Kĩ năng giao tiếp thiết yếu effective communication skills

Score Score Score Score I like to do practical work I like to be told exactly what to do I am happy to work alone 3 I have a lot of ideas I understand how people feel I like

The journey so far

Last lecture

Learning Styles

Here you are in Slytherin, Where you'll make your real friends, Those cunning folk use any means

To achieve their ends."

"

You might belong in Gryffindor, Where dwell the brave at heart, There daring, nerve, and chivalry

Set Gryffindors apart”

"

Here in wise old Ravenclaw,

If you've a ready mind, Those of wit and learning, Will always find their kind."

"

You belong in Hufflepuff,

Where they are just and loyal,

Those patient Hufflepuffs are true

And unafraid to toil"

Learning Styles Models

Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator

Carl Jung

 Carl Gustav Jung (1875 – 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an

influential thinker and the

 Founder of analytical psychology, also known as “Jungian

Psychology”

EXPLORING THE SOUL

A Challenge to Freud

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

 Based on Carl Jung’s ideas

 Created during World War II to

help women who were entering

the industrial workforce

 Measured psychological

preferences in how people

perceive the world and make

decisions

 http://www.myersbriggs.org

Gregorc Learning Style

Concrete Sequential

Concrete Random

Abstract Sequential

Abstract Random

ANTHONY GREGORC – LEARNING STYLES

1 In each row (1-6), rank the 4 statements

The statement which fits you best gets a score of 4, next best 3, next best 2 and the one which fits you least gets a score of 1

You must use number 1, 2, 3 and 4 You cannot use half marks

2 Add the scores down in each column Put the total at the bottom

3 Plot your scores on the learning styles profile You will end up with a kite shape

4 Compare your kite shape to those of other people

Score Score Score Score

I like to do practical work

I like to be told exactly what to

do

I am happy to work alone

3 I have a lot of

ideas

I understand how people feel

I like to take things one step

at a time

I like to find things out from books and other sources

I like to be organised

I weigh up different ideas

5 I like to find out

I am keen to do written work

SANDWELL SECONDARY CURRCULUM SUPPORT PROJECT

CONCRETE SEQUENTIAL

Who … How … Ordered Checklists Structured Outlines Practical Charts Accurate Summaries Directions Data Organised Labs Hands-on Computers Detailed Practical reading Exact Short lectures

Square the scoring box

20

CONCRETE RANDOM ABSTRACT SEQUENTIAL

Who … How … Who … How … Independent Games and

solutions Researchers Note-taking Problem-solvers Options

20 Evaluative Essays Curious Open-ended

Deep Feelings Arts Flexible Humour

Short lectures

Central to Learning Styles

communication in learning

 knowledge & meaning is contructed through inter-personal mechanisms (verbal and written )

Part 1

Communications Introduction

How Projects Really Work

Decipering the cartoon?

Break down and failure of

communication!

What is

“communication”?

 Latin “communicare” - "to share, divide out; impart, inform; join, unite,

participate in," lit "to make common,“

 A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior

 The act of communicating; transmission.

 The exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech,

signals, writing, or behavior.

 Interpersonal rapport.

 Communications (used with a sing or pl verb)

1 The art and technique of using words effectively to impart information or ideas.

2 The field of study concerned with the transmission of information by various

means, such as print or broadcasting.

3 Any of various professions involved with the transmission of information, such as advertising, broadcasting, or journalism.

 Something communicated; a message

Brief History of Communications

Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered Model

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)

one of the earliest definitions of

communication

observing in any given case the

available means of persuasion”

(Rhetoric 1335b).

theory of communication and

language

http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

Aristotle’s Speaker-Centered Model

Aristotle’s Model of Communication

speaker's message

In other words, according to Aristotle a speaker sends a message to

an audience and the audience is affected by the message received

Progress and development

theory during the intervening millenia

 espcially after World War II

Laswell’s Model

“Who says what to whom in what channel with what effect”

scientist and communications

theorist

for the Study of War Time

Communications at the Library of

Congress

to identify mechanisms of

persuasion used to secure the

support of the German people for

the war

Laswell’s 5 Elements of Propaganda

Propaganda entailed five key elements

 Lasswell assembled these elements into a model and then turned the model into a simple question:

 “Who says what in which channel to whom with what effect?”

“ bring the boys home.”

 For example, it was

discovered that “Help win

the war” wasn’t the most

effective slogan to use for

selling war bonds

 Appealed to men, but not

women

 This led to the development

of a more effective slogan:

“Help win the war and

bring the boys home.”

The Shannon-Weaver Model

http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

Schramm’s Model of Communication

 Wilburn Schramm proposed this model in 1955

 Considered to be the best of all the theories since it is evolved and comprehensive

http://www.shkaminski.com/Classes/Handouts/Communication%20Models.htm#ClassicalCommunicationModels

Schramm’s Model of

Communication

 Emphasis on encoding process and source like that of Aristotle without any

recognition for noise.

 It too was a one-way direction of communication flow.

 Emphasis shifted to the shared domain of experience of sender and receiver.

 The sender has to take into consideration, according to this theory, the needs and abilities of the receiver, which he must be aware of due to shared

experience, and thus the selects the right channel and at the same time encodes the message in the way that can be understood by the receiver.

