Câu điều kiện là một trong các cấu trúc khá thông dụng trong tiếng Anh, câu điều kiện không quá khó nhớ nhưng cũng rất dễ quên, chúng ta có thể học thuộc công thức và cách sử dụng của chúng khá nhanh nhưng lại nhanh chóng quên sau đó nếu không thường xuyên dùng đến. Trong bài viết này sẽ cùng các bạn phân tích bản chất và phương pháp để chúng ta tránh trường hợp trên nhé.
Gồm phần lý thuyết +bài tập đáp án Phần 1: lý thuyết : Type Đk kết hợp Forms If + S + V(s,es), S+ V(s,es)/câu mệnh lệnh If + S + V(s,es), S + Will/Can/shall + Vo Usage Đk xảy hiẹn ỏ tương lai If + S + V2/ Ved, S +would/ Could/ Should + Vo Đk thật If + S + Had + V3/Ved, S + would/ could + have + Đk thật V3/Ved khứ If + S + had + V3/Ved, S + would + Vo Loại câu điều kiện tiếng anh (1) Câu điều kiện loại I Khái niệm câu điều kiện loại • • Câu điều kiện loại I gọi câu điều kiện có thực Điều kiện xảy tương lai Cấu trúc - Công thức câu điều kiện loại If + S + V (hiện tại), S + will + V (nguyên mẫu) IF + Chủ ngữ + Động từ chia đơn + Bổ ngữ, Chủ ngữ + WILL + Động từ nguyên mẫu + Bổ ngữ (nếu có) Nói cách khác, câu điều kiện loại 1, mệnh đề IF dùng đơn, mệnh đề dùng tương lai đơn • • Chủ ngữ chủ ngữ trùng Bổ ngữ không có, tùy ý nghĩa câu Mệnh đề IF mệnh đề đứng trước hay sau Trong câu điều kiện loại I, động từ mệnh đề điều kiện chia đơn, động từ mệnh đề chia tương lai đơn Ví dụ: If you come into my garden, my dog will bite you (Nếu anh vào vườn tôi, chó cắn anh đó.) If it is sunny, I will go fishing (Nếu trời nắng tốt, câu cá.) Cách dùng câu điều kiện loại 1: Câu điều kiện loại gọi câu điều kiện có thật Ta sử dụng câu điều kiện loại để đặt điều kiện thực nêu kết xảy ngữ pháp tiếng anh (2) Câu điều kiện loại II Khái niệm câu điều kiện loại 2: • • Câu điều kiện loại II gọi câu điều kiện thực Điều kiện xảy tương lai, điều kiện giả thiết, ước muốn trái ngược với thực trạng Cấu trúc câu điều kiện loại If + S + V (quá khứ), S + would + V (nguyên mẫu) - Trong câu điều kiện loại II, động từ mệnh đề điều kiện chia bang thái cách (past subjunctive), động từ mệnh đề chia điều kiện (simple conditional) Chú ý: Bàng thái cách (Past subjunctive) hình thức chia động từ giống hệt khư đơn, riêng động từ “to be” dùng “were” cho tất Ví dụ: • • If I were a bird, I would be very happy (Nếu chim, hạnh phúc.) Were I to learn Russian, I would read a Russian book Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện loại 3: Had + S + V3/Ved, S + Would have + V3/Ved • If he had trained hard, he would have won the match => Had he trained hard, he would have won the match If not = Unless - Unless thường dùng câu điều kiện - lúc Unless = If not Ví dụ: • • • • Unless we start at once, we will be late If we don't start at once we will be late Unless you study hard, you won't pass the exams If you don't study hard, you won't pass the exams Một số biến thể câu điều kiện: Sau biến thể có cụm động từ vế câu điều kiện loại I: GIẢ ĐỊNH CÓ THẬT (Real conditions) LOẠI I A Biến thể cụm động từ mệnh đề (main clause) - Đối với trường hợp muốn nhấn mạnh tính xảy việc If + present simple, may/might + V-inf Ex If the weather gets worse, the flight may/might be delayed - Đối với trường hợp thể đồng ý, cho phép, gợi ý If + present simple, may/can + V-inf Ex If it stops raining, we can go out - Đối với câu gợi ý, khuyên răn, đề nghị yêu cầu nhấn mạnh hành động If + present simple, would like to/must/have to/should + V-inf Ex If you go to the library today, I would like to go with you If you want to lose weight, you should some exercise - Đối với trường hợp muốn diễn tả hậu tất yếu điều kiện đặt theo quy luật thói quen If + present simple, present simple Ex If you eat this poisonous fruit, you die at once If you boil water, it turns to vapor - Đối với trường hợp xảy tương lai nhấn mạnh trạng thái diễn ra/hoàn thành việc If + present simple, future continuous/future perfect Ex If we leave Hanoi for Hue today, we shall be staying in Hue tomorrow