special chapters were written by nonnephrologists but specialists of that particular field like radiologists, cardiologists, neurologists, surgeons, obstetricians, dermatologists, psychiatrists, etc As CKD care needs a multidisciplinary action, this book intends to increase communication between different disciplines while looking after the same CKD patient All chapters start and end with boxes titled as “Before You Start: Facts You Need to Know” and “Before You Finish: Practice Pearls for the Clinician” Most chapters have also “What the Guidelines Say You Should Do?” and “Relevant Guidelines” boxes for easy access to guidelines and guideline recommendations These boxes will suffice to distill “practical practice pearls” from the bulky volumes of guidelines and other sources of information with a “5-min attention” of busy clinicians Each chapter has a very selective list of references restricted to 15–20 in maximum I encourage all who use this book to send their suggestions and comments both for the content and the design of the book The book is intended for a global coverage of CKD problem The contributing authors are world-known experts in their fields and act as executive members of many national and international associations in nephrology Most authors have participated in writing guidelines on CKD This book will not be possible were it not for so many people Firstly, I have been fortunate that many distinguished authors, colleagues and friends have kindly accepted to contribute to this book I would like to take this opportunity to thank them all very warmly They have generously spent their most valuable hours to produce high-quality and up-to-date chapters They were very considerate and rigorous during the review processes Secondly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Portia Levasseur, the Developmental Editor for the book Without her excellent support and enthusiasm, it will be impossible to hold this book in your hands Last but not least, I thank all the staff of Springer, but particularly Sandra Lesny who gave me the opportunity to edit this book I also would like to acknowledge my mentors, colleagues, my residents/ fellows and my students in Hacettepe University I have learned many things from them and they helped me to be who I am My major inspiration in nephrology practice is seeing the joy in the faces of patients when their CKD progression were slowed down or halted completely It is a privilege for me to care for them and they have been the powerful source of my motivation, dynamism and knowledge Increasing the awareness of CKD, mounting the chances for early recognition and definition of CKD and managing better for preventing or delaying/ halting progression of CKD and its complications were major aims of this book If the readers will apply at least some of those to their clinical practice, the editor and the authors will feel rewarded for their efforts Ankara, Turkey Mustafa Arici Contents Part I Chronic Kidney Disease: Basics and Clinical Assessment What Is Chronic Kidney Disease? Rajeev Raghavan and Garabed Eknoyan Clinical Assessment of a Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease Mustafa Arici Imaging in Chronic Kidney Disease Yousef W Nielsen, Peter Marckmann, and Henrik S Thomsen Part II 15 29 Chronic Kidney Disease Risk Factors: Assessment and Management Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Meryem Tuncel Kara, Moshe Levi, and Devasmita Choudhury 43 Hypertension and Chronic Kidney Disease Stephanie Riggen and Rajiv Agarwal 57 Dyslipidemia and Chronic Kidney Disease Kosaku Nitta 71 Metabolic Acidosis and Chronic Kidney Disease Richard M Treger and Jeffrey A Kraut 83 Acute Kidney Injury in Chronic Kidney Disease Sharidan K Parr and Edward D Siew 93 Preventing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Diet and Lifestyle Merlin C Thomas 10 Preventing Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System Blockade Beyond Blood Pressure Merlin C Thomas 113 123 ix R.L Morton and A.C Webster 498 Table 37.5 (continued) Guideline groupa Renal Physicians Association (US) Guideline Shared decision-making in the appropriate initiation of and withdrawal from dialysis Renal Association (UK) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) Assessment and optimisation of erythropoiesis Australia and New Zealand Society of Nephrology (ANZSN) Renal Supportive Care Guidelines 2013 – Quality of life HRQoL context ‘Patients whose prognosis is particularly poor should be informed that dialysis may not confer a survival advantage or improve functional status over medical management without dialysis and that dialysis entails significant burdens that may detract from their quality of life’ Providing effective palliative care: ‘To improve patient-centred outcomes, offer palliative care services and interventions to all AKI, CKD, and ESRD patients who suffer from burdens of their disease’ End-of-life care: Conservative kidney management and withdrawal of dialysis – ‘Quality of life for patients following a conservative pathway may be comparable to that in haemodialysis patients, though data are very limited’ Benefits of treatment with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs): ‘Treatment with ESAs should be offered to people with anaemia of CKD who are likely to benefit in terms of quality of life and physical function’ What constitutes a poor QOL of life varies from person to person and the potential impact of dialysis on an individual will be unique for each person Patients need good information in order to allow them to assess the potential impact of renal replacement therapy on their lives The Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) QOL questionnaire is a suitable tool to be used in dialysis and non-dialysis patients to assess QOL changes a Links to guidelines: KDIGO = www.kdigo.org/, CARI = http://www.cari.org.au/guidelines.php, CSN = http://csnscn.ca, ERBP = http://www.european-renal-best-practice.org/, Renal Physicians Association (USA) = http://www.renalmd.org/ End-Stage-Renal-Disease/, Renal Association (UK) = http://www.renal.org/clinical/guidelinessection/guidelines.aspx, ISPD = http://ispd.org/lang-en/treatmentguidelines/guidelines, NICE = http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/index.jsp?acti on=byType&type=2&status=3, ANZSN = http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nep.12065/pd Before You Finish: Practice Pearls for the Clinician • A good understanding of HRQoL measurement and interpretation is of critical importance for decision-making in modern nephrology practice Known HRQoL estimates can be used to help patients