Slide môn phương pháp nghiên cứu khoa học

Ly lu~n: Nh~n thuc ducc cac Iy luan ve khoa hoc, nqhien cuu khoa hoc, bao gam: Cac thuat ngu khoa trien khai thuc hi~n duoc mot heat clQng nghien ciru khoa hQC: tir xac djnh van de nghie

PHU'O'NG PHAP

Phan Dien Vy, PhD Tniong D9i h9C Nqan hang TP HeM

PHU'ONG PHAP

Thai 1U'Q'ng: 45 tiet

Phan b6: Ly thuyet: 30 tiet

Thuc hanh: 15 tiet•

2

MVC olcu, YEU cAu

1 Nang cao nhan tmrc ve v~ trf, vai tro cua khoa hoc,

heat dong NCKH doi voi nhan I09i Nhln nhan, danh

gia mot van de tren quan diem khoa hQC

2 Cung cap cho nguoi hoc mot each c6 h~ thong

nhung Iy luan cd ban ve khoa hoc, NCKH, quy trlnh

cuu khoa hoc.

3 Nam vung quy trlnh thuc hien ducc mot heat dong

nqhien cuu khoa hQC a cac cap do khac nhau: tir

- " ,

TIEU CHI DANH GIA

I Ly lu~n: Nh~n thuc ducc cac Iy luan ve khoa hoc,

nqhien cuu khoa hoc, bao gam: Cac thuat ngu khoa

trien khai thuc hi~n duoc mot heat clQng nghien

ciru khoa hQC: tir xac djnh van de nghien ciru: To

chuc thuc hi~n heat dong nghien cuu: The hien vadanh gia mQt c6ng trinh nqhien ciru khoa hoc

4

eANH GIA KET QuA HOC TAP• •

I Danh gia giCra ky: 30%

II Tieu Iuan:. 30%

III Thi ket thuc man hoc:. 40%

Duoc sLr dunq tai li~u

4 Tran Tien Khai (2012), Phlldng phap nghien aiu

khoa h9C kinh te; NXB Lao dong - Xa hOi;

5 Nguyen Th! Canh (2007), Giao trinh phuoni; phap &

6 www.buh.edu.vn

6

1 Truong d9i hoc Ngan hang Tp.HCM/ Tei li?u tham

khso man: Phlldng pbep nghien aiu khoa h9C,

2 VO Cao Dam (2007), Phlldng phep lu~n nghien aiu

khoa hoc. NXB Giao due, HN;

TRUONG OAI HOC KINH TE TP HCM KHOA KINH ' TE PHAT TRIEN

8

IV Thong tin, dLPli~u

I NCKH va quy trinh NCKH

1.1 Nqhien cuu Khoa hoc

1.2 Cac hinh thuc to chuc nqhien cuu

1.3 Quy trinh nqhien cuu

I Nghien ciru khoa hec va quy trinh NCKH

1 Nghien ciru khoa hoc

1.1 Mot• so khal niem:•

<> TLr dien Bach khoa toan thu Wikipedia dinh nghTa:

nhu' lit slf di~u tra mang tinh h~ th6ng, vcYisuy

mc}t phu'onq phap khoa hoc"

I Tong quan ve khoa hQC va NCKH

1.1 Mot• so khai nlem:•

12

{> Nqhien CLPU khoa hoc Ia mot hoat dong tim kiern,

ra nhD'ng cal rnoi ve ban chat su' vat, ve th~ gi&i tl)'

I Tong quan ve khoa hQC va NCKH

1.1 Mot• so khai nlern:•

{> Kumar (2005) cho dmg: "Nqhien CLPU la mot trong

C8U hoi"

{> Nqhien CLPU cOng duoc dinh nghTa la "qua trlnh thu

thap va phan tich thong tin mot each h~ thong

1 Nghien ciru khoa hoc

khoa hoc chua bi~t" Bao g6m:

khoa hoc.