If you your home work right now, you will have finished it in hours' time - Đối với câu mệnh lệnh (chủ ngữ ẩn mệnh đề chính) If + present simple, (do not) V-inf Ex If you are hungry, go to a restaurant If you feel cold, don't open the door - Đối với câu khuyên răn, trường hợp không thực câu điều kiện "if" mang nghĩa "as, since, because" If + present simple, why (not) + V-inf Ex If you like the movie, why don't you go to the cinema? B Biến thể cụm động từ mệnh đề điều kiện (if-clause) - Đối với trường hợp xảy If + present continuous, simple future Ex If he is working, I won't disturb him If you are doing exercises, I shall wait If I am playing a nice game, don't put me to bed.(tương đương simple future) - Đối với trường hợp không thời gian điều kiện có thật mà nhấn mạnh tính hoàn tất If + present perfect, simple future Ex If you have finished your homework, I shall ask for your help - Đối với câu gợi ý nhấn mạnh điều kiện If + would like to + V-inf, will/can/must/nothing + V-inf Ex If you would like to go to the library today, I can/will go with you - Đối với câu đề nghị, gợi ý, bày tỏ ý kiến mang tính lịch If + can/may/must/have to/should/be going to + V-inf, simple future Ex If I can help you, I will If I may get into the room now, I shan't feel cold If I must/have to take the oral test, I shall feel afraid If you are going to go to University, you must study hard before an entrance examination If you should see her tomorrow, please tell her to phone me at once (tương đương probably) Lưu ý: Trong câu "if + subject + should + V-inf.", should đưa lên đầu câu thay "if" Should + V-inf., simple future Ex Should you see him on the way home from work, please tell him to call on me Tương tự vậy, ta có số biến thể phổ biến cụm động từ GIẢ ĐỊNH KHÔNG CÓ THỰC (unreal conditions loại II III), tuỳ vào việc muốn nhấn mạnh trạng thái diễn tiến hay hoàn thành việc mệnh đề điều kiện việc mệnh đề LOẠI II A Mệnh đề (main clause) - If + past simple, would/should/could/might/had to/ought to + be V-ing Ex If we left Hanoi for Hue this morning, we would be staying in Hue tomorrow - If + past simple, past simple (việc xảy ra) Ex If the goalkeeper didn't catch the ball, they lost - If + past simple, would be + V-ing Ex If I were on holiday with him, I would/might be touring Italy now - If dùng "as, since, because" kết hợp với động từ nhiều khác mệnh đề không thực câu điều kiện Ex If you knew her troubles, why didn't you tell me? B Mệnh đề phụ (if-clause) - If + past continuous, would/could + V-inf Ex If we were studying English in London now, we could speak English much better - If + past perfect, would/could + V-inf Ex If you had taken my advice, you would be a millionaire now LOẠI III A Mệnh đề (main clause) - If + past perfect, could/might + present perfect Ex If we had found him earlier, we could have saved his life - If + past perfect, present perfect continuous Ex If you had left Hanoi for Haiphong last Saturday, you would have been swimming in Doson last Sunday - If + past perfect, would + V-inf Ex If she had followedmy advice, she would be richer now If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would be better now B Mệnh đề phụ (if-clause) - If + past perfect continuous, would + present perfect Ex If it hadn't been raining the whole week, I would have finished the laundry Các trường hợp dùng "wish" tương tự, chia làm loại, cách dùng bạn NHH nói có số biến thể tương tự Đối với trường hợp "if" sử dụng liên từ dùng để bắt đầu mệnh đề phụ trạng ngữ điều kiện thời gian, lúc "if = when" Vậy "if" "when" khác nào? - WHEN: dùng diễn tả điều chắn xảy Ex I am going to some shopping today When I go shopping, I'll buy you some coffee - IF: dùng diễn tả điều không chắn (có thể không thể) xảy tương lai Ex I may go shopping today If I go shopping, I'll buy you some coffee Lưu ý: Động từ mệnh đề phụ trạng ngữ bắt đầu "when" "if" present simple hành động xảy tương lai Ex When/If