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Phân loại nước Q=O]1,43F,M1+,43C/,q3u!]1Co3MWh-T,4M-kM-+o3O-0HZ+-0RMKa,4 AW,4M2/,M2X+KYMB3C,-+/,!O‚,4.=+q3XM2S,->-XMM2+k,OPIO0,,4Qj+!KTM-m -0X!OT,4,4-+l>-0X,41CO1,4>-XMM2+k,Kƒ_,--QJ,4fY3Ko,,43F,M1+,43C/, ,1CB2Q=OMS,--S,-,43F,,Q=OVmT,-+DH,41CO1,4,4-+/HM2Z,4!OXOOY>]ƒ,- KR0!OXOOsq3I,O-bO,E,4KƒM+o,-1,-h+kHM2I,43F,,Q=OKkM‹K•KQI2IOXO V+l,>-X>,-‡HO_+M-+l,MS,--S,-BQ=OKQyO>-U,]0R+,-QAI3 ;B:B;B Nước thiên nhiên – nước sinh hoạt Q=OM-+/,,-+/,VI04FHOXO,43F,,Q=OJAT,4,4N+!I0-F!A3W+!HRO- ,4LH!V+k,BQ=OM-+/,,-+/,]1HaMimM-kVI04FHOXOO-YMh-T,4MI,O•,43F, 4WO.TOsO•,4,-Q-Š3OsBXOO-YM,1CKQyOfUH,-p>.10,43F, 2I,4g Hình 2. Vòng tuần hoàn nước trong tự nhiên ,Q=OM‹KYM!KX!Ka,4.pM!M-€O.pMO•,4,-QO0,,4Qj+~-d0,43F,>-XMA+,- ,4Qj+MIO-+I,Q=OM-+/,M-1,-OXO]0R+AI3 − Q=OHQI-Qj,4KQyO-01 MI, ;]Qy,4h-G 7 ! 7 ! 7 .1HaMAW h-Gh-XOB 401+ h-G-01MI,M20,4 ,Q=OHQION,O•]•,Vn+VpH.1.+ M2‚,4,/,,Q=OHQIM-3aO]0R+,Q=O H[H!ARO-HXMh-+H=+-b,4B − Q=O HRO-! ,Q=O ,4LH @0 ,Q=OM-YHM20,4]N,4KYM]U3Kj+MR0 M-1,-,-Š,4HRO-,Q=OO-_CM20,4]N,4 KYM.SKQyOO-eO]ZOq3I,-+[3ML,4]=>,/,,Q=OHRO-M-3aO]0R+,Q=OH[H! M20,4HXM!i0K•KQyOi‚,4,-+[3M20,4A+,--0RMB − Q=OJM2/,V[H\MM2X+KYM-QJI0!-F!AT,4!V+k,~\OK+kHOPI,Q=O ,1CM-Qj,4O-bI,-+[3MR>O-YMh-XO,-I3!M‚C.10M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4]ƒ,-M-w~ − Q=O3W,4,Q=O3W,4O-PCo3]1,Q=O,4ZMM€,-+/,M20,4K•KƒKQyOq3C Km,-OnM-k.[OXOM-1,->-L,-•I-ZO^.+A+,-^OXO+0,h+H]0R+~AI0O-0>-‚ -y>.=+q3XM2S,-M2I0Kw+O-YMOPIO0,,4Qj+B ;B:B7B Nước thải Q=OM-_+]1hoMq3_OPIA€,-+DHV—,,Q=OV[H\MOPI,Q=OM€,-+/,i0 OXO-0RMKa,4A+,--0RM!A_,f3YMOPIO0,,4Qj+-ICi0q3XM2S,->-U,-3•OPIfXO Ka,4!M-€O.pMB-1,->-L,,Q=OM-_+>-nM-3aO,-+[3.10,43F,,-+DHV—,h-XO ,-I3,-Q,T,4,4-+l>!OT,4,4-+l>~.1OXO-0RMKa,4A+,--0RMh-XOOPIO0, ,4Qj+B 20,4,Q=OM-_+O•2YM,-+[3O-YMh-XO,-I3M3ˆM-3aO.10M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4 h-3A_,f3YM~•O•M-k]1,-Š,4O-YMMI,M20,4,Q=O-ICJiR,4-3C[,>-‚!,-• MQs,4O-0Ko,OXO]0R+.+h-3—,~@0MQs,4MXO-0X-ZO4+ŠIOXOO-YM]1HO-0> OPIHT+M2Qj,4M-ICKw+!ON,OXOO-YM-3C[,>-‚!hoMMPI]1H,4E,O_,A€>-XM M2+k,OPIOXO]0R+.+A+,-.pM]1HARO-,Q=O!O_,M2JA€>-XMM2+k,OPIOXO]01+Ka,4! M-€O.pMJM20,4,Q=OO•,4,-QJOXO.‚,4f3,4q3I,-B 1.4. Thành phần các chất trong nước 20,4,Q=OO•2YM,-+[3M-1,->-L,h-XO,-I3O‚,4MF,MR+>-nM-3aO.10 M‹,4.‚,4!M‹,4h-3OT,4,4-+l>O•,4,-QOXO-0RMKa,4AW,4OPIO0,,4Qj+B?G in˜.‚,4h-I+h-0X,4M-SO•,-+[3OXOh+H]0R+!OXOIO+i.TOsB˜.