{- Sang t90 ra phuonq phap moi va phuong tien ky

thuat moi nharn cal t90 the gioi

14

I Tong quan ve khoa hQC va NCKH

1 Nghien cuu khoa hoc

~ Ml:)c tieu: tim klern kien thuc: tra loi cau hoi chua

./ Hanh dQng: Qua trinh thu th~p thong tin de phan

1.2 Cac dac di~m cua NCKH•

1.3 Vai tro cua NCKH

./ Lam thay doi each nhin nhan van de cua ngU'oi doc

~ Dan dat ngU'oi doc theo mot quy trlnh nao d6

1.4 Phan loai nqhien cwu khoa hoc

2.4.1 Theo tinh chat cua san pharn nqhien cuu

-c- Nghien cwu co ban: La nhD'ng nqhien CLrU nharn

phat hien thuoc tinh, cau true, dong thai cac SI.)' vat,

tuonq tac trong noi bo SI.)' vat va rnoi lien h~ giD'a SI.)'

vat va. cac SU' vat khac

-¢ Nghien cwu wng dunq: La su' van dl)ng quy luat

duoc phat hien tLPnqhien CLrU cO' ban de giai thichmot SI.)' vat, t90 ra nhD'ng nguyen Iy rnoi ve cac

giai phap va Lrng dunq n6.

18

1.4.2 Thea clurc nang nghien ciru

<> Nqhien cuu rna ta

~ Nghien cuu tLfdng quan

~ Nqhien cuu giai thfch

~ Nghien cuu du' bao

~ Nghien cuu sang t90

1.4.3 Thea each thirc thu'c hien• •

~ Nghien Iy thuyet

1.5 Nghien CLPU kinh te

<> Khoa hoc kinh te la mot bo phan cua KHXH,nqhien cuu tra loi cac cau hoi giai thich ve hanh vi

kinh te cua con ngU'O'I

"Nqhien cuu kinh te ta qua trlnh thu thap thong tin, dCP

hieu biet ve vai tro hoac la tong the nen kinh te doi v&i

vi~c dua ra cac quyet dinh kinh te trong mot b6i canhkinh te - xa hoi CI,J the" (Tran Tien Khai - 2013)

20

2 Cac hinh thu'c to chuc nqhien eLPu

2.1 De tal nqhlen ClPu: La mot hlnh thuc t6 chuc

hi~u qua kinh te - X8 hoi Dl,J'an c6 tinh (rng dunq cao

2.3 ChU'O'ng trinh khoa hoc: La mot tap hop cac de

ra tnroc

2.4 De an khoa hoc:• Be an khoa hoc•• la mot loai van•

22

3 Quy trinh NCKH

Quy trlnh nqhien cuu khoa hoc la mot chuoi cac buo'c tu' duy va van dunq kien thuc ve phuonq phap nqhien cuu va kien thuc chuyen nganh khai d~u tLr viec xac dlnh van

de nqhien cuu cho den buoc cuoi cunq ta tim

ra IcYicho van de dat ra

3 giai doan cua quy trinh nqhien eLPu

~ Giai doan mQt la giai dean rna nha nqhien cuu phai tim kiem van de nqhien cLPu, hay xay dl)'ng y tU'ang

tieu, cau hoi va gia thuyet nqhien cuu

~ Giai doan hai la qua trlnh rna nha nqhien cuu tap hop

ciru chi tiet va cu the (de cuonq nqhien cuu )

<> Giai doan ba ta viec to chuc va tien hanh nqhien cuu

(thu thap xLI' Iy thong tin, viet bao cao )

24

Cac buoc cua qua trinh nqhien cuu

nqhien cuu

• Burro 5: Thu thap dCP li~u

• Buoc 6: Phan tich dCP lieu.

