Chuyên đề tiếng anh Mệnh đề quan hệ

Chào các em, ngôn ngữ nói chung và tiếng Anh nói riêng luôn có những hình thức rút gọn. Đó là xu hướng tiết kiệm của con người. Khi nói rút gọn mà người ta vẫn hiểu thì sao mình không áp dụng cho đỡ tốn lời phải không các em? Tuy nhiên trớ trêu ở chỗ người dùng thì thấy tiện lợi bao nhiêu nhưng người đọc ( những người học tiếng Anh như chúng ta nè ) lại thấy khổ sở bấy nhiêu vì không hiểu hết ý khi câu đó bị rút gọn và ngược lại khi phải tự mình làm các bài rút gọn thì cũng không biết làm thế nào cho đúng. Để giúp các em hiểu thêm về phần này, thầy kể ra đây một số dạng rút gọn thông dụng để các em làm quen nhé. Đúng ra, khi đi sâu vào phân tích sẽ có 2 dạng là rút gọn và tỉnh lược nhưng phân loại theo 2 cái này cũng phức tạp nên thầy gom chung lại và thể hiện thành một loạt các hình thức thường gặp để các em dễ tham khảo nhé.

Nguyễn Thành Chung 01663730716 MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ ( RELATIVE CLAUSE) - Dùng để nối mệnh đề với tạo thành câu ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ WHO : Thay cho người, làm chủ từ MĐQH Eg: I need to meet the boy The boy is my friend’s son  I need to meet the boy WHO is my friend’s son WHOM : Thay cho người, làm tân ngữ MĐQH Eg: I know the girl You spoke to this girl I know the girl WHOM you spoke to *Chú ý (mẹo làm bài) Đứng sau đại từ quan hệ WHO thường động từ, sau đại từ quan hệ WHOM thường danh từ WHICH : Thay cho vật, đồ vật Vừa làm chủ từ, vừa tân ngữ MĐQH Eg: She works for a company It makes cars.She works for a company WHICH makes cars Eg: The book is interesting I bought it yesterdaythe book WHICH I bought yesterday is interesting WHERE : Thay cho nơi chốn Làm chủ từ, tân ngữ MĐQH Eg: The movie theater is the place We can see films at that place  The movie theater is the place WHERE we can see the films *Chú ý (mẹo làm bài) Đứng sau đại từ quan hệ which thường động từ, sau đại từ quan hệ where thường danh từ Sau đại từ quan hệ which danh từ nơi chốn bổ nghĩa cho động từ VISIT Eg: the village is very poor we visited it last week The village WHICH we visited last week is very poor (Không dùng where village bổ nghĩa cho visit : VISIT ST) WHOSE : Thay cho sở hữu người, vật ( his- , her- , its- , their- , our- , my- , -’s ) Eg: John found the cat Its leg was broken. John found the cat WHOSE leg was broken Phân biệt WHOSE Và OF WHICH WHOSE : dùng cho người vật This is the book Its cover is nice This is the book whose cover is nice = This is the book the cover of which is nice WHOSE :đứng trước danh từ OF WHICH : đứng sau danh từ ( danh từ phải thêm THE ) OF WHICH : dùng cho vật ,không dùng cho người This is the man His son is my friend  This is the man the son of which is my friend.( sai ) This is the man whose son is my friend.( THAT:Thay cho người, vật Làm chủ từ, tân ngữ MĐQH (Thay cho whom, who , which) Eg: I need to meet the boy THAT (WHO) is my friend’s son She has a car THAT ( WHICH) is made in Japan *NOTE: (quan trọng, cần ý) * Không dùng that trường hợp : - MĐQH không XÁC ĐỊNH (MĐ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước xác định, có dấu phẩy ) Eg: Mary, ( who / that ) sits next to me, is good at maths -Sau giới từ : Eg: The girl to ( whom / that ) I was talking yesterday is my sister * Bắt buộc dùng that trường hợp : Nguyễn Thành Chung 01663730716 - Sau danh từ người lẫn vật : Eg: I saw a lot of people and vehicles THAT were moving to the market.-Sau danh từ dạng so sánh : Eg: Yesterday was one of the hottest days THAT I have ever known -Sau cách nói mở đầu ‘ It is/was…’ ( CÂU CHẺ ) Eg: It is the teacher THAT is important, not the kind of school he teaches in -Sau ‘all, everybody, everything, nothing, nobody,…’ Eg: – Answer all the questions THAT I asked WHY : Thay cho cụm trạng từ lí : for that reason Eg: Tell me the reason You are so sad for that reason Tell me the reason WHY you are so sad Tell me the reason WHICH you are so sad for Tell me the reason FOR WHICH you are so sad (FOR WHICH = WHY) WHEN : Thay cho cụm từ thời gian : then, at that time, on that day… Eg: Do you remember the day We first met on that day  Do you remember the day when we first met ? * NOTE: ta dùng THAT thay WHEN với từ thời gian : the time, the year, the day Eg: I never forget the time THAT I met him II, CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: Có ba loại mệnh đề quan hệ 1.Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định( restrictive relative clause) -MĐQH xác định dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, bỏ MĐ nghĩa rõ ràng Eg: The girl who is wearing the blue dress is my sister The book which I borrowed from you is very interesting 2.Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non- restrictive relative clause ) -Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước, phần giải thích thêm, bỏ mệnh đề nghĩa rõ ràng -Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định thường ngăn với mệnh đề dấu phẩy Danh từ đứng trước thường tên riêng trước danh từ thường có từ như: this, that, these, those, my, his her…đứng trước - Không dùng THAT mệnh đề không xác định Eg: My father, who is 50 years old, is a doctor.This girl, whom you met yesterday, is my daughter 3.Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp - MĐQH nối tiếp dùng để giải thích câu, dùng đại từ quan hệ which dùng dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề Mệnh đề đứng cuối câu ( Dùng thay cho mệnh đề đằng trước ) Eg: He admires Mr Brown, which surprises me Mary tore Tom’s letter, which made him sad III DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng sau: 1) Dùng cụm Ving :Dùng cho mệnh đề chủ động Bỏ who, which,that be (nếu có ) lấy động từ thêm ING The man who is standing there is my brother The man standing there is my brother Nguyễn Thành Chung 01663730716 2) Dùng cụm VP2:Dùng cho mệnh đề bị động Bỏ who, which,that be I like books which were written by my father I like books written by my father 3) Dùng cụm to inf: - Dùng danh từ đứng trước có chữ sau bổ nghĩa :ONLY ,LAST,số thứ tự như: FIRST,SECOND Bỏ who, which,that ,chủ từ (nếu có ) modal verb can ,will thêm to trước động từ This is the only student who can the problem This is the only student to the problem -Động từ HAVE/HAD I have much homework that I must I have much homework to -Đầu câu có HERE (BE),THERE (BE) There are six letters which have to be written today There are six letters to be written today - Một số động từ khác need , want v v nói chung ta dịch chỗ to inf với nghĩa "để" mà nghe suông tai dùng GHI NHỚ : Trong phần to inf bạn cần nhớ điều sau: - Nếu chủ từ mệnh đề khác thêm cụm for sb trước to inf We have some picture books that children can read We have some picture books for children to read Tuy nhiên chủ từ đại từ có nghĩa chung chung we,you,everyone không cần ghi Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about Studying abroad is the wonderful thing (for us ) to think about - Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ phải đem xuống cuối câu ( lỗi dễ sai nhất) We have a peg on which we can hang our coat We have a peg to hang our coat on 4) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ ) Dùng mệnh đề tính từ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ Cách làm: bỏ who ,which be Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health Football, a popular sport, is very good for health Do you like the book which is on the table? Do you like the book on the table? IV GIỚI TỪ ĐI VỚI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ -Chỉ có hai đại từ quan hệ WHOM WHICH thường có giới từ kèm giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ cuối mệnh đề quan hệ Eg: The man about whom you are talking is my brother The man (whom) you are talking about is my brother The picture at which you are looking is very expensive The picture ( which) you are looking at is very expensive Chú ý: Nguyễn Thành Chung 01663730716 -Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ dùng that thay cho whom which mệnh đề quan hệ xác định -Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ ta có bỏ đại từ quan hệ có dùng that thay cho whom which V, Lưu ý mệnh đề quan hệ Các đại từ quan hệ có chức TÂN NGỮ MĐQH xác định lược bỏ Eg: Do you know the boy (whom) we met yesterday? That’s the house (which) I have bought -Tuy nhiên đại từ quan hệ có chức tân ngữ MĐQH KHÔNG XÁC ĐỊNH lược bỏ Eg: Mr Tom, whom I spoke on the phone to , is very interested