‚,4A_,f3YM 2I,48 Hình 3. Nước sinh hoạt ở nông thôn bị ô nhiễm KF4WHM-SO•,-+[3VI2+!OIi+H+!]+M+!HI,4I,!Ad]d,~N,.‚,4A_,f3YMiIM-SO• ,-+[3OI,f+!-Ci20A3,c3I!,IM2+A3,c3I! O20H! h”H! ,+hd,~ ;B`B;B Độ cứng (Các muối Cacium và Magiesium) I]O+3H .1 HI4+dA+3H MF,MR+M20,4,Q=OO-PCo3JOXO iR,4 V+OI2V0,IMd { : x |! I2V0,IMd { : 7x |! -]02+id {] x |! 3]cIMd { ` 7x |B I+ +0, ,1CV+k3M-mO-0KaOb,4OPI,Q=OBG,-Ob,4,1CM-ICKw+M3ˆM-d0-1H]Qy,4OXO H3W+OI]O+3H.1HI4,dA+3HO•M20,4,Q=O]1H_,--QJ,4Ko,A+,--0RMO•,4,-Q M20,4A_,f3YMB•7OXO-KkO-+IKaOb,4 − XO-;-+IKaOb,4]1H7]0R+]1KaOb,4OI2V0,IM.1KaOb,4h-T,4 OI2V0,IMBaOb,4OI2V0,IMV+k3M-m]Qy,4OI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3HiQ=+iR,4H3W+ : x ON,KaOb,4h-T,4OI2V0,IMdV+k3M-mH3W+OI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3HiQ=+ iR,4] x .1 ` 7x B − XO-7-+IKaOb,4]1H:]0R+]1KaOb,4MRHM-j+!KaOb,4.™,-Ot3.1 KaOb,4O-3,4-ICKQyO4Z+]1KaOb,4M01,>-L,B − aOb,4MRHM-j+OPI,Q=OV+k3M-mH3W+ : x OPIOI]O+3H.1HI4+dA+3H Vm>-U,-3•h-+K3,,•,4B I{ : | 7 šI : › 7 › 7 4{ : | 7 š4 : › 7 › 7 74{ : | 7 š{4| 7 : ›: 7 › 7 − aOb,4.™,-Ot3]1KaOb,4ON,]R+AI3h-+K3,J;550V+k3M-mMw,4 ]Qy,4I 7› .14 7› JiR,4H3W+O]023I-0\OH3W+A3,cIMB − aOb,4O-3,4]1Mw,4OPIKaOb,4MRHM-j+.1KaOb,4.™,-Ot3B ;B`B7B Clorua (Cl - ) và sunphat (SO 4 2- ) ] x .1 ` 7x -L3,-QO•H\MM20,4OXO]0R+,Q=OM-+/,,-+/,B•h-T,4M-k -+l,MG,-Ob,4O•,4,-Qh-T,44UCMXO-R+M20,4.+lOAtin,4B3C,-+/,,o3OXO H3W+,1Cq3XOI0M-S4UC2IX>A3YMOI0M20,4q3XM2S,-Atin,4,F+-s+.S,•]1 ,-Š,4-y>O-YMiDMI,M20,4,Q=OB\Mh-XO!_,--QJ,4Ko,A+,--0RMOPIO0, ,4Qj+!Ko,A€AW,4OPIKa,4^M-€O.pMM20,4,Q=Oh-+-1H]Qy,4q3XOI0B ;B`B:B Các muối Sắt (Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ ) 2I,46 Hình 4. Một trạm xử lý nước thải eMM-Qj,4MF,MR+M20,4,Q=OJiR,4H3W+œd{ : | 7 B-+M+o>f•O]U3.=+ h-T,4h-G!H3W+AeMM2/,iDVm0fC-0XM-1,-H3W+AeM{|.14UCO\,œd{| : ]1H O-0,Q=OKnOB ;B`B`B Các muối Amonium (NH 4 + ) (H0,+3H{ ` › |{M-€O2Ih-T,4q3XKaOKW+.=+OsM-k,4Qj+{M+/3O-3—,]1 :H4•<|B-Q,4M20,4q3XM2S,-h-I+M-XO!ft]u.1]Q3M2Š,Q=O!,•O-3Ck,-•I M-1,-,+M2+Md.1,+M2IMdB+M2+Md]1O-YMKaO2YMO•-R+O-0OsM-kB-+,4Qj+3W,4 >-_+!,•A”O-3Ck,-•IM-1,-,+M20AIH+,!HaMO-YMO•M+[H,E,44UC3,4M-QBXO ,4-+/,Ob3O-0M-YC!;4(H0,+3Hh-+O-3Ck,-•I-oMA”MR0M-1,-7B84,+M2+Md.1 :Bg94,+M2IMdB20,4h-+K•!