Cac buoc trong quy trinh NCKH

26

Phan II

Xac dinh van de NC va xay dl!ng de cuonq NC

2.1 Xac dlnh van de nghien ciru

2.2 Cau hoi nqhien cuu va gia thuyet khoa hoc

II Xac dinh van d~ NC va xay dl)'ng d~ cuonq

NC

Van d.§ nghiem ciru la van d.§ rna nha nqhien cuu d~t

ra can duoc giai quyet NhU' v~y, de xac djnh dU'Q'C

van de nqhien cuu, nha nqhier: cuu phai tll hoi li~u c6

nhCl'ng van d.§ gl da va dang d~t ra can phai giai quyettrong cac ITnh Vl)'C cua doi song kinh te, xa hOi

28

2.1.2 Phu'dng phap xac dinh van de nghien ciru:

~ Cac chwonq trinh khoa hoc, cong ngh~ cua cac

dan vi tal tro.• •

nhO'ng "khoanq trong" tri thLPC

Nhan ra.

2.4.3 Cac can c(p khi xac dinh van de nqhien ctru:

./ Phai thfch thu voi van de.

./ Phai co Y nghia thuc tien

./ Sl,l' phu hop giCl'a cap do cua van de nqhien CLPU vakha nang giai quyet, Phai c6 tinh kha thi

./ Nquon Il,l'c cua ta c6 du de giai quyet van de

nqhien CLPU hay kh6ng

30

2.2 Cau hoi nqhlen CLPU va gia thuyet khoa hoc

2.2.1 Cau hoi nghien CLPu:

Cau hoi nqhien ciru thuc ra ta mot hay cac van dekhoa hoc can pha' lam ro rna nha khoa hoc d~t ra

Ban chat cua cau hoi nqhien cuu lien quan den cachanh d¢ng sau: kharn pha, rno ta, kiem dinh, sosanh, danh gia tac dong, danh gia quan h~, danh qia

2.2.1 Cau hoi nqhlen c(fu

Mot so IOQi cau hoi nqhien cuu nhu sau:

(1 )CaU hoi lam ro su' vat, hi~n tU'Q'ng nqhien cuu:

(2)C§U hoi v~ su khac biet giCl'a cac su' vat, hi$n

tU'Q'ng vai nhau;

(3)C§U hoi v~ mol quan h$ giCl'acac dac tinh cua SI)'

vat, hlen tuonq:

(4)C§U hoi v~ moi quan h$ nhan qua giCl'a cac dac

tinh cua su' vat hien tU'Q'ng

32

2.2.1 Cau hoi nqhlen cLPu

Xac I~p cau hoi nghien cuu.

C6 the c6 mot cau hoi duy nhat hoac c6 val cau hoi

cho van de nqhien cuu, TLP cau hoi nqhien cuu, nha

cau hoi chi tiet hon nharn dinh hU'ong qua trlnh

nghien cuu nhu: thu thap thong tin, dif li~u thong

2.2.2 Gia thuyet khoa hoc

ve ban chat su' vat, do nha nqhien CLrU dua ra

{- NhU' vc%ly,c6 th~ hieu gia thuyet nqhien CLrU la mot

nhCl'ng h~ qua cua n6

34

ThuQc tinh cua gia thuyet khoa hoc

minh

khong bao gia chi ton tal mot cau tra lai duy nhat

Vai tro cua gia thuyet khoa hoc

Trang nqhien cuu, gia thuyet d6ng mot so vai tro quan

-(1 )HU'ong dan, dinh hU'ong nqhien cuu:

(2)XaC minh cac SI)' kien nao la phu hop, va khong phuhop voi nqhien cuu:

(3)8e xuat cac dc;mgnqhien cuu thich hop nhat:

(4)Cung cap khung thiet ke nghien cuu d~ dinh ra cac

36

Phan loal gia thuyet

./ Gia thuyet rna ta

./ Gia thuvet giai thfch

./ Gia thuyet du' baa

./ Gia thiet giai phap

each thirc xay dllng gia thuyet

van de nqhien cuu:

,

nhCrngvan de lien quan;

2.2 Xay dl!ng de eu'dng nghien ciru

2.2.1 f)e eu'dng nghien ciru

ban "thiet ke" rna ta S8 thuc hien khi de tal duoc cho.