understand the likely impact of their disease, its progression and potential treatment interventions and can help clinicians and researchers better appreciate the impact of disease and treatments in different patient groups • HRQoL measurement can also inform understanding of new research findings CKD results in considerable decrement to HRQoL, which varies by stage and renal replacement therapy Although HRQoL for different health states may be reported as an average across patient groups, it is important to understand that each patient’s experience will be unique, and some side effects or interventions may impact different people to different extents • While several clinical practice guidelines make reference to HRQoL, there is no specific guideline focussing on HRQoL improvement However, there is some evidence that interventions targeting specific symptoms or aimed at supporting educational or lifestyle considerations make a positive difference to people living with CKD 37 Quality of Life in Chronic Kidney Disease 499 References Guyatt GH, Feeny DH, Patrick DL Measuring healthrelated quality of life Ann Intern Med 1993;118(8): 622–8 Soni RK, Weisbord SD, Unruh ML Health-related quality of life outcomes in chronic kidney disease Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010;19(2):153–9 Morton RL, Tong A, Howard K, Snelling P, Webster AC The views of patients and carers in treatment decision making for chronic kidney disease: systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies BMJ 2010;340:c112 Wyld M, Morton RL, Hayen A, Howard K, Webster AC A systematic review and meta-analysis of utilitybased quality of life in chronic kidney disease treatments PLoS Med 2012;9(9):e1001307 Tufts Medical Centre Cost-effectiveness analysis registry [internet] c2013 [Cited 2013 July 25] Available at: https://research.tufts-nemc.org/cear4/ Sutton E CJ ICECAP Supportive care measure EconEndLife project [internet] Birmingham: University of Birmingham; c2013 [Cited 2013 July 25] Available at: http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/ 10 11 12 activity/mds/projects/HaPS/HE/ICECAP/ICECAPSCM/index.aspx Sulch D, Kalra L Quality of life of caregivers In: Carr AJ, Higginson IJ, Robinson PG, editors Quality of life London: BMJ Books; 2003 p 31–9 Ware Jr JE, Sherbourne CD The MOS 36-item shortform health survey (SF-36) Conceptual framework and item selection Med Care 1992;30(6):473–83 Liem YS, Bosch JL, Arends LR, Heijenbrok-Kal MH, Hunink MGM Quality of life assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36-Item Health Survey of patients on renal replacement therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis Value Health 2007;10(5):390–7 Brazier J, Roberts J, Deverill M The estimation of a preference-based measure of health from the SF-36 J Health Econ 2002;21(2):271–92 Cagney KA, Wu AW, Fink NE, Jenckes MW, Meyer KB, Bass EB, et al Formal literature review of quality-of-life instruments used in end-stage renal disease Am J Kidney Dis 2000;36(2):327–36 Rabin R, de Charro F EQ-5D: a measure of health status from the EuroQol Group Ann Med 2001;33(5): 337–43 Index A AAP See American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) AASK and Hypertension Trial, 64 AASK Trial See African American Study of Kidney Disease (AASK) Trial Abdominal bruits, 17 Absolute reticulocyte count, 208 Absolute volume depletion, 102 Absolute and relative contraindications to HD and PD, 478–479 ACCORD See Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) ACE See Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) ACE2, 124 ACE inhibitor, 399, 402 Acetaminophen, 302, 389 N-Acetylcysteine, 293 Acidosis, 335 ACI inhibitors (ACEIs), 7, 64, 101 Acquired perforating dermatosis, 290 ACR See Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) ACS See Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) Actigraphy, 340 Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD), 80 Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), 166 Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), 171 Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP), 371 Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), 105 Acute kidney injury (AKI), 5, 9, 93, 369, 418, 430–432 Acute on chronic AKI, 430 Acute pain, 298 Acute renal failure, 131 Acute respiratory distress syndrome, 423 Acute tubular necrosis (ATN), 104 Adherence, 355 ADHF See Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) Adipokines, 276 Adiponectin, 276 Adrenocorticotropin, 272 Adrenocorticotropin-cortisol axis, 272 Adult Treatment Panel (ATP), 75 Advance care planning, 451, 452, 454–460 Advanced age, 465 Advance directives, 451, 456, 457 Advantages and disadvantages of vascular accesses, 479 Adverse events, 355, 357 Adynamic bone, 229 Affective disorders, 471 AFLP See Acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) African American Study of Kidney Disease (AASK) Trial, 58 Aging, 398, 402 Aging kidney, 398 AIN See Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) AKI See Acute kidney injury (AKI) AKI biomarkers, 110 AKI/disease, 16 Albumin, 12, 242, 243, 245, 247–250 Albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), 8, 25 Albuminuria, 6, 7, 11, 23–25 Alcohol intake, 119 Aldosterone, 124, 274 Aldosterone antagonist, 175–176 Aliskiren Trial in Type diabetics using cardio-renal endpoints (ALTITUDE), 65 Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 226 Alkaline picrate method, 18 All-cause mortality, 475 Allograft loss, 218 ALP See Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) Alpha-fetoprotein, 412 1-Alpha-hydroxylase, 224 ALTITUDE See Aliskiren Trial in Type diabetics using cardio-renal endpoints (ALTITUDE) Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, 58 readings, 66 Amenorrhea, 271, 321 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 12 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) Guidelines, 75 Aminoglycosides, 94 Ammonium, 84 Analgesic ladder, 301–303 M Arici (ed.), Management of Chronic Kidney Disease, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-54637-2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 501 502 Anatomic and functional changes, 398 Androgen deficiency, 270 Androgens, 219 Androgen therapy, 219 Androstenedione, 270 Anemia, 5, 17, 206, 335 Anesthesia, 382–384, 386–391, 394 Ang 1–7, 124 Angina, 163–166 Angiography, 35 Angiotensin (Ang), 123–127, 130, 132 Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), 124, 126–132, 370, 399 Angiotensin II type (AT1)-AA, 377 Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), 65, 101, 124, 126–132, 370 Anovulatory menstrual cycles, 270 ANP See Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) Antegrade pyelography, 30 Antenatal and fetal surveillance, 363 Anthracyclines, 413 Antiangiogenic, 374 Antibody sensitization, 211 Anticancer drugs, 407 Anticancer drugs handling, 412–413 Anticancer treatments, 408 Anticoagulants, 358 Anticonvulsants, 339, 347 Antidepressant medications, 305 Antidepressants, 339 Antidiabetics, 358 Anti-erythropoietin antibodies, 217, 218 Anti-infective drugs, 359 Anti-retroviral therapy, 258 Aorta, 231 Aortic sclerosis, 381, 384 Aortic valve, 142, 145, 179 APOL1, 58 Apolipoprotein C-II, 72 Apolipoprotein C-III, 72 Aranesp, 213 ARBs See Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) Arrhythmia, 137, 138, 142–143, 145, 148, 150–154, 157, 173, 177–178 Arterionephrosclerosis, 59 Arteriovenous grafts, 259 ASCVD See Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) Aspirin, 163, 219 Assessment of pain, 299 Assisted PD, 404 ASTRAL trial, 62 A Study to Evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in Subjects on Regular Hemodialysis: An Assessment of Survival and Cardiovascular Events (AURORA) study, 79 Asymptomatic bacteriuria, 257 Asymptomatic pyuria, 429 Atherosclerosis, 137, 138, 140, 143, 145, 146, 154, 157–171, 230 Index Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), 75 Atherosclerotic renal vascular disease, 59 ATN See Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) ATP See Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) AT2 receptor, 124 Atrial fibrillation, 142, 152, 163, 177 Atrial flutter, 152 Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 275, 338 Atrioventricular node block, 151 Autonomic neuropathies, 343, 347–348 Autoregulation, 58 Azotemia, B B12, 206 Bacteremia, 257 Base deficit, 89 therapy, 89 BDI See Beck depression inventory (BDI) Beck depression inventory (BDI), 322, 340 Behavioral changes, 337 Bence Jones proteins, 24, 104 Benzodiazepines, 335, 341 Beta Blockers (B-Blockers), 163–165, 176, 335 Beta-HCG See Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (Beta-HCG) Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (Beta-HCG), 412 Beta(2)-microglobulin (B2M), 23 Beta trace protein (BTP), 23 Bicarbonate therapy, 426 Binding proteins (BP) goals, 62 Biomarkers, 23, 110 Biophysical/ultrasound surveillance, 368 Bisphosphonates, 238 Bland urine sediment, 104 Bleeding time, 388 Blood antigens (ABO), 471 Blood-borne infections, 259 Blood pressure, 11, 17 Bloodstream infection, 429 Blood urea, 20 Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 20 B2M See Beta(2)-microglobulin (B2M) BMD See Bone mineral density (BMD) BMPs See Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) BNP See B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) Bone biopsy, 88, 229 disease, 83, 84, 88 disorders, 228 fractures, 224 modelling, 224 quality, 229 turnover, 229 Bone-like cells, 232 Bone mineral density (BMD), 229 Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), 232 Break-in period, 481 Index Bright light, 341 Bromocriptine, 270 BTP See Beta trace protein (BTP) B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), 275 BUN See Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Bundle branch blocks, 151 Burden, C CABG See Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) Caesarean section, 366, 371 Calcidiol, 225 Calcification of the media, 231 Calcific uremic arteriolopathy, 291 Calcimimetics, 235 Calcinosis, 287 Calciphylaxis, 233, 237, 287, 291, 292, 295 Calcitriol, 224, 269 Calcium, 223 Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs), 165–166, 370 Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), 224 Cancer-antigen 125, 412 Cancer prevalence, 407 Cancer screening, 412 Capecitabine, 413 Carboplatin, 413 Carcino-embryonic antigen, 412 Cardiac natriuretic peptides, 275 Cardioembolic stroke, 142 Cardiological evaluation, 468 Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET), 384, 386, 394 Cardio-renal syndrome, 423 Cardiorenal syndrome type 1, 141 Cardiotonic steroids, 275–276 Cardiovascular, 17 Cardiovascular comorbidities, 484 Cardiovascular diseases, 5, 8, 11, 231, 467–468 Cardiovascular Risk Reduction by Early Anemia Treatment with Epoetin Beta (CREATE), 211–213 Caregivers, 493, 495 Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), 348–349 CaSR See Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) Catabolism, 243, 246, 247, 251, 252 Catheter, 259 Catheter related infections, 259 Cause, GFR and albuminuria (CGA), Causes of pain, 297–298 Cbfa1, 232 CCBs See Calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) Ccre See Creatinine clearance (Ccre) Cellulitis, 429 Central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS), 330 Central venous catheters, 259 pressure, 420 stenosis, 109 CERAs See Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activators (CERAs) Cerebrovascular disease, 468 503 CHB See Congenital heart block (CHB) CHD See Coronary heart disease (CHD) Childhood, 12 Children, 12 Chloride rich solutions, 426 CHOIR See Correction of Hemogloblin and Outcomes in Renal Insufficiency (CHOIR) Cholecystokinin, 276 Chronic disease management, 441–444 Chronic diseases, 5, Chronic kidney disease (CKD), 4–12, 43, 83, 84, 87, 93, 145–152, 154, 157–163, 164, 165, 166, 169, 172, 174, 175, –178, 181, 223, 255–258, 260–264, 305, 356, 418–437, 446, 448 Chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI), 19 Chronic pain, 298 Chronic renal failure, Cisplatin, 413 Citrate, 218 Citrate toxicity, 218 CKD See Chronic kidney disease (CKD) CKD chronic disease management, 442 CKD-EPI creatinine-cystatin C equation, 22 CKD-EPI cystatin C equation, 22 CKD-EPI equations, 4, 19 CKD-EPI formulae, 365, 368 CKD etiology, 279–281 CKD in primary care, 443 CKD-MBD, 223 CKD-Prognosis Consortium (CKD-PC), 137 CKD progression rates, 273, 482 Clopidogrel, 166, 219 Coagulation disorders, 470 Cockcroft-Gault formula, 19, 20, 408 Cognitive behavioural therapy, 330–331, 341 Cognitive dysfunction, 343, 349–350 Cognitive impairment, 470 Communication skills, 445 Community-acquired AKI, 102 Comorbidity, 16 Complete blood count, 207 Complications, 107 Computed tomography angiography (CTA), 35 Congenital heart block (CHB), 371 Conservative care, 452, 456, 458, 459 Conservative/palliative, 451–452, 456, 460 Continuous erythropoiesis receptor activators (CERAs), 216 Continuous RRT (CRRT), 417, 434 Contraindications to transplantation, 463–465 Contrast media, 36, 360 Contrast nephropathy, 36–38 Copeptin, 273 CORAL trial, 62 Coronary angiography, 468 Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 166 Coronary artery bypass surgery, 146 Coronary heart disease (CHD), 157 Coronary revascularization, 