-1H]Qy,4O-0>-–>OPI,+M2+Md]15B;H4•<.1,+M2IMd ]1;5^95H4•<B+=+-R,O-0>-–>OPI(H0,+IOh-T,4.QyMq3X:5H4•<B ;B`B9B Khí Oxy -G 7 O•M20,4,Q=O4+•>GO-O-0OXOq3XM2S,-A+,--•IB<Qy,40fCM20,4 ,Q=OO-PCo3]1fC-NIMI,{@|ž,-3OL3fC-•I-ZO{@|.1,-3OL3fC A+,--ZO{}@|B ;B`B9B;B Lượng Oxy hòa tan (DO) <Qs Ÿ ,40fC-NIMI,M20,4,Q=OA”M-IH4+Iq3XM2S,-M2I0Kw+O-YM!i3CM2S ,E,4]Qy,4O-0q3XM2S,->-XMM2+k,!A+,-A_,.1MX+A_,f3YMOPIA+,-.pMAW,4iQ=+ ,Q=OB?[H\M-•I-ZO!0fCh-T,4M-IH4+I>-_,b,4.=+,Q=OH1Ka-NIMI,OPI 0fCM20,4,Q=O>-nM-3aO.10X>A3YM.1,-+lMKaB ;B`B9B7B Nhu cầu oxy sinh học (BOD) <1]Qy,40fCOL,M-+oMKk.+h-3—,Atin,4>-U,-PCO-YM-Š3OsiQ=+K+[3 h+l,-+o3h-GB-zM+/3,1CKkKX,-4+Xh-_,E,4M€]1HARO-OPI,43F,,Q=OB }@O1,4OI0O-b,4M†HbOKaT,-+DHO1,4,\,4B ;B`B9B:B Nhu cầu oxy hóa học (COD) <1]Qy,40fCOL,M-+oMKk0fC-•I-oMOXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsO•M20,4,Q=OB Q=O,-+DHV—,A”O•Ka0fC-•IOI0>-_+MW,,-+[3-•IO-YMO-0OT,4MXOh-t M2‚,4B ;B`BgB Phosphous 1H]Qy,4>-0A>-03AM20,4,Q=OMF,MR+iR,4 ` :x !KQyOA+,-2IVJ+>-U,! 2XO2QJ+!OXO-y>O-YM-Š3OsM20,4A+,--0RM.1M20,4A_,f3YMM-_+2IB-0A>-IMd ]1H-•IO-YMV•,OUC!O-YMhGO-M-GO-ME,4M2QJ,4!O-YMMR0VZMM20,4VaM4+\M!O-YM ]1HH[H,Q=O!hGO-M-GO-ME,4M2QJ,4,-+[3]0R+.+A+,-.pM!>-+/3A+,-.pM!M_0~ -0A>-IMd4UC,-+[3MXOKa,4M20,4.+lOV_0.lHT+M2Qj,4B ;B`B8B Độ kiềm 2I,4v 20,4M-+/,,-+/,Kah+[HM-Qj,44UC2Ii0A€-+l,i+l,OPIOXOH3W+IO+i Co3MF,MR+iQ=+iR,4 : x ,-Q : !I : !I{ : | 7 B20,4HaM.1+ M2Qj,4-y>Kah+[HM-Qj,44UC2Ii0+0, x -IC : 7x HYMK+M‹ : x Ba h+‰HKQyOO-+I]1H:]0R+ − ah+[H x − ah+[H : 7x − ah+[H : 7x 1.5. XOMXOKa,44UCT,-+DH,43F,,Q=O 41C,IC!,-3OL3>-XMM2+k,h+,-Mo,-I,-.=+HnOM+/3]y+,-3p,OI0!O0, ,4Qj+Kƒ]jK+OXOMXOKa,4_,--QJ,4Ko,OXO,-U,MWM€,-+/,.1HT+M2Qj,4HaM OXO-M2€OM+o>-0\O4+X,M+o>B\OV+lMKW+.=+OXO,Q=OKI,4>-XMM2+k,.1OXO,Q=O ,4-‰0Kƒ]1HO-0HT+M2Qj,4,Q=OVmT,-+DH,41CO1,4M2LHM2Z,4-s,B€4+I ME,4iU,AWq3X,-I,-]1,43C/,,-U,O-G,-4UCX>]€O]/,,43F,,Q=OB?S,-3 OL3,Q=OO-0>-XMM2+k,,T,4,4-+l>Kk4+IME,4]Qs,4M-€OM-€O>-—H!>-XMM2+k, OT,4,4-+l>Kk4+IME,4-1,4-•I.14+IME,4M-/H,-+[3-S,-M-bOimO-.n~ ;B9B;B ,- hưởng do hoạt động sống của con người XOiN,4,Q=OH\M{AT,4! h/,- 2RO-~| K\O V+lM]1J.‚,4KTM-mK[3VmT ,-+DHM2LHM2Z,4VJ+ 2XOM-_+!,Q=OM-_+A+,--0RMM‹ OXO h-3 iU, OQ f_ .10h/,-2RO-O-QIq3Ift]uB S,-M2R,4]Y,O-+oH ]N,4!VjAT,4h/,-2RO-KkA+,- AW,4!f_2XO.1,Q=O M-_+M2€OM+o>M2/,V[H\M4UCT ,-+DH,Q=OH\M!O_, M2J]Q3M-T,4OPIiN,4O-_C!MeO,4-”,OW,42ƒ,-MR0,Q=OM‚BT+M2Qj,4CoHh-G 4+IME,4>-U,-PCOXO-y>O-YM-Š3Os!h-T,4,-Š,44UCH‚+-T+M-W+!T,-+DH ,43F,,Q=O.1HT+M2Qj,4H1ON,4UCh-•h-E,M20,4.