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Bảo tồn và phát triển thuốc của người dân tộc thiểu số Ethnomedicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are two important elements of traditional medical systems in China. Integration and mutual complementary of traditional medicine and modern medicine is the unique integrated medical system of China in the world. This lecture presents principles and methods of ethnomedicine studies in China; describes potentials of traditional ethnomedicine for new drug development; analysis relevant issues and challenges that involve in the new development, and perspectives from ethnobotanical point of view on ethnomedicine development. Định hướng phát triển thuốc dân tộc (không theo y lý như thuốc cổ truyền).
Methods and Approaches of Ethno-medicine Studies and New Drug Development Pei Shengji Professor, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Heilong, Kunming 650204, China Table of Content Abstract History and Definition Principals and Methods Potential for New Drug Development and Challenges Perspectives Abstract • Ethno-medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) are two important elements of traditional medical systems in China Integration and mutual complementary of traditional medicine and modern medicine is the unique integrated medical system of China in the world This lecture presents principles and methods of ethno-medicine studies in China; describes potentials of traditional ethno-medicine for new drug development; analysis relevant issues and challenges that involve in the new development, and perspectives from ethnobotanical point of view on ethnomedicine development • Key words: ethno-medicine, principals, methods, approaches, new drug development, challenges History and Definition 1) History • Use of herbal medicine in Asia is a long history of human interaction with the environment, written documents on 67 medical plants in Vedas, 4,500 to 600BC: and 290 herbal drug in Ayurveda; In China, Sheng-Nongs Herbal Book (3,000BC) comprises 365 plants and animals • Ethno-medicine as a term first used in science was in 1967 at San Francisco ‘International Conference on NeuralPharmacology’ 2) Definition • Bruhn & Holmstedt 1981: An interdisciplinary field on study and explanation on human traditional used or observed living things that have bio-active compound • De Smet 1989: A multi-disciplinary scientific method to study the traditional use of crude drugs and toxications in human development • Schultes 1991 and Hedberg 1993: A scientific field of observation on ingredients and efficacy of traditional medicine as well as description and experimentation of such medicines • In China, ethno-medicine refers to medicines that used traditionally by people of different culture (1997) and specific refers to ethnic minority cultural groups • Therefore, both Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ethno-medicine system in China are officially recognized traditional medicine system in China 2 Principals and Methods 1) Three Principals: (1) Inter-disciplinary approach of thinking involving: • • • • • Medical Sciences Biological Sciences Anthropology Environmental Science Historical Documents and Ancient Literatures (2) Participatory methods of studying team (3) Traditional knowledge based and benefitsharing 2) Scope of Ethno-medicinal Studies G Samuelsson suggested components of ethno-medicine research: a Inventory and botanical identification b Literature survey c Bio-active screen d Separation and identification of effective compound and agent e Pharmacological studies on bioactive agent f Toxic studies g Clinic test h Drug manufactory 3) Methods (1) Ethnobotanical methods: Field survey; interview; inventory; sample collecting and botanical identification of voucher specimen; PRA assessment; market survey methods and literature studies (2) Cultural-anthropological methods: key informants; origin of medicine, cultural believes on medicinal plants and traditional medicine; semi-structured interview 3) Bio-chemistry methods: Bio-active compound screen, identification of leading compounds, and extraction and separation of bioactive agent • Field Rapid-screen methods • Sample collection methods • Laboratory studies 4) Pharmacological Methods • Pharmacological efficacy & toxication testing; pharmaceutical and manufactory studies etc 5) Ethnobotanical Quantitative Methods (1) Quantitative Inventory (2) Free listing and Ranking (3) Informant – Indexing Technique (4) Pairwise Comparison (for analyzing functional equivalents) (5) Linear – Log Model Analysis; The formula is: log (nij)=µ+αi+βj+τij+eij (6) Data – base establishment Potential for New Drug Development and Challenges 1) A Fundamental Strategy for Research Based Pharmaceutical Companies • Pfizen (USA) • Yamanouch (Japan) • FDA revised new drug application for botanical medicine • Chinese ethno-medicine industry: 1,200 companies (2006) 2) Important Approach for Exploring New–drug from Natural Resources • Prototype drug for new medicine • Leading compound as basis • New–drug design based on traditional medicine • Development of complementary and functional food • China: 2002 Registered New Ethno – drugs: 405 drugs • Guizhou: Registered New Ethno – drugs: 240 drugs (Miao–medicines) 3) Inheritance or Replacement? • Development of ethno-medicine is for inheritance of traditional medicine but not replacement of traditional medicine • Single chemical agent, or extracts of plant ≠ traditional medicine • Commercialization and community livelihoods concern 4) Ethno-medicine based New–drug has to be: (1) Natural materials (2) Based on traditional recipes (3) As effective as traditional medicine (4) Accepted by people at large economically and culturally 5) Systematic investigation and documentation of traditional medical knowledge as basis for new–drug development 6) Be Sensitive to Resource Protection • Total world MP: 25,000 spp • MP in China: 11,146 spp • By 2050, at least half of MP in the world will be endangered 7) IPR Protection of Traditional Ethno– medicine • Respect, maintain and protect of TMK • Legislative action on IPR Protection of TMK Perspectives 1) Maintaining diversity of human health–care systems as strategy to against human disease 2) Recognizing interactive and complementary relationship between modern medicine and traditional medicine is the key 3) Improving common understanding on traditional medicine and policy influencing are important to policy makers 4) Revitalization of community medical traditions for livelihoods is urgent 5) Enhancing capacity of developing countries for new drug development 6) Protection of medicinal resources and traditional medical knowledge 7) Strengthening international and regional collaborations and network Thank You! ... China, Sheng-Nongs Herbal Book (3,000BC) comprises 365 plants and animals • Ethno-medicine as a term first used in science was in 1967 at San Francisco ‘International Conference on NeuralPharmacology’