2.2 Xay dl!ng de cu'elng nghien cuu

2.2.2 Vai tro cua nghien cuu

40

·2.3 Cau true chung cua de cironq

1 Ten de tai

3 Tong quan ve van de nqhien cuu

r

6 Y nghia nghien cuu

7 Ket cau nQi dung nqhien cuu

8 Ke hoach thuc. hien.

Nqoai ra, trong mot so truonq hop, tuy theo yeu

1 Thong tin ve don vi chu trl thuc hlen

ky khoa hoc)

42

1 Ten de tal

the mang y nghTa an du SBU xa Con ten de tei khoa hoc chi dLFQ'cmang mot Y nghTa, kh6ng cho phep hieu hai hay nhieu nghTa).

muc tieu•

2 Ly do nghien ciru

nay? Can lam ro:

nqhlen cuu

./ Van de co tfnh cap thiet can pha: giai quvet

./ Van de chua duoc nqhien cuu hay nghien oru chua

sau, con c6 nhimq nqi dung can tiep tuc tim hieu, lam ro (khoang trong tri thuc)

44

3 Tong quan ve van de nqhien cuu

• Nhfrng van de triet 19 hoac h~ tu tU'ong lien quanden chu de nqhien va xu hU'&ng pho bien; Cac 19

(Tong quan 19thuyet)

• Sa 1U'Q'cva danh qia ve cac van de mang tinh lich

3 Tong quan ve van de nghien ciru Tong quan ve van de nqhien cuu, nharn:

• Cung cap nen tang Iy thuvet

• Chon IQc duoc phLtdng phap nqhien cuu phu hop,

• Chi ro "10 hong" tri thuc can giai quyet,

• Tang cLtang kha nang phLtdng phap luan,

• Mo rQng tam hieu biet trong linh vue ta dang NC.

• Glarn thieu cac sai ram.

• Dinh huang tim so Ii~u va thiet I~p bang cau hoi.

46

Tong quan Iy thuyet tot

chi tiet tung C8U hoi NC

d6ng thai chi rcSra nhCt'ng uu diem cOng nhu' mat

4 Ml:lc tleu, doi tU'Q'ng va pham vi nqhien ClPU

• Xay dl,J'ng h$ thcSng Iy luan lam co sa nqhien cuu

tU'Q'ng nqhien CLrU

ella de tal

4.1 MlJc tleu nqhien ciru, Phat triem rnuc tieu

(1) Tap trung S8U vao nqhien cuu, thu h~p van de

can thi~t cho nqhien cuu va giai quyet van de nghien

,

cuu:

Cau hoi nghien ciru de cuonq nghiem CLrU trong

mot s6 trU'ang hop can phai trinh bay cau hoi nghiEm

cuu gan voi nhCl'~g rnuc tieu nghien CLPU da xac dinh,

cac C8U hoi c6 the gam:

(1) Cau hoi lam ra SI)' vat, hien tU'Q'ng nqhien CLPU;

(3) Cau hoi ve mol quan h~ giCl'a cac dac tlnh cua SI)'

vat, hi~n tuonq:

(4) Cau hoi ve rnoi quan h~ nhan qua giD'a cac d~c

tinh cua su' vat hi~n tU'Q'ng

50

I I

Gia thuyet nqhien ciru, (J n¢i dung nay ta trinh bay cac gia thuyet cot loi cua nqhien cuu, tuc

nhCt'ng nhan dlnh so b¢ cua nha nqhien cuu ve cac

C8U hoi nqhien cuu da neu,

4.2 aoi tLfqng nghien cuu, La ban chat cua sir v~t/hi~n tUQ'ng rna nha nqhien cuu can xem xet va lam ro trong nhiern vu nghien ciru Can phan biet:

~ Khach nghien cuu la h~ thong sir v~t ton tal khach quan trong moi lien h~ rna nguoi nqhien cuu can kham pha - la v~t mang doi tuQ'ng nqhien cuu

~ Doi tuQ'ng khao sat la mot bO phan du d9i dien cua khach the nqhien cuu ducc It/a chon xem xet.,

52

4 MlJc tieu, doi tlfqng va pham vi nghien ciru

4.3 Pham vi nghien cuu, Phan nay tra loi cau hoi

'A

gom:

• Ph~m vi doi voi doi tuqng nqhien cuu

• Pharn vi thai giant kh6ng gian dien bien cua sir

kien .