468 504 Correction of Hemogloblin and Outcomes in Renal Insufficiency (CHOIR), 211–213 Correction of metabolic acidosis, 482 Cortical bone, 229 Cortisol, 272 Cost-effectiveness, 11, 12 COX-2 inhibitors, 360 CPET See Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) C-reactive protein, 219 CREATE See Cardiovascular Risk Reduction by Early Anemia Treatment with Epoetin Beta (CREATE) Creatinine, 4, 17 Creatinine clearance (Ccre), 17–21 51 Cr-EDTA and 99mTc-DTPA, 35 Critical illness, 417–419, 421, 425–428, 430, 431, 434–436 Crossmatch (XM), 472 Cryoprecipitate, 219 CSAS See Central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAS) CTA See Computed tomography angiography (CTA) CTS See Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) CT-urography, 29, 32 Cyclophosphamide, 413 Cystatin C, 4, 21–22, 368, 399 Cyst infection, 258 Cytostatic drugs, 358 D 1,25(OH)2D3, 268 Daily energy requirement, 116 Darbepoetin, 213, 216 DASH diet, 117 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency, 268 Death, 9, 10 Decompensated cardiovascular disease, 418 Deferoxamine, 294 Dehydoepiandrosterone, 270 Delay progression, 62 Delirium, 305, 351 Dementia, 305, 349–350 Demyelinating neuropathies, 346 Depression, 211 Depressive affect, 306 Depressive symptoms, 306 DES See Drug eluting stents (DES) Desmopressin (DDAVP), 219 Detection, 10, 12 Developing countries, 10 Dexamethasone, 272 Diabetes, 5, 8, 10, 11 Diabetes mellitus, 402, 465–466 Diabetic ESRD patients, 484 Diabetic kidney disease, 43, 44 Diabetic nephropathy (DN), 9, 44, 47 Dialysis, 8, 257, 261, 369–370, 403, 405 initiation, 476 withdrawal, 404 Index Die Deutsche Diabetes Dialyse (4D) trial, 79 Diet, 113–120 Dietary intake of sodium, 118 Dietary protein restriction, 482 Digitalis, 177 Dipstick, 23 Dipstick urinalysis, 11 Direct tubular injury, 104 Disease, 178–180 management programs, 443–445 specific questionnaire, 493 Diuretic, 171–177, 181 Diuretic therapy, 425 DN See Diabetic nephropathy (DN) DNR form See Do not resuscitate (DNR) form Donor specific antibody (DSA), 472 Do not resuscitate (DNR) form, 456 Dopamine, 339 agonists, 340 receptor agonists, 339 Dopaminergic deficit, 338 Doppler ultrasonography, 61 Dose reduction, 358 Dosing drugs, 355, 361 errors, 355 Drug dose, 355 dosing, 356, 436 management, 301–303 pharmacokinetics, 436 Drug eluting stents (DES), 166 DSA See Donor specific antibody (DSA) DTPA, 22–23 4D trial See Die Deutsche Diabetes Dialyse (4D) trial Dual anti-platelet therapy, 166 Dyslipidemia, 72, 157–163 Dysmorphic red blood cells, 106 E Early correction of anemia on progression of CKD (ECAP of CKD), 212 Early fistula creation, 403 ECAP See Early correction of anemia on progression of CKD (ECAP of CKD) Echocardiography, 142, 467 ED See Erectile dysfunction (ED) EDS See Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) EDTA, 22–23 Education, 441–449 Effective circulating volume, 101, 102 eGFR See Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) Elderly, 5, 298, 397, 399–405 Elderly patients, 493 Electronic calculators, 22 Electrostimulation, 340 Elemental iron, 214 Embedded PD See Embedded peritoneal dialysis (Embedded PD) Index Embedded peritoneal dialysis (Embedded PD), 481 EMERALD study, 219 Emergency caesarean section, 371 Empowerment, 443 Encephalopathy, 343, 350 Endemic, 12 Endocarditis, 179 End-of-life (EOL) care, 451–460, 493 End stage kidney disease (ESKD), 305 End-stage renal disease (ESRD), 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 152, 418 Enteric feeding, 427 EOL care See End-of-life (EOL) care Epidemiology, 8–10 Epidural anesthesia, 390 EPO See Erythropoietin (EPO) Epoetin alfa (Procrit®), 213, 216 Epoetin beta (NeoRecormon), 211 Epogen®, 213 EPO-receptor (EPO-R), 207, 219 Erectile dysfunction (ED), 319 Erectile function, 319 Ergocalciferol, 268 Erythroblasts, 218 Erythropoiesis, 210, 219 Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), 207, 210, 211, 213, 216–218, 268 dose, 214 hyporesponsiveness, 217–218 therapy, 210 Erythropoietin (EPO), 207, 217, 268 ESAs See Erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) ESKD See End stage kidney disease (ESKD) ESRD See End–stage renal disease (ESRD) Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), 4–6, 9–11, 137, 365–366 Estradiol, 270, 271 Estrogens, 271 Ethnic groups, EuroQol dimensions (EQ-5D), 487, 493, 495 Evaluation of kidney function, 408–409 Evidence–based guidelines, 363 Evidence–based practice guidelines, 442 Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), 330 Exercise, 250, 251 Exercise stress testing, 146 Extracorporeal drug removal, 436 Extraluminal, 107 Extrarenal elimination of creatinine, 18 Ezetimibe, 77 F FACT–Fatigue See Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Fatigue (FACT–Fatigue) Factors predisposing, 43 Family history, 16 Fatigue, 211 Feminine hormones, 10 505 FeNa See Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa) Feraheme, 215 Ferritin, 208, 210, 214, 215 Ferrlecit, 214–215 Ferroportin, 206 Ferrous fumarate, 214 Ferrous gluconate, 214 Ferrous sulfate, 214 Ferumoxytol, 215 Fetal growth restriction (FGR), 370 Fetal lung maturation, 370 Fetuin–A, 232 FeUrea See Fractional excretion of urea (FeUrea) FGF 23 See Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF 23) FGR See Fetal growth restriction (FGR) Fibrates, 79, 403 Fibrinogen, 207, 219 Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF 23), 141, 223, 233, 268 Fibromuscular dysplasia, 59 First PD, after HD, 483–484 First permanent vascular access, 479 Fluid overload, 382, 387, 393, 394 resuscitation, 420, 426 therapy, 425 Folate, 206, 208 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 269, 270, 321 Fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa), 104 Fractional excretion of urea (FeUrea), 104 Frailty, 397 Free light chain assays, 105 Friedewald equation, 71 FSH See Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) FSH/LH ratio, 270 Functional acute renal insufficiency, 62 Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Fatigue (FACT–Fatigue), 213 Furosemide, 171 G Gabapentin, 288, 340, 347 Gadolinium, 292 Gadolinium–based contrast media, 37 Galectin-3, 141, 145, 150, 154 Gastric inhibitory peptide, 276 Gastrin, 276 Gastrin releasing peptide, 276 Gastrointestinal (GI), 279–281, 284–286 disorders, 469–470 infections, 429 Gender, 10 Generic, 493 Genitourinary infection, 429 Geriatrics, 404 GFR See Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) GH See Growth hormone (GH) Ghrelin, 276 506 Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 4, 8, 17, 225, 399, 407 equations, 20 estimating equations, 17–20 prediction equations, 17 