* Cách dùng:Thì quá khứ hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động hay sự kiện xảy ra trước một thời điểm hay một sự kiện khác trong quá khứ.Ví dụ: We had finished planting trees before lunchtime
Trang 1VERB TENSES I/ THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE : THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN
Câu nghi vấn Do / Does + S + V 0 … ?
* Động từ “ To be”: I + am You / We / They + are She / He / It + is
* Cách dùng:
- Diễn tả một hành động được lập đi lập lại
Ví dụ: They go to church every Sundays
- Nói về sự thật
Ví dụ: Thanksgiving comes on the fourth Thursday of November
* Từ nhận biết: Always (Luôn luôn), Usually (Thường thường), Often ( Thường xuyên),
Sometimes (Thỉnh thoảng), Never ( Không bao giờ), Seldom, rarely (Ít khi), Every … ( Mỗi……),
EXERCISES
* Complete the following senrences, using the simple present tense
1 They ( go ) to church every Sundays
2 She often ( watch ) TV in the evening
3 What (you / do ) every morning?
4 I always ( get ) up at 7 o’clock in the morning
5 After classes he often ( listen ) to music
6 She ( not play ) volleyball every afternon
7 Nam (often be ) late for school
8 Lan and I ( be ) in class 6A
II THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE: THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN
Câu xác định S + am / is / are + V -ing Câu phủ định S + am / is / are + not + V -ing Câu nghi vấn Am / Is / Are + S + V -ing ?
* Cách dùng:
- Thì hiện tại tiếp diến diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra tại thời điểm nói
Ví dụ: Please don’t make so much noise I am working
- Hành động đang xảy ra không nhất thiết vào tời điểm nói
Ví dụ: Mary wants to work in France, so she is learning French
* Chú ý cách thêm –ing vào động từ:
- Động từ tận cùng là –e, ta bỏ –e, thêm – ing ( write – writing )
- Động từ một vần tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước có một nguyên âm ta gấp đôi phụ âm rồi thêm
– ing ( swim – swimming )
- Động từ 2 vần có dấu nhấn ở vần hai, tận cùng bằng một phụ âm, trước là một nguyên âm, ta
gấp đôi phụ âm rồi thêm –ing ( begin – beginning )
* Từ nhận biết: Now, right now, at the moment, at present
EXERCISES
* Complete the following senrences, using the present progressive tense
Trang 21 Tom ( sleep ) and we ( play ) video games at present.
2 What you ( do ) now?
3 We ( not study ) now, we ( watch ) TV
4 You ( listen ) to me, Mary? – Yes, I am
5 Hurry up He ( wait ) outside
III THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN
Câu xác định S + will + V 0
Câu phủ định S + will + not + V 0
Câu nghi vấn Will + S + V 0 ……?
* Cách dùng: Thì tương lai đơn diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong tương lai
* Từ nhận biết: Tomorrow, next… , in + năm trong tương lai, some day, sooner or later
* NEAR FUTURE: TƯƠNG LAI GẦN
S + is / am / are + going to + V 0 Diễn tả một dự định trong tương lai
EXERCISES
* Complete the following senrences, using the simple future tense
1 Goodbye ! We ( see ) you tomorrow
2 The weather ( start ) a little colder tomorrow
3 Stay home Lan ( call ) you tonight
4 Look at those black clouds It is going ( rain )
5 You ( be ) free tomorrow?
IV THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN
Câu xác định S + V - ed / -2 I / he / she / it + was
You / we / they + were Câu phủ định S + didn’t + V 0 S + was / were + not ……
Câu nghi vấn Did + S + V 0 … ? Was / Were + S ……… ?
* Cách dùng:
- Thì quá khứ đơn diễn tả hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ
- Diễn tả thói quen trong quá khứ
* Từ nhận biết: Yesterday, ago, last……., in + năm ở quá khứ
* Chú ý: Cách thêm –ed
- Động từ tận cùng là –e, ta bỏ –e rồi thêm –ed Ví dụ: arrive - arrived
- Động từ tận cùng là –y, trước nó là một phụ âm thì ta đổi –y thành –i rồi thêm ed
Ví dụ: try – tried
- Động từ tận cùng là một phụ âm, trước nó là một nguyên âm, ta gấp đôi phụ âm rồi thêm -ed
Ví dụ: fit – fitted
EXERCISES
* Complete the following senrences, using the simple past tense
1 I ( start ) school when I was six
2 We ( meet ) his parents yesterday
3 The school ( be ) in bad conditions three years ago
4 Your aunt ( call ) you yesterday?
5 He ( not visit ) Da Lat last summer
V THE PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ TIẾP DIỄN
Trang 3Câu xác định S + was / were + V - ing
Câu phủ định S + was / were + not + V - ing
Câu nghi vấn Was / Were + S + V - ing ….?
* Cách dùng:
- Diễn tả hành động xảy ra tại một thời điểm xác định trong quá khứ
Ví dụ: They were working at seven o’clock last night
- Diễn tả hành động đang xảy ra trong quá khứ thì có một hành động khác xen vào
S + was / were + V - ing when S + V - ed / -2
Ví dụ: I was sleeping when the phone rang
S + V - ed / -2 while S + was / were + V - ing
Ví dụ: The phone rang while I was sleeping
EXERCISES
* Complete the following senrences, using the past progressive tense
1 What you ( do ) at six o’clock yesterday?
2 Nam ( take ) a shower at eight o’clock last night
3 I ( do ) my homework at seven o’clock yesterday
4 While they ( eat ), the phone rang
5 It ( rain ) when the plane got to Ha Noi
VI THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH
Câu xác định S + have / has + V - ed / -3
Câu phủ định S + have / has + not + V - ed / -3
Câu nghi vấn Have / Has + S + V - ed / -3 ….?