• Pharn vi nQi dung can giai quvet trong nqhien cuu

5 Cae phLtong phap su dl}ng trong nqhlen ciru

5.2 Thuc nghi~m Nqhien cuu thong qua viec tien

5 Cae phuonq phap sLP dl;lng trong nqhien cuu

6 Y nghia cua nqhlen CLPU

La nhCPng d6ng g6p khoa hoc rna ket qua nqhien

cuu mang l<;li,bao g6m ca ve Iy luan va thuc tien

rnoi hay bo sung, dieu chinh Iy thuyet cO

56

7 Ket cau nQi nqhien ciru

(J rnuc nay, ta can xac dinh cac noi dung nghiem

hien d§ dat rnuc tieu d~ ra, bao gam: cac nQi dung

7 Ket cau nQi nghien cuu

1 Phftn cac luan Cll' Iy thuyet:

Hay "Khung Iy thuyet" thU'ang qol la "co sa Iy luan" la

cua tac gia

cuu theo tu duy dien dich

-58

7 Ket cau nQi nghien cuu

hay thuc tranq ve van de nqhien cuu la nhCrng ketqua thu duo'c tLPnqhien cuu thuc tien hay tinh huang

thong qua cac phuonq phap thu thap, xu 19 va phan

ve mat Iy thuyet cOng nhu ket qua ap dunq thuc tien

trong qua trlnh nqhien cuu

1 Ket cau nQi nqhien ciru

3 Phan thao luan, bao gam nhCrng danh qia, blnh

•

dU'O'cve van de. nqhien CLrU

3 Phan k~t lu~n, Bao gam nhCrng k~t luan ve toan be.

8 Ke hoach• thuc hlen• •

1 Cac noi dung, cong vlec chu y§u can duoc thuchlen (cac moe danh qia chu y§u)

3 Ca nhan hay to chuc thuc hien nhung nQi dung

danh qia

9 Cae phuonq an phoi hop (neu eo)

nghien cuu

62

10 San phan d" kien

o Bao cao phan tich

o Ti e u chua n, quy pham o T ai I j ~ u phuc vu giang day , dao

o Quy trinh cong nghe o Luan clnrng kinh te-ky thua t,

bao cao nghien ciru k ha thi

Phan III Cac phuonq phap nghien cuu co ban

3.3 Nqhlen cuu djnh tinh va NC dlnh 1u'c;1ng

3.1 Phuonq phap nqhlen cuu khoa hoc

ve mat 19 luan va thuc tien

66

3.1 Phu'dng phap nqhien cuu khoa hoc

tiurc suy nghT, 19 lu~n, khao cuu, quan sat, thi

3.1 Phlidng phap nqhien cuu khoa hoc

lieu.

68

3.2 Cac phuonq phap tu' duy khoa hoe•

Hai phU'O'ng phap tU' duy khoa hoc

3.2 Cac phlidng phap tu' duy khoa hoe•

• PhU'O'ng phap dien dlch: Suy luan dien dich thea

la suy luan di tLr cal chung tol cal rienq, nghTa la tLr

xac dinh mot khung Iy thuyet, phat bieu mot gia

thuyet va thu thap thong tin de kiem dinh gia

,

thuyet

Thong thU'ong, hau het cac nqhien cuu deu duoc

phat trien thea each tU' duy dien dich, tuc la khi ta

nghien ciru deu dua tren nhD'ng Iy thuyet san co

tinh ph6 quat tren toan the gi&i 70

3.2 Cac phu'dng phap tu duy khoa hoe

• Cac buoc trong tu duy dien dich:

tong quan nqhien cuu)