in our plan Khi danh từ nói đến tân ngữ giới từ, ta đưa giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ Trường hợp dùng Whom Which Eg: Miss Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a very nice teacher Mr Cater, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost Chú ý cách dùng cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ: all, most, none, neither, any, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, + of which/whom Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before MỘT SỐ MẪU RÚT GỌN KHÁC (THAM KHẢO THÊM) Rút gọn mệnh đề trạng từ: Mệnh đề trạng từ mệnh đề nối liên từ when, because, while Điều kiện rút gọn hai chủ từ phải giống Công thức: - Bỏ liên từ ( để lại biến thành giới từ) - Chủ động đổi động từ thành Ving - Bị động dùng Vp2 ( giữ lại liên từ, có NOT phải để lại to be thêm ing vào to be: ( being + VP2 ) ngoại trừ liên từ when, if, though lại bỏ to be - Đối với liên từ when, as ( khi) mà động từ mệnh đề to be + N mang nghĩa "là" bỏ to be mà giữ lại danh từ Eg: Chủ động: When he went home, (When) going home, Bị động: Because I was given a book, I Because of being given a book, I ( giới từ because because of, bắt buộc để lại to be ) When he was attacked by a big dog, he ran away Cấp độ 1: bỏ chủ từ => When being attcked by a big dog, he ( theo nguyên tắc để lại liên từ phải để lại to be) Cấp độ 2: bỏ to be => When attacked by a big dog, he ( với when bỏ to be ) Cấp độ 3: bỏ liên từ Nguyễn Thành Chung 01663730716 Attacked by a big dog, he Because he wasn't rewarded with a smile, he Not being rewarded with a smile, he ( có NOT nên bắt buộc để lại to be ) As he was a child, he lived in the countryside As a child, he lived ( bỏ to be ) Nếu sau to be cụm danh từ ta lược bỏ AS mà để lại cụm danh từ trơ trọi Hoán đổi mệnh đề rút gọn Theo nguyên tắc chung rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ giữ nguyên vị trí, nhiên mẫu lại ngoại lệ Các em xem ví dụ để hiểu cách dùng Eg: She, who had not seen me since 1990, couldn't regconize me at first  She couldn't regconize me at first, not having seen me since 1990 Hoặc: Not having seen me since 1990, she couldn't regconize me at first Dùng cụm giới từ thay cho mệnh đề quan hệ Mẫu áp dụng mệnh đề quan hệ bao gồm to be cụm giới từ cách rút gọn dễ ta việc bỏ địa từ quan hệ to be xong Eg:The book which is on the table is Mr cucku's The book which is on the table is Mr cucku's The book on the table is Mr cucku's Dùng giới từ để thay động từ mệnh đề (các giới từ thường gặp WITH, WITHOUT, IN, OF) A Dùng WITH, WITHOUT: Hai giới từ dùng mệnh đề quan hệ mô tả phận thân thể, số mẫu có động từ HAVE ( có ), CARRY there be (có ) Eg: A girl who had big eyes A girl with big eyes A robber who was carrying a gun  A robber with a gun A house which had no windows A house without windows The pot in which there is no food  The pot without food in it B Dùng IN : Khi mệnh đề quan hệ diễn tả trang phục người như, quần áo, nón, giày dép, Eg: A woman who is wearing a red dress A woman in a red dress The man who is wearing dark glasses The man in dark glasses C Dùng OF : Thường lực, tuổi tác Eg:A who has a great deal of energy and enthusiasm A man of energy and enthuasiasm A man who was thirty-five years old A man of thirty- five Rút gọn đại từ + to be I'll go if (it is) necessary If (it is) true, this will cause us a lot of trouble If ( it is) not well managed, irrigation can be harmful (Is there) Anything you want to take with you? Rút gọn to be In our country everybody is an ordinary worker no matter what his position (is) She pledged to complete her father's unfinished task, whatever the task (is) I refuse , however favorable the conditions (are), to work there Rút gọn động từ You could have come and (you could have) told me Jean hasn't been told, but I have (been told) Only one of us was injured, and he (was) just (injured) slightly Nguyễn Thành Chung 01663730716 John has written a poem and Bob (has written) a short story EXERCISE EXERCISE I : Write who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences : Have you got the money _ I lent you yesterday ? 