* Cách dùng:Thì hiện tại hoàn thành diễn tả:
- Hành động vừa mới xảy ra trong quá khứ
Ví dụ: I have just finished my homework
- Hành động hay sự kiện tại một thời điểm không chắc chắn trong quá khứ
Ví dụ: I have already seen that film
- Hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng còn liên quan đến hiện tại
Ví dụ: She has studied French for three years
* Từ nhận biết: Just, already, yet, ever, so far, recently, lately, before, up to now, since, for Since + a point of time ( một điểm thời gian ) (Since 2011, Since January,…… )
For + a period of time ( một khoảng thời gian) ( For 5 years )
EXERCISES
* Complete the following senrences, using the present perfect tense
1 We ( not come ) to your house for two years
2 She ( live ) here since last year
3 He ( see ) you since yesterday?
4 Nam ( collect ) stamps since 1999
5 You ( finish ) your composition yet? – Yes, I have
VII THE PAST PERFECT TENSE: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH
Câu xác định S + had + V - ed / -3
Câu phủ định S + had + not + V - ed / -3
Câu nghi vấn Had + S + V - ed / -3 ….?
Trang 4* Cách dùng:Thì quá khứ hoàn thành diễn tả một hành động hay sự kiện xảy ra trước một thời điểm hay một sự kiện khác trong quá khứ.
Ví dụ: We had finished planting trees before lunchtime yesterday
When I arrived at the party, Lucy had already gone home
EXERCISES
* Complete the following senrences, using the present perfect tense
1 We stopped for a rest after we ( walk ) for two hours
2 I ( finish ) my homework before I went to school
3 We received her letter after she ( move ) to a new house
4 I ( see ) him eating in the restaurant before going home yesterday
5 We missed the beginning of the play, because it ( already start ) when we arrived
EXERCISES
I Put the verb in brackets into the correct tense:
1 I ( get )……… up the day before yesterday
2 What……….you (do) ……… The day after tomorrow?
3 She always (go) ……….to sleep before her mother does
4 She rarely (take) ……….a bath after dinner
5 ……….you (take) ……….a trip next summer?
6 Alice and Mary (put) ……….away the dinner dishes right now
7.The telephone rang while I (take) ……….my shower this morning
8 In what year……….World War II (break) ……….out?
9 We (learn) ……….grammar right at the moment
10 John and Tom (write) ……….letters at the moment
11 Listen! Someone (knock) ……….at the door
12 It always (snow) ……….in winter It (snow) ……… Now
13 I (read) ……….a book when the electricity was disconnected
14 Look! A boy (run) ……….after a dog He (want) ……….to catch it
15 I (spend) ……….this weekend in Dalat I (go) ……….there nearly everymonth.16.The bell rang while I (have) ……….lunch
17 When the war (end) ………., we were living in the countryside
18 Marconi (invent) ……… radio a long time ago
19 She (not, speak) ……… To me for over a month
20 I (buy) ……….a good dictionary yesterday morning
21 ……….you (have) ……….dinner yet?
22 So far, I (not, see) ……….a camel
23 In France birbs (fly) ……… to the South before winter comes
24 He (sit) ……….on a chair at 9:00 last night
25 I (know) ……… him for a very long time
26 My parents (come) ……….to stay with me next month
27 The war began while he (live) ……….in France
28 They (just leave) ……….here
29 He (turn) ……….on the fan now
30 There (be) ……….no intelligent life on the moon
31 He thanked me for what I (do) ………
32 My bicycle isn’t here any more Somebody (take) ……….it
33 I (not, see) ……….her for three years I wonder where she is
Trang 534 The performance (begin) ……….at 7 o’clock and (last) ……….for three hours We all (enjoy) ……….it.
II Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first.
1 Samuel started keeping a diary in 1997
5 He hasn’t written to me since April
The last time………
6 She hasn’t had a swim for five years
10 Robert and Catherine have been married for ten years
It’s ten years………
11 It’s two weeks since they cleaned their room
Trang 6THE PASSIVE VOICE IS FORMED: be + past participle ( V/ V - 3 / - e d )
S + V + O ( active : chủ động)
S + be + V( - 3 / - e d) + by + O ( passive: bị động )
I/ THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE : THÌ HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN
S + V / V - s / - e s + O She opens the door
S + am / is / are + V - 3 / - e d + by + O The door is opened ( by her )
II THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: THÌ QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN
S + V - 2 / - ed + O She wrote some letters to me
S + was / were + V - 3 / - e d + by + O Some letters were written to me ( by her )
III/ THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE : THÌ HIỆN TẠI TIẾP DIỄN
S + am / is / are + V-ing + O Nam is reading a book in the room
S + am / is / are + being + V - 3 / - e d + by + O A book is being read in the room by Nam
IV THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: THÌ HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH
S + has / have + V - 3 / - ed + O We have just finished our homework
S + has / have + been V - 3 / - e d + by + O Our homework has just been finished (by us)
V SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE: TƯƠNG LAI ĐƠN
S + will + V + O My father will buy a new car next month
S + will + be V - 3 / - e d + by + O A new car will be bought by my father next month
VI MODAL VERB: ĐỘNG TỪ KHIẾM KHUYẾT
S + modal verb + V + O I can do this work
S + modal verb + be V - 3 / - e d + by + O This work can be done (by me)
* Ghi chú: Modal verbs: can, could, may, might, ought to, have to, must, be going to, should, used to,….
VII CÁCH BIẾN ĐỔI CÂU PHỦ ĐỊNH, CÂU HỎI YES/NO VÀ CÂU HỎI CÓ TỪ ĐỂ HỎI:
1 Câu phủ định:
a Hiện tại đơn
She does not open the door
Trang 7The door is not opened ( by her )
b Quá khứ đơn:
She did not write some letters to me
Some letters were not written to me ( by her )
c Hiện tại tiếp diễn:
Nam is not reading a book in the room
A book is not being read in the room by Nam
d Hiện tại hoàn thành:
We have not just finished our homework
Our homework has not just been finished (by us)
e Tương lai đơn:
My father will not buy a new car next month
A new car will not be bought by my father next month
f Modal verb:
I can not do this work
This work can not be done (by me)
2 Câu hỏi YES / NO:
a Hiện tại đơn
Does she open the door ?