 Here the communication process is understood to be a two-way flow.

 Feedback was thought to be an essential element of communication system In

this stage of Schramm's theory, the communication process encompasses

sender, receiver, good channel, proper encoding, proper decoding, and

feedback The flow which ends with feedback starts immediately again to make a circular process.

Website design – Aristotle’s

“Rhetorical” principles (part 1)

 Ethos - ethos, from which we get the word "ethical," has to do with reputation or character, in

other words what other people think of us and whether they feel they can trust us

 In terms of digital design, ethos or credibility is extremely important for you to keep in mind because online trust determines whether people feel your site and its message are credible Digital ethos can be

constructed by a number of factors, such as visual appeal, organized navigation, and rich information content Yet the ancient Greek word ethos also had another basic meaning, that of habitual gathering place, and in some regards, online ethos can also be seen as whether a designer has constructed a site to which people can return again and again, or whether the site creates a sense of online community through user interactions.

 Logos - logos, from which we get the word "logical," concerns the logic and consistency of the

message being communicated

 In other words, does the content of your site make sense and is it written in a consistent tone or style? Consistency also becomes important in terms of overall site structure A poorly organized site with visually confusing pages can undermine the concept of logos, which in turn can reduce the site's overall ethos For Aristotle, all points of the rhetorical triangle were interrelated.

 Pathos - pathos, from which we get the words "pathetic" and "empathy," deals with the emotions,

specifically those of the audience In classical rhetorical theory, playing on an audience's

emotions was seen as a primary vehicle of persuasion, but in more modern times, pathos has come to mean any rhetorical act that addresses audience expectations or information needs.

 In this regard, it is extremely important that you understand and analyze the audiences for your Web site, anticipating their informational and navigational needs at every click of your site That is why Jakob Nielsen and his colleague stress using concise, scannable text in all Web documents because that's the way most Web users read.

http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html

Assignement

Website design – Aristotle’s

“Rhetorical” principles (part 2)

 In your first assignment for this class, due September 9th, you'll be asked to compose a rhetorical analysis of an organizational Web site In this analysis, you should examine all three points of the rhetorical triangle and how well the designers have addressed these three elements in their site design In other words, you'll be discussing how the designers constructed ethos, logos, and pathos.

 Audience Analysis

 Identification and analysis of your Web site's audience is perhaps the most crucial step you can take in the early stages of your design process Factors to examine in any audience analysis include:

 Context in which the site is being read

 User attitudes and motivations

 Education and reading levels

http://eserver.org/courses/f04/313/lessons/week2.html

Assignement

Process of

Communication

Process of Communication

Source

communicate into a form that can be sent and correctly decoded at the other end

assumptions, missing information, etc

Decoding

 Prior knowledge can influence the receiver’s understanding of the message

 Blockages in the receiver’s mind

 The surrounding disturbances

 Feedback can be:

 The sender needs to communicate the context

to the receiver for better clarity in the overall communications process.

Communication & the Organisation

Understanding communication process is critical to

management of the organization Managers

should understand that communication is rarely

understood as it should be The distortion of

the message can happen at any of the stages in

communication process-sender, receiver,

encoding, decoding, channel, message and

feedback

Prof.Appalayya Meesala, Professor of Management in Deccan School of Management

http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Dr.Appalayya_Meesala

What makes a good communicator?

What makes a good

Active Listening

4 steps

1 Understand your own

 High level of self-awareness to creating good & long lasting impression

on others

your personality while listening (Ideally, nodding your head)

Active Listening

1) Understand your own

communication style

 People speak 100-175 words per minute but can listen intelligently at 300 WPM

 One part of human mind pays attention, so it is easy to go into mind drift

 Listen with a purpose

 Purpose can be to:

3) Use Non-verbal Communication

(More on this momentarily )

 Remember what someone says and what we hear can be vastly different

Active Listening

4) Give Feedback

6 Ways of Using Non-verbal

Non-verbal communication

1) Eye Contact

Direct eye contact Confidence

Looking downwards Listening carefully, guilt/shame Single eyebrow raised Doubt, scepticism

Both eyebrows raised Admiring, encouragement

Bent eyebrows Sudden focus, intesity

Tears Emotional - joy or pain

…and many more

 Smile constitutes the largest part of facial expression

 Smiling is a powerful cue that transmits:

 Head nods, a form of gestures, communicate positive reinforcement

to students and indicate that you are listening

attention, makes the material more interesting, facilitates

understanding and provides a bit of entertainment

stiff and unanimated

Non-verbal communication

3) Gestures

Non-verbal communication

4) Posture and Body Orientation

stand and sit

communicates to your audience that you are approachable,

receptive and friendly

should be avoided; it communicates disinterest to your audience

 Cultural norms dictate a comfortable distance for interaction with audience

by invading your audience‘s space

 Vocal elements, such as:

 You have over 630 muscles in your body.

 It takes the interaction of 72 different muscles to

produce human speech.

 The strongest muscle in your body is your tongue.

 use it effectively

 Scientists estimate they move more than 100,000 times a

 So smile everytime you see someone – it’s easier!

Finally some body Facts

To sum up

How Project Really Work

What makes a good

 To achieve Active Listening:

Active Listening

6 Ways of Using Non-verbal