2.Peter, _ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party This is the machine _ cost half a million pounds Mary, _ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry Have you read the book _ I gave you ? The hous, _ they bought three months ago, looks lovely Mrs.Jackson, _ had been very ill, died yesterday Is this the person _ stole your handbag ? The dog, _ had been very quiet, suddenly started barking 10 I didn’t receive the letters _ she sent me 11 My mother, _ hadn’t been expecting visitors, looked surprised 12 The old man, had been talking to them earlier, knew that they were in the building 13 The horse, _ had been injured by the flying stones, was very frightened 14 We didn’t like the secetary _ the agency sent 15 I didn’t find the money _ you said you’d left 16 We visited the school _ my father taught 17 I met her last month, _ she came to our house 18 We all looked at the place _ the fire had started 19 Did they tell you the reason _ they were late? 20 The cat sat on the wall _ it had a good view of the birds 21 They arrived in the evening, at a time _ we were all out 22 I couldn’t understand the reason _ they were so rude 23 I met him in the cafeù _ he was working as a waiter 24 I listen to music late at night, _ the children have gone to bed 25 I bought them in August, _ I was in France 26 Let me see all the letters _ you have written 27 Is there any one can help me this? 28 Mr Brown, _ is only 34, is the director of this company 29 I know a place roses grow in abundance 30 It was the nurse told me to come in 31 The teacher with , we studied last year no longer teaches in our school 32 They showed me the hospital buildings had been destroyed by US bombings 33 We saw many soldiers and tanks were moving to the front 34 Dr Fleming, _ discovered penicillin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine in 1945 35 He joined the political party _ was in power 36 Love, is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his life 37 Freedom is something for _ millions have given their lives 38 It is easy to find faults in people we dislike 39 The really happy people are those _ enjoy their daily work 40 We must find a time _ we can meet and a place _ we can talk EXERCISE II : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns : 1.This is the man I met him in Paris 2.I wanted the painting You bought it 3.This is the chair My parents gave it to me She’s the woman She telephoned the police He’s the person He wanted to buy your house We threw out the computer It never worked properly This is the lion It’s been ill recently Nguyễn Thành Chung 01663730716 The man was badly injured He was driving the car The children broke the window They live in the next street 10 That’s the woman I was telling you about her 11 There’s the lady Her dog was killed 12.That’s the man He’s going to buy the company 13 He’s the person His car was stolen 14 She’s the new doctor.The doctor’s coming to the hospital next week.5 15 She’s the journalist Her article was on the front page of The Times 16 They’re the people Their shop burned down last week 17 That’s the boy He’s just got a place at university 18.The man didn’t come back again I shouted at him 19 The television never worked again I dropped it 20 The machine was broken I hired it 21 The clothes were beautiful She bought some clothes 22 The wall fell down after three weeks They built the wall 23 The policeman wasn’t very helpful I asked him 24 I didn’t really like the car We bought it 25 I lost the money I borrowed it from John 26 She is the most intelligent woman I’ve ever met this woman 27 This doctor is famous You visited him yesterday  28.These children are orphans She is taking care of these children  29.My father goes swimming everyday You met him this morning 30.The man is my father I respect this man most 31.The man is my father I respect his opinion most 32.Mary and Margaret are twins You met them yesterday 33 I’ll introduce you to the man His support is necessary for your project 34 The middle-aged man is the director My father is talking to him 35 The boy is my cousin You make fun of him 36 The student is from china He sits next to me 37 I thanked the woman This woman had helped me EXERCISE III:Rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon  to walk The children who attend that school