Is the door opened ( by her ) ?
b Quá khứ đơn:
Did She write some letters to you?
Were some letters written to me ( by her )?
c Hiện tại tiếp diễn:
Is Nam reading a book in the room?
Is a book being read in the room by Nam?
d Hiện tại hoàn thành:
Have you just finished your homework?
Trang 8Has your homework just been finished (by you)?
e Tương lai đơn:
Will my father buy a new car next month?
Will a new car be bought by my father next month?
f Modal verb:
Can you do this work?
Can this work be done (by you)?
3 Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi:
Where did your child find the key?
Where was the key found by your child ?
Which book do people prefer ?
Which book is prefered ?
Who made the final decision?
By whom was the final decision made?
VIII SPECIAL CASES: MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT.
1 Động từ có hai tân ngữ:
a Loại câu passive thêm “TO”
Những động từ “ give, send, show, pay, teach, tell, lend, promise, hand, throw, wish, deny, offer, own …” có 2 túc từ Trường hợp này chúng ta có 2 hình thức của câu bị động
* Chúng ta sử dụng “TO” khi “DO” trở thành chủ từ trong câu bị động
Ví dụ: My father gave me a new hat
S V IO DO
I was given a new hat by my father
A new hat was given to me by my father.
b Loại câu passive thêm “FOR”
Những động từ “ buy, make, leave, order, do, save, get …” có 2 túc từ Trường hợp này chúng ta có 2 hình thức của câu bị động
* Chúng ta sử dụng “FOR” khi “DO” trở thành chủ từ trong câu bị động
Ví dụ: I bought my brother some books
S V IO DO
My brother was bought some books ( by me)
Some books were bought for my brother ( by me)
2 People / they + V + that + S + V
Cấu trúc active trên khi được đổi sang passive có thể theo hai cách sau:
Trang 9Ví dụ: People know that she is married People know that she is married
It is known that she is married She is known to be married
Ví dụ: People know that she was married People know that she was married
It is known that she was married She is known to have been married
3 Verb of perception: Các động từ chỉ giác quan
I Turn these sentences into passive voice:
1 They have built up all sorts of fearsome prospects in their mind
2 My brother is going to choose engineering for his future job
3 They are preparing dinner in another room
4 Lenin gave each of them two exercise books
5 Women all over the world are acquiring greater independence
6 The 20th century has given us a lot of advantages
7 You will have to make great efforts in studying
8 We are going to translate HAMLET into our native language
9 Your sister must pay attention to her teacher’s advice
10 In his chapter, we are going to give him an intelligent test
11 She isn’t going to pick these roses for the party
12 Someone has taken away all of my English books
13 People are talking about him everywhere
14 Noone can answer that question
15 People say that he is 007
16 The teacher made us do a lot of exercises
17 How are they going to do this project?
18 Which picture did you draw yesterday?
19 People rumoured that the coming crop was the worst
20 People say that prevention is better than cure
21 They used to make the little boys climb the chimneys to clean them
22 Are you going to take an English course during the summer?
23 They have to cancel all the fights from London because of the bad weather
24 We saw her cross the intersections
25 People considered that Micheal Jackson has been the best pop singer
26 They know that he is armed
27 He saw the stranger rob the National Bank
28 We believe that he has special knowledge which may be useful to the police
29 I rarely hear her call her children bad names
30 The burglar broke into the house last night and klled the hostess
Trang 1031 The Irish had to put dowm the English flag.
32 They didn’t look after the children properly
33 Everyone looks up to him
34 They must hand in weaponds
35 He poured all of the milk out
36 When he come, they had solved the problem
37 He made us work late at night
38 What will I do if noone meets me at the airport?
39 Nobody showed them how to do
II Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the original one:
1 Our boss has suggested a new idea
A new idea………
2 You must wash this sweater in warm water
This sweater………
3 We sold the last shirt of this style a few hours ago
The last shirt………
4 They built the Effel Tower in 1889
The Effel Towe………
5 The police are questioning him at their headquarters
Trang 1119 The police were following the suspects.
The suspects.………
20 People think that an apple a day is good for you
An apple………
21 We have to improve all the schools in the city
All the schools………
22 They are going to build a new bridge in the area
A new bridge………
23 They have buit two department stores this year
Two department stores………
24 The students are planting trees in the schoolyard at the moment
1 S 1 + wish (es) + (that) + S 2 + V -2 (ed) / were
Diễn tả một mong muốn trái ngược với thực tế trong hiện tại
Ví dụ: I don’t have a lot of friends at school
I wish I had a lot of friends at school
2 S 1 + wish (es) + (that) + S 2 + could / would + V
Diễn tả một mong muốn trái ngược với thực tế trong tương lai
Ví dụ: I can’t drive a car
I wish I could drive a car
EXERCISES
I Write the correct form of the verb in parenthese:
1 I wish I (have)…….………more time now to help you with your lesson
2 I wish our teacher (explain) …….………that lesson to us again tomorrow
3 He wishes it (stop) …….………raining now
4 She wishes someone (offer) …….………to help her with that work tomorrow
5 We wish it (be) …….………a little warmer in this room We feel very cold
6 I wish I (be) …….………as handsome as he is
II Circle the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences:
1 She wishes she…….………a movie star
Trang 122 He wishes his mother…….………him much money tomorrow.