Glomerular hypertension, 98 Glomerulonephritis (GN), 10, 106 Glucagon, 274–275 Glycaemic index (GI), 117 Glycoprotein IIb–IIIa receptors, 207 GN See Glomerulonephritis (GN) GnRH See Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), 269 Growth hormone (GH), 271–272, 275 binding proteins, 272 resistance, 272 therapy, 272 Guidelines, 4, 5, 442 H Handling of targeted therapies, 413 Hb electrophoresis, 208 HBV See Hepatitis B virus (HBV) HCV See Hepatitis C virus (HCV) HD See Hemodialysis (HD) HDL-C See High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), 419, 487–495, 498 Heart disease, 10 Heart failure (HF), 137, 141, 142, 145–152, 154, 157, 160, 165, 166, 169–177, 180, 275, 382, 384, 386, 387, 392, 394 Helicobacter pylori, 260 HELLP, 371 Hematuria, 23, 24 Hemodialysis (HD), 160, 257, 434 Hemodialysis (HD) vs peritoneal dialysis (PD), 477–481 Hemodynamic monitoring, 419–423 Hemofiltration, 434 Hemoglobinopathies, 208 Hemoglobinuria, 23 Hemolysis, 218 Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), 107 Hemosiderosis, 215 Hemostasis, 219–220 Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 255, 279, 282–283 Hepatitis C virus (HCV), 255, 280–282 Hepcidin, 206, 210 Hereditary kidney disorder, 16 HF See Heart failure (HF) HIF See Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) High anion gap metabolic acidosis, 83–84 High-bone turnover, 225 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 71 High molecular weight (Dexferrum)®, 215 High prevalence of poor sleepers, 331 High prevalences of CKD, 409 History, 15–17 HIV See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Index HIVAN See Human immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy (HIVAN) HLA See Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) HMG-CoA reductase See Hydroxyl-3-methylglutarylCoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) Home blood pressure, 66 Homeostenosis, 397 Hormone replacement therapy, 271 Hospice care, 452–458 24-Hour urine collection, 18 creatinine clearance, 20 protein, 24 HRQoL See Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) HRQoL questionnaire, 490 HSDD See Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 255 Human immunodeficiency virus associated nephropathy (HIVAN), 258 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 258–259 Human leukocyte antigens (HLA), 471 alloantibody profile, 463 antibodies, 471 mismatch, 218 sensitization, 218 HUS See Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) Hydralazine, 176–177, 370 Hydronephrosis, 107 Hydroxyethyl starch, 425 7α-Hydroxylase, 72 Hydroxyl-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase), 72 Hypercholesterolemia, 71 Hypercoagulability, 470 Hypercoagulable state, 219 Hypercortisolemia, 272 Hyperdynamic bone, 229 Hyperfiltration, 44, 98 Hypergastrinemia, 276 Hyperglycemia, 275 Hyperinsulinemia, 274 Hyperkalaemia, 115, 116, 131 Hyperkalemia, 65, 355, 360 Hyperphosphoremia, 233 Hyperprolactinemia, 269, 271 Hypersomnia, 330 Hypertension, 5, 10–12, 57, 334, 368 Hypertensive nephrosclerosis, 57 Hyperthyroidism, 274 Hypertriglyceridemia, 72 Hypnotics, 341 Hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), 322 Hypoalbuminemia, 242 Hypobicarbonatemia, 83, 85 Hypocapnia, 85 Hypogonadism, 321 Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, 85 Hypotension, 65 Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, 269, 270 Index Hypothyroidism, 273, 274 Hypovolemia, 17 Hypoxia, 218 Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), 268 I ICU support See Intensive care unit (ICU) support The IDEAL study, 481 IDPN See Intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN) Ifosfamide, 413 IgA nephropathy, 12 IGF See Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) IGF-1, 272 IGF-2, 272 IGRAs See Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) IIEF See International index of erectile function (IIEF) Illness trajectory, 452–454 Imaging, 30 Immunofixation, 105 Immunologic evaluation, 463, 471–472 Impact on patient survival, 410–411 Implantable cardio-defibrillators, 152 Incidence, of cancer, 411–412 of recurrence, 469 Increased cancer risk, 412 Indinavir, 258 Individualized patient-centred approach, 405 Infection control, 259 Infections, 17, 255–260, 262, 263, 466–467 Infective endocarditis, 142, 179, 180, 260 Infertility, 270 Inflammatory neuropathies, 346 Influenzae type b vaccination, 261 Influenza vaccine, 261 Inhibitor, 399 Initiation of dialysis, 109, 404 Inotropic support, 392 Insomnia, 330, 339 In-stent restenosis, 166 Instrument, 213 Insulin, 268, 274–275 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), 271–272 Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding proteins, 272 Insulin resistance, 274–275 Insulin sensitivity, 274–275 Intensive care unit (ICU) support, 419 Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs), 466 Interleukin-6, 219 Intermittent RRT (IRRT), 433–434 International index of erectile function (IIEF), 322 Interstitial nephritis, 10 Intimal calcification, 230 Intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN), 249–250 Intraglomerular pressure, 65 Intraluminal, 107 Intraluminal cast formation, 104 Intravenous induction agents, 388 Intravenous iron, 214 507 Intravenous urography, 29, 30 Intrinsic AKI, 104 Intrinsic kidney disease, 94 Intrinsic kidney injury, 104 Inulin, 17, 22–23 Iodinated contrast, 94 Iodine-based contrast media, 36 Iohexol, 22–23 Iothalamate, 22–23 Iron, 215 deficiency, 210, 216 dextran, 214, 215 gluconate, 214–215 indices, 210 polysaccharide, 214 status tests, 210 studies, 210 sucrose, 214–215 supplementation, 210, 214 Ischemic renal disease, 59 Isotonic crystalloids, 107 Isotope dilution mass spectrometry, 18 J Jaffé method, 18 K KDIGO See Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) KDOQI See Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) KDQOL See Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) KDQOL-36, 495 KDQOL-SF, 487, 495 Kidney biopsy, 370 damage, disease, 3, 12 function, function tests, 16 size, 102 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), 6, 7, 9, 137, 228 Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI), 4–6, 75, 228 Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL), 211 Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQOL) Instrument, 332 Klotho, 224, 233 L Labetalol, 370 Late pregnancy hypertension, 366 Late referral, 483 LCAT See Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), 73 Left ventricular hypertrophy, 146–147, 152, 210 Leptin, 276 508 Levosimendan, 392 LH See Luteinizing hormone (LH) Libido, 320, 321 Life satisfaction, 487 Lifestyle, 120 Lifestyle modifications, 