receive a good education attending The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress Researching We have an apartment which overlooks the park –> overlooking Yuri Gagarin became the first man who flied into space  to fly We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the building Connecting I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country  located The vegetables which are sold in this supermarket are grown without chemicals –> Sold Do you know the woman who is coming toward us ? coming 10 They live in a house that was built in 1890built 11 He was the first man who left the burning buildingto leave 12 The couple who live in the house next door are both college professorsliving 13 The people who are waiting for the bus in the rain are getting wet  waiting 14 The students who did not come to the class yesterday explain their absence to the teacher Coming 15.The man who is standing there is a clown standing 16.The envelop which lies on the table has no stamp on it 17.Benzene, which was discovered by Faraday, became the starting point in the manufacture of many dyes, perfumes and explosives 18.My grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house Nguyễn Thành Chung 01663730716 19.The student don't know how to exercise which were given by the teacher yesterday 20.The diagrams which were made by young Faraday were sent to Sir Humphry Davy at the end of 1812 21 The gentleman who lives next door to me is a well-known orator 22.All the astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless 23.All students don't hand in their papers will fail in the exam 24.I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm 25.The street which leads to the school is very wide 26.The system which is used here is very successful 27.Mr.John, who teaches my son, is my neighbor 28.Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London 29.The candidates who are sitting for the exam are all from Vietnam 30.We are driving on the road which was built in 1980 31.Customers who complain about the service should see the manager 32.The city which was destroyed during the war has now been rebuilt 32.My brother, who met you yesterday, works for a big firm 34.The vegetable which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals 35 We had a river in which we could swim 36.Here are some accounts that you must check 37.The last student that was interviewed was Tom 38.We visited Hanoi, which is the capital of VN 39.My father, who is a pilot, often goes abroad 40.I was the only one who realized him 41 I have some homework which I must tonight 42.Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way 43.I was awakened by the sound of a laughter which came from the room which was next to mine at the motel 44 There are six reports which have to be typed today 45 Dalat, which is best known for foreign travellers, has pleasant weather 46 Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild 47 Few tourists ever see a jaguar, which is a spotted wild cat that is native to tropical America 48 She is the only woman who was appointed to the board 49 The floor is dusty but I haven't got a brush with which I can sweep it 50 A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant 51 John, who is my friend, has studied English for ten years 52 There are many exercises that we have to finish before school 53 The mistakes which you have to correct are very important for you to 54 We have a few exercises that we have to  ... giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ ta bỏ đại từ quan hệ dùng that thay cho whom which mệnh đề quan hệ xác định -Khi giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ ta có bỏ đại từ quan hệ có dùng that thay cho... the table? IV GIỚI TỪ ĐI VỚI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ -Chỉ có hai đại từ quan hệ WHOM WHICH thường có giới từ kèm giới từ đứng trước đại từ quan hệ cuối mệnh đề quan hệ Eg: The man about whom you are... the day Eg: I never forget the time THAT I met him II, CÁC LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ: Có ba loại mệnh đề quan hệ 1.Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định( restrictive relative clause) -MĐQH xác định dùng để bổ nghĩa