3 We wish it…….………today
4 I wish you…….………well at school, but you don’t
5 we wish that he……….the girl next door
6 I wish she…….………to my party but she won’t
7 We wish the weather…….……… fine today
III Each sentence has a mistake Idetify it by choosing A, B, C or D:
1 She wishes she is the most beautiful girl in the world
IV Rewrite the sentence that has the same meaning as the root one:
1 I don’t understand what the man says
Trang 13The children wish……….………
7 I do not know many English words
1 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1 : CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 1
S + V / V –s (es)
S + is/ am / are S + will/ can/ may/ must + V
Câu điều kiện loại 1 là câu điều kiện có thật ở hiện tại, chỉ một khả năng có thể có được
ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
Ví dụ: If we pollute the water, we will have no fresh water to use
2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2: CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN LOẠI 2
S + V – 2 (ed)
Câu điều kiện loại 2 diễn tả điều kiện trái ngược với thực tế trong hiện tại.
Ví dụ : If I were a bird, I would be a pigeon ( Nếu tôi là chim, tôi sẽ là loài chim bồ câu )
* Ghi chú:
Unless = if ……not (nếu không )
Trang 14Unless it rains , we can play tennis If it doesn’t rain , we can play tennis
If it doesn’t rain , we can play tennis Unless it rains , we can play tennis
EXERCISES
I Put the verbs in the following sentences in the correct tenses:
1 If she has time this morning, she (finish)……… this drawing
2 We will stay at home if it (rain) ………
3 If I had enough money now, I (buy) ……… a computer
4 If he (be) ……… a prime minister, he would spend more money on education
5 If we win the lottery, we (give) ……… them half of the money
6 She will need new clothes if she (get) ……… any fatter
7 If he (play) ……… foodball all day, he would get very tired
8 If the young man wanted to see me, he (come) ……… to my office
9 If Henry is late, the train (not, wait) ………
10 I will go with him if he (go) ………
11 You will be ill if you (eat) ……… too much
12.If she were older, she (have) ……… more sense
13 If you (read) ……… that book carefully, you would understand it
14 If it (be) ……… fine tomorrow, I (play) ……… tennis
15 My uncle (be) ……… able to help us if he (be) ……… here now
16 Were I you, I (not do) ……… that
17 If you (go) ……… away, please write to me
II Circle the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences:
1 If you work hard, you……… in the final examination
2 We will be unhappy if you ……… come
3 If you……… somewhere else, where would you like to be?
4 What………you do if you have a lot of money
5 What will you do if you………the final exam
6 If I were you, I ………that camera
7 ……….you work harder, you won’t be able to pass the exam
8 If it………rain, we’ll have the party outside
9 If I………a bird, I would be able to fly
10 Unless you understand, I……….explain it to you again
11 Liz would come to see you, if she……… your address
12 If we……… hard, we’ll make this beach a clean and beautiful place again
Trang 15A will work B worked C have worked D work
13 “My boss made me work overtime again.”
If I were you, I……….my job”
14 If I………the day-off tomorrow, I would go on a trip to the mountains
15 If it………, we ‘ll buy warm clothes
16 If you heat ice, it……… into water
17 If I……… a new car, I would take you to the movie
18 If my father……….a doctor, he would be very rich now
19 If it……… , I would not go to school
20 If we had enough time, we ………to you
III Each sentence has a mistake Idetify it by choosing A, B, C or D:
1 We won’t get lost if we took a map
0 She doesn’t have a bicycle so she has to walk to school
If she had a bicycle, she wouldn’t have to walk to school.
1 She loves him, so she forgives him easily
Trang 164 If you didn’t speak quickly, I could understand you.
25 It is rainy, so the children can’t go swimming
The children could………
26 She doesn’t know the answers, so she can’t tell you
If ………
27 We don’t buy a lot of new books because we don’t have a lot of money
Trang 17Ví dụ: Hoa said: “ I am happy now “ He said: “ I can play piano”
Hoa said (that) she was happy then He said (that) he could play piano
* Ghi chú:
- Động từ say to (said to) đổi thành tell (told) Tuy nhiên, nếu sau say (said) không có túc từ (object) thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta có thể giữ nguyên động từ say (said)
- Bỏ dấu phẩy ( , )
- Thay dấu ngoặc kép ( “ ) bằng that Có thể bỏ từ that.
- Ngôi thứ nhất (I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours) cùng ngôi với chủ ngữ (subject) của động từ
tường thuật
- Ngôi thứ hai (you, your, yours) cùng ngôi với tân ngữ (object).
- Ngôi thứ ba (he, him, his, she, her, hers, they, them, their, theirs) không thay đổi.
II REPORTED SPEECH IN QUESTIONS: CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT TRONG CÂU HỎI
1 Reported speech in“ Wh question” : Câu tường thuật trong câu hỏi có từ để hỏi
S + asked / told + O + Wh -word + S + V-2 / - ed
Ví dụ: He asked me: “ What do you know about Malaysia?”
He asked me what I knew about Malaysia?”
Ví dụ: Nam asked me: “ what is your name?”
Nam asked me what my name was
2 Reported speech in Yes/ No question : Câu tường thuật trong câu hỏi yes / No
S + asked / told + O + if ( whether) + S + V(-2 / - ed )
Ví dụ: He asked me: “ Do you know about Malaysia?”
Trang 18He asked me if (whether ) I knew about Malaysia?”
Ví dụ: Nam asked me: “ Is your name Hoa ?”
Nam asked me if (whether ) my name was Hoa
* Ghi chú: Khi tường thuật một câu hỏi, các em lưu ý những điểm sau:
- Trong câu hỏi tường thuật, chủ từ đi trước động từ, ở đây ta không còn đảo động từ ra trước chủ từ nữa
- Trợ động từ “Do” không còn dùng trong câu hỏi tường thuật và dấu hỏi thay bằng dấu chấm
- Đại từ và tính từ sở hữu được đổi tùy theo chủ từ của động từ giới thiệu là gì
III COMMANDS IN REPORTED SPEECH: MỆNH LỆNH TRONG CÂU TƯỜNG THUẬT
S + asked / told + O + ( not ) to + V ……….
requested begged ordered ……….