+lO]YC,43F,,Q=OH\Kk ft]uM-1,-,43F,,Q=OARO-OY>O-0,-3OL3fƒ-a+B -3OL3,Q=OAtin,4O-0E,3W,4!A+,--0RM.1OXO-0RMKa,4h-XOOPIO0, ,4Qj+4+IME,4!i•,Ko,MS,-M2R,4h-I+M-XO,Q=OiQ=+KYMM21,]I,4UCOR,h+lM ,43F,,Q=O.1_,--QJ,4Ko,HT+M2Qj,4,-QAn>]•,!,-+DHH\,~ +ŠI,Q=OH\,.1,Q=O,-RMO•HaM2I,-4+=+!h-+-0RMKa,4h-I+M-XO,Q=O iQ=+KYMq3XHbOKQj,42I,-4+=+,1CA”M+o,iL,Ko,OT,4M2S,-h-I+M-XO!H€O ,Q=OH\,fUH,-p>iL,!K—C]‚+H€O,Q=O,4ZM.10AU3.1]1H,-+DHH\,OXO OT,4M2S,-h-I+M-XOM20,4h-3.€OB ;B9B7B Ảnh hưởng do phát triển nông nghiệp 2I,4;5 Hình 5. Một kênh nước bị ô nhiễm [...]... tài nguyên nước trong vùng lãnh thổ Môi trường nước ở nhiều ô thị, khu công nghiệp và làng nghề ngày càng bị ô nhiễm bởi nước thải, khí thải và chất thải rắn ở các thành phố lớn, hàng trăm cơ sở sản xuất công nghiệp đang gây ô nhiễm môi trường nước do không có công trình và thiết bị xử lý chất thải Ô nhiễm nước do sản xuất công nghiệp là rất nặng Ví dụ: ở ngành công nghiệp dệt may, ngành công nghiệp... trạng ô nhiễm nước ở nông thôn và khu vực sản xuất nông nghiệp, hiện nay Việt Nam có gần 76% dân số đang sinh sống ở nông thôn là nơi cơ sở hạ tầng còn lạc hậu, phần lớn các chất thải của con người và gia súc không được xử lý nên thấm xuống đất hoặc bị rửa trôi, làm cho tình trạng ô nhiễm nguồn nước về mặt hữu cơ và vi sinh vật ngày càng cao Theo báo cáo của Bộ Nông nghiệp và Phát triển nông thôn, số. .. chất lỏng trong hệ thống cống thoát nước của một thành phố, thị xã… đó là hỗn hợp của các loại nước thải trên Ngoài ra căn cứ vào tính chất của nguồn thải có thể phân loại thành: − Nguồn điểm (nước thải của các cơ sở công nghiệp, các khu dân cư, thành phố…) − Nguồn không điểm (nước mưa chảy tràn, nước thải nông ngư nghiệp…) 1.7.1 Nước thải sinh hoạt Các loại nước thải sinh hoạt sinh ra từ các nguồn như:... 6107/1:1980 nước thải là nước đã được thải ra sau khi đã sử dụng hoặc được tạo ra trong một quá trình công nghệ và không còn giá trị trực tiếp đối với quá trình đó Thông thường nước thải được phân loại theo nguồn gốc phát sinh ra chúng: − Nước thải sinh hoạt, là nước thải từ các khu dân cư, khu vực hoạt động thương mại, khu công sở, trường học và các cơ sở tương tự − Nước thải công nghiệp, là nước thải từ... 2.1.3 Không khí: Ô nhiễm môi trường nước không chỉ ảnh hưởng đến con người, đất, nước mà còn ảnh hưởng đến không khí Các hợp chất hữu cơ, vô cơ độc hại trong nước thải thông qua vòng tuần hoàn