64 Lindsay’s (half and half) nails, 289, 290 Lipid-lowering therapies, 75, 403 Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), 72 Livedo reticularis, 291 Live influenza vaccine, 261 Live vaccines, 261 Live virus vaccines, 261 Long-term death risk in PD, 478 Loss of kidney function in pregnancy, 373, 374 Low-bone turnover, 225 Low carbohydrate diets, 117 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level, 71 Low-dose aspirin, 368 Low energy diets, 117 Low fat diets, 117–118 Low GI diets, 117 Low molecular weight (INFeD®), 215 Low-potency opioids, 340 Low protein, 114 LPL See Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) Lupus nephropathy, 367 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 269, 270, 321 M Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography, 29 Major depressive disorder (MDD), 305 Malignancy, 216, 468–469 Malnutrition, 273, 427 Management of CKD-MBD, 226 Management of pain, 299, 301–303 Marinobufagenin, 275–276 Mas receptor, 124 Maternal corticosteroids, 370 Matrix Gla protein (MGP), 232 MCC See Metastatic calcinosis cutis (MCC) MDD See Major depressive disorder (MDD) MDRD See Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) MDTs See Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) Measuring GFR, 17, 22–23 Mechanical ventilation, 419–423 Median time to first cannulation, 479 Medical evaluation, 465–467 Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), 211, 495 The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36), 487 Medication history, 66 Medications Melatonin, 334–336 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 367 Metabolic acidosis, 83, 85–88 Metabolism, 243, 251 Metastatic calcinosis cutis (MCC), 292 Index Methyldopa, 370 MGP See Matrix Gla protein (MGP) Mianserin, 341 Microalbuminuria, 24-25, 44, 45 Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, 106 Micronutrient supplementation, 428 Midodrine, 348 Mineral and bone disorders (MBD), Mineralization rate, 229 Mini-mental state examination (MMSE), 350 Mircera, 216 Mitral valve, 179 MMSE See Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), 365, 368, 408 study, 19, 63, 75 study equation, 19–20 Monoclonal urinary immunoglobulin light chains, 104 Mononeuropathy, 348 Mortality, 418, 426–429, 430, 434–435, 437, 476 Motilin, 276 MR-angiography (MRA), 35 MRFIT See Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) MR-hydrography, 30, 34 MRI urography See Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) urography MR-urography, 34 99m Tc DMSA, 36 Multidisciplinary CKD clinic, 445 Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs), 363, 364, 370, 441, 442 Multimedia teaching, 448 Multiple myeloma, 104, 216 Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), 57 Muscle wasting, 83, 88 Myeloma, 208 Myeloma cast nephropathy, 105 MYH9 gene, 58 Myocardial perfusion imaging, 146 Myoglobinuria, 23 Myopathy, 343, 349 Myths associated with dialysis, 483–485 N Nails, 295 Nasal continuous airways positive pressure (nCPAP), 338, 340, 341 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Native arteriovenous (AV) fistulae, 259 Natriuretic peptide, 145, 149, 150 nCPAP See Nasal continuous airways positive pressure (nCPAP) Negative energy balance, 116 Neonatal intensive care unit, 366 Neonatal lupus rash, 371 Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), 37, 292–293 Nephrology follow-up, 373 Index Nephrotic syndrome, 72 Nephrotic syndrome prophylactic heparin, 371 Nephrotoxic, 23, 373 Nephrotoxic drugs, 371 Nesiritide, 173 Neuraxial (spinal and epidural) analgesia, 390 Neuraxial anesthesia, 390 Neurogenic bladder, 107 Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs), 389 Neuron specific enolase, 412 Neuropathy, 17, 299 Neuropathy (nerve) pain, 303 NHANES See National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Nitrates, 163 Nitric oxide, 219 Nitrofurantoin, 258 NMBAs See Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), 321 Nodular hyperplasia, 225 Non-ACE pathways, 124 Non-calcium-containing phosphate-binding agents, 234 Noncardiac surgery, 384 Noncommunicable chronic disease program, 443 Non-dialysis related infections, 429 Nondialysis treatment, 405 Non-dialytic management, 452 Nondippers, 58 Non-drug measures for pain, 301 Non-invasive stress test, 467 Non-pharmacological management, 299, 301 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 94, 360, 389, 399–401 Non-traditional risk factors, 74 Norethisterone acetate, 271 Normal pregnancy, 364 NPT See Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) NSAIDS See Non–steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) NSF See Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) N–terminal proBNP, 275 Nuclear scintigraphy, 146 Nucleoside analogues, 258 Nutrition, 242, 249–250, 252 Nutritional supplementation, 241 Nutritional support, 428 O Obesity, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 465 Objectives of adequate preparation for dialysis, 476 Obstetric complications, 368 Obstruction to urine flow, 107 Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), 330 Older age, Oliguria, 94, 425 Oliguric kidney injury, 104 Omontys, 219 One kidney hypertension, 59 OPG See Osteoprotegerin (OPG) 509 Opioid analgesics, 389 Opioids, 303, 339, 381, 390, 394 Optimal caloric intake, 427 Orthostatic hypotension, 402 OSAS See Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) Osmolality, 273 Osteitis fibrosis cystica, 88 Osteoblasts, 229 Osteoclasts, 229 Osteogenesis, 232 Osteoid, 229 Osteomalacia, 88, 229 Osteopenia, 236 Osteoporosis, 229, 236 Osteoprotegerin (OPG), 232 Ouabain, 275–276 Ovarian failure, 322 Overnight pulse oximetry, 340 Oxaliplatin, 413 P Packed red blood cell (pRBC), 218 Pain, 211, 297 assessment, 300 determinant of poor sleep, 332 history, 299 management, 300, 302 Palliative, 451–454, 456–459 Pancreas transplantation, 465 Pancreatic polypeptide, 276 Panel reactive antibody (PRA), 218, 472 Parathyroidectomy, 236 Parathyroid gland, 225 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 223 Paricalcitol, 269 Pathogenic agonistic autoantibodies, 377 Patient-centred care, 401, 402 Patient education, 442, 444 Patient-education teams, 443 Patient empowerment, 442 Patient financial incentives, 444 Patient nonadherence, 470 Patient Reported Outcomes Measurements (PROMs), 488 Pay for performance, 443 PCI See Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) PCR See Protein-creatinine ratio (PCR) PCT See Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) PCWP See Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) PD See Peritoneal dialysis (PD) “PD first” program, 481 PEARL study, 219 