Ví dụ: He said to me: “ Can you post this letter for me?” He asked me to post this letter for him Ví dụ: The doctor said to me: “ Stay in bed for a few days “ The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days - Bỏ từ PLEASE nếu trong câu trực tiếp có từ này * Ghi chú: Khi đổi từ câu nói trực tiếp sang câu nói gián tiếp thì những động từ , những từ chỉ định, những trạng từ chỉ thời gian và không gian cũng phải thay đổi theo bảng dưới đây: Câu nói trực tiếp Câu nói gián tiếp Câu nói trực tiếp Câu nói gián tiếp now then/ immediately can could today that day must had to tonight that night shall Should ago before / earlier will would here there yesterday the day before these those last night / week the night / week before this that on / next Monday the following Monday may might tomorrow the next / following day * Ghi chú : Các từ “ would, could, should, ought to, might “ không được thay đổi trong câu tường thuật EXERCISES I Put the following sentences into reported speech: 1 He said, “ I am going to town with my sister”………
2 He said to her, “ You are wearing your best clothes”………
3 They said, “We are unlucky today” ………
4 She said to me, “I want to speak to your brother” ………
5 She said, “I have helped my mother” ………
Trang 196 John said to Mary, “She is ready to go with us” ………
7 She said to me, “They do not know you” ………
8 He said, “ I shall answer the phone” ………
9 She said to them, “You can do it if you try” ………
10 He said, “He has done his homework well” ………
II Put the following sentences into reported speech: 1 She said to him, “ Where do you live?”……… ………
2 She said to me, “ Have you been to town today?”… ………
3 She said to John, “How is your father today?” ………
4 He said, “Where shall I be tomorrow?” ………
5 John said, “May I close the window?” ………
6 John said, “What do you say, Mary?” ……… ………
7 Mary said, “Do you feel well, John?”…… ………
8 He said to me, “ What is your name?” ………
9 She said to me, “Where are you going for your holidays?” ………
10 She said, “How long does it take to get to London, Ba” ………
III Put the following sentences into reported speech: 1 Mary said to John, “ Open the box for me please”………
2 The teacher said to Jim, “ Don’t be late for class again”………
3 He said to me, “Don’t make noise” ……….………
4 She said to her classmates, “Be quiet, please” ………
5 Maryam said, “Help me with this exercise, Tom”……… ………
6 The teacher said to me, “Write that exercise out carefully” ……… ………
7 She said to me, “Don’t believe everything she says”…… ………
8 He said to me, “ Think before you answer” ………
9 My father said to me, “Put your book here” ……… ………
10 She said to her brother, “Lock the front door before you go out” ………
IV Finish the second sentence so that it has the same meaning as the first: 1 “Which class are you in?” I asked him………
2 “Do these books belong to you, Lien?” Nam said Nam asked Lien………
3 “ We are having a wonderful time here,” they said They said………
4 “Which dress are you wearing to the party tonight, Jane?” I asked I asked Jane………
5 “I am having a birthday party next Sunday,” Mary said Mary said………
6 “Mary, please lend me your bicycle pump,” Paul said Paul asked ………
7 She said, Children, stay away from the water.” She warned………
8 “Don’t worry about your mistakes, Jane”her teacher said Jane’s teacher told………
9 “I’ll see you in the morning, Helen.” Jack told Helen………
10 I’m taking the 5.30 train tomorrow in the moring.”
Trang 20Peter said ………
11 “I like this hotel very much.”
Anna told me………
12 She said, “Please forgive me, Mom.”
She begged………
13 “ You should see a lawyer,” the policeman said to Mark
The policeman advised………
14 “Go on, apply for a job,” Jim said to me
Jim encouraged me ………
15 He said:” I am going to Ha noi tomorrow.”
He said………
16 She asked me:”How old are you?”
She asked me ………
17 Mary said:”I am very happy on my birthday.”
Mary said…….………
18 Mrs.Tuyet said to her son:”Give the book to me, please.”
Mrs Tuyet told her son………
19 His mother said to him:”Don’t forget to turn off the faucet after using.”
His mother told him………
20 She asked me:”Have you ever been to Da Lat.”
She asked me………
21 He said to me:”Can you help me?”
He asked me………
22 The tourist asked me:”Is there a post office near here?”
The tourist asked me………
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PREPOSITIONS
I PREPOSITIONS OF TIME: GIỚI TỪ CHỈ THỜI GIAN
1 AT
- at + thời gian ( at 2 o’clock )
- at midnight, at noon, at night, at lunchtime
- at the weekend nhưng on weekends
- at Easter, at Christmas nhưng on Christmas Day
2 ON
- on + thứ ( on Monday, on Tuesday,… )
- on + ngày tháng (on 20th November )
- on + ngày tháng năm ( on 2nd March 2010 )
- on time = đúng giờ
3 IN
- in + tháng ( in January, in febuary,…)
- in + năm ( in 2010 )
- in + mùa ( in the Spring, in the Summer, in the Fall, in the Winter )
- in + một phần trong ngày ( in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening )
- in a moment, in a minute, in a week, in a month, in a year
- in time = đúng giờ
Trang 21II PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE: GIỚI TỪ CHỈ NƠI CHỐN
1 AT: chúng ta sử dụng at với
- a point: at the airport, at the station, at the bus stop,….
- address: at 11 Tran Hung Dao Street
- events: at a meeting, at a concert,…
- Chúng ta thường dùng at trong các thành ngữ: at work, at home,…
- in + khu vực rộng lớn ( in Asia, in Europe,…)
- in + thành phố ( in Ha Noi, in Bangkok, in London, in Long Xuyen City,….)