he arrives tomorrow, I'll tell him about it Bài tập 1: Hoàn thành câu sau với các từ ngoặc câu điều kiện loại 1) If we meet at 9:30, we (to have) plenty of time 2) Lisa would find the milk if she (to look) in the fridge 3) The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she (to feed) the animals 4) If you spoke louder, your classmates (to understand) you 5) Dan (to arrive) safe if he drove slowly 6) You (to have) no trouble at school if you had done your homework 7) If you (to swim) in this lake, you'll shiver from cold 8) The door will unlock if you (to press) the green button 9) If Mel (to ask) her teacher, he'd have answered her questions 10) I (to call) the office if I was/were you Bài tập câu điều kiện loại 1) If we (to send) an invitation, our friends (to come) to our party 2) He (not/to understand) you if you (to whisper) 3) They (not/to survive) in the desert if they (not/to take) extra water with them 4) If you (to press) CTRL + s, you (to save) the file 5) You (to cross) the Channel if you (to fly) from Paris to London 6) Fred (to answer) the phone if his wife (to have) a bath 7) If Claire (to wear) this dress at the party, our guests (not/to stay) any longer 8) If I (to touch) this snake, my girlfriend (not/to scream) 9) She (to forget) to pick you up if you (not/to phone) her 10) I (to remember) you if you (to give) me a photo Bài tập 3: Câu điều kiện loại 1) If you (to help) your grandma, I (to do) the shopping 2) Andrew (to water) the flowers if he (to stay) at home 3) If she (to have) pounds more, she (to buy) herself this Tshirt 4) If they (to offer) me the job, I (to take) it 5) You (to have) summer holidays from June till August if you (to live) in the USA 6) We (to sell) the bike for 20 Euros if Ron (to repair) it 7) If you (to use) a pencil, the drawing (to be) perfect 8) The children (to be) happy if he (to teach) them English 9) If Ireen (to visit) us, we (to go) out tonight 10) They (to come) again if he (to plan) a second stay Bài tập 4: Câu điều kiện loại 1) If you (to check) the car, it (not/to break) down in the middle of the desert 2) If it (not/to rain), the children (to play) outside 3) If my parents (not/to be) so tired, they (to watch) the film on TV 4) If she (to buy) a new hard disk, she (not/to lose) all data 5) If we (to use) the town map, we (not/to get) lost 6) If Tom (to eat) more salad, he (not/to catch) a cold 7) If the police (not/to stop) me, I (to reach) you in time 8) If his older brother (not/to drive) so fast, he (not/to crash) into the other car 9) If Fred (not/to cheat) at the test, his teacher (not/to phone) his father 10) If I (not/to switch off) the radio, I (to know) about the second goal Bài tập câu trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện có đáp án phía cuối viết 1-If I ……….the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have A-have B-would have C-had had D-should have 2-I………you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital A-would have visited B-visited C-had visited D-visit 3-………more help,I could call my neighbor A-needed B-should I need C-I have neeeded D-I should need 4-………then what I know today,I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years A-had I known B-did I know C-If I know D- If I would know 5-Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people…….the same language? A-spoke B-speak C-had spoken D-will speak 6-If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this,……this incident again A- I will never mention B-I never mention C-will I never mention D-I don’t mention 7-I didn’t know you were asleep.Otherwise,I…….so much noise when I came in A-didn’t make B-wouldn’t have made C-won’t make D-don’t make 8-Unless you ……all of my questions,I can’t anything to help you A-answered B-answer C-would answer D-are answering 9-Had you told me that this was going to happen, I…….it A-would have never believed B-don’t believe C-hadn’t