Peginesatide, 219 Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 166 Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA), 35 Perfusion pressure, 101 Periarteritis nodosa, 367 Pericarditis, 148, 149 Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), 330, 339 510 Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS), 330 Perioperative care, 381, 382 Perioperative morbidity and mortality, 381 Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) lines, 479 Peripheral neural blockade, 390 Peripheral neuropathies, 343–347 Peripheral vascular disease, 468 Peritoneal catheters, 479–481 Peritoneal dialysis (PD), 403, 434–435 Peritubular cells, 268 Permanent vascular access, 109 PEW See Protein-energy wasting (PEW) Pharmacodynamic, 355 Pharmacodynamic studies, 356 Pharmacokinetics, 355, 356 Phosphate, 115 Phosphate binders, 234 Phosphate binding agents, 233 Phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), 275 Phosphorus, 223 Physical activity, 118–119 Physical examination, 15–17 Physician Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment, 456 Physician orders for scope of treatment, 456 PI3-K See Phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), 339 Placental growth factor (PlGF), 374, 377 Planned pregnancy, 364 Plasma cell dyscrasia, 208 Plasma renin activity, 61 Platelet count, 208 Platelet dysfunction, 207, 219 Platelet inhibition, 219 PlGF See Placental growth factor (PlGF) PLMD See Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) PLMS See Periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) Pneumococcal vaccination, 261 Pneumonia, 257, 258, 429 Podocyturia, 375 Polysomnography (PSG), 338, 340 Pooled Cohort Equations, 75 Poor sleep of old persons with CKD5, 333 Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT), 294 Potassium, 114–116 PPARγ See Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma (PPARγ) PRA See Panel Reactive Antibody (PRA) Prasugrel, 166 pRBC See Packed red blood cell (pRBC) PRCA See Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) Prealbumin, 247 Pre-dialysis, 4, 257 education, 446, 448 nephrology care, 475 Preeclampsia, 366, 367, 368, 373–377 Pre-end stage renal disease, Pregabalin, 347 Pregnancy, 363 Index Preoperative evaluation, 382 Preoperative optimization, 386 Preparation for dialysis, 476 Prepregnancy assessment, 364 Pre-renal AKI, 102 Pre-renal azotemia, 104 Preservation of veins and avoidance of unnecessary catheters, 478 Pressure natriuresis, 59 Preterm delivery, 366, 367 Pre-transplantation work up, 463 Pretransplant native nephrectomy, 469 Prevalence, 8, 10 of CKD, of kidney disease in cancer patients, 409–410 Prevent drug-induced nephrotoxicity, 482 Primary care teams, 445 Proangiogenic, 375 Progesterone, 271 Progression, 17 of CKD, 83, 87, 88 of kidney function, 403 Prolactin, 269–271, 320 PROMs See Patient Reported Outcomes Measurements (PROMs) Prostate specific antigen (PSA), 412 Prostatic obstruction, 107 Protein, 114, 115, 117 degradation, 88 electrophoresis, 105 restriction, 114 Protein-creatinine ratio (PCR), 24 Protein-energy wasting (PEW), 241–243, 246, 247, 250–252 Proteinuria, 12, 62, 97 Provider adherence to guidelines, 444 Provider education, 444 Pruritus, 17, 287–288 PSA See Prostate specific antigen (PSA) Pseudoporphyria, 293, 295 Pseudoresistance, 66 PSG See Polysomnography (PSG) Psychiatric/psychological assessment, 338 Psychiatric/psychosocial evaluation, 470–471 Psychosocial factors, 298 Psychosocial issues, 299, 303 PTA See Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) PTH See Parathyroid hormone (PTH) PTH receptors, 224 Pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, 420 Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP), 173 Pulmonary edema, 423 Pulmonary evaluation, 467 Pulmonary hypertension, 381, 382, 384 Pulse, 17 Pulse pressure, 420–421 Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), 217–218 Pyelography, 30 Pyrophosphates, 232 Pyuria, 257 Index Q QALYs See Quality adjusted life years (QALYs) QoL See Quality of life (QoL) Quality adjusted life years (QALYs), 493 Quality improvement process, 445 Quality of life (QoL), 211, 213, 319, 487–495 Quality parameters, 442 Quality standards, 443 Questionnaire, 490–492, 495 R RAAS See Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) Radiography, 30–31 Raloxifene, 271 Ramipril efficacy in Nephropathy2 (REIN-2), 64 RANKL, 232 Ranolazine, 166 RAS See Renal artery stenosis (RAS) Ratio of albumin to creatinine, 24 Reciprocal serum creatinine concentration, 19 Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo), 207 Recombinant human growth hormone, 272 Rectal examination, 17 Recurrence rate, 469 Red blood cell transfusions, 211, 218 Red cell casts, 106 Red cell transfusions, 218 Reduction in GFR, 65 REIN-2 See Ramipril efficacy in Nephropathy2 (REIN-2) Relevant functional changes, 365 Relevant guidelines, 339 Reliability, 490, 495 Remnant kidney, 98 Remote monitoring, 443 Renal arteriography, 59 insufficiency, osteodystrophy, 223 scintigraphy, 36, 61 transplantation, 463 transplant program, 463 Renal artery stenosis (RAS), 59 Renal insufficiency and anticancer medications (IRMA), 409 Renal replacement therapy (RRT), 4, 9, 17, 23, 355, 417, 430–436 Renal transplant recipient (RTR), 463, 464 Renin, 123–124 Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), 52, 123–133, 219 Renography, 29, 36 Renovascular disease, 17, 59, 131 Renovascular hypertension, 59 Residual kidney function, Resistant hypertension, 66 Resistin, 277 Resistive index (RI), 33, 61 511 Restless leg syndrome (RLS), 330, 332, 339 Retarding initiation of dialysis, 482–483 Reticulocyte count, 218 Retrograde pyelography, 30 Retroperitoneal fibrosis, 107 Revascularization, 62 Reverse cholesterol transport, 73 Reverse epidemiology, 74, 139 Rhabdomyolysis, 105 rHuEpo See Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) RI See Resistive index (RI) Ringer’s lactate, 426 Risk factors, 256–258, 262 RLS See Restless leg syndrome (RLS) RLS/PLMS, 338–339 RRT See Renal replacement therapy (RRT) RTR See Renal transplant recipient (RTR) S SA See Sleep apnea (SA) SA in CKD is now considered a warning, 341 Sarcopenia, 399 Saturation, 208 Scandinavian normal hematocrit study, 212 Scarce data, 358 School screening program, 12 Scleroderma, 367 Screening, 12 SD See Sexual dysfunction (SD) SDB See Sleep disordered breathing (SDB) Secondary causes of hypertension, 66 Secondary hyperparathyroidism, 225 Secretin, 276 Seizures, 351 Selection of dialysis modality, 477 Selection of the patient, 476–477 Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), 271 Self-monitoring, 443 Self-report scales, 306 Sepsis, 94, 