- in the living room
- in the garden
III PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND MOVEMENT:
* Ghi chú:
- between………and…… = giữa……và… - from… to… = từ…… đến… – look after = chăm sóc
- be proud of = tự hào, hãnh diện - be interested in = thích thú - look for = tìm kiếm
- apply for = tìm - look forward to + V-ing = mong chờ - go on = tiếp tục
- congratulate……on… = chúc mừng… - divide into = chia, phân chia - turn off = tắt
- different from = khác biệt - turn on = mở
EXERCISES
I Circle the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences:
1 The soccer match begins……….4.30 pm
2 Family members often gather……… the living room to enjoy special foods and exchange wishes together on the first day of the Lunar New Year
3 In this program, we plant trees………the streets and in the park
4 Look both directions carefully before you walk……….the streets
5 I met him……….the bus stop yesterday
6 Mr and Mrs Hoang get up early……….the morning to feed the animals and the poultry
in front of: ở phía trước between: ở giữa behind: phía sau opposite: đối diệnbeside: bên cạnh onto: phía trên, lên trên next to: kế bên up: ở trên, lên
into: vào, vào trong under: ở dưới over: trên down: xuống
inside: bên trong outside: bên ngoài around: xung quanh from: từ
to: đến along: dọc theo across: qua, ngang qua
Trang 22A at B in C of D till
7 Where is the national bank? – It’s……… the post office
8 Please wait for me I will be there……….ten minutes
12 When did you start learning English?- I started learning English four years………
13 Our school-year often starts……….September
17.Television became popular………the 1950s
18 We have been pen pal……… 3 years
22.The Earth goes……….the Sun
23 She is going to apply……….a job in the international bank
24 He is very proud………his son who got a scjolarship to study abroad
25 She has just received a letter………her friend in Malaysia
26 I am looking forward………hearing from you
Trang 2330 What did you do……….Christmas? – Traveling abroad with my friends.
II Fill each space with a suitable preposition:
1 What do you do ……….the evening?
2 I told him that I was still a young boy ………that time but he didn’t believe me
3 Can you imagine I have known him………three years now
4 He used to have lunch……… midday, but he doesn’t eat lunch now
5 What did you do ………Christmas?- Travelling abroad with my friends
6 All right I will be back……….a week Wait for me, please!
7 Are you afraid ……….snakes?
8 They also like to wear ao dai……… work
9 The word jean comes ………a material made in Europe
10 Many people think it’s necessary………students to wear uniform
11 Are you proud……… your country and its tradition
12 Students should be equal………many ways
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TAG QUESTIONS
- Nếu động từ trong câu ở thể khẳng định thì câu hỏi đuôi ở thể phủ định và ngược lại nếu động từ trong câu ở thể phủ định thì câu hỏi đuôi ở thể khẳng định
S + be ………, be not + S? She is a student, isn’t she?
S + be not ………, be + S? She isn’t a student, is she?
S + can/could/may/might… …, can/could/
may/ might not + S? He can play the piano, can’t he?
S + can/could/may/might not… …, can/could/
may/ might + S? He can’t play the piano, can he?
S + V/ V -s (-es) ………., do/does not + S? He likes coffee, doesn’t he? They like apples, don’t they?
S + don’t/ doesn’t + V ………., do/does + S? He doesn’t like coffee, does he? They don’t like apples, do they?
S + V -2 (-ed) ………., did not + S? We saw her yesterday, didn’t we?
S + didn’t + V ………., did + S? They didn’t agree with her, did they?
S + have/has + V -3 (-ed …… , have/has not + S? She has seen that film, hasn’t she?
S + have/has + not +V -3 (-ed …… , have/has+ S? She hasn’t seen that film, has she?
* Ghi chú: - I am right, aren’t I?
- Let’s sing karaoke, shall we?
- Turn on the light, will you?
Dù phần đầu câu chủ từ là một danh từ (noun) thì trong tag-question danh từ đó phải được thay thế bằng một đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronoun)
Ví dụ: Your daughter is a university student, isn’t she?
noun pronoun
Trang 24I Circle the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences:
1 Nga and Maryam are pen pals, ……….they?
2 You can’t speak Chinese, ……… you?
3 You like jeans,………you?
4 Hoa has lived in Ha Noi for 3 years,……….she?
5 Nam passed his exam,……… he?
6 Jane loves the food and the beaches in Viet Nam,……… she?
7 Pau will come to Viet Nam next summer,……….he?
8 Mary was ill yesterday,……….she?
9 Nam didn’t go to the English Speaking club,………he?
10 The program is interesting,………it?
11 Let’s go somewhere for a cold drink,………?
12 Open the door,………?
13 You used to live in Hue,………you?
14 I am not late,………I?
15 You have to finish your homework before playing game,………you?
16 You don’t like love films,……… you?
17 He enjoyed his time here,……….he?
18 Na does not know the neighborhood very well,……… she?
19 She is practicing music lesson in her room,……….she?
20 The natural resources will be short in a few decades,……… they?
II Complete the following sentences with correct tags:
1 Let’s help the old woman with the housework,………?
2 The John family used to live in Liverpool,……….?
3 Islam is her country’s official religion,……….?
Trang 254 Some designers have made Ao dai modern and fashionable,……….?
5 A huge tidal wave hit Anchorage, Alaska, in the 1960s,……… ?
6 Mai and Lan won’t come with us,……….?
7 The weather isn’t very bad today,……… ?
8 Don’t forget,……….?
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ADVERB CLAUSES
I Adverb clauses of reason (Mệnh đề chỉ lý do với BECAUSE, AS , SINCE = vì, bởi vì)
Because / as / since + clause (mệnh đề)
- Mệnh đề chỉ lý do có thể đứng trước hoặc sau mệnh đề chính
Ví dụ : I didn’t go to the movies last night because I was tired
Because I was tired, I didn’t go to the movies last night
Because of + N / V-ing
Ví dụ: Because I had a headache, I couldn’t go to school yesterday
Because of my headache, I couldn’t go to school yesterday
II
Adverb clauses of concession : ( Mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản)
Although / though / even though (dù, mặc dù) + clause (mệnh đề)
Ví dụ: Although he was tired, he went to work.