believed D-can’t believe 10-If Jake…… to go on the trip, would you have gone? A-doesn’t agree B-didn’t agree C-hadn’t agree D-wouldn’t agree Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 11-20 11-When I stopped talking,Sam finished my sentence for me as though he … my mind A-would read B-had read C-reads D-can read 12-if you……., I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to watch T.V,but I didn’t want to bother you A-had studied B-studied C-hadn’t been studying D-didn’t study 13-I wish I…….you some money for your rent,but I’m broke myself A-can lend B-would lend C-could lend D-will lend 14-If someone ……in to the store,smile and say, “May I help you?” A-comes B-came C-would come D-could come 15-“Here ‘s my phone number” “Thanks.I ‘ll give you a call if I …….some help tomorrow” A-will need B-need C-would need D-needed 16-If I weren’t working for an accounting firm, I….in a bank A-work B-will work C-have worked D-would be working 17-The deathrate would decrease if hygienic conditions ……improved A-was B-is C-were d-had been 18-The education in Japan…… if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration A-would go down B-would have gone down C-went down D-had gone down 19-If there…….the ricefields could have been more productive A-had been enough water B-were enough water C-would be enough water D-are enough water 20-the patient could not recover unless he ……an operation A-had undergone B-would undergo C-underwent D-was undergoing Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 21 - 30 21-If she … him,she would be very happy A-would meet B-will meet C-is meeting D-should meet 22-If he … a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post A-had had B-had C-has D-has had 23-If I had enough money,I……abroad to improve my English A-will go B-would go C-should go D-should have go to 24-The bench would collapse if they……on it A-stood B-stand C-standing D-stands 25-If it……convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight, A-be B-is C-was D-were 26-If you……time, please write to me A-have B-had C-have had D-has 27-I shouldn’t go there at night if I ….you A-am B-was C-be D-were 28-If I …….get a pole, I will go fishing A-can B-could C-may D-might 29-If you had the chance,…….you go fishing? A-did B-may C-would D-do 30-If you … a choice, which country would you visit? A-have B-had C-have had D-will have Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 31-40 31-She will acept the offer if you persuade her A-unless B-because C-provided that D-otherwise 32-If he were here,he would accompany you on the piano A-Supposing he were here B-because he were here C-were he here D-Both Aand C 33-If she had gone abroad, she would have let you know A-had gone she abroad B-had she gone abroad C-Because she had gone abroad D-while she had gone abroad 34-Trees won’t grow…….there is enough water A-if B-when C-unless D-as 35-……….she agreed, you would have done it A-if B-had C-should D-would 36-If he hadn’t wasted too much time , he ……in his examination A-would fail B-wouldn’t fail C-wouldn’t have failed D-won’t fail 37-If I had taken that English course, I…….much progress A-had made B-would have made C-made D-would make 38-If I were in your place, I….a trip to England A-will make B-had made C-would make D-made 39-If you inherited a million pounds,what…….with the money? A-do you B-will you C-would you D-are you going to 40-If you…… as I told you, you…….in such predicament now A-Did/would not be B-had done/had not been C-do/would not be D-had done /would not be Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 41-50 41-Come and work for my company iif you…….better to A-have nothing B-will have nothing C-had something D-had nothing 42-If you had done as I told you ,I think you……… A-would succeed B-would have succeeded C-could succed D-had succeeded 43-If he had got half a mark more, he ……in the exam A-wouldn’t fail B-wouldn’t have failed