257, 428–430 Sepsis/septic shock, 418 Septic shock, 260, 429 SERM See Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) Serum creatinine, 4, 11, 17–21, 408 Serum erythropoietin levels, 208 Serum free light chain (SFLC), 208 Serum immunofixation electrophoresis (SIFE), 208 Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP), 208 Service Information Conseil Adaptation Rénale (Service ICAR), 414 Sexual dysfunction (SD), 319 Sexual history, 321 SF-36, 213, 493, 495 SFLC See Serum free light chain (SFLC) SHARP See Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP) Shohl’s solution, 89 Short form 12 (SF-12), 495 512 The Sickness Impact Profile, 495 SIFE See Serum immunofixation electrophoresis (SIFE) Sildenafil, 322, 323 Sirtuins, 399 SiteGPR®, 414 Sleep apnea (SA), 330, 336–339 Sleep disordered breathing (SDB), 332 risk for CKD, 333 Sleep hygiene, 340 Sleep quality, 329, 330 Slope of decline of the eGFR, 477 Smoking, 12, 119 Social and occupational functioning, 339 Sodium bicarbonate, 89, 482 citrate, 89 restriction, 66 thiosulfate, 291 thiosulphate, 238 Soluble endoglin (sEng), 374 Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), 374, 377 Somatomedin, 272 SPEP See Serum protein electrophoresis (SPEP) Spironolactone, 274 Squamous cell carcinoma antigen, 412 ST2, 150, 154 Stages, 8, 10 Stages, Stages of CKD, 4, 16–17 Staging, 6–7 Starch-based solutions, 107 Statin benefit groups, 75 Statin/ezetimibe combination, 79 Statins, 75, 403 Statin therapy, 75 Steatorrhea, 280 Stone disease, 17 Stool occult blood testing, 412 Stop inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, 482 Stress-induced hyperglycemia, 428 Strict blood pressure, 341 Strokes, 10, 183–184, 186 Stroke volume, 420–421 Study of Heart and Renal Protection (SHARP), 79 Subclinical metabolic acidosis, 85 Subjective wellbeing, 487 Sudden death, 142, 143, 145, 154 Sunitinib, 413 Supplementation, 244, 245, 247–250, 252 Survival studies, 477 Symmetric dimethyl arginine, 23 Symptom assessment, 299 Systemic diseases, 94 T Taxanes, 413 TC See Total cholesterol (TC) TDM See Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) Tele-consultation, 443 Index Temporary dialysis, 369–370 Temporary vascular access, 109 Tenofovir, 258 Testosterone, 219, 269, 270 deficiency, 219 therapy, 323 TG See Triglyceride (TG) TG-rich lipoproteins, 72 Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), 361, 436 Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, 413 Thienopyridines, 163 Thrombocytopenia, 106 Thromboprophylaxis, 368 Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA), 106 Thrombotic therapy, 178 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), 107 Thyroid gland, 273 Thyroid hormones, 273 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 273 Thyroxin, 273 TIBC See Total iron binding capacity(TIBC) Tight glycemic control, 428 Timely construction of a vascular access, 479 Timely initiation of dialysis, 481–482 Titratable acid, 84 TMA See Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) Total cholesterol (TC), 71 Total excretion of creatinine, 18 Total iron binding capacity(TIBC), 210 Total parenteral nutrition, 427 Total sleep time (TTS), 329 Trabecular bone, 229 TRALI See Transfusion reaction such as acute lung injury (TRALI) Transferrin, 208 Transferrin saturation (TSAT), 210, 214 Transfusion, 218 Transfusion reactions, 211 Transfusion reaction such as acute lung injury (TRALI), 218 Transplantation, 403 TREAT See Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy (TREAT) Treatment of hypertension in CKD, 62 Trial to Reduce Cardiovascular Events with Aranesp Therapy (TREAT), 212, 213, 216 Tricyclic antidepressants, 347 Triglyceride (TG), 71 Triiodothyronine, 273 Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, 258 Trypanolytic effect, 58–59 TSAT See Transferrin saturation (TSAT) T-score, 236 TSH See Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) TST See Tuberculin skin testing (TST) TTP See Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) TTS See Total sleep time (TTS) Tuberculin skin testing (TST), 466 Tuberculosis, 259 Index Tubular proteins, 24 Tubular secretion of creatinine, 18 Tumor markers, 412 Two kidney hypertension, 59 Types of pain, 298–299 Tyrosine kinase inhibitors, 413 U UK-HARP-II Study See United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-II) Study Ultrafiltration, 173–174 Ultrasound, 33–34 Underlying cause of ESRD, 463 Unenhanced computed tomography, 31 United Kingdom Heart and Renal Protection (UK-HARP-II) Study, 77 United States Renal Data System (USRDS), 10 Unplanned start onto dialysis, 445 Urea clearance, 20 Uremia, 4, 15, 17, 343 Uremic encephalopathy, 351 Uremic neuropathy, 344 Urinalysis, 12, 23 Urinary albumin, Urinary ammonium excretion, 86 Urinary sediment, 23 Urinary tract infection (UTI), 257, 368 Urinary tract pathologies, 469 Urine albumin/creatinine ratio (Urine ACR), 138 Urine anion gap, 85 Urine osmolal gap, 85 Urine sediment, 24 Urine spot protein-to-creatinine ratio (Urine spot PCR), 106 Urodynamic studies, 469 US Normal Hematocrit Study, 212 USRDS See United States Renal Data System (USRDS) UTI See Urinary tract infection (UTI) Utility, 493, 495 V Vaccination, 258–261, 263 VA-HIT See Veterans Affairs Cooperative HDL Cholesterol Intervention Trial (VA-HIT) Validity, 490, 495 Valvular heart disease, 157, 178, 179 513 Vandetanib, 413 VA NEPHRON-D trial, 65 Vascular access-related bacteremia, 142 Vascular access-related infections, 259 Vascular calcification inhibitors, 231 Vascular calcification promoters, 231 Vascular calcifications, 224, 231 Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 374 Vascular smooth muscle cells, 232 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, 276 Vasopressin, 273 VDR See Vitamin D receptor (VDR) VDRAs See Vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs) VEGF See Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) Venofer, 214–215 Ventilator-induced lung injury, 423 Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), 72 Veterans Affairs Cooperative HDL Cholesterol Intervention Trial (VA-HIT), 79 Visfatin, 277 Visual analogue scale (VAS), 495 Vitamin B12, 208 Vitamin D, 223 Vitamin D deficiency, 268 Vitamin D receptor (VDR), 224 Vitamin D receptor activators (VDRAs), 225 Vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists, 269 VLDL See Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) Volatile anaesthetic gases, 389 Volume overload, 17 von Willebrand’s Factor (vWF), 207, 219 vWF See von Willebrand’s Factor (vWF) W Warfarin, 237 Weight loss diets, 116 White coat hypertension, 66 Women, 10 X Xerosis, 287–289 Z Zolpidem, 341