}Thu thap dCrli~u d§ ki§m dinh gia thuyet

-e-Ra quyet dinh hay chap nhan gia thuyet

I

I I

3.2 Cac phuong phap tu' duy khoa hoe

72

3.2 Cac phuonq phap tu duy khoa hoc

• PhL(dng phap tu duy quy n9P c6 cac bL(oc sau:

{> Quan sat the gi<Yi thuc

{>Tim kiern mot mau hlnh de quan sat

-<¢> Tong quat h6a ve nhCl'ngvan de dang xay ra

Vonq tron nqhien CLPU va 2 each tiep can cua tu duy

Cau hoi nghien

cuu

74

3.3 Nghien cLPudjnh 1U'Q'ng& NC djnh tinh

~ La IOQi hlnh NC rna ta muon uoc 1U'Q'ng h6a Sl)' bien thien cua doi tU'Q'ng nghien CLPu Thong ke la cong cu

duoc LPng dunq cho viec 1U'Q'ng h6a cac thong tin cua nqhien CLPUdjnh 1U'Q'ng

tich dO' lieu, giai thich, va viet ra cac ket qua cua mot

cong trlnh nqhien CLPu.

~ PPNC8L phu hop cho cac nghien CLPUkhoa hoc X8 hQi nharn xac dinh nhan to anh hU'ang? Tac dQng cua su

Dac diem cua NC£lL.

<> Co gang do lU'ang chinh xac su' vat hien tU'Q'ng

<¢> Trong NC kinh doanh, kinh te: £)0 lU'ang hanh vi, kien thuc, '1 kien, thai do cua con ngU'ai n6i chung hay khach hang n6i rieng

<¢> Tra lai cau hoi lien quan den bao nhieu? ThU'ang xuyen nhu

the nao? Va ai?

<> Chu yeu SLP dunq phuonq phap dieu tra

<¢> ThU'ang ap dl)ng kiem dinh 1'1 thuyet

<¢> Dei hoi nha nqhien CLPU duy tri mot khoanq each voi doi tU'Q'ng quan sat de tranh thien I~ch ket qua

<> Thong tin thu thap bao gam cac tra lai cua ngU'ai duoc dieu tra

rna chung duoc rna h6a, phan loai, so h6a de c6 the thuc hien cac phan tich thong ke.

76

3.3.2 Nghien cLPu djnh tinh

<> Berg (2009) cho rang nqhien CLrU dinh tinh hU'ang

nqhien cuu

<> Cooper va Schindler (2006) nqhien CLrU dlnh tinh

3.3.2 Nghien cLPu dlnh tinh

V&i ban chat nhu v$y, nqhien cuu dinh tinh bao gam

tuonq nqhien cuu

Nqhien cuu dinh tinh thU'ang duoc ap dl)ng trong cac

78

ese• diem cua NeaT

,

thuyet

lieu.

<> Mot so khac bi~t giua NCDL & NCDT

MD ta bang IOi noi, hinh anh

LQc dir li~u bang cDng CL:J

ma hoa IOi noi (dDi khi co

tro qlup cua may tfnh)

LUQ'ng hoa dCf li~u bang each

ma hoa de phan tfch thong ke bang may tfnh

80

{> Mot so khac bi~t giiJa NCDL & NCDT

Thau hieu la chuan rrnrc, ducc quvet dinh boi leal va

so hlQ'ng cac cau hoi tra loi

SLt thau hieu di theo sau thu th~p dii' Ii~u va nhap dCf Ii~u, It

<> Mot so khac biet giua NCDL & NCDT

Thong tin phan hoi

Co mau nho cho phep thu thap du li~u nhanh hen

Sl/ thau hieu cho phep rut ngan qua trinh phan tich dii'

lleu, thai gian nqhien cuu dai

Nguon: Cooper va Schindler (2006)

82