C-won’t fail D-won’t be failing 44-If it……… tomorrow, we may postpone going A-rains B-will rain C-shall rain D-raining 45-If you hadn’t watched that late movie last night, you……sleepy now A-wouldn’t have been B-wouldn’t be C-might have not been D-would’t have been being 46 - If you …….as I told you, you ……….sorry now A-did/would not be B-had done/had not been C-do /would not be D-had done/would not be 47-If I………I will let you know A-am staying B-will stay C-do stay D-would stay 48-“Are you thinking about going to the Bahamas for the hollidays?” “No,but if I ……the time , I would definitely go” A-have B-had C-have had D-would have 49-“It’s really raining” “Yes.If the weather……, we’ll have to camp somewhere else” A-would get worse B-might get worse C-get worse D-should get worse 50-“Why did you only send twenty dollats in the mail?” “If I had had more money, I …… given you more.” A-will have B-would have C-would D-have Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 51-60 51-“My boss made me work overtime again” “If I were you,I……….my job” A-would quit B-will quit C-must quit D-quit 52-“Thanks for your help” “…….want more information,call again tomorrow” A-were you B-had you to C-might you D- should you 53-“Remember the day I drove you to the airport?” “If you hadn’t ……me ,I would have been late” A-take B-taking C-took D-taken 54-“Sally finally got here from Chicago” “If she had come earlier,we……taken her to the play” A-would be B-would have C-had have D-would had 55-“I don’t know whether to take that mathematics course or not” “If ………you, I’d take it” A-I am B-I will be C-I had been you D-I were 56-“My car broke down when I was leaving Detroit and I had to take the bus” “………,we would have picked you up” A-had we known B-if we have known C-we had known D-if we did know 57-“It’s beginning to rain” “…… ,we won’t be able to finish the ball game” A-If it stops B-should it stop C-unlees it stops D-if it didn’t stop 58-“Did you need help with your math last night?” “If I had, I………you” A-would call B-called C-would have called D-will call 59-“I’d really like some lunch but I have so much work to do” “…… what you want and I can get it for you” A-tell me B-if you would say me C-you will tell to me D-if you tell me 60-“John went to the hospital alone”, “If …….,Iwould have gone with him” A-had he told me B-he had told me C-ha has told me D-he would tell me Đáp án Bài tập 1; 1) will have 2) looked 3) had fed 4) would understand 5) would arrive 6) would have had 7) swim 8) press 9) had asked 10) would call 2) Bài tập 3) send/will come 4) will not understand/whisper 5) will not survive/do not take 6) press/will save 7) will cross/fly 8) will answer/has 9) wears/will not stay 10) touch/will not scream 11) will forget/do not phone 12) will remember/give Bài tạp 1) If you helped your grandma, I would the shopping 2) Andrew would water the flowers if he stayed at home 3) If she had pounds more, she would buy herself this T-shirt 4) If they offered me the job, I would take it 5) You would have summer holidays from June till August if you lived in the USA 6) We would sell the bike for 20 Euros if Ron repaired it 7) If you used a pencil, the drawing would be perfect 8) The children would be happy if he taught them English 9) If Ireen visited us, we would go out tonight 10) They would come again if he planned a second stay Bài tập 4: 1) If you had checked the car, it would not have broken down in the middle of the desert 2) If it had not rained, the children would have played outside 3) If my parents had not been so tired, they would have watched the film on TV 4) If she had bought a new hard disk, she would not have lost all data 5) If we had used the town map, we would not have got lost 6) If Tom had eaten more salad, he would not have caught a cold 7) If the police had not stopped me, I would have reached you in time 8) If his older brother had not driven so fast, he would not have crashed into the other car 9) If Fred had not cheated at the test, his teacher would not have phoned his father 10) If I had not switched off the radio, I would have known about the second goal Bài tập trắc nghiệm: Đáp 60 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm 1-C 31-C 2-A 32-D 3-B 33-B 4-A 34-C 5-A 35-B 6-A 36-C 7-B 37-B 8-B 38-C 9-A 39-C 10-C 40-D 11-B 41-A 12-C 42-B 13-C 43-B 14-A 44-A 15-B 45-B 16-D 46-D 17-C 47-C 18-B 48-B 19-A 49-D 20-C 50-B 21-D 51-A 22-A 52-D 23-B 53-D 24-A 54-B 25-B 55-D 26-A 56-A 27-D 57-C 28-A 58- C 29-C 59-A 30-B 60-B [...]