They went out though it rained heavily.
Despite / in spite of + N / V-ing
Ví dụ: Although the weather is bad, they go on a picnic.
Despite / In spite of the bad weather, they go on a picnic.
III Adverb clauses of result: ( Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả)
- So / therefore: vì thế
Ví dụ: We missed the bus, so we walk to the school.
He got up late, therefore he was late for class
- Chúng ta có thể dùng “so……….that / such ……….that” để nói về kết quả.
S + be + so + adj + that ………
Ví dụ: The storm was so strong that it destroyed a large area.
It + be + such + a/an + adj + N + that………
Ví dụ: It was such a strong storm that it destroyed a large area.
IV Connectives: Từ nối
1 Từ nối AND (và) : Được dùng để nối hai thành phần cùng loại của câu
He has a house and a dog ( Anh ấy có một căn nhà và một con chó )
2 Từ nối BUT (nhưng) : Dùng để giới thiệu một từ, một cụm từ hay một mệnh đề tương phản lại từ, một cụm từ hay một mệnh đề được nói trước trong câu
She was poor but she was honest ( Cô ấy nghèo nhưng cô ấy chân thật)
3 Từ nối HOWEVER (tuy nhiên) : Dùng để giới thiệu một câu tương phản với những gì đã nói
trước đó HOWEVER có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc tách ra giữa câu bằng hai dấu chấm phẩy
Nam is very tired However , he has to finish her homework before he goes to bed
4 Từ nối OR ( hoặc ) : Dùng để nêu lên một khả năng khác của các thành phần cùng loại trong câu Thường được dùng trong câu hỏi
Do they live in the city or in the country?
Trang 26V Adverb clauses of time: ( Mệnh đề chỉ thời gian)
After (sau khi) / before (trước khi) / while (trong khi) / when (khi)
- Khi 2 sự kiện xảy ra cùng 1 lúc, chúng ta dùng when/ while để nối 2 mệnh đề
Ví dụ: My mother was cooking while my father was washing dishes.
When I came, he was doing his homework.
- Khi 2 sự kiện xảy ra, 1 sự kiện xảy ra sau sự kiện khác ta dùng “ after / before / when “ Sự kiện xảy ra trước ta dùng thì quá khứ hoàn thành, sự kiện xảy ra sau ta dùng thì quá khứ đơn
Ví dụ: The film had started before I came in
After the film had started , I came in
My friends had left when I got there.
VI SO / TOO/ EITHER / NEITHER:
- Để diễn tả sự đồng tình ta sử dụng “so / too : cũng vậy, either / neither: cũng không”
S + do / does / be , too
So + do / does / be + S
S + don’t / doesn’t / be not , either
Neither + don’t / doesn’t / be not + S
- SO và TOO được sử dụng trong câu khẳng định
- EITHER và NEITHER được sử dụng trong câu phủ định
VII TOO – TO / ENOUGH -TO INF
S + be + too + adj + ( for + O) + to + V 0
Ví dụ: Tea is too hot to drink
S + be (not) + adj + enough + to + V 0
Ví dụ: She is not old enough to be in my class
EXERCISES
I Circle the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences:
1 I use the internet only a few hours a day……… it’s time-consuming and costly if
we spend much time on it
2 I live in the countryside,……….I can not easily get access to the internet
3 She was not satisfied with her English test………she got 9 marks for it
4 Our environment is becoming polluted now,……… we have to do something to protect it
5 We should take showers instead of baths……….baths use twice as much as showers
6 ……… the weather is predicted not to be good today, they decide to go swimming
7 People should save energy………the shortage of the natural resources
8 ………they had had lunch, they went boating in the river
9 ……… having a lot of homework to do, he usually helps his mom do the chores
10 The city of Kobe in Japan was destroyed heavily………a huge earthquake in 1995
Trang 27A because of B because C though D when
11 Tet is the most important holiday for Vietnamese people, ……….everyone who lives apart tries to return to their home at tet
12 Nowadays, Vietnamese women like to wear Ao dai………it is their traditional dress
II Each sentence has a mistake Idetify it by choosing A, B, C or D:
1 After they have had meals, they played games
III Finish the second sentence in such a way that it has the same meaning as the original one:
1 He couldn’t meet you because of being busy
6 The children couldn’t go swimming because the sea was rough
The sea was too………
7 The question was so difficult that noone could answer it
It was such………
8 The weather was bad yesterday, so we canceled a trip to the beach yesterday
We canceled………
9 The house is very expensive He can not buy it
The house is so………
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GERUNDS
1 Form: V-ing
2 Use:
Trang 28- Danh động từ làm chủ ngữ
Ví dụ: Going to the cinema is fun
- Danh động từ đứng sau giới từ
Ví dụ: She is afraid of going there
* Ta phải dùng danh động từ sau những động từ sau:
- Finish = hoàn thành - Avoid = tránh
- Enjoy = thích thú - dislike = ghét, không thích
- Imagine = tưởng tượng - Support = ủng hộ
- Quit = từ bỏ - Prevent = ngăn cản
- Delay = hoãn - deny = từ chối
- Consider = cân nhắc - Risk = liều lĩnh
- Suggest = đề nghị - Allow/Permit = cho phép
- mind = phiền
+ V- ing
Ví dụ: She enjoys watching TV
* Một số động từ có thể được theo sau vừa danh động từ ( V-ing) vừa động từ nguyên mẫu ( to + V):
- Begin = bắt đầu - Continue = tiếp tục
- Hate = ghét - Like = thích
- Prefer = thích - Stop = dừng lại, ngưng, thôi
- Start = bắt đầu - Forget = quên
- Intend = có ý định - Love = yêu thích
- Remember = nhớ - Try = thử, cố gắng
Ví dụ: He stopped to smoke ( Anh ấy dừng lại để hút thuốc )
He stopped smoking ( Anh ấy thôi không còn hút thuốc )
* Remember
Forget + to + V 0 (Chỉ hành động ở tương lai)
Regret
Ví dụ: Remember to send my regard to your brother when you arrive to Paris.