nước, theo hơi nước vào không khí làm cho mật độ bụi bẩn trong không khí tăng lên Không những vậy, các hơi nước này còn là giá bám cho các vi sinh vật và các loại khí bẩn công nghiệp độc hại khác Một số chất... lượng nguồn nước kênh Thầy Cai, An Hạ, kênh B, C của sở Nông nghiệp và phát triển nông thôn (NN&PTNT) TP.HCM cho thấy, các thông số COD, BOD5, Coliform (các chỉ tiêu xác định mức độ nhiễm bẩn của nước) đều vượt tiêu chuẩn chất lượng nước dùng cho thuỷ lợi và tiêu chuẩn nước thải công nghiệp từ vài lần đến hàng chục ngàn lần Từng dòng nước có màu nâu đen, mùi khó chịu chảy về các nhánh Nhiều hộ dân, sống...Việc chăn nuôi gia súc gia cầm ở hộ gia đình vùng nông thôn còn chưa có ý thức tiết kiệm nguồn nước trong việc vệ sinh, vệ sinh chuồng trại, chưa có hệ thống xử lý chất thải nước thải, phần lớn cho vào ao hồ, bể tự hoại để thấm vào đất dễ gây ô nhiệm môi trường đặt biệt là nguồn nước ngầm Việc nuôi các bè cá, bè tôm trực tiếp trên các dòng nước mặt sông rạch đã làm ô nhiễm nguồn nước do một số nguyên... sông Tiền và sông Hậu, tăng lên tới 3800-12.500MNP/100ML ở các kênh tưới tiêu Trong sản xuất nông nghiệp, do lạm dụng các loại thuốc bảo vệ thực vật, các nguồn nước ở sông, hồ, kênh, mương bị ô nhiễm, ảnh hưởng lớn đến môi trường nước và sức khoẻ nhân dân Theo thống kê của Bộ Thuỷ sản, tổng diện tích mặt nước sử dụng cho nuôi trồng thuỷ sản đến năm 2001 của cả nước là 751.999 ha Do nuôi trồng thuỷ sản. .. nước thải nước mưa khá sạch, vì vậy có thể tách riêng nước mưa khỏi nước thải và thải trực tiếp qua cống thoát Đường thoát nước phải có bộ phận chắn rác trước khi đổ ra cống thoát tránh tắc nghẽn đường cống 1.7.3 Nước thải công nghiệp và nông nghiệp Số lượng và thành phần phụ thuộc vào dạng sản xuất được trình bày dưới bảng sau: Bảng 2: Các tác nhân ô nhiễm điển hình trong nước thải công nghiệp Công nghiệp... nguyên nhân: thức ăn của cá dư thừa, sự khuấy động nguồn nước, sự cản trở lưu thông dòng mặt Với tình trạng sử dụng bừa bãi, tùy tiện các loại hóa chất trong phân bón, các loại thuốc kích hoạt phát Hình 6 tiêu nội đồng nhiễm nhiễm nguồn triển cây… Nhiều hệ thống kênh mương tưới Nguồn nước bị ô ã bị ôdo hoạt động nông nghiệp nước và phát tán rộng Hệ thống tưới tiêu và hình thức tưới tiêu không hợp lý là nguyên . 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