... the hospital alone”, “If …….,Iwould have gone with him” A-had he told me B-he had told me C-ha has told me D-he would tell me Đáp án Bài tập 1; 1) will have 2) looked 3) had fed 4) would understand 5) would arrive 6) would have had 7) swim 8) press 9) had asked 10) would call 2) Bài tập 2 3) send/will come 4) will not understand/whisper 5) will not survive/do not take 6) press/will save 7) will cross/fly... A-can B-could C-may D-might 29-If you had the chance,…….you go fishing? A-did B-may C-would D-do 30-If you … a choice, which country would you visit? A-have B-had C-have had D-will have Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 31-40 31-She will acept the offer if you persuade her A-unless B-because C-provided that D-otherwise 32-If he were here,he would accompany you on the piano A-Supposing he were here B-because... you do C-would you do D-are you going to do 40-If you…… as I told you, you…….in such predicament now A-Did/would not be B-had done/had not been C-do/would not be D-had done /would not be Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 41-50 41-Come and work for my company iif you…….better to do A-have nothing B-will have nothing C-had something D-had nothing 42-If you had done as I told you ,I think you……… A-would succeed... get worse C-get worse D-should get worse 50-“Why did you only send twenty dollats in the mail?” “If I had had more money, I …… given you more.” A-will have B-would have C-would D-have Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 51-60 51-“My boss made me work overtime again” “If I were you,I……….my job” A-would quit B-will quit C-must quit D-quit 52-“Thanks for your help” “…….want more information,call again tomorrow”... water B-were enough water C-would be enough water D-are enough water 20-the patient could not recover unless he ……an operation A-had undergone B-would undergo C-underwent D-was undergoing Trắc nghiệm câu điều kiện từ 21 - 30 21-If she … him,she would be very happy A-would meet B-will meet C-is meeting D-should meet 22-If he … a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post A-had had... into the other car 9) If Fred had not cheated at the test, his teacher would not have phoned his father 10) If I had not switched off the radio, I would have known about the second goal Bài tập trắc nghiệm: Đáp 60 câu hỏi trắc nghiệm trên 1-C 31-C 2-A 32-D 3-B 33-B 4-A 34-C 5-A 35-B 6-A 36-C 7-B 37-B 8-B 38-C 9-A 39-C 10-C 40-D 11-B 41-A 12-C 42-B 13-C 43-B 14-A 44-A 15-B 45-B 16-D 46-D 17-C 47-C 18-B... understand/whisper 5) will not survive/do not take 6) press/will save 7) will cross/fly 8) will answer/has 9) wears/will not stay 10) touch/will not scream 11) will forget/do not phone 12) will remember/give Bài tạp 3 1) If you helped your grandma, I would do the shopping 2) Andrew would water the flowers if he stayed at home 3) If she had 5 pounds more, she would buy herself this T-shirt 4) If they offered... used a pencil, the drawing would be perfect 8) The children would be happy if he taught them English 9) If Ireen visited us, we would go out tonight 10) They would come again if he planned a second stay Bài tập 4: 1) If you had checked the car, it would not have broken down in the middle of the desert 2) If it had not rained, the children would have played outside 3) If my parents had not been so tired,