(Khi nào đến ri, nhớ gửi lời thăm hỏi anh trai bạn dùm tôi nhé gửi lời thăm khi đến ri)
Pa-* Remember
Forget + V -ing (Chỉ hành động đã thực hiện rồi)
Regret
Ví dụ: I remember going to Da Lat when I was a child.
(Tôi nhớ đã đi đến Đà Lạt khi tôi còn nhỏ đã đi Đà Lạt rồi)
* Try + to + V 0 : cố gắng
Ví dụ: I’m trying to learn English
* Try + V -ing : thử
Ví dụ: The room was hot I tried opening the window, but that didn’t work.
* Danh động từ đứng sau giới từ:
- Look forward to = trông mong
- Interested in = thích thú
- Insist on = khăng khăng, cố nài
Trang 29- Busy with = bận rộn
* Sau các động từ “ see, hear, watch, feel” ta dùng danh động từ để chỉ một việc đang còn tiếp diễn và dùng động từ nguyên mẫu không “to” để chỉ một việc đã hoàn thành
S + see, hear, watch, feel + O + V-ing / V
Ví dụ: I saw him crossing the street Tôi thấy anh ấy đang băng qua đường
I saw him cross the street Tôi thấy anh ấy băng qua đường
- S + make / let + O + V
- S + allow / permit + doing something: cho phép làm điều gì
- S + allow / permit + somebody + to do something: cho phép ai lam điều gì
- It + takes/ took + O + thời gian + to + V 0 ……….
- S + spend + thời gian/ tiền + V -ing ………
USED TO
S + USED TO + V 0
S + BE / GET USED TO + V -ING
- Diễn tả thói quen trong quá khứ
* Suggestions: đề nghị
2 S + suggest + V-ing Ví dụ: I suggest going by bike
3 S + suggest + that + S + should + V Ví dụ: I suggest that we should go by bike
4 Why don’t we + V…? Ví dụ: Why don’t we go by bike?
EXERCISES
I Circle the best answer A, B, C or D to complete the following sentences:
1 I finally finished………at 7.00 pm and served dinner
2 Quang continued………to the city center
3 Vietnamese women today often prefer………modern clothing at work because it is more convenient
4 Would you mind……….me a push?
5 They went boating in the river and had a picnic on the river bank before………home late in the evening
6 They make their living by……… fish in the river
7 The children enjoy……… in the river
8 Thank you for……… me
9 Maryam and I enjoy……… to the park on summer evenings
10 Maryam loves………people
Trang 3011 Her telephone number is easy……….
12 You can not make……… if they don’t want to
A people learn B people to learn C people learning D people to have learnt
13 He hates cooking meals and ……….clothes
14 I heard them………
15 You must learn to work hard and ………money
16 My teacher had to ask them ………
A stopping to play B to stop playing C stop to playing D stop to play
II Each sentence has a mistake Idetify it by choosing A, B, C or D:
1 I’d love to have an opportunity to meeting you again
III Finish the second sentence in such a way that it has the same meaning as the original one:
1 When don’t we go to Ba’s village this weekend?
9 Maryam walks to the mosque every Sunday
Maryam is used to………
10 Let’s have a party
Trang 31S + be / seem / find / look / taste / smell…… + Adj Ví dụ: She is beautiful
S + be + a / an + Adj + N Ví dụ: This is a new book
II Adverbs: Trạng từ
Adj + ly Adv
S + V …… + Adv
- Ngoài ra ta dùng trạng từ trước tính từ, quá khứ phân từ, các trạng từ khác và các cụm giới từ
It is terribly hot today The little girl was badly treated
- Bổ nghĩa cho cả câu và thường đứng ở đầu câu
Fortunately, he was not injured in that accident.
* Có một số tính từ và trạng từ có hình thức giống nhau mà không cần thêm “ly” hoặc cùng có hậu tố “ly”
FastFarStraightLate LoudDaily / weeklyearly
FastFarStraightLate Loud / loudlyDaily / weeklyearly
- Riêng với tính từ “good”, trạng từ của nó là “well”
1 employ (n) = sự dùng người, việc làm
employee (n) = người làm, người làm công
employer (n) = chủ
employment (n) = sự dùng người
unemployment (n) = thất nghiệp
unemployed (adj) = thất nghiệp
2 friend (n) = bạn
friendly (adj) = thân mật, thân thiện
friendless (adj) = không thân mật, ko thân thiện
friendliness (n) = sự thân mật, sự thân thiện
friendship (n) = tình bạn
3 act (n) = hành động, cử chỉ, việc làm
action (n) = hành động, cử chỉ, việc làm
actor (n) = diễn viên
active (adj) = tích cực, hoạt động
activist (n) = nhà hoạt động chính trị, xã hội
4 suit (n) = bộ côm lê
13 fortunate (adj) = may mắn, tốt số fortune (n) = vận may, sự may mắn unfortunate (adj) = không may mắn, rủi ro
14 honest (adj) = lương thiện, chân thật honesty(n) = tính lương thiện, tính chân thật
15 describe (v) = mô tả, diễn tả description (n) = sự mô tả, diễn tả descriptive (adj) = mô tả, diễn tả
16 nation (n) = dân tộc, nước, quốc gia national (adj) = dân tộc
nationality (n) = quốc tịch
17 confuse (v) = làm lộn xộn, lung tung confusing (adj) = khó hiểu, gây bối rối confusion(n) = sự lẫn lộn, lộn xộn18.explain (v) = giải thích
explaination (n) = sự giải thích
19 truth (n) = sự thật, lẻ phải